ninaoppdragsmelding 2588 LitteraturBoudouresque, Ch.-F., Nedelec, H. & Shepherd, S. A. 1980. The declineof a population of the sea urchinParacentrotus lividusin thebay of Port-Cros (Var, France). - Trav. sci. Parc nation. Port-Cros,Fr. 6: 243-251.Breen, P. A. & Mann, K. H. 1976. Changing lobster abundance and thedestruction of kelp beds by sea urchins. - Mar. Biol. 34: 137-142.Chapman, A.R.O. 1981. Stability of sea urchin dominated barrengrounds following destructive grazing of kelp in St. Margaret'sBay, eastern Canada. - Mar. Biol. 62: 307-311.Dayton, P. K. 1975. Ecol<strong>og</strong>y of kelp communities. - Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.16: 215-245.Dayton, P. K., Tegner, M. J., Parnell, P. E. & Edwards, P. B. 1992.Temporal and spatial patterns of disturbance and recovery in akelp forest community. - Ecol. Mon<strong>og</strong>r. 62: 421-445.Düben, M. V., von 1847. Om de norske Echinider. - Forhandlingerved de skandinaviske naturforskeres fjerde möde i Christiania.11 - 18 Juli 1884, Chr. Gröndahl, Christiania: 250-255.Elner, R.W. & R. L. Vadas. 1990. Inference in ecol<strong>og</strong>y: The sea urchinphenomenon in the northwestern Atlantic. - Am. Nat.136: 108-125.Estes, J. A., Smith, N. S. & Palmisano, J. F. 1978. Sea otter predationand community organization in the western Aleutian Islands,Alaska. - Ecol<strong>og</strong>y 59: 822-833.Foreman, R. E. 1977. Benthic community modification and recoveryfollowing intensive grazing byStrongylocentrotus droebachiensis.- Helgolånder wiss. Meeresunters. 30: 468-484.Hagen, N. T. 1987. Sea urchin outbreaks and nematode epizooticsin Vestfjorden, Northen Norway. - Sarsia 72: 213-229.Hagen, N. T. 1992. Macroparasitic epizootic disease: a potentialmechanism for the termination of sea urchin outbreaks in NorthernNorway? - Mar. Biol. 114: 469-478.Haug, A. & Myklestad, N. T. 1960. Aktuelle problemer i norsk tang<strong>og</strong> tareforskning. - Teknisk Ukeblad 107: 781-784.Indergaard, M. & Jensen, A. 1991. Utnyttelse av marin biomasse. -Institutt for bioteknol<strong>og</strong>i, Norges Tekniske Høyskole. 123 s.Johnson, P. T. 1971. Studies on diseased sea urchins from pointLoma. - Kelp Habitat Improvement Project, Annual Report,1970-1971. Calif. Inst. Technol., Pasadena. s.82-90.Johnson, C. R. & Mann, K. H. 1988. Diversity, pattems of adaptation, andstability of Nova Scotia kelp beds. - Ecol. Mon<strong>og</strong>r. 58: 129-154.Jones, G. M. & Hagen, N. T. 1987.Echinomermella matsin. sp., anendoparasitic nematode from the sea urchinStrongylocentrotusdroebachiensis in Northern Norway. - Sarsia 72: 203-212.Jones, G. M. & Scheibling, R. E. 1985. Paramoeba sp. (Amoebida,Paramoebidae) as the possible causative agent of sea urchinmass mortality in Nova Scotia. - J. Parasitol. 71: 559-565.Jones, N. 5. & Kain, J. M. 1967. Subtidal algal colonization followingthe removal of Echinus. - Helgol. wiss. Meeresunt. 15: 460-466.Jupp, B. P. & Drew, E. A. 1974. Studies on the growth of Laminariahyperborea (Gunn.) Fosl. I. Biomass and productivity. - J.Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 15: 185-196.Kain, J. M. 1963. Aspects of the biol<strong>og</strong>y of Laminaria hyperborea.Age, weight and length. - J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 43: 129-151.Leighton, D. L., Jones, L. G. & North, W. J. 1966. Ecol<strong>og</strong>ical relationshipsbetween giant kelp and sea urchins in Southern California.-1 Young, E. G. & Maclachlan, J, L. red. Proc. 5th int. SeaweedSymp. Pergamon, Oxford. s. 141-153.Lein, T. E., Sivertsen, K., Hansen, J. R. & Sjøtun, K. 1987. Tare- <strong>og</strong> tangforekomsteri Finnmark. - FORUT (Tromsø) 85/11. 120 s.Lessios, H. A., Robertson, D. R. & Cubit, J. D. 1984. Spread of Diademamass mortality through the Caribbean. - Science 226: 335-337.Mann, K. H. 1973. Seaweeds: Their productivity and strategy forgrowth. - Science 182: 957-981.Miller, R. J. 1985. Succession in sea urchin and seaweed abundance inNova Scotia, Canada. - Mar. Biol. 84: 275-286.Newell, R. C., Field, R. G. & Griffits, C. L. 1982. Energy balance andsignificance of microorganisms in a kelp bed community. - Mar.Ecol. Pr<strong>og</strong>. Ser. 8: 103-113.Noro, T., Masaki, T. & Akioka, H. 1983. Sublittoral distribution and reproductiveperiodicity of crutose corraline algae (Rhodophyta,Cryptonemiales) in southern Hokkaido, Japan. - Bull. Fac. Fish.Hokkaido Univ. 34: 1-10.North, W. J. & Pearse, J. S. 1970. Sea urchin population explosion insouthern California coastal waters - Science 167: 209.Ohmi, H. 1951. Studies of Isoyake or decrease of seaweeds along thecoast of Northern Japan. - Bull. Fac. Fish. Hakodate, HokkaidoUniv. 2: 109-117.Pearse, J. S., Costa, D. P., Yellin, M. B. & Agegian, C. R. 1977. Localizedmass mortality of red sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus franciscanus,nearSanta Cruz, California. - Fish. Bull. 53: 645-648.Pearse, J. S. & Hines, A. H. 1979. Expansion of central California kelpforest following the mass mortality of sea urchins. - Mar. Biol. 51:83-91.Pearse, J. S. & Hines, A. H. 1987. Long-term population dynamics ofsea urchins in a central California kelp forest: rare recruitment andrapid decline. - Mar. Ecol. Pr<strong>og</strong>. Ser. 39: 275-283.Rinde, E., Christie, H., Fredriksen, F. & Sivertsen, A. 1992. Økol<strong>og</strong>iskekonsekvenser av taretråling: Betydning av taresk<strong>og</strong>enstruktur forforekomst av hapterfauna, bunnfauna <strong>og</strong> epifytter. - <strong>NINA</strong> Oppdragsmelding127: 1-37.Røv, N., Christie, H., Fredriksen, S., Leinaas, H. P. & Lorentsen, S.-H.1990. Biol<strong>og</strong>isk forundersøkelse i forbindelse med planer om taretrålingi Sør-Trøndelag. - N1NA Oppdragsmelding 52: 1-20.Rowley, R. J. 1989. Settlement and recruitment of sea urchinsStrongylocentrotuspp.in a sea urchin barren ground and a kelp bed:are populations regulated by settlement or post-settlement processes?- Mar. Biol. 100: 485-494.Sivertsen, K. 1982. Utbredelse <strong>og</strong> variasjon i kråkebollers nedbeitingav taresk<strong>og</strong>en på vestkysten av Norge. - Nordlandsforskning. Rapport7/82: 1-31.Sivertsen, K. & Bjørge, A. 1980. Reduksjon av taresk<strong>og</strong>en på Helgelandskysten.(Reduction of algal vegetation in Helgeland coastalwaters.). - Fisken Hav. 1980: (4): 1-9.Sivertsen, K. & Wentzel-Larsen, T. 1989. Fangstbare forekomster avkråkeboller. -Nordlandsforskning. Rapport 3/89: 1-59.Stien, A. 1993. The ecol<strong>og</strong>y and epidemiol<strong>og</strong>y of Echinomermellamatsi(Nematoda), a parasite of the sea urchinStrongylocentrotusdroebachiensis. - Hovedfagsoppgave. 96 s. Univ. i Oslo.Watanabe, J. M. & Harrold, C. 1991. Destructive grazing by sea urchinsStrongylocentrotusspp.in a central California kelp forest:potential roles of recruitment, depth, and predation. - Mar. Ecol.Pr<strong>og</strong>. Ser. 71: 125-141.Williams, E. H., Jr. 1991. Threat to black sea urchins. 1991. - Nature352: 385.Yendo, K. 1903. Investigations on "Isoyake"(decreaseof seaweed)(på japansk). - J. Imp. Fish. Bureau. Tokyo. 12: 1-33.39© Norsk institutt for naturforskning (<strong>NINA</strong>) 2010 http://www.nina.noVennligst kontakt <strong>NINA</strong>, NO-7485 TRONDHEIM for reproduksjon av tabeller, figurer, illustrasjoner i denne rapporten.
258ISSN 0802-4103ISBN 82-426-0436-3Norsk institutt fornaturforskningBoks 1037, BlindernN-0315 OsloTel. 22 85 46 84
Change language