Cursul 10 [pps]
Cursul 10 [pps]
Cursul 10 [pps]
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COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA IN SISTEME<br />
ELECTROMECANICE<br />
NOTIUNI INTRODUCTIVE<br />
ELEMENTELE UNEI PROBLEME CEM<br />
CONCEPTE DE BAZA IN CEM<br />
PERTURBATII ELECTROMAGNETICE IN SEM<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 1
•Interferenta<br />
electromagnetica<br />
•Compatibilitatea<br />
electromagnetica<br />
•Imunitatea<br />
electromagnetica<br />
NOTIUNI INTRODUCTIVE<br />
actiunea unor fenomene electromagnetice<br />
asupra circuitelor electrice, aparatelor,<br />
sistemelor si fiintelor vii (VDE 0870).<br />
Capacitatea unui dispozitiv electric de a funcționa<br />
satisfăcător în mediul sau electromagnetic fără ca<br />
acest mediu, care aparține şi altor dispozitive, să fie<br />
inadmisibil perturbat.(VDE 0870).<br />
este aptitudinea unui aparat, echipament sau<br />
sistem de a functiona la parametrii proiectati in<br />
prezenta perturbatiilor electromagnetice.<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 2
SURSA<br />
DE<br />
PERTURBATII<br />
(EMITATOR)<br />
A asigura<br />
compatibilitatea<br />
electromagnetica<br />
CANAL<br />
DE<br />
TRANSMITERE<br />
ELEMENTELE UNEI PROBLEME CEM<br />
SISTEM<br />
PERTURBAT<br />
(RECEPTOR)<br />
a reduce perturbatiile sursei la valori<br />
admisibile<br />
a dota aparatele, echipamentele si<br />
sistemele cu un grad de imunitate<br />
rezonabil<br />
asigurand la instalarea aparatelor,<br />
echipamentelor si sistemelor, masurile<br />
necesare<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 3
CLASIFICAREA PERTURBATIILOR ELECTROMAGNETICE<br />
•NIVELUL APARIȚIEI PERTURBAȚIEI ÎN :<br />
INTERFERENŢE<br />
internă.<br />
INTRASISTEM, de origine<br />
ELEMENTUL<br />
PERTURBATOR<br />
(EMIŢĂTORUL)<br />
ELEMENTUL<br />
PERTURBAT<br />
(RECEPTORUL)<br />
INTERFERENŢE INTERSISTEM, de origine externă.<br />
ELEMENTUL<br />
PERTURBATOR<br />
(EMIŢĂTORUL)<br />
ELEMENTUL<br />
PERTURBAT<br />
(RECEPTORUL)<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 4
•INTENSITATEA INTERFERENTEI<br />
•INTERFERENTE REVERSIBILE, precum pierderea temporara a<br />
inteligibilităţii la convorbirile telefonice, pocniturile care apar la comutarea<br />
aparatelor electrocasnice; în practică, acestea se împart în:<br />
•interferente care produc reduceri de funcționalitate, încă<br />
admisibile;<br />
•interferente care conduc la o funcționare eronată,<br />
inadmisibilă.<br />
•INTERFERENTE IREVERSIBILE, precum distrugerile unor componente<br />
electronice de pe cablajele imprimate datorită încărcării electrostatice, sau<br />
ale distrugerilor provocate aparatelor sau circuitelor electrice datorate<br />
supratensiunilor determinate de trăznet.<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 5
SURSE DE INTERFERENTA<br />
NATURALE<br />
TERESTRE •Fulgere<br />
•Radiatii<br />
•Descarcari in gaze in atmosfera<br />
ARTIFICIALE<br />
EXTRATERESTRE •Radiatia solara,<br />
•Zgomotul galactic<br />
•Raze cosmice<br />
INTENTIONATE<br />
•Sisteme de telecomunicatii, sol-sol, sol-satelit<br />
•Sisteme de transmisiuni de date interconectate<br />
terestre si prin satelit<br />
•Sisteme de transmisiuni radio , TV, PTT<br />
•Sisteme de operare in domeniul militar<br />
NEINTENTIONATE •Sistemele energetice de producere si transport<br />
energie electrica<br />
•Sistemele industriale electrotehnice<br />
•Sistemele de tractiune electrica<br />
•Aparatura electrocasnica<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 6
SISTEME PERTURBATE<br />
sisteme de telecomunicatii, sol-sol, sol-satelit;<br />
sisteme de transmisiuni de date interconectate terestre si prin satelit;<br />
sisteme de transmisiuni radio , TV, PTT;<br />
sisteme de operare in domeniul militar;<br />
echipamente de tehnica medicala;<br />
sisteme de semnalizare si control ale traficului feroviar, fluvial, maritim, aerian, etc.<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 7
CANALE DE TRANSMITERE<br />
prin conductie<br />
prin radiatie<br />
in camp<br />
apropiat<br />
in camp<br />
indepartat<br />
prin inductie<br />
electromagnetica<br />
prin inductie<br />
electrostatica<br />
prin radiatie<br />
electromagnetica<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 8
Sursa de<br />
interferenta<br />
electromagnetica<br />
CANALE DE TRANSMITERE A PERTURBATIILOR<br />
ELECTROMAGNETICE.<br />
A<br />
Interferenta conductiva datorata<br />
portiunilor comune de circuit<br />
L e<br />
C<br />
Interferenta in camp apropiat<br />
R e<br />
Interferenta in camp indepartat<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 9<br />
B<br />
M<br />
C<br />
Transportul<br />
energiei prin<br />
spatiu are loc<br />
sub forma<br />
undelor<br />
electromagnetice
PAMANTARE (PE):<br />
punere la pamant pentru pentru protectia oamenilor, animalelor si<br />
bunurilor<br />
conductorul de pamantare e parcurs de curent numai in caz de defect<br />
MASA(N)<br />
CONCEPTE DE BAZA IN COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA<br />
conductorul de referinta comun al circuitelor electrice<br />
conductorul de referinta conduce curentul de lucru si reprezinta, cel mai<br />
adesea, conductorul comun de intoarcere la sursa.<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> <strong>10</strong>
N<br />
Statie de transformare<br />
R B<br />
N,<br />
pământare<br />
Bara de<br />
potentializare<br />
Sistem de conducte<br />
metalice ingropate<br />
R A<br />
R<br />
S<br />
Priza de pământ<br />
de adancime<br />
T<br />
N, pământare<br />
Consumator<br />
trifazat<br />
Carcasa<br />
CIRCUITE DE CURENTI TARI<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 11<br />
R<br />
S<br />
Consumator<br />
monofazat<br />
T<br />
N<br />
pământare
U 1<br />
R i<br />
R i<br />
U 2<br />
Masa comună<br />
U B<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 12<br />
R V<br />
U 1<br />
R i<br />
CIRCUITE DE CURENTI SLABI<br />
U 2<br />
Conductor<br />
de masă<br />
R a
0V<br />
PUNCT DE MASA CENTRAL CU LEGATURI RADIALE<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 13<br />
0V<br />
PUNCT DE MASA CENTRAL CU BARA COLECTOARE
CIRCUITE DE<br />
SEMNAL<br />
ELECTRONICA DE<br />
PUTERE, RELEE<br />
BLOCURI<br />
ELECTRONICE,<br />
CELULE<br />
PUNCT DE MASA CU GRUPAREA UNITATILOR FUNCTIONALE SIMILARE<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 14
SUBSISTEM I SUBSISTEM II SUBSISTEM III<br />
PUNCT DE MASA SI MASA DISTRIBUITA<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 15
PERTURBATIILE DE MOD<br />
NORMAL :<br />
U sursă<br />
Conductor<br />
activ 1<br />
Z S<br />
Conductor<br />
activ 2<br />
U<br />
apar intre conductoarele de ducere si de intoarcere<br />
ale circuitelor, respectiv intre bornele de intrare ale<br />
sistemelor perturbate<br />
P<br />
=<br />
U<br />
Curentii perturbatori de mod normal au, pe traseul de ducere si de intoarcere, aceeasi<br />
directie ca si curentii produsi de semnalul util.<br />
Perturbatiile de mod normal apar, in majoritatea cazurilor, prin cuplaj magnetic.<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 16<br />
I 1<br />
I MN<br />
I MN<br />
MN<br />
I 2<br />
Z<br />
R<br />
Z<br />
+<br />
R<br />
Z<br />
S<br />
Z R
PERTURBATIILE DE MOD<br />
COMUN :<br />
U 1masă<br />
Conductor<br />
activ 1<br />
U 2masă<br />
U sursă<br />
Masă de referinţă<br />
Z S<br />
Conductor<br />
activ 2<br />
isi au originea in sursele de perturbatii care apar pe<br />
fiecare din conductoarele de semnal fata de masa de<br />
referinta<br />
I MC<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 17<br />
I 1<br />
I MN<br />
I MC2<br />
I 2<br />
Z 1masă<br />
Z R<br />
Z 2masă
PERTURBATII IN SEM<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 18
Alimentare<br />
Convertor<br />
de putere<br />
Masina electrica<br />
Sarcina<br />
SISTEME DE ACTIONARE ELECTRICA<br />
Interferente de mod normal si de mod comun<br />
Armonici<br />
Interferente radiative<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 19
MASINI DE CURENT CONTINUU<br />
Pozitie comutatorului si tensiune intre<br />
doua lamele adiacente<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 20
Peria deschide o<br />
bobina initial<br />
scurtcircuitata<br />
Generarea arcului<br />
Arcul electric la comutator<br />
Analiza spectrala a<br />
radiatiei perturbatoare<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 21
MASINI DE C.A. ALIMENTATE DE LA<br />
RETEA<br />
Inchiderea sau deschiderea<br />
contactelor<br />
Cablurile de alimentare<br />
Pamantare<br />
Main Circuit<br />
Breaker Switches Thermal relay<br />
Thermal<br />
element<br />
Auxiliary<br />
switch<br />
MASINI DE INDUCTIE<br />
Coil Relay<br />
contact<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 22
MASINI DE C.A. ALIMENTATE PRIN<br />
CONVERTOARE DE PUTERE<br />
Motoarele alimentate prin convertoare de<br />
putere sunt de obicei mai “zgomotoase” decat<br />
cele alimentate direct de la retea<br />
Functionarea masinilor asincrone alimentate<br />
prin invertoare de putere este intotdeauna<br />
insotita de interferente de inalta frecventa<br />
determinate in particular de curentii paraziti de<br />
mod normal si mod comun.<br />
Produse de armonici de<br />
frecventa ridicata<br />
Generate de comutatia semiconductoarelor<br />
Pot afecta functionarea sistemelor de telecomunicatii sau<br />
cablurile de semnal paralele cu cablurile de alimentare precum si<br />
dispozitivele de curenti slabi.<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 23
MASINA ELECTRICA<br />
Capacitati parazite<br />
intre spire<br />
Carcasa masinii<br />
Arborele masinii<br />
Miezul<br />
statoric<br />
Bila de<br />
rulment<br />
Capacitati parazite<br />
datorita lagarelor<br />
Inel<br />
exterior<br />
Inel<br />
interior<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 24
Z fn<br />
Evaluare experimentala<br />
Neutru<br />
Modelul de inalta frecventa al masinii de inductie<br />
Z fp /2<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 25<br />
Z fn<br />
Faza Neutru<br />
Pamantare<br />
Z fp<br />
Pamantare<br />
Z fp /2
C g<br />
R g<br />
Evaluare teoretica<br />
L 1<br />
C 1<br />
R P1<br />
Coil conductor (N turns)<br />
Air<br />
MAgnetic core Air<br />
h dg +2da h<br />
R L1<br />
R C1<br />
D h<br />
Topologia bobinei si o sectiune transversala a unei crestaturi<br />
R L2<br />
R C2<br />
R P2<br />
L 2<br />
C 2<br />
C g<br />
R g<br />
Circuit echivalent de inalta frecventa al unei<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> bobine<br />
SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 26<br />
d w<br />
D c<br />
D s<br />
R L1 , R L2 - rezistenta echivalenta in c.a.<br />
R p1 , R p2 – echivalentul pierderilor in fier<br />
C 1 , C 2 – capacitatea bobina-bobina<br />
C g – capacitatea bobina-carcasa<br />
R c1 , R c2 , R g – modeleaza fenomenele disipative<br />
datorate curentilor capacitivi de inalta frecventa si<br />
pierderilor in dielectrici
Circuit echivalent de inalta frecventa al unei masini<br />
de inductie trifazate<br />
Amplitudinea impedantei faza-faza<br />
Amplitudinea impedantei fazapamant<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 27
L<br />
C s<br />
R P<br />
R<br />
f n<br />
C p<br />
p<br />
C p<br />
Circuitul echivalent simplificat<br />
pentru o faza a masinii<br />
P<br />
[kW]<br />
1.1<br />
4<br />
4<br />
7.5<br />
7.5<br />
15<br />
15<br />
30<br />
C P<br />
[nF]<br />
0.250<br />
0.653<br />
0.797<br />
0.739<br />
1.000<br />
1.<strong>10</strong>0<br />
1.790<br />
2.2<strong>10</strong><br />
Z<br />
Z<br />
fp<br />
fn<br />
( C + C )<br />
33<br />
1.650 0.096<br />
0.530<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 28<br />
55<br />
2.17 0.186<br />
0.295<br />
=<br />
=<br />
⎡ 2<br />
3⎢s<br />
L<br />
⎢⎣<br />
6sC<br />
s<br />
p<br />
L<br />
[mH]<br />
28.12<br />
7.96<br />
8.86<br />
3.46<br />
12.97<br />
1.62<br />
0.775<br />
0.453<br />
2<br />
L<br />
⎡<br />
⎢s<br />
⎢⎣<br />
d<br />
2<br />
d<br />
⎛<br />
⎜<br />
⎜C<br />
⎝<br />
L<br />
d<br />
s<br />
s<br />
⎛<br />
⎜<br />
⎜C<br />
⎝<br />
C<br />
+<br />
2<br />
s<br />
sL<br />
d<br />
p<br />
p<br />
C<br />
+<br />
2<br />
⎞ L<br />
⎟ + s<br />
⎠ R<br />
L<br />
+ s<br />
R<br />
p<br />
R P<br />
[kΩ]<br />
17.49<br />
5.28<br />
5.<strong>10</strong><br />
3.69<br />
7.32<br />
2.95<br />
0.885<br />
0.465<br />
d<br />
P<br />
d<br />
P<br />
+ 1<br />
⎞ L<br />
⎟ + s<br />
⎠ R<br />
⎤<br />
+ 1⎥<br />
⎥⎦<br />
d<br />
P<br />
⎤<br />
+ 1⎥<br />
⎥⎦
Schema echivalenta de inalta frecventa a unei celule de convertor de putere<br />
Supply<br />
R<br />
C EL<br />
C CE<br />
V G1<br />
R G1<br />
R G2<br />
V G2<br />
heatsink<br />
L C<br />
R C<br />
Load<br />
Supply<br />
VG2 LS2 2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 29<br />
R W1<br />
R<br />
R W2 L W2<br />
L W1<br />
L WC<br />
C EL<br />
L EL<br />
R EL<br />
C CE<br />
V<br />
L G1<br />
CE<br />
R CE<br />
R G1<br />
R G2<br />
L D1<br />
L S1<br />
L SD<br />
L D2<br />
C g1<br />
C g2<br />
L C<br />
R C<br />
Load
R W1<br />
I MN<br />
L W1<br />
IMN RW2 LW2 R<br />
L WC<br />
L EL<br />
Curent de mod normal<br />
C EL<br />
R EL<br />
C CE<br />
L CE<br />
R CE<br />
L D1<br />
L S1<br />
L SD<br />
L D2<br />
L S2<br />
Frequency [Hz]<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 30<br />
C g1<br />
C g2<br />
Heatsink<br />
Load<br />
L C<br />
R C<br />
U [dBµV]
Curent de mod comun<br />
I MC1<br />
R W1 L W1<br />
R W2 L W2<br />
I MC2<br />
R<br />
L WC<br />
C EL<br />
L EL<br />
R EL<br />
C CE<br />
L CE<br />
R CE<br />
L D1<br />
L S1<br />
L SD<br />
L D2<br />
L S2<br />
Frequency [Hz]<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 31<br />
C g1<br />
C g2<br />
Radiato<br />
r<br />
L C<br />
R C<br />
Load<br />
U [dBµV]<br />
L Wp<br />
R Wp
AC/DC<br />
converter<br />
Curenti de mod comun<br />
Curenti de mod normal<br />
Armonici<br />
Interferente radiative<br />
DC/AC<br />
converter<br />
Connectors<br />
Ground<br />
Electrical<br />
machine<br />
Differential-mode current<br />
Common-mode current<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 32
V’ a<br />
V’ b<br />
V’ c<br />
V’ ab<br />
V’ bc<br />
V 2 (1,1,0)<br />
V 3 (0,1,0)<br />
V 0 (0,0,0)<br />
State 1 (1,0,0)<br />
V dc /2<br />
-V dc /2<br />
-V dc /2<br />
-V dc<br />
0<br />
V 1 (1,0,0)<br />
V 4 (0,1,1)<br />
V’’ a<br />
V’’ b<br />
V’’ c<br />
V’’ ab<br />
V’’ bc<br />
V 7 (1,1,1)<br />
Voltage inverter<br />
State 2 (1,1,0)<br />
V 6 (1,0,1)<br />
V 5 (0,0,1)<br />
V dc /2<br />
V dc /2<br />
-V dc /2<br />
0<br />
-V dc<br />
Transition 1→2<br />
∆∆∆∆V a<br />
∆∆∆∆V b<br />
∆∆∆∆V c<br />
∆∆∆∆V ab<br />
∆∆∆∆V bc<br />
0<br />
V dc<br />
0<br />
V dc<br />
-<br />
V cd<br />
V’ -V V’’ -V 0<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> ca<br />
dc<br />
ca<br />
dc ∆∆∆∆V ca SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 33
Connectors<br />
Grounding connector<br />
Curenti de mod normal<br />
Electrical<br />
machine<br />
windings<br />
Connectors<br />
Grounding connector<br />
Curenti de mod comun<br />
Electrical<br />
machine<br />
windings<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 34
Evaluarea experimentala a curentilor de mod normal si mod comun in sisteme de actionare<br />
cu masini de inductie<br />
Caile curentilor de mod comun<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 35
Mdul de aranjare a senzorilor de curent pe partea de curent continuu<br />
Modul de aranjare a senzorilor de curent pentru partea de curent alternativ<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 36
3I DM at AC side 3I CM at AC side<br />
2ICM at DC side<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 37
CURENTI DE LAGAR SI POTENTIALUL DE ARBORE<br />
La functionarea sub 50hz, potentialul arborelui si curentii de lagar au 3 surse de baza:<br />
Nesimetrii<br />
Excentricitati rotorice<br />
Flux homopolar<br />
Inductie electromagnetica: datorata disimetriilor din circuitul rotoric si<br />
al campului in intrefier.<br />
Cuplaje electrostatice: posibile acumulari de sarcini datorate surselor<br />
interne.<br />
Uplaje electrostatice externe: datorate diferitelor surse externe<br />
(frecarea intre curele, de exemplu)<br />
Flux axial diferit de zero Potential de arbore<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 38
Masini alimentate prin convertoare<br />
Pe langa cele prezentate anterior exista si surse datorate formei<br />
tensiunii/curentului de alimentare<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 39
Datorati<br />
disimetriilor sau<br />
excentricitatilor<br />
Curenti<br />
de lagar<br />
Potentialul de arbore<br />
Datorati<br />
comutatiei<br />
Curenti de<br />
descarcare<br />
electrostatica<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 40
Caile de curenti de inalta frecventa<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 41
Cratere in calea de rostogolire a bilelor<br />
Probleme legate de curentii de lagar<br />
Deteriorarea caii de rulare a bilelor<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 42
ARMONICI<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 43
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 44
π/3<br />
N<br />
π/18<br />
A B C<br />
Schema de conexiuni a unei<br />
masini de inductie<br />
Θ<br />
Θ<br />
s<br />
νννν<br />
s<br />
νννν<br />
s<br />
6N<br />
⎛<br />
s Ia<br />
( t,<br />
x)<br />
=<br />
pπν<br />
πν πν πν ⎜⎜<br />
⎝<br />
s<br />
6N<br />
⎛<br />
s Ia<br />
( t,<br />
x)<br />
=<br />
pπν<br />
πν πν πν ⎜⎜<br />
⎝<br />
3<br />
∑<br />
3<br />
⎛ ττττ<br />
sin νννν<br />
⎜⎜<br />
⎝ ττττ<br />
b= 1<br />
p<br />
∑<br />
⎛ ττττ<br />
sin νννν<br />
⎜⎜<br />
⎝ ττττ<br />
cb<br />
cb<br />
b= 1<br />
p<br />
Faza 2 Faza 1 Faza 3<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 45<br />
Faza 2<br />
Faza 1<br />
Faza 3<br />
Distributia solenatiei<br />
ππππ ⎞⎞<br />
⎡ νπ νπ νπ νπ ⎤<br />
sin ωωωω t − x , νννν = 6k<br />
+ 1<br />
2 ⎟⎟<br />
⎟⎟<br />
⎠⎠<br />
⎢⎢<br />
⎣ ττττ p ⎥⎥<br />
⎦<br />
ππππ ⎞⎞<br />
⎡ νπ νπ νπ νπ ⎤<br />
sin ωωωω t + x , νννν = 6k<br />
− 1<br />
2 ⎟⎟<br />
⎟⎟<br />
⎠⎠<br />
⎢⎢<br />
⎣ ττττ p ⎥⎥<br />
⎦<br />
Masini electrice<br />
Armonici de spatiu ale<br />
solenatiei<br />
x
Solenatia rotorica<br />
{ γα γα γα γα±<br />
s ωωωω t + ( γγγγ νννν p)<br />
}<br />
Zr<br />
∞ Irνννν<br />
, max 1 ⎛πγ<br />
πγ πγ πγ ⎞<br />
Θνννν<br />
( αααα , t)<br />
= ∑ ∑ sin⎜⎜<br />
⎟⎟ sin νννν m<br />
k= 1 ππππ γγγγ = 1 γγγγ ⎝ Zr<br />
⎠<br />
Frecventele armonicelor induse in curentul statoric<br />
Harmonic<br />
order<br />
(γ)<br />
1<br />
2<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
8<br />
9<br />
⎡ Zr<br />
⎤<br />
f stator = ⎢γ<br />
( 1 − s)<br />
± 1<br />
p<br />
⎥<br />
⎣<br />
⎦<br />
Frequency<br />
[Hz]<br />
637<br />
1424<br />
2698<br />
3485<br />
4171.5<br />
5546<br />
6133<br />
[dB]<br />
-50<br />
-<strong>10</strong>0<br />
-150<br />
-200<br />
-250<br />
Spectrul curentului statoric<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 46<br />
0<br />
f<br />
50Hz<br />
637Hz<br />
1424Hz<br />
0 400 800 1200 1600 f[Hz]
Convertoare<br />
Y Y<br />
Y<br />
Y Y<br />
∆ Y<br />
Y<br />
∆<br />
Y<br />
∆<br />
Y<br />
∆<br />
Y<br />
∆<br />
Redresoare necomandate<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 47
Redresoare comandate<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 48
Redresoare cu IGBT<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 49
Utilizarea unei bobine de netezire<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 50
140<br />
120<br />
<strong>10</strong>0<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
THD<br />
5th harmonic<br />
7th harmonic<br />
11th harmonic<br />
13th harmonic<br />
17th harmonic<br />
19th harmonic<br />
1 –high impedance line inductor<br />
2 şi 3– low impedance line inductor<br />
4– without line inductor<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 51
Pe un singur brat<br />
Filtre pasive de atenuare a armonicilor<br />
Pe mai multe brate<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 52
Filtre active<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 53
Sisteme de tractiune electrica<br />
Vehicule autonome Vehicule neautonome<br />
Vehiculul insusi<br />
Instalatii fixe Vehiculul insusi<br />
Substatii<br />
Fideri<br />
Calea de rulare<br />
INTERFERENte<br />
Radiative Capacitive Inductive<br />
Conductive<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 54
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 55
Influente asupra<br />
lucratorilor, vatmanilor,<br />
calatorilor<br />
Campuri electromagnetice asociate sistemelor de transport<br />
Perturbatii ale<br />
echipamentelor din<br />
apropiere<br />
Washington Metro subway: <strong>10</strong>000...<strong>10</strong>0000µT at floor level in the centre of the<br />
passengers areas, field due to RF suppression coils carrying currents up to 600 A.<br />
Local and long distance electrified trains in Finland: 0.3...290µT for passengers,<br />
<strong>10</strong>...6000µT for workers, and magnetic field level over a frequency range of <strong>10</strong>Hz to 2<br />
kHz.<br />
25 Hz AC electrified system, USA: 0.3...1.8µT for workers,<strong>10</strong>µT for passengers<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 56
Valoarea media si maxima a campului magnetic (µT) masurate in <strong>10</strong> tipuri de sisteme<br />
de transport<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 57
Cuplare capacitiva<br />
Cuplare statica, atunci cand componentele unui sistem de tractiune de inalta tensiune<br />
produc un camp electrostatic<br />
Catenary<br />
d 1<br />
b<br />
b<br />
d<br />
d 2<br />
d 3<br />
c<br />
c<br />
Low voltage<br />
electric line<br />
U<br />
LE<br />
= U<br />
b= 6.5m;<br />
c= 6m;<br />
r fc = 6mm;<br />
U catenar = 25 KV<br />
d = <strong>10</strong>m<br />
LC<br />
r b<br />
d2+<br />
( b+<br />
c)<br />
ln<br />
d2+<br />
( b−c<br />
)<br />
2ln2<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 58<br />
fc<br />
Catenary<br />
2<br />
2<br />
C LC<br />
,0<br />
C LC<br />
,LE<br />
C LE<br />
,0<br />
U LVEL = 1.56 KV<br />
Low voltage<br />
electric line
U LC<br />
TEM longitudinala<br />
I LC<br />
R LC<br />
R LE<br />
R S<br />
L LC<br />
L LE<br />
lL S<br />
E =<br />
ωlMkIcatenary<br />
I LE = 0<br />
Equivalent circuit for EMI analysis in AC traction systems<br />
I S<br />
Cuplare inductiva<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 59<br />
E l<br />
Catenary<br />
Low voltage electric line<br />
Railway track<br />
Earth
E<br />
ν<br />
TEM transversala<br />
= ω<br />
Ψ<br />
ν<br />
ν<br />
Third rail<br />
= µ I<br />
0<br />
ν<br />
lf<br />
ν<br />
h<br />
ln<br />
2<br />
h<br />
2<br />
+ d<br />
h<br />
+ ( d + e)<br />
2<br />
2<br />
Iν, magnitude of the νth harmonic of the<br />
current<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 60<br />
d<br />
x<br />
r<br />
B P<br />
P<br />
e<br />
Railway tracks
Automotive<br />
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 61
2009-20<strong>10</strong> SEM - CURS <strong>10</strong> 62