Managementul in urgenta a pacientului cu patologie dependenta de ...
Managementul in urgenta a pacientului cu patologie dependenta de ...
Managementul in urgenta a pacientului cu patologie dependenta de ...
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Tek<strong>in</strong>tettel arra, hogy a benyújtott dokumentumok a vonatkozó jogszabályok szer<strong>in</strong>ttermészetes személy által lesznek hitelesítve, kérjük, hogy a benyújtó személy cégesmeghatalmazását hagyományos úton (FAX-on, vagy postai kül<strong>de</strong>ményként) a dokumentumfeltöltése előtt szíveskedjen eljuttatni a következő telefax számra:vagy a következő postacímre:(06-1) 3565-5201525 Budapest, Pf. 75.A Tanács a fenti elektronikus formátumban megküldött adatlapok Nemzeti HírközlésiHatósághoz történő beérkezéséről visszaigazoló e-mail-t küld a Kötelezett szolgáltatónak.A Tanács a Szolgáltatók adatszolgáltatási kötelezettségének elősegítése, valam<strong>in</strong>t a hatékonyadatfeldolgozás ér<strong>de</strong>kében az adatszolgáltatási kötelezettséget előíró határozat kézbesítésévelegyi<strong>de</strong>jűleg a kérdőíveket elektronikus formában awww.nhh.hu<strong>in</strong>ternetes honlapon, elérési út: Címlap/Határozatok, közlemények/Tanács piacelemzésihatározatai, a következő URL:http://www.nhh.hu/?id=hir&cid=9073&mid=1139&lang=hucímszó alatt hozzáférhetővé és letölthetővé teszi a következő adatkérő fájlokat:A Tanács felhívja a Kötelezett szolgáltatót, hogy amennyiben a kitöltött kérdőíveket postaiúton juttatja el a Nemzeti Hírközlési Hatóság részére, akkor azt elektronikus formában CDlemezen is csatolja.Tájékoztatom, hogy az adatszolgáltatással kapcsolatban észrevételeiket és kérdéseiket MátéRóbert felé tehetik meg, ak<strong>in</strong>ek hivatali elérhetőségei a következők:Tel.: 06-1-457-7357E-mail: mate.robert@nhh.huA Tanács kéri a Kötelezett szolgáltatót, hogy a kitöltött kérdőívek Nemzeti HírközlésiHatóság részére történő eljuttatásával egyi<strong>de</strong>jűleg adja meg annak a személynek a nevét éselérhetőségeit, ak<strong>in</strong> keresztül a Hatóság a Kötelezett szolgáltatóval az adatszolgáltatástér<strong>in</strong>tően kapcsolatot tud tartani.A Tanács tájékoztatja a Kötelezett szolgáltatót, hogy a kérdőívekben szolgáltatott üzleti titkotképező és bizalmas adatok teljes körű vé<strong>de</strong>lemben részesülnek, azok kezelése a jogszabályokáltal megkövetelt módon történik.A Tanács a Kötelezett szolgáltató és a kitöltött kérdőívek azonosíthatósága, valam<strong>in</strong>t aszolgáltatott adatok feldolgozásának megkönnyítése ér<strong>de</strong>kében a Szolgáltatók részéreháromjegyű egyéni azonosító kódot állapított meg, melyet a Kötelezett szolgáltató azáltala megfelelően kitöltött kérdőív valamennyi oldalán, a megadott helyen, illetveelektronikus adathordozón történő továbbítás esetén m<strong>in</strong>dhárom dokumentumfájlnevében is köteles feltüntetni pl. a következő módon:Cégnév: «Szolgáltató_név»
coperi o alta cauza (5).Pacientii <strong>cu</strong> risc:- Copii au risc mai mare <strong>de</strong> a face hipoglicemie datorita rezervelor maimici <strong>de</strong> glicogen- Alcoolici malnutriti- Consumul mare <strong>de</strong> etanol <strong>in</strong> absenta alimentatiei.258Fiziopatologia cetoacidozei etanolice (17)- Pentru a compensa absenta piruvatului ca substrat energetic, organismulmobilizeaza acizii grasi d<strong>in</strong> tesutul adipos si stimuleaza metabolismulacestora pentru a fi folositi ca energie. Acest raspuns este mediat<strong>de</strong> sca<strong>de</strong>rea secretiei <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>sul<strong>in</strong>a si cresterea secretiei <strong>de</strong> glucagon, catecolam<strong>in</strong>e,hormonului <strong>de</strong> crestere si cortizolului.- D<strong>in</strong> metabolizarea acizilor grasi rezulta acetil-CoA care se comb<strong>in</strong>a <strong>cu</strong>excesul <strong>de</strong> acetat, rezultand formarea <strong>de</strong> acetoacetat. Acetoacetatuleste redus la ß-hidroxibutirat.Absenta alimentatieiGlicogen hepaticrapid consumatGlucozaGluconeogenezaACETATETANOL+NADPH+H +NADAMINOACIZI PIRUVAT LACTATPiruvat <strong>de</strong>hidrogenaza complexAcetil CoAFig. 3. Fiziopatologia hipoglicemiei si acidozei lactice (17)Fig.3. Fiziopatologia Pacientii care au cetoacidoza hipoglicemiei etanolica si acidozei sunt <strong>de</strong> obicei lactice(17) alcoolicii cronici,care se prez<strong>in</strong>ta dupa cateva zile <strong>de</strong> consum mare <strong>de</strong> etanol si care au <strong>in</strong>treruptalimentatia datorita greturilor, varsaturilor, durerilor abdom<strong>in</strong>alese<strong>cu</strong>ndare gastritei, pancreatitei sau a unei boli a<strong>cu</strong>te asociate.Actualitati <strong>in</strong> anestezie, terapie <strong>in</strong>tensiva si medic<strong>in</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>AbsentaalimentatieiGlicogenconsumatSca<strong>de</strong>rea<strong>in</strong>sul<strong>in</strong>eiMobilizareacizi grasi
AbsentaalimentatieiGlicogenconsumatSca<strong>de</strong>rea<strong>in</strong>sul<strong>in</strong>eiMobilizareacizi grasiCrestereaglucagonuluiOxidareacizi grasiAcetil CoAAcetatAcetoacetatFig. 4. Fiziopatologia cetoacidozei etanolice (17)+NADPH+H +NADEtanolβ-hidroxibutarati259Unele efecte adverse asupra sanatatii asociate <strong>cu</strong> abuzul si <strong><strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nta</strong>Fig.4. <strong>de</strong> Fiziopatologia etanol (12) cetoacidozei etanolice(17)1. SNC- Intoxicatie a<strong>cu</strong>ta- Sevraj etanolic- Encefalopatie Wernicke: ataxie, anomalii ale gobilor o<strong>cu</strong>lari pana la oftalmoplegie,confuzie- Psihoza Korsakoff: amnezie retrograda, confabulare- Depresie- I<strong>de</strong>atie suicidala- Personalitate antisociala- Dementa2. Cardiovas<strong>cu</strong>lare- Aritmii asociate <strong>cu</strong> <strong>in</strong>toxicatie si sevraj- Acci<strong>de</strong>nt vas<strong>cu</strong>lar cerebral- Hipertensiune- Cardiomiopatie3. Metabolice- Acidoza lactica- Cetoacidoza etanolica- HipoglicemieTimisoara 2008
260- Hipotermie- Hipopotasemie- Hipomagnezemie- Hipofosfatemie- Hipertrigliceri<strong>de</strong>mie- Hiperuricemie- Deficit <strong>de</strong> tiam<strong>in</strong>a si/sau folat4. Gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>ale- Reflux gastro-esofagian- S<strong>in</strong>drom Mallory-Weis- Esofagite- Varice esofagiene- Gastrite- Boala ulceroasa- Malabsorbtie- Hemoragii digestive superioare- Pancreatita- Hepatita- Ciroza- Steatoza- Neoplasme5. Hematologice- Anemie- Leucopenie- Trombocitopenie6. Imune- Pneumonie bacteriana- Tuber<strong>cu</strong>loza- Hepatita7. Genitour<strong>in</strong>are- Hipogonadism- Infertilitate- Impotenta8. Altele- S<strong>in</strong>dromul alcoolic fetal- Neoplasmul <strong>de</strong> san la femei.Actualitati <strong>in</strong> anestezie, terapie <strong>in</strong>tensiva si medic<strong>in</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>
Intoxicatia <strong>cu</strong> etanolAspecte cl<strong>in</strong>ice (5,17)Etanolul este un <strong>de</strong>presant al SNC la doze mici si un <strong>de</strong>presant general ladoze mari.1. Intoxicatia usoara se manifesta pr<strong>in</strong> comportament <strong>de</strong>z<strong>in</strong>hibat, pacientulfi<strong>in</strong>d comunicativ, expansiv, labil emotional, pare sa-si piardapropriul control, suparacios, manifesta comportament antisocial, poate<strong>de</strong>veni iritabil, abuziv, agresiv, violent, prez<strong>in</strong>ta sca<strong>de</strong>rea coordonariimotorii, nistagmus, vorbire neclara.- Valoarea alcoolemiei = 50 – 150 mg/dl2. Intoxicatia mo<strong>de</strong>rata <strong>in</strong> care pacientul <strong>de</strong>v<strong>in</strong>e confuz, <strong>de</strong>zorientat sauletargic, <strong>cu</strong> sca<strong>de</strong>rea evi<strong>de</strong>nta a starii <strong>de</strong> constienta, dizartric, pier<strong>de</strong>coordonarea motorie.- Valoarea alcoolemiei = 150 – 250 mg/dl3. Intoxicatia severa: pacientul este comatos, prez<strong>in</strong>ta amen<strong>in</strong>tare <strong>de</strong> obstructiea cailor aeriene.- Valoarea alcoolemiei ≥ 250mg/dlNu exista <strong>in</strong>tot<strong>de</strong>auna o corelatie <strong>in</strong>tre gradul <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>toxicatie si nivelulalcoolemiei datorita fenomenului <strong>de</strong> toleranta.Daca la <strong>in</strong>divivizii care nu sunt obisnuiti <strong>cu</strong> etanolul poate aparea <strong>de</strong>presiarespiratorie la concentratii mari (400 – 500mg/dl), nu este surpr<strong>in</strong>zatorfaptul ca unii alcoolici par sa aiba o <strong>in</strong>toxicatie m<strong>in</strong>ima la concentratii <strong>de</strong>400 mg/dl (20).Desi <strong>de</strong>f<strong>in</strong>itia legala a <strong>in</strong>toxicatiei, <strong>in</strong> majoritatea statelor, este <strong>de</strong> peste 80mg/dl pentru soferi, exista dovezi care sugereaza ca disfunctiile apar chiarla nivele reduse, <strong>de</strong> 5 mg/dl, mai ales la <strong>in</strong>divizii care nu sunt obisnuiti <strong>cu</strong>alcoolul.Semne si simptome evi<strong>de</strong>nte asociate <strong>cu</strong> <strong>in</strong>toxicatia etanolica:1. Depresia SNC2. Semne vitale- Hipotensiune- Tahicardie- Hipoventilatie- Hipotermie3. Semne o<strong>cu</strong>lare- Midriaza, diplopie, nistagmus4. Semne generale- Roseata (eritemul) fetei, diaforeza (±), varsaturi, sca<strong>de</strong>rea peristalticii<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>ale261Timisoara 2008
Semne si simptome legate <strong>de</strong> complicatile <strong>in</strong>toxicatiei:- Semne <strong>de</strong> hipoglicemie- Aritmii cardiace: cea mai frecventa fi<strong>in</strong>d fibrilatia atriala (18)- Agravarea ischemiei miocardice la pacientii <strong>cu</strong> ang<strong>in</strong>a stabila (19)- Encefalopatia Wernicke, psihoza Korsakoff- Convulsii, mai frecvente la copii, asociate <strong>cu</strong> hipoglicemia- Pancreatita a<strong>cu</strong>ta.262Teste <strong>de</strong> laborator1. Determ<strong>in</strong>area glicemiei pe stick2. Concentratia serica <strong>de</strong> etanol: <strong>in</strong> <strong>de</strong>partamentele <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong> s-a dovedita fi metoda care precizeaza cel mai exact concentratia <strong>de</strong> etanol <strong>de</strong>la nivel seric (21). Concentratia <strong>de</strong> etanol trebuie corelata <strong>cu</strong> momentul<strong>in</strong>gestiei/durata <strong>in</strong>gestiei si starea cl<strong>in</strong>ica a <strong>pacientului</strong>; nu este neaparatnecesara <strong>de</strong>term<strong>in</strong>area alcoolemiei <strong>in</strong> caz <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>toxicatie usoara saumo<strong>de</strong>rata; se recomanda recoltarea alcoolemiei la toti pacientii <strong>cu</strong> unnivel redus al constientei sau status mental alterat (5).3. Determ<strong>in</strong>area electrolitilor- Intoxicatia etanolica nu cauzeaza o gaura anionica semnificativa- Cetoacidoza etanolica este <strong>in</strong>sotita <strong>de</strong> o gaura anionica cres<strong>cu</strong>ta <strong>cu</strong> unnivel seric al lactatului, care nu se coreleaza <strong>cu</strong> nivelul gaurii anionice- Prezenta unei gauri anionice cres<strong>cu</strong>te sugereaza o <strong>in</strong>toxicatie <strong>cu</strong> altesubstante sau stari patologice asociate: <strong>in</strong>fectii severe, traume majore- Masurarea Mg si Ca4. Test <strong>de</strong> sarc<strong>in</strong>a5. Test calitativ <strong>de</strong> droguri d<strong>in</strong> ur<strong>in</strong>a6. Determ<strong>in</strong>area gazelor sangu<strong>in</strong>e si pH-ului- Acidoza metabolica severa nu trebuie niciodata atribuita <strong>in</strong>toxicatieietanolice (5)- Este obligatorie <strong>de</strong>term<strong>in</strong>area pH-ului cand se suspicioneaza <strong>in</strong>toxicatiiasociate sau cand se banuieste cetoacidoza etanolica.7. Determ<strong>in</strong>area osmolaritatii serice- Etanolul este cea mai frecventa cauza a cresterii gaurii osmolare (5); existao crestere a gaurii osmolare <strong>cu</strong> 22 mosmoli/l pentru fiecare 100mg/dletanol- Prezenta concomitenta a acidozei metabolice <strong>cu</strong> <strong>de</strong>ficit anionic cres<strong>cu</strong>tpoate ajuta la i<strong>de</strong>ntificarea unei substante <strong>in</strong>gerate concomitent (ex.metanol, etilenglicol).8. Alte teste biologice- Corpi cetonici <strong>in</strong> ur<strong>in</strong>a (cetoacidoza etanolica si diabetica)Actualitati <strong>in</strong> anestezie, terapie <strong>in</strong>tensiva si medic<strong>in</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>
- Hemoleucograma, uree, creat<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>a, lipaza, enzime hepatice.Investigatii imagistice1. CT cerebral (17).Indicatii:- Pacientii comatosi <strong>cu</strong> concentratii serice mai mici <strong>de</strong> 300 mg/dl- Pacientii comatosi <strong>cu</strong> concentratii serice peste 300mg/dl, a caror starecl<strong>in</strong>ica nu se amelioreaza pe par<strong>cu</strong>rsul supravegherii medicale- Daca apare orice agravare a statusului mental pe par<strong>cu</strong>rsul supravegherii- Daca nu exista nici o ameliorare a statusului mental dupa 3 h <strong>de</strong> la prezentare.2. Ecografie: cand se suspicioneaza trauma sau boli asociate.3. Radiografii: la <strong>in</strong>dicatie.263<strong>Managementul</strong> <strong>in</strong>toxicatiei etanolicePr<strong>in</strong>cipii:1. Sust<strong>in</strong>erea functiilor vitale <strong>in</strong> caz <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>toxicatie severa2. Tratarea leziunilor sau bolilor cl<strong>in</strong>ice asociate si t<strong>in</strong>erea sub observatiepana cand pacientul este <strong>in</strong> stare cl<strong>in</strong>ica <strong>de</strong> sobrietate (5).Pasii <strong>de</strong> urmat1. Eliberarea si protezarea caii aeriene- Pozitionarea <strong>pacientului</strong>- Deschi<strong>de</strong>rea cailor aeriene si aspiratie la nevoie- In<strong>de</strong>partarea manuala sau <strong>in</strong>strumentala a corpilor stra<strong>in</strong>i- Verificarea reflexului <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>ghitire si tuse- Aplicarea son<strong>de</strong>i orofar<strong>in</strong>giene- Trebuie luata <strong>in</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rare IOT <strong>in</strong> caz <strong>de</strong>: cai aeriene obstruate (imposibilitatea<strong>de</strong> a ment<strong>in</strong>e o cale aeriana <strong>de</strong>schisa pr<strong>in</strong> manevre maisimple), cai aeriene <strong>cu</strong> risc (regurgitare sau voma re<strong>cu</strong>renta), necesitateasedarii/controlului (pacient agitat/confuz).2. Evaluarea si controlul respiratiei- Monitorizeaza frecventa respiratorie, pulsoximetrie, EtCO 2(la nevoie)- Adm<strong>in</strong>istrare O 2suplimentar <strong>in</strong> caz <strong>de</strong> nevoie- Asistarea <strong>pacientului</strong>.- Determ<strong>in</strong>area gazelor arteriale si pH-ului.3. Evaluarea si controlul cir<strong>cu</strong>latiei- Monitorizarea pulsului,TA, EKSTimisoara 2008
264- Efectueaza ECG.- Monteaza 1-2 l<strong>in</strong>ii i.v.: adm<strong>in</strong>istrarea <strong>de</strong> flui<strong>de</strong> nu accelereaza elim<strong>in</strong>areaalcoolului (22), <strong>de</strong> aceea abordul <strong>in</strong>travenos doar pentru adm<strong>in</strong>istrarea<strong>de</strong> flui<strong>de</strong> nu este necesar <strong>in</strong> cazurile <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>toxicatie usoara simo<strong>de</strong>rata fara complicatii; ea <strong>de</strong>v<strong>in</strong>e necesara daca exista semne ale<strong>de</strong>pletiei volemice- Recolteaza probe biologice- Trateaza tulburarile <strong>de</strong> ritm: cea mai frecventa este fibrilatia atriala,care <strong>de</strong> obicei se converteste la ritm s<strong>in</strong>usal dupa 24h- Lichidul a<strong>de</strong>cvat pentru perfuzie este solutia sal<strong>in</strong>a normala <strong>cu</strong> 5% glucoza,atat pentru problemele volemice, cat si pentru <strong>de</strong>pletia <strong>de</strong> glicogen(5).4. Evaluarea statusului mental- Orice pacient care se prez<strong>in</strong>ta <strong>in</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong> <strong>cu</strong> status mental alterat va fiimediat <strong>in</strong>vestigat si tratat pentru cauze reversibile: hipoglicemie, hipoxiesi <strong>in</strong>toxicatii <strong>cu</strong> opioi<strong>de</strong>; <strong>in</strong> plus trebuie luata <strong>in</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rare encefalopatiaWernicke- Se va adm<strong>in</strong>istra “coma cocktail”: glucoza (0,5 – 1g/kg) + naloxona (0,1– 2mg) + thiam<strong>in</strong>a (100 mg)- Monitorizeaza temperatura rectala si trateaza hipo sau hipertermia- Supravegherea atenta si <strong>in</strong> d<strong>in</strong>amica este esentiala, <strong>de</strong>oarece, la majoritateacazurilor fara complicatii, ameliorarea rapida surv<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> catevaore. Statusul mental care nu se amelioreaza, si orice <strong>de</strong>teriorare trebuieconsi<strong>de</strong>rate se<strong>cu</strong>ndare altor cauze – se va efectua CT cerebral la <strong>in</strong>dicatie,urmat <strong>de</strong> punctie lombara la nevoie- Controlul agitatiei: benzodiazep<strong>in</strong>e- Tratamentul convulsiilor: benzodiazep<strong>in</strong>e.5. Diagnosti<strong>cu</strong>l <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>toxicatie- Exam<strong>in</strong>are fizica- Efectuarea testelor <strong>de</strong> laborator mentionate mai sus- Corectarea eventualelor tulburari electrolitice- Acidoza lactica atribuita toxicitatii etanolului este contracarata pr<strong>in</strong> repletievolemica (5)- Cetoacidoza etanolica se va trata pr<strong>in</strong> repletie <strong>cu</strong> cristaloi<strong>de</strong>, glucoza(care stimuleaza eliberarea <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>sul<strong>in</strong>a, sca<strong>de</strong> secretia <strong>de</strong> glucagon sireduce astfel oxidarea acizilor grasi; <strong>de</strong> asemenea, stimuleaza s<strong>in</strong>teza<strong>de</strong> ATP) si tiam<strong>in</strong>a care faciliteaza <strong>in</strong>trarea piruvatului <strong>in</strong> ciclul Krebs,crescand astfel s<strong>in</strong>teza <strong>de</strong> ATP.6. Reducerea absorbtiei si stimularea elim<strong>in</strong>arii- Lavajul gastric poate fi aplicat <strong>in</strong> cazul <strong>in</strong>gestiei recente (pana la 1 ora)Actualitati <strong>in</strong> anestezie, terapie <strong>in</strong>tensiva si medic<strong>in</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>
- Etanolul nu se leaga <strong>de</strong> carbunele activat (5)- Adm<strong>in</strong>istrarea <strong>de</strong> flui<strong>de</strong> nu accelereaza elim<strong>in</strong>area alcoolului.7. Posibilitati <strong>de</strong> rezolvare a cazului- Eliberare la domiciliu d<strong>in</strong> <strong>de</strong>partamentul <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>- Internare <strong>in</strong> spital- I<strong>de</strong>ntificarea alcoolismului cronic, <strong>in</strong>terventia si trimiterea <strong>in</strong> servicii <strong>de</strong>specialitate.Eliberarea la domiciliu- Pacientii <strong>cu</strong> <strong>in</strong>toxicatie etanolica necomplicata, a caror stare s-a ameliorat,pot fi eliberati dupa o observare atenta si consiliere sociala sipsihiatrica (17)- Pacientii a caror <strong>in</strong>toxicatie s-a ameliorat astfel <strong>in</strong>cat ei nu constituieun pericol pentru ei <strong>in</strong>sisi sau pentru altii, si care nu pleaca ne<strong>in</strong>sotiti,pot fi externati pe baza <strong>de</strong> semnatura sau preferabil <strong>in</strong> compania unoroameni responsabili, <strong>cu</strong>m ar fi ru<strong>de</strong> sau prieteni care sa-i ajute si sa-siasume <strong>in</strong>treaga responsabilitate pentru <strong>in</strong>grijirea lor (5)- Eliberarea la domiciliu este o problema <strong>in</strong> cazul pacientilor care nu auun<strong>de</strong> lo<strong>cu</strong>i, care au fost adusi <strong>in</strong> <strong>de</strong>partamentul <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong> pentru <strong>in</strong>toxicatieetanolica si care d<strong>in</strong> cauza altor boli cronice nu se pot <strong>de</strong>plasa.265Internarea <strong>in</strong> spital (17)- Persistenta alterarii semnelor vitale- Persistenta statusului mental alterat, <strong>cu</strong> sau fara o cauza evi<strong>de</strong>nta- Intoxicatie mixta <strong>cu</strong> alte substante (ex. medicamente) <strong>cu</strong> care <strong>in</strong>teractioneazaetanolul si care poate evolua nefavorabil- Trauma majora concomitenta- Asocierea unei patologii medicale <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong> (ex. pancreatita, hemoragiadigestiva superioara)I<strong>de</strong>ntificarea alccolismului cronic, <strong>in</strong>terventia si trimiterea catreservicii specializateObstacolele pentru <strong>de</strong>scoperirea si trimiterea <strong>pacientului</strong> <strong>cu</strong> alcoolism cronic<strong>cu</strong>pr<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong>suficiente <strong>cu</strong>nost<strong>in</strong>te bazate pe dovezi, constrangeri <strong>de</strong> timp,resurse nea<strong>de</strong>cvate si cred<strong>in</strong>ta ca abuzul <strong>de</strong> substante nu este o preo<strong>cu</strong>parepotrivita pentru <strong>de</strong>partamentul <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>.Medicii <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong> au ocazia <strong>de</strong> a utiliza prezentarea <strong>pacientului</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>pentru a face legatura <strong>cu</strong> sistemul <strong>de</strong> tratament al abuzului <strong>de</strong> substante(12).Timisoara 2008
D<strong>in</strong>tre pacientii d<strong>in</strong> <strong>de</strong>partamentul <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong> <strong>cu</strong> probleme legate <strong>de</strong> abuzul<strong>de</strong> alcool doar 10% au fost evaluati <strong>in</strong> acest sens si trimisi pentru tratament<strong>in</strong> serviciile specializate (11).266Screen<strong>in</strong>gul pentru <strong>de</strong>pistarea consumului <strong>de</strong> alcool <strong>cu</strong>pr<strong>in</strong><strong>de</strong> 2 pasi:1. I<strong>de</strong>ntificarea pacientilor <strong>cu</strong> consum <strong>de</strong> etanol <strong>cu</strong> riscI<strong>de</strong>ntificarea pacientilor care consuma etanol se face pr<strong>in</strong> 2 meto<strong>de</strong>:- Aflarea cantitatii <strong>de</strong> alcool consumate si daca aceasta respecta criteriileNIAAA- Testul AUDIT: este pozitiv cand ≥ 8 (barbati) si ≥ 4 (femei) (tab. 2)2. I<strong>de</strong>ntificarea <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nteiGhidul NIAAA recomanda ca medicii sa treaca la <strong>in</strong>trebarile CAGE pentrua evalua severitatea (12).Chestionarul CAGEC: V-ati gandit vreodata ca ar trebui sa beti mai put<strong>in</strong> (<strong>cu</strong>t down)?A: V-au <strong>de</strong>ranjat (annoyed) vreodata oamenii care va criticau pentru cabeti?G: V-ati simtit vreodata rau sau v<strong>in</strong>ovat (guilty) pentru ca beti?E: Vi s-a <strong>in</strong>tamplat ca primul lucru <strong>de</strong> dim<strong>in</strong>eata sa fie sa beti pentru a calmanervii si a scapa <strong>de</strong> mahmureala (eye opener)?Un scor <strong>de</strong> 1 necesita asistarea pr<strong>in</strong> medi<strong>cu</strong>l <strong>de</strong> familie, atat d<strong>in</strong> punct<strong>de</strong> ve<strong>de</strong>re a planului <strong>de</strong> renuntare la consum, cat si d<strong>in</strong> punct <strong>de</strong> ve<strong>de</strong>re alris<strong>cu</strong>lui <strong>de</strong> boala. Un scor <strong>de</strong> 2 sau mai mare este <strong>in</strong>alt specific pentru <strong><strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nta</strong><strong>de</strong> etanol.Acesti pacienti au nevoie <strong>de</strong> consiliere psihologica/psihiatrica.Desi testul CAGE este proiectat pentru a evalua <strong><strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nta</strong> pe viata, <strong>in</strong>trebariletrebuie prefatate <strong>cu</strong> <strong>cu</strong>v<strong>in</strong>tele “ <strong>in</strong> ultimele 12 luni “ pentru a <strong>de</strong>scoperiproblemele <strong>cu</strong>rente.Testul CAGE a fost studiat pentru aplicabilitatea sa <strong>in</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>.Sensibilitatea a fost <strong>de</strong> 75% pentru bautorii <strong>cu</strong> risc si 76% pentru <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nti.Specificitatea a fost <strong>de</strong> 88% pentru bautorii <strong>cu</strong> risc si <strong>de</strong> 90% pentru<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nti.Sevrajul etanolicEpi<strong>de</strong>miologieD<strong>in</strong> totalul prezentarilor pentru abuz <strong>de</strong> alcool, pana la 10% d<strong>in</strong> pacientipot <strong>de</strong>zvolta <strong>de</strong>lirium tremens (13).Actualitati <strong>in</strong> anestezie, terapie <strong>in</strong>tensiva si medic<strong>in</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>
268Def<strong>in</strong>itia sevrajului etanolic (DSV-IV) (13)A. Sistarea (sau reducerea) utilizarii unui consum mare sau prelungit <strong>de</strong>etanol.B. Doua (sau mai multe) d<strong>in</strong> aspectele cl<strong>in</strong>ice <strong>de</strong> mai jos, care apar pe par<strong>cu</strong>rsula cateva ore sau cateva zile.- Hiperreactivitatea vegetativa (ex. transpiratii sau tahicardie <strong>cu</strong> puls peste100)- Accentuarea tremorului ma<strong>in</strong>ilor- Insomnia- Greturi si varsaturi- Haluc<strong>in</strong>atii tranzitorii vizuale, tactile sau auditive sau iluzii- Agitatie psihomotorie- Anxietate- Convulsii grand malC. Simptomele <strong>de</strong> la punctul B produc complicatii, afecteaza d<strong>in</strong> punct <strong>de</strong>ve<strong>de</strong>re social si o<strong>cu</strong>pational pacientul.D. Simptomele nu se datoreaza unei patologii organice sau psihice.S<strong>in</strong>dromul <strong>de</strong> sevraj etanolicSevrajul etanolic este un complex <strong>de</strong> s<strong>in</strong>droame, care apar <strong>de</strong> obicei la 6ore <strong>de</strong> la <strong>in</strong>treruperea consumului <strong>de</strong> alcool (13).Sevrajul etanolic poate fi clasificat <strong>in</strong> functie <strong>de</strong> timp (precoce si tardiv)sau severitate (necomplicat si complicat). Totusi nu exista criterii acceptatepentru a <strong>de</strong>f<strong>in</strong>i aceste clasificari.De altm<strong>in</strong>teri, evolutia cl<strong>in</strong>ica <strong>in</strong> timp a sevrajului etanolic poate varia <strong>in</strong>limite largi, <strong>in</strong> functie <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>divid, iar evolutia <strong>in</strong>dividuala a pacientilor <strong>in</strong>aceste stadii este extrem <strong>de</strong> variabila.De asemenea, exista etilici cronici care nu fac sevraj etanolic dupa <strong>in</strong>trerupereaconsumului <strong>de</strong> etanol.Totusi, sevrajul etanolic poate fi clasificat <strong>in</strong> 4 categorii, <strong>in</strong> functie <strong>de</strong> severitateasimptomelor si momentul aparitiei lor (23):1. Sevrajul etanolic m<strong>in</strong>or (tremor) care apare <strong>in</strong> 6-12 ore <strong>de</strong> la ultimabautura si care se manifesta pr<strong>in</strong> tremor, anxietate, greturi, varsaturi si<strong>in</strong>somnie.2. Sevrajul etanolic major (haluc<strong>in</strong>atii) care apare <strong>in</strong> 10-72 ore <strong>de</strong> la ultimabautura si care se manifesta pr<strong>in</strong> haluc<strong>in</strong>atii tactile, auditive sivizuale, tremor al <strong>in</strong>tregului corp, varsaturi, diaforeza si hipertensiune.Prezenta haluc<strong>in</strong>atiilor este un factor predictor <strong>de</strong> aparitie a DT (13).3. Convulsiile care apar <strong>in</strong> 6-48 ore la pacienti care <strong>in</strong> mod normal nu auconvulsii, prez<strong>in</strong>ta EEG normal (23) si care se caracterizeaza pr<strong>in</strong> crizeActualitati <strong>in</strong> anestezie, terapie <strong>in</strong>tensiva si medic<strong>in</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>
269Tab. 2. Testul AUDIT (11)Tabel 2. Testul AUDIT (11)tonico-clonice generalizate <strong>cu</strong> perioada postictus s<strong>cu</strong>rta (13). Aproximativ40% d<strong>in</strong> pacientii <strong>cu</strong> sevraj etanolic au crize izolate, doar 3%d<strong>in</strong> pacienti evoleaza spre status epilepti<strong>cu</strong>s. Circa 33% d<strong>in</strong> pacientii <strong>cu</strong>sevraj si convulsii evoleaza spre DT (13).4. Delirium tremens (DT) este cea mai severa complicatie a sevrajului etanolicsi se manifesta <strong>in</strong> general la 48-96 ore <strong>de</strong> la <strong>in</strong>treruperea consumului<strong>de</strong> alcool (13). Majoritatea semnelor cl<strong>in</strong>ice care apar <strong>in</strong> DT suntsimilare celor d<strong>in</strong> sevrajul necomplicat, dar difera ca severitate: tremor,<strong>in</strong>stabilitate vegetativa (hipertensiune si tahicardie), agitatie psihomotorie,stare confuzionala, haluc<strong>in</strong>atii, febra.Timisoara 2008
270Criterii diagnostice ale DT (24)a. Afectarea starii <strong>de</strong> constienta (ex. dim<strong>in</strong>uarea orientarii spatiale) <strong>cu</strong> sca<strong>de</strong>reacapacitatii <strong>de</strong> concentrare, <strong>de</strong> sust<strong>in</strong>ere a atentiei, <strong>de</strong>lirium, stareconfuzionala, psihoza.b. Schimbarea perceptiei (ex. <strong>de</strong>ficit <strong>de</strong> memorie, <strong>de</strong>zorientare, difi<strong>cu</strong>ltati<strong>in</strong> vorbire) sau aparitia unei tulburari <strong>de</strong> perceptie, care nu poate fi pusape seama unei <strong>de</strong>mente stabilite, preexistente sau <strong>in</strong> <strong>cu</strong>rs <strong>de</strong> aparitie.c. Afectarea starii <strong>de</strong> constienta se <strong>de</strong>zvolta pe par<strong>cu</strong>rsul unei perioa<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>timp s<strong>cu</strong>rta (<strong>de</strong> obicei ore sau zile) si t<strong>in</strong><strong>de</strong> sa fluctueze <strong>in</strong> <strong>cu</strong>rsul zilei.d. Exista dovezi d<strong>in</strong> anamneza, exam<strong>in</strong>are fizica, sau probe <strong>de</strong> laborator casimptomele <strong>de</strong> la punctele a si b apar <strong>in</strong> <strong>cu</strong>rsul sau la s<strong>cu</strong>rt timp <strong>de</strong> la<strong>in</strong>treruperea abuzului <strong>de</strong> etanol.Factori <strong>de</strong> risc pentru aparitia sevrajului etanolicFactorii <strong>de</strong>term<strong>in</strong>anti ai sevrajului etanolic nu sunt b<strong>in</strong>e <strong>cu</strong>nos<strong>cu</strong>ti.Cel mai important factor predictor al aparitiei sevrajului etanolic esteun istoric <strong>de</strong> episoa<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> sevraj etanolic/DT si/sau istoric familial (25) (46-76-G).Cel mai obiectiv si validat <strong>in</strong>strument pentru aprecierea severitatii sevrajuluietanolic este Cl<strong>in</strong>ical Institute Withdrawal Assesment of AlcoholScale, Revised (CIWA-Ar) (26). Acest scor s-a dovedit a fi <strong>de</strong>mn <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>cre<strong>de</strong>re,reproductibil, iar validitatea lui a fost dovedita pr<strong>in</strong> experienta cl<strong>in</strong>ica (23).Scorul <strong>cu</strong>pr<strong>in</strong><strong>de</strong> 10 puncte: greturi si varsaturi, tremor, transpiratii, anxietate,agitatie, tulburari auditive, tulburari tactile, tulburari vizuale, cefalee,tulburari <strong>de</strong> orientare.Pentru fiecare d<strong>in</strong> cele 10 puncte se apreciaza un scor <strong>de</strong> la 0 la 7, exceptandultimul punct care se apreciaza <strong>de</strong> la 0 la 4, maximul scalei fi<strong>in</strong>d<strong>de</strong> 67.Un scor mai mare <strong>de</strong> 15 a fost observat la pacientii <strong>cu</strong> sevraj etanolic major,<strong>in</strong> timp ce un scor <strong>de</strong> 8-15 se coreleaza <strong>cu</strong> sevrajul etanolic m<strong>in</strong>or (23).Diagnostic diferential1. Hipoglicemia2. Hipoxia3. Acci<strong>de</strong>ntul vas<strong>cu</strong>lar cerebral ischemic sau hemoragic4. Trauma craniana5. Sepsisul6. Men<strong>in</strong>gitele, abcesele cerebrale7. S<strong>in</strong>dromul Wernicke-Korsakoff8. Encefalopatia hepaticaActualitati <strong>in</strong> anestezie, terapie <strong>in</strong>tensiva si medic<strong>in</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>
9. Uremia10. Encefalopatia hipertensiva11. Intoxicatia si sevrajul la alte droguriTeste <strong>de</strong> laborator1. Concentratia serica <strong>de</strong> etanol2. Hemoleucograma3. Glicemie4. Parametrii ASTRUP5. Lactat6. Ionograma serica <strong>in</strong>clusiv magneziu7. Gaura anionica8. Test calitativ <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>pistare a drogurilor <strong>in</strong> ur<strong>in</strong>a9. Corpi cetonici <strong>in</strong> ur<strong>in</strong>a10. Uree, creat<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>a11. Teste hepatice271Investigatii imagistice1. CT cerebral (12;23)- Crize convulsive focale- Deficit neurologic focal- Traumatism cranian- Persistenta alterarii starii <strong>de</strong> constienta, postcritic.2. Radiografie toracica- Va fi efectuata la toti pacientii la care suspicionam DT (50% d<strong>in</strong> pacientii<strong>cu</strong> DT si febra pot avea o <strong>in</strong>fectie) (23).3. Radiografii <strong>de</strong> coloana cervicala daca exista istoric sau suspiciune <strong>de</strong>trauma craniana sau cervicala.ProceduriPunctia lombara: sevraj etanolic <strong>cu</strong> persistenta alterarii starii <strong>de</strong> constienta,postcritic sau <strong>cu</strong> febra mare, dupa efectuarea CT cerebral.<strong>Managementul</strong> sevrajului etanolic (12;13)Pr<strong>in</strong>cipiu: sust<strong>in</strong>erea functiilor vitale si evalurea concomitenta a unei patologiiorganice, psihiatrice sau toxicologice.Pasii <strong>de</strong> urmat:1. Eliberarea si protezarea caii aeriene- Pozitionarea <strong>pacientului</strong>- Deschi<strong>de</strong>rea cailor aeriene si aspiratie la nevoie- In<strong>de</strong>partarea manuala sau <strong>in</strong>strumentala a corpilor stra<strong>in</strong>iTimisoara 2008
272- Verificarea reflexului <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>ghitire si tuse- Aplicarea son<strong>de</strong>i orofar<strong>in</strong>giene- Trebuie luata <strong>in</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rare IOT <strong>in</strong> caz <strong>de</strong>: cai aeriene obstruate (imposibilitatea<strong>de</strong> a ment<strong>in</strong>e o cale aeriana <strong>de</strong>schisa pr<strong>in</strong> manevre maisimple), cai aeriene <strong>cu</strong> risc (regurgitare sau voma re<strong>cu</strong>renta), necesitateasedarii/controlului (pacient agitat/confuz).2. Evaluarea si controlul respiratiei- Monitorizeaza frecventa respiratorie, pulsoximetrie, EtCO 2(la nevoie)- Adm<strong>in</strong>istreaza O 2suplimentar <strong>in</strong> caz <strong>de</strong> nevoie- Asista pacientul- Determ<strong>in</strong>a gaze arteriale si pH.3. Evaluarea si controlul cir<strong>cu</strong>latiei- Monitorizeaza puls, EKS, TA- Efectueaza ECG- Monteaza 1-2 l<strong>in</strong>ii i.v.: <strong>de</strong> obicei pacientul <strong>cu</strong> sevraj etanolic este <strong>de</strong>shidratat;se va face reechilibrare volemica; solutie sal<strong>in</strong>a <strong>cu</strong> glucoza 5%sau solutie R<strong>in</strong>ger Lactat- Recolteaza probe biologice.4. Evaluarea statusului mental- Pupile, scor Glasgow- Orice pacient care se prez<strong>in</strong>ta <strong>in</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong> <strong>cu</strong> status mental alterat va fiimediat <strong>in</strong>vestigat si tratat pentru cauze reversibile: hipoglicemie, hipoxiesi <strong>in</strong>toxicatii <strong>cu</strong> opioi<strong>de</strong>; <strong>in</strong> plus trebuie luata <strong>in</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rare encefalopatiaWernicke- Se va adm<strong>in</strong>istra “coma cocktail”: glucoza (0,5 – 1g/kg) + naloxon (0,1– 2mg) + thiam<strong>in</strong>a (100 mg)- Evaluarea <strong>cu</strong> atentie d<strong>in</strong> punct <strong>de</strong> ve<strong>de</strong>re neurologic: <strong>de</strong>ficite neurologicefocale, crize convulsive focale, traumatism cranian, persistentaalterarii statusului mental postcritic urmata <strong>de</strong> efectuarea CT cerebral sipunctie lombara la <strong>in</strong>dicatie- Controlul agitatiei: lorazepam 2-4 mg i.v. urmat <strong>de</strong> 2-4 mg i.v. la fiecare15-30 m<strong>in</strong> pana la sedare usoara sau diazepam 10 mg i.v. <strong>cu</strong> repetare lanevoie pana la sedare usoara (s-au <strong>de</strong>scris chiar doze foarte mari utilizate);<strong>in</strong> caz <strong>de</strong> rezistenta la benzodiazep<strong>in</strong>e se poate asocia fenobarbitalsau ca alternativa propofol; studiile au aratat ca este mai important sasedam rapid pacientul <strong>cu</strong> o doza a<strong>de</strong>cvata <strong>de</strong> benzodiazep<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>de</strong>cat safolosim mai multe medicamente <strong>in</strong> speranta ca vom gasi medicamentula<strong>de</strong>cvat (13); obiectivul terapiei este obt<strong>in</strong>erea sedarii <strong>pacientului</strong>, dar<strong>cu</strong> respiratie spontana eficienta si semne vitale normale; <strong>in</strong> alte studii(27) adm<strong>in</strong>istrarea <strong>de</strong> benzodiap<strong>in</strong>e imediat dupa aparitia semnelor cli-Actualitati <strong>in</strong> anestezie, terapie <strong>in</strong>tensiva si medic<strong>in</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>
nice a redus cantitatea totala <strong>de</strong> benzodiazep<strong>in</strong>e adm<strong>in</strong>istrate; <strong>in</strong> acestestudii benzodiazep<strong>in</strong>ele au fost adm<strong>in</strong>istrate la fiecare ora atat timp catscorul CIWA-Ar a fost mai mare <strong>de</strong> 8- Controlul convulsiilor: benzodiazep<strong>in</strong>e (lorazepam/diazepam); fenito<strong>in</strong>aare efect si prev<strong>in</strong>e convulsiile d<strong>in</strong> sevrajul etanolic (28)- Monitorizeaza temperatura rectal <strong>in</strong> caz <strong>de</strong> status mental alterat, corectareahipertermiei- Pacientii <strong>cu</strong> satus mental alterat si febra vor primi antibiotice <strong>in</strong> functie<strong>de</strong> rezultatul punctiei lombare (13).5. Diagnosti<strong>cu</strong>l <strong>de</strong> sevraj etanolic- Criteriile DSM-IV ale sevrajului etanolic si DT- Exam<strong>in</strong>are fizica- Efectuarea testelor <strong>de</strong> laborator mentionate mai sus- Corectarea eventualelor tulburari electrolitice: adm<strong>in</strong>istrarea <strong>de</strong> Mg 4-6g i.v. timp <strong>de</strong> 1-2 ore; <strong>de</strong>si Mg nu s-a <strong>de</strong>monstrat a fi eficient impotrivasevrajului etanolic <strong>in</strong> general, hipomagnezemia a fost asociata <strong>in</strong><strong>de</strong>aproape<strong>cu</strong> tremorul la alcoolici si poate juca un rol <strong>in</strong> geneza crizelorconvulsive (12)- Efectuarea diagnosti<strong>cu</strong>lui diferential- Radiografie <strong>de</strong> torace- Radiografie <strong>de</strong> coloana cervicala daca exista istoric recent sau suspiciune<strong>de</strong> trauma cervicala sau craniana.6. Posibilitati <strong>de</strong> rezolvare a cazuluia. Eliberare la domiciliu- Pacientii fara semne <strong>de</strong> <strong>in</strong>toxicatie, fara istoric <strong>de</strong> DT sau convulsii datoratesevrajului etanolic, fara comorbiditati psihiatrice sau organice, <strong>cu</strong>scorul CIWA-Ar mai mic <strong>de</strong> 8 (29)- Pacientii care nu <strong>in</strong><strong>de</strong>pl<strong>in</strong>esc aceste criterii ar trebui sa fie trimisi sprecentre <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>toxifiere sau trebuie <strong>in</strong>ternati.b. Internarea <strong>in</strong> spital- Pacientii <strong>cu</strong> scor CIWA-Ar <strong>de</strong> 8-15 (sevraj etanolic m<strong>in</strong>or) fara alte comorbiditatitrebuie evaluati psihiatric si eventual trimisi spre un centru<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>toxifiere- Pacientii <strong>cu</strong> scor CIWA-Ar peste 15 (sevraj etanolic major) fara complicatiisi fara alte comorbiditati organice ar trebui evaluati/<strong>in</strong>ternati lapsihiatrie (23)- Pacientii <strong>cu</strong> <strong>de</strong>lirium tremens (23)- Pacientii <strong>cu</strong> sevraj etanolic <strong>in</strong>sotit <strong>de</strong> convulsii focale, convulsii „grandmal”, convulsii repetate sau <strong>de</strong>ficite neurologice focale (9, 23)- Pacientii <strong>cu</strong> sevraj etanolic <strong>cu</strong> istoric <strong>de</strong> trauma craniana <strong>in</strong>sotita <strong>de</strong>273Timisoara 2008
pier<strong>de</strong>re <strong>de</strong> constienta (23)- Pacientii <strong>cu</strong> sevraj etanolic si probleme medicale importante <strong>cu</strong>m ar fi<strong>in</strong>fectiile si <strong>in</strong>suficienta cardiaca congestiva (12)- Pacientii care nu raspund la una sau doua doze <strong>de</strong> benzodiazep<strong>in</strong>e trebuie<strong>in</strong>ternati <strong>in</strong>tr-o unitate medicala un<strong>de</strong> pacientul poate fi supravegheat<strong>in</strong><strong>de</strong>aproape <strong>de</strong> personalul medical si eventual <strong>in</strong>tr-o sectie <strong>de</strong>terapie <strong>in</strong>tensiva (12).274Fig. 6. Evolutia <strong>in</strong> timp a simptomelor sevrajului etanolicFig. 6. Evolutia <strong>in</strong> timp a simptomelor sevrajului etanolicActualitati <strong>in</strong> anestezie, terapie <strong>in</strong>tensiva si medic<strong>in</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>urgenta</strong>
Tabel 3. Scorul CIWA-Ar <strong>de</strong> evaluare a severitatii sevrajului etanolic275Tabel 3. Scorul CIWA-Ar <strong>de</strong> evaluare a severitatii sevrajului etanolicTimisoara 2008
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