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LQRFHQWHV GD YLGD VHP SUHRFXSDo}HV DOKHLD DRV PDOHV GR PXQGR DIRUD TXDQGR<br />
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VHQVDo}HVP~WXDVFRPRDIRPHHRIULR0H OHPEURGRFDULQKRPDWHUQRGH TXDQGR PDPmH PH EDQKDYD H PH DOLPHQWDYD 2 PXQGR HUD DLQGD HVWUDQKR H<br />
PLVWHULRVR (X RXYLD VRQV GLYHUVRV H DV YH]HV PH VHQWLD VHQGR FDUUHJDGR SRU<br />
DOJR PXLWR JUDQGH 7LQKD PHGR<br />
'HVFREUL D EHOH]D GR PXQGR TXDQGR DEUL PHXV ROKRV 7XGR HUD<br />
PDUDYLOKRVR FRORULGR H DVVXVWDGRU 7XGR HUD JUDQGH 0DPmH HVWDYD GHLWDGD DR<br />
PHX ODGR FRP ROKDU FDQVDGR H VRQROHQWR (OD HUD OLQGD SUHWD FRP PDQFKDV<br />
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7HQWHL PH HUJXHU VREUH PLQKDV SHUQDV IUDFDV H VDLU GR OXJDU RQGH HVWDYD )RL<br />
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PH ROKDYDP H WHQWDYDP DQGDU H PLDYDP FRPR HX<br />
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2OKHP EHP SDUD R PXQGR j VXD YROWD PHXV ILOKRWHV GLVVH PDPmH ±<br />
2OKHP SRU FLPD GHVWD FDL[D 9HMDP R VRO SHOD MDQHOD DV SODQWDV QRV YDVRV RV<br />
OXJDUHV DOWRV RQGH ORJR YRFrV SRGHUmR VXELU H SXODU EULQFDU H FRUUHU<br />
SHUVHJXLQGR SHTXHQRV LQVHWRV<br />
DRV VHUHV YLYRV<br />
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7RGRV QyV ROKiYDPRV WXGR FRP JUDQGH DGPLUDomR $ IHOLFLGDGH GH HVWDU<br />
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OXJDU OLQGR H HVWUDQKR 0DV PLQKDV SHUQLQKDV DLQGD HUDP IUDTXLQKDV H PDO SXGH<br />
GDU SDVVRV GHVHQJRQoDGRV H LQFHUWRV 0DPmH VRUULX H HX GHLWHL HQFRVWDGR D HOD<br />
$JRUD ± FRQWLQXRX HOD ± ROKHP DFLPD GH WXGR DTXHODV SHVVRDV D<br />
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FRQYHUVDU GR RXWUR ODGR GD VDOD (OHV PHXV ILOKRV HOHV VmR QRVVRV PHOKRUHV<br />
DPLJRV 6mR TXHP QRV DOLPHQWDP GHSRLV TXH VRPRV GHVPDPDGRV HOHV QRV<br />
GLYHUWHP QRV DGPLUDP H QRV DFDULFLDP VHPSUH TXH SUHFLVDPRV GH FDULQKR<br />
9RFrV EULQFDUmR FRP HOHV SRU PXLWR WHPSR URQURQDUmR HP VHXV FRORV GRUPLUmR<br />
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PH DFDULFLDYD HQTXDQWR HX FRPLD ± FRLVD TXH QmR HX JRVWDYD PDV GHL[DYD SDUD<br />
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EDQKDYD 1HVVDV KRUDV HX PH OHPEUDYD GH PDPmH TXH PH EDQKDYD FLQFR YH]HV<br />
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&RPR HUD GLYHUWLGR DTXHOH ODU 'HSRLV GH XP FRFKLOR ± TXH HX VDELD<br />
WDPEpP HUD DGPLUDGR SHORV PHXV GRQRV ± HX DUUDQKDYD R FDUSHWH SDUD DILDU<br />
PLQKDV JDUUDV H H[SORUDYD WXGR TXH DOL KDYLD H VHPSUH KDYLD FRLVDV LQpGLWDV<br />
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SDUD PLP (X VXELD QRV OXJDUHV DOWRV OHPEUDQGR PH GR TXH PDPmH GLVVHUD<br />
ORJR TXH DEUL PHXV ROKRV SHOD SULPHLUD YH] (X QmR HQWHQGLD SRUTXH PHXV<br />
GRQRV QmR JRVWDYDP TXH HX VXELVVH HP FHUWRV OXJDUHV PDV HX VXELD DVVLP<br />
PHVPR 7DOYH] FRP XP SRXFR GH WHLPRVLD HOHV XP GLD DFDEDVVHP GHL[DQGR<br />
TXH HX ILFDVVH QHVVHV OXJDUHV TXDQGR TXLVHVVH %HP HVVH GLD QmR FKHJRX (X<br />
VHPSUH HUD FDUUHJDGR H SRVWR QR FKmR GHOLFDGDPHQWH TXDQGR VXELD QHVVHV<br />
OXJDUHV<br />
&HUWD YH] HOHV WURX[HUDP SUi PLP XPD FRLVD XPD FDL[D TXDGUDGD H<br />
PLVWHULRVD (X PH DSUR[LPHL FRP UHFHLR FKHLUHL REVHUYHL 1XQFD YLUD DOJR<br />
FRPR DTXLOR (UD WmR VLPSOHV H WmR HVWUDQKR 'HYLD WHU DOJXPD UD]mR (QWmR<br />
YHQGR TXH QmR PH UHSUHVHQWDYD QHQKXPD DPHDoD SXOHL GHQWUR GHOD H ROKHL<br />
SDUD PHXV GRQRV DILP GH VDEHU TXDO VHULD DV VXDV UHDo}HV (OHV HVWDYDP<br />
DJDFKDGRV SHUWR GD FDL[D H VRUULDP FRP H[SHFWDWLYD (QWmR FRPSUHHQGL TXH<br />
DTXLOR HUD PHX QRYR EULQTXHGR WDOYH] SDUD TXH HX QmR VXELVVH PDLV QRV<br />
OXJDUHV SURLELGRV 0H DEDL[HL GHQWUR GD FDL[D H PH HVFRQGL GR DQJXOR GH YLVmR<br />
GH PHXV GRQRV DILP GH GLYHUWL ORV (OHV ULDP H VH OHYDQWDYDP DFKDQGR PH<br />
HQFROKLGR GHQWUR GD FDL[D (QWmR HX VDOWDYD DJDUUDYD VXDYHPHQWH D SHUQD GH<br />
DOJXP GHOHV H FRUULD SDUD RXWUR F{PRGR LQLFLDQGR DVVLP XPD EULQFDGHLUD GH<br />
SHJD SHJD (OHV QXQFD FRQVHJXLDP PH SHJDU (UDP JUDQGHV GHPDLV H HX<br />
VHPSUH PH HVTXLYDYD RX PH HVFRQGLD HP FDQWRV LQDFHVVtYHLV SDUD HOHV 4XDQGR<br />
HOHV GLPLQXtDP R ULWPR HX GHL[DYD TXH PH SHJDVVHP Vy SUi YHU R TXH IDULDP<br />
(QWmR R PDLV QRYR PH MRJDYD FXLGDGRVDPHQWH SDUD FLPD PH SHJDQGR QD<br />
GHVFLGD UHSHWLGDV YH]HV (UD XPD GHOtFLD YRDU 4XDQGR D PXOKHU PH SHJDYD<br />
LQLFLDYD XPD EULQFDGHLUD GH OXWD LQFLWDQGR PH D DJDUUDU H PRUGHU GH OHYH VHX<br />
EUDoR<br />
$K TXH IHOL]HV GLDV &RPR HUD ERP YLYHU &RPR HUD ERP 4XDQGR PH<br />
OHPEUR GHVWHV PRPHQWRV DLQGD KRMH HP PHX HVWDGR GHSORUiYHO H PLQKD VRUWH<br />
GH KHGLRQGD SHUHJULQDomR PLQKD DOPD VH HQFKH GH VDXGRVLVPR H IHOLFLGDGH<br />
DPDUJD HP SUHWR H EUDQFR<br />
( j QRLWH TXDQGR D FODULGDGH GR VRO VXPLD GD MDQHOD H WRGRV LDP GRUPLU R<br />
JDURWR PH FRORFDYD SDUD GRUPLU FRP HOH HP VXD FDPD DLQGD TXH VHX SDL QmR<br />
JRVWDVVH GLVVR 'L]LD TXH WHQKR SXOJDV H QmR HUD PXLWR KLJLrQLFR 2UD QmR<br />
VDELD HOH TXH PH EDQKR YiULDV YH]HV SRU GLD" (P GHWULPHQWR jV SUHIHUHQFLDV<br />
KLJLrQLFDV GR SDL HX PH HQURVFDYD URQURQDQGR QR SHVFRoR GR JDURWR H DVVLP<br />
GRUPtDPRV SHVDGR VRQR DWp R DPDQKHFHU<br />
(X VHPSUH R DFRUGDYD ORJR TXH R VRO LOXPLQDYD R TXDUWR GR JDURWR SRUTXH<br />
HX DFRUGDYD FRP IRPH (UD GLItFLO DFRUGi OR (X WHQWDYD IDODU OKH PDV HUD<br />
LPSRVVtYHO TXH HOH PH HQWHQGHVVH FRPR SUHYLUD PDPmH (X ODPELD VHX URVWR<br />
DQGDYD SRU FLPD GHOH GHSRLV HX VXELD QDTXHOHV OXJDUHV SURLELGRV H GHUUXEDYD<br />
DOJR SHTXHQR SDUD TXH HOH VH LUULWDVVH H OHYDQWDVVH SDUD PH UHSUHHQGHU ,VVR<br />
VHPSUH IXQFLRQDYD<br />
'HSRLV GR FDIp GD PDQKm HX LD DWp D FDL[D GH DUHLD LPSURYLVDGD SHUWR GD<br />
FHVWD RQGH HX GHYHULD GRUPLU TXH ILFDYD HP XP TXDUWLQKR EHP SHTXHQR H<br />
DSHUWDGR RQGH HOHV MRJDYDP YiULDV FRLVDV FRPR YDVVRXUDV ODWD GH OL[R H WRGD<br />
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VRUWH GH EXJLJDQJDV<br />
&pXV FRPR HX RV DPDYD 2V ILWDYD VHPSUH FRP DGPLUDomR H FXULRVLGDGH<br />
2V KXPDQRV VmR VHUHV IDVFLQDQWHV (VWmR VHPSUH ID]HQGR DOJR FRUUHQGR GH XP<br />
ODGR SDUD R RXWUR RX DV YH]HV ILFDP KRUDV SDUDGRV GH IUHQWH j XPD WDO<br />
WHOHYLVmR RQGH VXUJHP LPDJHQV FRORULGDV H VHP VHQWLGR 4XDQGR HVWmR IHOL]HV<br />
ULHP SXODP FDQWDP GDQoDP EULQFDP DWp FDQVDU PDV TXDQGR WULVWHV ILFDP<br />
GHLWDGRV ODPHQWDQGR VH LVRODP VH QmR EULQFDP H QmR IDODP 6mR VHUHV<br />
UHDOPHQWH FXULRVRV<br />
0DV RV GLDV IRUDP VH SDVVDQGR H R UHOyJLR GD YLGD QmR SiUD $ SULPDYHUD<br />
VH IRUD YHLR R YHUmR QR RXWRQR HX Mi HVWDYD JUDQGH H QR LQYHUQR DV FRLVDV Mi<br />
QmR HUDP DV PHVPDV<br />
(X TXH DQWHV IRUD R FHQWUR GDV DWHQo}HV SDVVHL IRPH H QHVVHFLGDGHV<br />
QDTXHOH OXJDU 1HQKXP GHOHV SDUHFLD VH LPSRUWDU FRPLJR (X RV VHJXLD PLDYD<br />
JHPLD PDV ILFDYD SRU YH]HV GLDV VHP FRPHU $ FDL[D GH DUHLD ILFDYD<br />
LPSUHJQDGD GH IH]HV H XULQD H R FKHLUR HUD LQVXSRUWiYHO (OHV VLPSOHVPHQWH<br />
IHFKDYDP D SRUWD GR TXDUWLQKR SDUD QmR WHUHP TXH DWXUDU R RGRU IpWLGR<br />
'XUDQWH D QRLWH QmR GRUPLD PDLV QR TXDUWR FRP R JDURWR 0H WUDQFDYDP QR<br />
TXDUWLQKR H Oi HX ILFDYD SRU KRUDV 2XWUDV YH]HV TXDQGR QmR HVWDYDP GH ERP<br />
KXPRU PH WUDQFDYDP Oi GH GLD R GLD LQWHLUR ( D IRPH PH UHPRtD<br />
2 JDURWR SDUHFLD VHPSUH GH PDX KXPRU H D PXOKHU HVWDYD GHVHVSHUDGD<br />
QmR VDELD R TXH ID]HU 6HPSUH KDYLD GLVFXVV}HV QD FDVD JULWRV H DV SRUWDV<br />
EDWLDP<br />
1HVVHV GLDV HX SURFXUDYD ILFDU EHP TXLHWR HP DOJXP FDQWR LPSHUFHSWtYHO<br />
SRLV VH HX WURSHoDVVH QHOHV RX IL]HVVH DOJR HUUDGR HUD HVFRUUDoDGR DRV FKXWHV<br />
SUi ORQJH RX DWLUDYDP TXDOTXHU FRLVD FRQWUD PLP<br />
&HUWR GLD D PXOKHU JULWDYD FRP R JDURWR TXH VDLX IXULRVR SHOD SRUWD GD<br />
IUHQWH (X VHP HQWHQGHU R TXH DFRQWHFLD WHQWHL WUDQTXLOL]D OD WHQWHL GL]HU DOJR<br />
PDV HUD LPSRVVtYHO TXH HOD PH HQWHQGHVVH FRPR SUHYLUD PDPmH 2OKHL SUi<br />
FLPD SDUD RV ROKRV GHOD H PLHL GRFLOPHQWH PDV HOD SHJRX XP VDSDWR H FRP<br />
HOH PH EDWHX DWp TXH HX PLDVVH GH GRU<br />
3DVVHL D WHPH ORV<br />
$TXLOR GRtD H DLQGD GyL SRUTXH TXDQGR SHQVR QHOHV PHXV ROKRV VH<br />
HQFKHP GH OiJULPDV (X SUHIHULD QmR WHU QDVFLGR<br />
2V KXPDQRV ID]HP FRLVDV LQFRQYHQLHQWHV SRUTXH QmR HQWHQGHP R PXQGR<br />
HP TXH YLYHP 1mR YrHP QDGD TXH QmR HVWHMD D PHLR SDOPR GH VHXV QDUL]HV<br />
1mR R IRVVH FHUWDPHQWH VHULDP GLIHUHQWHV VHULDP PDLV IHOL]HV<br />
(OHV WDPEpP QmR QRV FRQKHFHP D QyV DQGDULOKRV GD QRLWH H QRVVDV OHLV<br />
8PD VHPDQD GHSRLV GHVVH HSLVyGLR QRV PXGDPRV SDUD D HVWUDQKD FLGDGH<br />
GH &HSKLRUORWRWK $V FDL[DV GD PXGDQoD HUDP FDUUHJDGDV SDUD GHQWUR GH XP<br />
JUDQGH FDPLQKmR H R FOLPD HUD SHVDGR H WHQVR +HVLWDQWH SHQVHL HP VDLU SHOD<br />
SRUWD DEHUWD SDUD D SDVVDJHP GDV FDL[DV PH HVFRQGHU HP DOJXP OXJDU H WRUFHU<br />
SDUD TXH PH HVTXHFHVVHP QD FDVD Mi KLSRWHFDGD HOHV FHUWDPHQWH QmR<br />
VHQWLULDP PLQKD IDOWD 0DV TXDQGR PH GHL FRQWD GH TXH HX QmR VDELD FXLGDU GH<br />
PLP PHVPR QD UXD H TXDQGR LPDJHQV GH IRPH H PLVpULD PH VXUJLUDP QRV<br />
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YLGURV GD MDQHOD FRPR UHIOH[R GHFLGL LU FRP HOHV<br />
&KHJDPRV j &HSKLRUORWRWK QR GLD VHJXLQWH $V UXDV HUDP GHVHUWDV H DV<br />
FDVDV VRPEULDV $R DYLVWDU D FLGDGH GH ORQJH YL XP PDU GH WHOKDGRV IHLWRV FRP<br />
WHOKDV GH EDUUR YHUPHOKR WRGRV WmR SHUWR XP GR RXWUR TXH SDUHFLDP VHU XP Vy<br />
$TXHOD YLVmR PH HQIHLWLoRX GH WDO PRGR TXH WLYH R tPSHWR GH HVFDSDU SHOD MDQHOD<br />
DEHUWD GR FDUUR H FRUUHU DWp DTXHOD SURIXVmR GH WHOKDGRV H GHVDSDUHFHU FRPR VH<br />
GHVDSDUHFH HP XP DELVPR QR IXQGR GR PDU $GHQWUDPRV QDV UXDV GH<br />
SDUDOHOHStSHGRV LUUHJXODUHV VHP QRWDU QHQKXP PRYLPHQWR VHQmR GDV VRPEUDV<br />
GD IROKDJHP QDV FRSDV GDV iUYRUHV D GDQoDU FRP R IULR YHQWR GH LQYHUQR $<br />
FDVD RQGH tDPRV PRUDU HUD DIDVWDGD GR FHQWUR SRUpP ID]LD SDUWH GH XP<br />
FRQMXQWR GH FDVDV GH ERD IDPD H RVWHQWDYDP JUDQGHV YLWUDLV HP WUrV DQGDUHV<br />
FRP FRUHV H ILJXUDV DEVWUDWDV FRPR XPD SHTXHQD FDWHGUDO JyWLFD +DYLD DOJR<br />
SDUHFLGR FRP XPD WRUUH QR ~OWLPR DQGDU DFLPD j SRUWD GH HQWUDGD FRP<br />
WHOKDGR WULDQJXODU H YLWUDO DUUHGRQGDGR FRLVD TXH PH LPSUHVVLRQRX PXLWR<br />
2V KRPHQV GDTXHOD FLGDGH HUDP VLPSOHV LQWHULRUDQRV WtSLFRV PDV TXH<br />
DSUHVHQWDYDP QR ROKDU DOpP GD GHVFRQILDQoD QRUPDO REVHUYDGD QHVVDV<br />
FLGDGHV XP FHUWR UHFHLR XP PHGR LQVRQGiYHO FRPR TXH WHPHVVHP XP WHUUtYHO<br />
SHULJR j HVSUHLWD RX FRPR TXH JXDUGDVVHP XP VHJUHGR LPSURQXQFLiYHO<br />
8PD VHPDQD DSyV D PXGDQoD R FtUFXOR GH DPL]DGHV GD IDPtOLD FRPHoDYD D<br />
VH IRUPDU QD JUDQGH VDOD GH HVWDU j IUHQWH GD ODUHLUD EHEHULFDQGR YLQKR H<br />
GHYDVWDQGR DV UHVHUYDV GH SHWLVFRV $V SDOHVWUDV DOL DRV ILQV GH VHPDQD VH<br />
SURORQJDYDP DWp D PDGUXJDGD 1HVVHV GLDV HX DSURYHLWDYD D SUHVHQoD GRV<br />
FRQYLYDV SDUD PH GHLWDU EHP MXQWR j ODUHLUD GR TXDUWR VHP WHPHU RV PDOWUDWRV<br />
GRV PHXV GRQRV TXH ILQJLDP VHU DWHQFLRVRV H ERQGRVRV FRPLJR QD IUHQWH GH<br />
TXDOTXHU PRUDGRU GDTXHOD FLGDGH ( KDYLD XP PRWLYR SDUD LVWR<br />
1D SULPHLUD YH] TXH UHFHEHPRV YLVLWD HP FDVD ± XP KRPHP FRP FHUFD GH<br />
FLQT HQWD DQRV FDEHORV EUDQFRV FRPR PHXV SrORV SHQWHDGRV SDUD R ODGR ROKDU<br />
VRWXUQR H SHUVFUXWDQWH ± PHXV GRQRV PH WUDWDUDP PXLWR EHP SDUD TXH HX<br />
SDUHFHVVH HVWDU VDWLVIHLWR PDV ORJR TXH PH YLX QRVVR FRQYLYD HP XP<br />
VREUHVVDOWR HQFKHX RV ROKRV GH KRUURU H SDYRU GH PRGR TXH FRUUL SDUD R VyWmR<br />
WHPHQGR TXH DV WRODV VXSHUVWLo}HV KXPDQDV SXGHVVHP LQFLWi OR D ID]HU PH<br />
DOJXP PDO 'H Oi RXYL D YR] GR KRPHP Mi FRQWURODGR GL]HU<br />
± /LYUH VH GHVVH DQLPDO $TXL QLQJXpP SRVVXL JDWRV GHQWUR GH FDVD 1mR<br />
PH SHUJXQWH SRUTXH DSHQDV OLYUH VH GHOH<br />
'HVVH GLD HP GLDQWH VHPSUH TXH UHFHEtDPRV YLVLWDV PHXV GRQRV WUDWDYDP<br />
GH PH HVFRQGHU HP XP GRV F{PRGRV H HX HQWHQGHQGR D VLWXDomR PH<br />
VXMHLWDYD D HOD<br />
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FRQWLQXDYD GH PDO D SLRU H DJRUD HX HUD REULJDGR D GRUPLU QR VyWmR IpWLGR<br />
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