S. K. Murthy, S. Kasif, and S. Salzberg (1994). A system for induction ...

oŽm" Š,‘ ’G“"„”•–ƒ‚l„w… †lz‡… ˆ‰"z
i9Šnh‹9Œ
iRm"˜,–š?klj › „“lœw¥ž!ˆ|lŸ9ƒ‚l„w… †lz‡… ˆ‰"z
iRu¥k–—RkGŒ
¥¢¦§¨¡4©w¦«ª¬C­‡ª®§«£!¯ ¦¡4¥{°²±³§¡©–±¢¡
¢¡£¤
ÆÅ©Ç Å©Ç©Èh»°~É
ẃªµw©w·c¸¢ª¢£º¹³©w·¼»"©º³,½¡4¥¢·³¾¦¿ÀRÁ*¤®Â¦³,§¨ª®¥Ã¡;À"ÄW
"§#$#%& ('%"©)& *"§#%"©+©,.-"§/©'01&2341'0567 *89#$#%+©7:8;"6--8"©1'=?"©@:"©A
§!
§& B 6 *1'%C#%&§1'8
B §£W‘|('%& B §£W’G#02(*£W~“Y©"6©WŒs9t©y§”8{•‰b1'

n 2£b2a' B -1#%b9k1'02(A?-8§O9#$#%#*8§£82(&2j n "T§('%X&2D
‘Z'%+©Is©]EG*[#%=f2a'01G"§=*[K8+©G2(*"
n 2[* -8§('%('%"©1'%+¥*8§*1'02] &§&2Ž'"©-& §b&6 y n
A B
x 2
n * %(' '–2 #0©22•#0§X8# §8m* šœ ƒŠ2:T&9#%A?/c9#%&C§('%X&2D + EG*]&2(Œ:&© *!"1 n '$#L#
x 2 > ©
*>*8&/6T*i=f"6 1 ? x 2 B > 1.75 ?
y n y n
B
A
D
C
œ?šœ-.
+-, œ+* C
#"/ + v wOs§
D
+! ! 0
n *
#"/ + §C&9#%A?/§9#%&P "1217 '%O2pD …& §82J;*&2(4&2(2V:C&5©1'%/§9#%4".*,1A
-8-1#–:&2V:@§."©X1#$'056!"©J'

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
#0©22(&2pDŽE^*('%+©*1Ž2l'–1G2(*" n 2£§¥§--"9k1' B §('%"©":=r*G2("©j*8: §Vck'02(A?-8§9#$#*1,©W3©2l'L=WeY9#%dX8+eWr~€…'%+©#WMs9t©t©‹{
~€…"r6#%,©Wjs&t©t©v|{
" B -8:('02("©_"§=Gk'02(J'

B "©3© O§3*8§;9k1'02(A?-8§O9#$#%#&2D[‡ #L#%" n '%+C¥A?X1'$#06'%+;2(,r2J B
&2G§9#02("
B 9'%82^=f"© n *1'0 *
"I82(¥X8"6*."©X1#$'–56!§8>9k1'–2JA?-8§O9#$#%#Œ2(-1#$'%O23X"1©182b*V§+©":=Œ1"
*2(,2( B
E^*I B 9'%1'%+_2(& ('%"©82i"§=Œ*m-8§-8Q=?"§#$#

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
*1'$#%Œ*Œ§Œz # ¢¥¤§¦#©¨ 6'02(J'

"©-(' B 9#*1,1-8-1#0§&2> §X8o2(":#

"§#£$%£¡&¥¤(')&*
¢¡¤£¦¥¨§©¨¤£¥¡§¡!
+¡&',¤#£¦-./)#©0123¡&'#54#!!'£¦60©0()7
8¤9;:
0£¦?>@ BACDFE

‘Z'%+©#¢~©]EG*!1 B '%1'–2J('0 4-8X8§('%"©o9#%+©"6('%* B
n *C'%T2JO§O2•=?" B *3#%"r :('%"©;"§=*3Xe&2(@ck'02(A?-8§9#$#

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
“¥¨§ |%0£¦y¡{)¡#)ẁ #,¤01Fy*
¢¡¡
6¨#Jẁ £”j30#'#€¨0¦£y¡#yy7FH¢)£¢6¢b! 0£¦,¤0©0'£¦¥¤"¡! 0£”2%0£¦.7
_}£¥¨§¤!
0¡`¡]"?'#¥¨§¡s, §¤`¨)'#¥0©¨?7
‘y
¨'dJ£()'#!£¡s¥}Ss£¥0£¦!£#Z£Z-.©¨
>f_`¡&'!
0£,¤©0'£¥¤",¤)s%©0'"§¡`#B¥0¡&J£,¤0'¡#/s&S§¡*
r`!)&*BC¥(£0(
)'(©0'6¤)s! i¡#! 0"¡`’£)¥y¡#¨ £¥~&©0€¥¨‚s7
†
r`!)~mp*BA)¨)#I#,¤¡]|(£,¤#*
¡`¡`b?'#¥¨§¡s, §£'#!£¦¡&¥O¥“§~#(!),¤0B(¡?¨)'!©'6¨ £¥’! 0#§£'#!£¦¡&¥}7
‘y
[ hk( 0£,¤©0'£¥¤"¡#¨?7yˆf¢ [ ¢)S¨! 0)¥’€¢B9¢ [ 7
H¢)£¢
0"£F‚¡s''#¨¡&¥“§£¥0x!¡¢)7
I©!0©0B(
B §1,!6'£1b&2=?"©G*32 B 3§O¥2(9DEG*1'02G"£O2*]-8"22a'%X1'L#$'%(,;"§=¥ n
§C-"18
B '$#%,F"§=@ #0©22a'$K8O2p© ž A1& '02a'%"©A?†c#

*o2(O§+©,N=f"63*72J-8© I"§=b-8"122a'%X1#%C*,1-8-1#0§&2i'02¥1K8&)X,.*m-"r &1
E^*!2(&§O
1*1,-e-1#0§¡ "@] n #%" §('%"©£D…& §82(b*b§b§k-8"6('09#
*8§[-8X82[*b
B Xe3"§=Œ6'02(('%8 n 9,2b"4-8§J'

)'(©0'6Œ>¡ Sƒ,iE
†
ídc!e(e!efc¡¤
_`¡&'£¢F9
75mpE
‘¡&,¤0©0(¦¥¨§">fD
[ c!e(e!efc ¥"£¦¥i¥0¡&¥jf§1‚')s%£¥0x¡s'd§)')7
r`¡s'©¥
h 6¨#%I©0¥£/)#'£#(%0£¦y¡( 0"¡s'!#§¥¨§d‚7
\
[ h '1©0¦y¡F©06“!£¦!©!£Z¥0x \ 3¡&' \ £¥ ¨?7
¨
¨ [ ø a¨a¡è÷ ¨ ø$ø
ˆfò÷”a¨a¡w÷
\ 9 \ "!$#&% 9 ('$)*,+
Ž
‘Z'-8X8&jWe&2(1#%O2'%.*
=
=>
U[Xjw
©&?A@ ©€Ĝ-8&§3iKkr&N B XeT"§=(' B &2]w ¢©vi'"©bk-8(' B 1O22©
>
O:81" B '%+©bX8 n osQ§8¦ . s
=
=>
U[Xjw
r G2KzLaYOG2H!tJNOghD2}HB DEIF2G ^!D0E0KD"L"ID0IzcPbwL E0G&HIJML"HPJ`LXghG&]HPJzD"L"EfBwJNOghD **{?zgzLX’&D0Ì L %IJMLXt2HyLXHPJ('
IJML"t2HyLXHPJ
|JBP]I—G2HPYObQLmE0G2H!IJMLXHPJCHP]!g(cDlK¤G"r~I]!EfB`oD0KJ]!KcL"JNOG2H!I{–-N[Y[Y~GPElE0]K˜L"J-D"LXEMBaH!GP^!D2@$A¤BPNOICE0G2H!IJMLXHPJ
oDlKJ]KcyLXJNOG&H
D
,
¢¡ ‰Gz"‚!}l”¤£ ¡
D.£§+© 9QƒŠ2Q "©&2(-e"©8)"
‘Z'%+©¥—©]‘Z'%86'2a'%+§#%\ "1217 '%
,
k| B -1#%&2'%\"6 §+©"©,!§8C2 B c#L#[£ƒŠ2G"!:"©*&D
ø59…a¨a¡w÷ ¨ [ øø
DŒ$%£ ò÷”a¨a¡w÷ ¨
Ž \ 9 \ TJ£! ’0'¡&60#60£¦£Z¥¤
-!.#&%
"!$#/% 9 -!.#&% z : e¾í10
('$)*2+
=?"©T¥2a'%+§#%I "217 '%1
,
D + X8*T*1,-e-1#0§¥"©XO9'%&4X1,Š6 -8X1'

B O2mwlx>*,.Vc#}D–WŒs9t©t©‹1G'%86'0 §&)*8:*I"6O1"§=b-eX8§J'

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
"©Q*8§b*1'–2366'#%"r
B -1#%§OD…& §82( B "2(I"§=3*;2(-82I"§=3"©I-eX8:('%"© 9#%+©"6('%* B
wOs&tr—cv1]=f"6!§F&§(#%,Fk8
"©1&mK8O2J&DU[X1'"§=Ž*1'–2 --8
"§=
"632(8 *†6'02(('%X('%"©82W’3]sI " B A
§O46'02(('%X('%"©82i*8§."©X1#$'05©42(-1#$'

B -O2 ";6'%/©'014* ©A6' B 82l'

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
'02a'%"©)Q'%818 ('%"©o2J,r2( B 2]-¥*¥&2]*,. &§Q'%."©O13"C9/©"§'0
'

B '022a'%+C/c9#%&2W|'$=^§Ck8 B -1#%Q'02 B '–22a'%+;¥/c9#%Q=?"©T§1,;§J'"©*¥& *1'–56&2g=f"©¥*8§86#$'%+
*
B '%d&§J'

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
B w"©*8§Q‡3ˆ E^A[ '02]"©]=?#%,\9/cc'L#0§X1#%§ODm’b3' B -1#% B 1O§J'

…('%+©*1QY ©S h ' B Y ©S G§8 ‚a('02 R "©82a'%+ h '0§X8&2
3¦[©¥¡¢¡¤£
¥§¦ q ¥©¨TvDŠz ¥ ?Rq @ ¨TvDŠ‹ ¥§ q ¨Tv|DŠ‹ t:”8D$—¨T‹D–s y©z|D ”¨TvDŠy © q © ¨s©DŠv
’3Ts
s&‹DŠv¨Ty|D$— zD„y¨TvDŠt ‹D%s¨TvD„z uDŠt¨T‹DŠz ¢D ”¨T‹|DŠy
”eDŠ‹¨s©DŠv
EGAŽ t©y|DŠy¨TvDŠz t©zDŠy¨Tv|D ¢ t ¢D„‹¨TvDŠu t6‹D ¢¨TzD„t ys6D ”¨s©DŠz —c‹D$—¨s6DŠz
‡3ˆ
z§”8DŠz¨Ty|D$— ‹D ¢¨TvDŠt ‹DŠz¨TvD„‹ ¢DŠy¨T‹DŠz yDŠv¨!¢|DŠz
‹|DŠt¨s©DŠ‹
t©y|D%s¨TvDŠz t§”8DŠv¨Tv|DŠz t§”8D ¢¨TvD ¢ t6zD$—¨TzD ” ys6DŠy¨s©DŠv —c‹DŠy¨s6DŠv
’3TsA?‡3U
” z©tDŠ‹¨Ty|DŠy uD ”¨s©D$— ‹DŠz¨TvD„‹ yDŠu¨b”8D ¢ s©s©D ”¨3—1D ¢
u|DŠt¨TzD
EGA?‡3U t©y|D ¢¨TvD ¢ t§”8DŠz¨Tv|D$— t ¢D„v¨s©DŠu t6‹DŠy¨T‹D'02¥9/c9'$#0§X1#%4=?" B
&§*F!9#D wOs&t©t6‹§XjT-e"©& t§”8DŠt © 6 O© ,)"©P_2(X82(4"§=3*1'02I§O`2(Cw?'%I* *8©
R
&2OW n '%*.§;9/©O§+6@1& '02a'%"©.2l'*8©2X8>kr82l'

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
n 2]*8:&W=?"©]*I2a'$ko§O42(O2] "©82a'01&`*©W[’3TsI "©82a'02((#%,NK8823X8
EG*¥O§X1#%I2(*"
"©X1#$'05©m‡@ˆ[E B *"jD‚O2 © O© , n ©2+©&§'%\c#L#2a'$kN1" B 9'%82W
&2^*8§C*3"©J'

§J'LKM '09#31" B 9'%82D)˜_;9#02(")2(*" n
*;§8N*5689#$' . š - . š +£¢ DbE^*3'%82(O§8 &2 n ¥9#$#
s&v§A6' B 82l'*1'02
"§=T*7 ¥*1,-e-1#0§©WG*C9#%+©"©('%* B
B "c/6&.*C*1,-e-1#0§;§8F2(O:&.1'%+)*
H( B -82' B -"§/©&N*
d:

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
‡3 O© , Y§'%d R ,1-8-1#–:&2
ˆQ©¡
©Šv y©tD„y¨s©DŠz u1—DŠv¨!¢DŠy z1— ¢6u
v
ts©D ¢¨s©D ¢ ¢ ¢DŠz¨3—DŠv ‹©y©z:”
v~©„z©v
©Šv t ¢D„v¨TvDŠu z ¢DŠu¨TzD ” z§”ts&‹
z©v
t1—D„z¨TvD$— s&‹DŠt¨T‹DŠz ‹©v©‹©u©u
z©v~©„z©v
t©tD

:82(*:O n 3"§'02(A§=?V:8m=f* B "©3*3 B -*8©2a'02 n 62G"©;2(&§ *£D
X8&
#%81&24*C1 B XeI"§=3*,1-8-1#–:&2! "©82l'–1&FX1,o&© *P9#%+©"©J'

’3Ts]82a'%+>Y© B
£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
B -('%l, B &©2(©{1'D ©D–W©'% =f"684*V "©& G82l'

B 2(#%& O24O:81" B 2(X82(3"§=G*¥O9'%1'%+\:OC§8>X1'$#–2¥4V82l'*8§&D

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
*"1"2a'%+.CO§81" B /©& "©§8†1'%+\*I-8X8§('%"©oc#!w}'}D ©D%W8*g2J B "§=^ (#%, B '02 #0©22a'$K8&`-8"§'%1O2 '%_*
#%&9/©&2
= " n "6X82(/©¥*8§]&© *;(' B n Q.*¥-8X8§('%"©_9#%+©"©J'

B -1#%&2 :T*Q"r1I§Xe"©]"!XeI2(-1#$'< "6Oc'

]ŠŒR‹ùjwŠu0xRq EG*1'02 B &©2J3'02G/©,72a' B '$#0§3"Ix.9k;xN''–2^Hl82J3*!2( B "§=
'%(,rˆ
n "C/c9#%&2D;E^*1'–2 B &62(¥'02Q*C2a' B -1#%&2( n 9,>"§=T5©8§1('$=?,©'%+>' B -('%(,©W©2]'%I2a' B -1#%,
*&2(4
B X8]"§= B '02 #0©22a'$K8&N'%82(O§8 &2D
"©1O2G*31
E^*"©+©*)Y© B
B -1#

# B 89#$#$'%£W R D%W[~ h '%J'– *£WE3D•wOs&t©t|s§OD! &§1'%+ n '%* B §,>'%#%/§§g=f&§&2DC‚a¡ G¥l:£
‡
¡€“§¢z Q¢¡¨£¢3¡€ ¢¡¤¢@Ÿ?¡eŸ©¦¥s ¨&¥(¨ ¨` i¥&?¡ 9¡0Ÿ©¦¦&$?¨9¦0¦$¡©¨ ¨&W§--£D ¢:”— ¢ ¢6zD1Y§
O¨¨
wOs&t6y©v1OD¨§Œ¨0©¥(¨¢¢¡€©3¡§Ÿ! §¢ ?¡ ¢ ¨! ?¡ ¢§¡€“ &i51¨! ?¡0Ÿ6¦©3Ÿ?Ÿ Ÿ -5¥ ¨¢
…#02a#%,©W@h¥D
¢§DZ˜P'$#%,\~ Y©"682W$= n •"©qjD
¥s©¦§¦L¡8¨Ÿ©¥¡€
ˆ^"©X82(G#$'%&§]-"©+©O BIB '%+I6'–2 (' B '%8§('%"©_"§=[ n "
…&W¥D–W8~©x.§+©2:('0§£We’DjwOs&t©t6z1OD
£¥¡ Ÿ?¡ \¨¢¡ ¢Ÿ — P Ÿ©¥(¨&W¦§W8z©‹¡ ‹§”8D
#L'%&§J#1#%('0 §+6"©,!6'02 (' B '%8§J'

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
‘89,1,©jW~9QDMx)D%W~©‚aO§1'W ¥D8…]DZwOs&t©t©zrODEG*§('%XV2J-8& '$KM §('%"©_-"©X1#% B
G¥l O¨¨ ¡€“§¢s a¢¡¨$"8¨! ¢¡£¢@Ÿ?¡eŸ©¦*¥s ¨9¥l¨ ¨z 3¥2?¡ &¡§Ÿ©¦ &$?¨9¦0¦$¡©¨ ¨&W
+©O§('%"©£D|‚
js©s&vD|Y§ §"2(m‡¥D‡]‡]‡T‚bU&22D
--£D£s&v§”
£¥Ÿ©¦§¦'¢@¨§¢7Ÿ ¡©¥2£ GŸ¢¡©¢ [¤—?¡¢£V¡–¢¡€“>8¨5¥(Ÿ©¦2£ ¤—5“?Ÿ?¡€ 8DU*£DŠh¥D
‘&§£WŒx)DwOs&t6t©v1OD
'%8 ©WC9b1'%/©2a'%l,C":=¢;6'%1X+©*£D
*&2a'02Wj1]=?"©]"©+61'

ˆ3D%W[~›˜_"§#%Xe+8W£˜©DZwOs&t©t6v1ODU§.& "©+©1'%('%"©`/©'0m#$'%&§¥-"©A
x.§+©2§('0§£W[’D%W[Y©('%"©"eW
BIB '‚lE U&22pD
&$?¨9¦0¦$¡©¨!
¥D–W8~©Yc#*1,©WeY8D
9 At§” 1s&zWh]-8§ B G"§=G" B -3Y '%8 ©W §"6*82 R "©-q6'

£l•¦¥òž!œ©”¨§lzlˆ©(ˆ–‚!”§„”¤£ ¡ |lôˆ–„
D£ˆ3D•wOs&t©yr—©OD¥Y§' B -1#$'$=f,6'%+o1& '02a'%"©)&2D & ?¨&¥28Ÿ?¡eŸ©¦~51¥&eŸ©¦m .Ÿ£ \Ÿ ¡¡8¨
‰b1'%1#0§£W
¡0¨p¢ W*+¡ pW8z©zs z©‹§”8D
—5
D£ˆ3D•wOs&t©t6‹©1OD ¥¦¡ ¢¤ G¥l2©¥(Ÿ£Q¢ 6¥ \Ÿ ¡¡8¨ ¨Ÿ©¥28¡6Dx>"©+§3§1= B §_U•XA
‰b1'%1#0§£W
#L'02(*2W£Y:;x\:"8We‡¥D
DcîD©wOs9t©t©‹§XjOD1" B X1'"©A§#$'Y©-8© IE£#%&2 "6-8m' B §+©&2D 5~3¦$¡ OŸ:£
§"
*1#L' BIB &W D]wOs9t©t©‹1OD¨;{17 '%1(#%,P'%818 '%+ 1 B '%8§J'

q1&W1E3DwOs9t©t©z1OD-=]‘h3EQ©©‡ 2J,r2( B *8§#%&§82 8k1'%X1#k'0 "8D
Y§V‘|3‚82(J' B -1'%('0 9#Œ " B -8§J'–2J"©;"§=-8§;& "6+©1'%('%"©£W89#
3§1= B §£D
*!