blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]n g - Freshwater Action Network

lIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng

zx/L u/Ljx?df ;/;kmfO{sf] cj:yf ÷ t:jL/ k|sfz cdfTo
blIf0f PlzofnL
;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng
;g\ @))) ;]K6]Da/df a;]sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3
dxf;efn] lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/sf] dfWodaf6
gful/sx?sf] u/LaL 36fO{ pgLx?sf] :jf:Yo
;'wf/sf ;fy} pGgltsf nflu ;x>flAb
ljsf; nIox? kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L
;g\ @))@ ;]K6]Da/df hf]xfg;au{df ePsf]
bLuf] ljsf; ;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ngn]
klg tL ljsf; nIox?nfO{ k'gM :jLsf/
ub{} cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOdf kx'“rnfO{ u/LaL
lgjf/0f k|lta4tfsf] s]Gb|sf] ?kdf yk
c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 .
Ps ca{eGbf a9L dflg;x?sf] a;f]af;
/x]sf] blIf0f Plzof If]qdf 7"nf] hg;+Vof
u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg af“lr/x]sf 5g\ . ;g\
@)!% ;Dddf jftfj/0fLo ?kdf ;'/lIft
;/;kmfO ;'ljwfdf kx'“r a9fpg] / ;g\ @)@%
;Dddf ;/;kmfOsf] kx'“r ztk|ltzt k'¥ofpg]
nIo ;lxtsf] ;x>flAb ljsf; nIox? k|lt
k"0f{ k|lta4tf hgfpg blIf0f Plzofsf
;/sf/x? z'?df lxlRsrfO/x]sf lyP .
kmn:j?k ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/df o; If]qn]
7"nf] km8\sf] df/] klg o; If]qsf ;/sf/sf]
dxTjk"0f{ k|of;sf afjh'b ;/;kmfO nIo
k|flKtsf] lbzfdf k|ult l9nf] g} /x\of] .
blIf0f Plzof If]qsf] hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf]
lx:;fn] cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOsf ;'ljwf
gkfPsf] tYo tLtf] oyfy{ xf] . To;nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ o; If]qsf ;/sf/x?n]
blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngsf] ?kdf
;/;kmfOsf d'2fx?nfO{ dGqL:t/df 5nkmn
ug{] Pp6f d~r :yflkt u/] . k|To]s
b'O{ jif{df x'g] o; dGqL:t/Lo ;Dd]ngsf]
d"n p2]Zo ;/;kmfOsf nflu to ul/Psf
;x>flAb ljsf; nIox?sf] cfwf/df ;b:o
/fi6«x?n] o;tk{m u/]sf k|lta4tf / k|ultsf]
;dLIff ug{' xf] . o;/L blIf0f PlzofnL
;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng d"ntM ;/sf/L cu'jfOdf
blIf0f Plzofsf gLltlgdf{tfx?sf] ;Dd]ng
xf] . pQm ;Dd]ngsf 5nkmnx?df ;/sf/L
k|lta4tf ;lxtsf x:tfIfl/t 3f]if0f kqsf]
dfWodn] /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?nfO{
k|efljt ug{] Ifdtf x'G5 . o;/L o; ;Dd]ngn]
/fli6«o tyf If]qLo:t/df ;/;kmfO If]qsf]
k|j4{g ug{ k}/jLsf] nflu /fd|f] cj;/
lbPsf] 5 .
2

k|yd blIf0f PlzofnL
;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng 9fsf, a+unfb]z, @))#
;g\ @))# cS6f]a/ @! b]lv @# ;Dd
a+unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf klxnf] blIf0f PlzofnL
;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] . pQm
;Dd]ngdf ckmuflg:tfg, a+unfb]z, e'6fg,
ef/t, dflNbE;, Dofgdf/, g]kfn, kfls:tfg
/ >Ln+sf u/L ( b]zsf k|ltlglwd08n /
:yfgLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx? u/L #)!
hgfsf] ;xeflutfdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
k|yd blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngdf
;a} ;xefuL /fi6«sf dGqLx?sf ;fy}
;/sf/L tyf gLlh If]q, gful/s ;dfh,
bft[ lgsfo, lj1x? / ;~rf/ If]qsf
k|ltlglwx?sf] klg pkl:ylt lyof] . blIf0f
Plzofdf ;/;kmfO gLlt th{'df ug{, k}/jL
ug{ / To;nfO{ Joj:yfksLo / Joj;flos
txdf nfu" ug{sf nflu pQm ;Dd]ngdf ;a}
If]qsf] pT;fxhgs ;xeflutf /x\of] .
o; ;Dd]ngsf ;Dk"0f{ k|s[of tyf sfd
sf/jfxLx? ;/sf/L / cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf
clwsf/Lx?af6 ;~rflnt / tLg} lgsfosf
/0fgLltdf s]lGb|t lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] cGtlt/
3f]if0ff kq tof/Lsf nflu dfq gful/s
;dfhsf] ;Lldt ?kdf e"ldsf /x]sf] x'“bf
o; ;Dd]ngdf 3f]if0ff ePsf] /0fgLltaf6
k|ltkmn lbg vf]lhPsf gful/sx?sf] kof{Kt
k|ltlglwTj gePsf] :ki6 lyof] . oBlk
;/;kmfOnfO{ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ tyf
h?/L d'2fsf] ?kdf klxrfg ub{} ;xefuL
;/sf/x?af6 pRr k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f
u/fpg o; ;Dd]ng / 3f]if0ff kqn] 7"nf]
;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] .
3

4
k|yd blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng
9fsf 3f]if0ffkq
xfdL ljleGg ( j6f b]zsf rf/hgf dGqL tyf
/fHodGqL, jl/i7 clwsf/L, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
If]qsf Jofj;flos JolQmx¿, ljåt\ ju{, gful/s
;dfh, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, ljsf;sf ;fe]mbf/x¿ tyf
lghL If]q ;lDdlnt k|ltlglw d08nn] oxL cS6f]a/
@! b]lv @#, @))# df a+unfb]zsf] /fhwfgL 9fsfdf
;DkGg ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL blIf0f PlzofnL ;Dd]ngdf
lgDglnlvt ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/]/ 9fsf 3f]if0ffkq
tof/ kf/]sf 5f}+ M
!= lat]sf] bzsdf w]/} pknlAw xfl;n ePtfklg blIf0f
PlzofnL ;/;kmfOsf] ;du| l:ylt cem;Dd Hofb}
bogLo 5 . v'Nnf 7fp“df lb;flk;fa ug]{, dfgj
dnd"qsf] cJojl:yt lgisfzg ug]{ / o; If]qsf
clwsf+z jfl;Gbfsf] cGo c:j:ys/ cfgLafgLn] ubf{
hLjg:t/, /f]uAoflw lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fdf uDeL/
r'gf}ltsf ¿kdf /x]sf] s'/f klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 .
@= blIf0f Plzof If]qsf kf“r aif{ d'lgsf bz nfv
afnaflnsfx¿ k|To]s aif{ kfgL / ;/;kmfO;“u
;DalGwt /f]usf sf/0fn] d[To' x'g] tYok|lt ;hu
eOPsf] 5 .
#= ;/;kmfOsf] ;femf kl/efiff cGtu{t ;femf
/0fgLltsf] cfjZostf 5 eGg] s'/fk|lt ;r]t /
xL blIf0f Plzofdf plrt ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yosf]
k|ultnfO{ clej[l4 u/L o; If]qsf afl;Gbfsf]
hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg / afn d[To'b/ tyf
la/fdLb/ 36fpg Pjd\ ;x;|fAbL nIo (MDGs)
tyf hf]xfg];au{df ;DkGg ;d'bfoåf/f lgld{t lbuf]
ljsf; ;DaGwL ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] nIo tyf
k|ltj4tf k"/f ug{' kg]{5 .
$= ;/;kmfO tyf ;'/lIft vfg]kfgLsf] cj:yfdf
dxTjk"0f{ pTyfgaf6 :jf:Yo / pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/
eO{ u/LaL 36fpg] sfo{df j[xt\ dfqfdf ;sf/fTds
k|efj kg]{ ePsfn] /fi6«sf] u/LaL Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL
/0fgLltdf o;sf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf /xg] dxz'; ul/Psf]
5 .
%= zx/L / u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ gfh's l:yltdf
/x]sf lk5l8Psf tyf c;xfo ju{x¿n] ;/;kmfOsf]
;'ljwf Go"gtd ¿kdf dfq lng ;s]sf] s'/f dxz';
ul/Psf] 5 .
^= ljut b'O{ bzsdf xfl;n ePsf cg'ejx¿nfO{
b[li6ut ubf{ k/Dk/fut ?kdf rlncfPsf] dflyaf6
tn (topdown) k4lt cg'¿ksf] ;/;kmfO
sfo{j|md cGtu{t s]jn lgdf{0f ;fdu|Ldf cg'bfg lbg]
kl/kf6Ln] ;f]r] cg'¿ksf] ;'wf/ / lbuf]kgf
;'lglZrt ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . t/ r]tgf clej[l4,
:jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO lzIff Pjd\ tflndsf]
(software) ¿kdf lbOPsf] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf
cg'bfg lbuf] ;/;kmfO k|j4{gsf nflu ckl/xfo{
ePsf] kfOof] .
&= s]xL ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf lghL:t/sf
;fgf of]hgfx¿n] cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOsf] dfusf]
l;h{gf u/]/ 3/3/df ;]jf k'¥ofO{ pNn]vgLo
pknlAw xfl;n u/L k|bz{g u/]sf] a'lemof] . -;a} 3/
+kl/jf/x¿df ;/;kmfOo'Qm rkL{sf] kx'“r a9]sf] ;fy}
:j:y afgLJojxf/sf] ljsf; ePsf]_
o; blIf0f Plzof If]qdf æhgs]Gb|Lt, ;d'bfo lgb]{lzt,
dlxnf k'?if ;+j]bgzLn / dfulgb]{lztÆ k4lt cg'¿k
plrt ;/;kmfO / :jf:YonfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ eGg]
s'/f k|lt ;j{;Ddt ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L lgDglnlvt
l;4fGtx¿n] gf}nf] gd"gf jf cjwf/0ff kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg o:tf sfo{j|mdsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 M
!= v'Nnf 7fp“df lb;flk;fa ug]{ nufot cGo kmf]x/L
cfgLafgLsf] pGd"ng ug'{sf ;fy} :jf:Yo ;DaGwL
/fd|f] cfgLafgLnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
@= cfk"mnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s'g} pkfo gePsf u/La dWo]sf
klg u/Lax¿nfO{ dfq lgdf{0f ;fdu|L (hardware)
;DaGwL cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] . o:tf] ;'ljwf lb“bf
pko'Qm / k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ckgfpg] .
#= :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO sfo{qmdsf] pTyfgsf nflu
;d'bfo:t/sf] cg'bfgsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L
To;sf] k|j4{g, ;r]tLs/0f, Ifdtf ljsf; / sf]if
Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
$= dfu l;h{gfsf nflu cfjZostf dxz'; u/fpg
k|fyldstf lbg], wf/0ff / :j:y afgL Jojxf/df
cfPsf] kl/jt{g sfod /fVg] / Jofks ;fd'bflos
;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/L ;/;kmfO sfo{j|mddf
ljBdfg dflyb]lv tn k4ltn] ;/;kmfO sfo{j|mddf
lb“b} cfPsf] cg'bfgnfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfg] .

%= :yfgLo k|zf;g Pjd\ ;d'bfox¿nfO{ v'Nnf¿kdf
lb;f ug]{ Pjd\ cGo c:j:ys/ afgL Jojxf/x¿sf]
lj?4df ;l/s x'g hfgsf/L lbg] tyf 7f]; sfo{
ug]{nfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ ;fy} wfld{s tyf /fhg}ltssdL{
dfk{mt\ ;d]t ;/;kmfOsf] dxTj af/]df k}/jL sfo{
tLj| kfg]{ .
^= afnaflnsfx¿sf] lb;flk;fanfO{ plrt lsl;dn] tx
nufpg], cGo :j:ys/ afgL Jojxf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ tyf ljBfno Pjd\ cGo ;fd'bflos ;/;kmfO
sfo{j|mdx¿df :jf:Yo lzIffsf] ;d]t ljsf; lj:tf/
ub}{ hfg] .
&= n}l∙s–;+j]bgzLntf sfo{qmdx?sf cfjZostf
klxrfg ug]{ .
*= :yfgLo /xg;xg;“u ldNg], ;lhn}l;t k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]
;'ky d"Nosf k|fljlws ljsNkx¿sf] cg';Gwfg tyf
ljsf; ug]{ .
(= n3' pBdLx¿nfO{ k|fljlws / cfly{s k4ltåf/f
;an agfpg plrt jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L l56f],
/fd|f] / ;:tf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
!)= gof“ lsl;dsf] sfo{ljlw ;Dkfbg ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg :yfgLo k|zf;gnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
;+:yfx¿ Pjd\ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ tyf cGo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ /0fg}lts ;xeflutfdf
;+nUg x'g k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
!!= åGb tyf cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf ;dodf ;/;kmfO
sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug'{kbf{ ljz]if Joj:yfsf]
cfjZostf klxrfg ug]{, ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL ePsf
dGqLx¿ k|ltlglw d08nsf g]tfx¿n] lgDg k|sf/sf
k|lj|mofx¿ dfk{mt blIf0f Plzofdf oyf]lrt ;/;kmfO
tyf :jf:Yodf k|ult ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf k|lta4tfx¿
JoQm u/] M
!= ;Dk"0f{ :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfOsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
;xeflutfdf /fli6«o sfo{j|md th'{df u/L ;fe]mbf/Ldf
;/;kmfO sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog u/L ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts
tyf ljsf; k|lj|mofx¿df ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yfdf
;'wf/ NofO{ ;Dk"0f{ gful/ssf] :jf:Yosf] :t/ j[l4
ug]{ .
@= ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL sfo{j|mdsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;“usf]
;fe]mbf/Ldf vf;u/L u/LaL Go"gLs/0f gLlt kqx¿sf]
cfwf/df /fli6«o:t/sf of]hgf / sfo{j|mdx¿ th'{df
ug]{ .
#= lj:t[t cfwf/e"t ;∙7g lgdf{0fsf nflu cGo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;“u ;xsfo{ ub}{ :j:y afgL
Jojxf/x¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg, k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{, k|ultsf]
cg'udg ug]{ tyf sfo{j|md sfof{GjognfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg] .
$= cGt/b]zLo ;fsf];fg sfo{bnsf] u7g u/L ;/;kmfO
;DaGwL ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|flKt ug]{ p2]Zon]
;fe]mbf/L k|of;x¿nfO{ bLuf] agfpg ;'rgf tyf
ljrf/x¿sf] cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu jflif{s ¿kdf o;
If]qsf ;a} d'n'ssf k|ltlglwx¿ e]63f6 ug]{ .
%= k|To]s b'O{ aif{sf] cjlwdf dGqL, ;+:yf k|d'v,
ljsf;sf cGo ;fe]mbf/x¿ Pjd cGo sfo{stf{:t/Lo
;fsf];fg a}7ssf] cfof]hgf ug]{, -cfof]hs /fi6«
cGtb{]zLo sfo{bnåf/f cfufdL b'O{ aif{;Dd ul/g]
ultljlwx¿sf] ;+of]hssf ¿kdf /xg]5_ o;dfk{mt\
;/;kmfOdf ;+efljt bL3{sfnLg If]qLo ;dembf/L
÷;xof]u h'6fpg ;lsg]5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf
oL ultljlwx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;g\ @))% df
kfls:tfgdf tyf ;g\ @))& df ef/tdf If]qLo
;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ul/g]5 .
9fsf, a+unfb]zdf ul/j ;d'bfodf ;/;kmfO cj:yf ÷ kmf6f] clgn :yflkt
5

f]>f] blIf0f PlzofnL
;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng O:nfdfjfb, kfls:tfg, @))^
bf]>f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng
;g\ @))^ ;]K6]Da/ @) / @! df kfls:tfgsf]
O:nfdfjfbdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . o;
;Dd]ngdf blIf0f Plzof If]qsf !! b]zsf
dGqL, /fHodGqL, jl/i7 sd{rf/L, lj1,
If]qut ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw nufot gful/s
;dfh, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, ljsf; ;fe]mbf/
Pj+ gLlh If]qsf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] lyof] .
blIf0f Plzofsf cfwf hg;+Vofsf] plrt
;/;kmfOdf kx“'r gePsf] Pj+ vfg]kfgL /
;/;kmfO ;Da4 /f]ux?af6 x/]s jif{ bz
nfv dlxnf, k'?if tyf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'
x'g] u/]sf] tYonfO{ c+uLsf/ ub{} vfg]kfgL
/ ;/;kmfOnfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgjLo
cfjZostfsf] ?kdf klxrfg ub{} O:nfdfjfb
3f]if0ff kqn] ;/;kmfO / vfg]kfgLnfO{
dfgj clwsf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{]tk{m Ps
dxTjk"0f{ sbd rfn]sf] lyof] . o; 3f]if0ff
kqn] 9fsf 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ g} cg'df]bg ug{'sf
;fy} u/LaL / ;dfgtfsf ;DaGwdf ;fdfGo
k|lta4tfx? hfx]/ ug'{sf cnfjf s]xL 7f];
gof“ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5}g . bf]>f]
blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngdf klg
gful/s ;dfhsf] plrt ;xeflutf lyPg
t/ rLg / sDaf]l8ofh:tf k"jL{ PlzofnL
/fi6«x?af6 ;d]t u/L o; ;Dd]ngdf
w]/}hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
6

f]>f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng
O:nfdfjfb 3f]if0ff kq
xfdL ckmuflg:tfg, a+unfb]z, SofDaf]l8of, rLg, ef/t,
OG8f]g]l;of, dflNbE;, Dofgdf/, g]kfn, kfls:tfg tyf
>Ln+sfsf k|ltlglw k|d'vx¿ ;]K6]Da/ @)–@!, @))^,
O:nfdfjfbdf ePsf] blIf0f Pl;ofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngdf
pkl:yt lyof}+ . o; ;Dd]ngdf dGqLx¿, /fHodGqLx¿,
pRr kb:y lghfdlt sd{rf/Lx¿, ljleGg ;+:yfsf
lj1x¿, gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ljsf;sf
;fem]bf/ tyf lghL If]qsf JolQmTjx¿sf] pkl:ylt lyof] .
!= ;/;kmfO dflg;sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] .
;xefuL ^ j6} /fi6«x¿df jftfj/0f, :jf:Yo /
hLjg:t/ psf:g ;/;kmfO clt cfjZos /x]sf]
klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;xefuL /fi6«x¿df cfwfeGbf a9L hgtf ;/;kmfOaf6
jl~rt /x]sf] / k|To]s jif{ em08} bz nfv k'?if,
dlxnf / afnaflnsfsf] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL
/f]un] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] tYo dgg ul/of] .
#= ;/;kmfOsf] cefjsf sf/0fn] ;Da4 :jf:Yo
;d:ofk|lt ;r]t x'“b} 7f]; tyf t/n kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg
/0fgLlt nfu" ub}{ :jR5 jftfj/0f ;'wf/sf nflu plrt
;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf / 3/fo;L, c:ktfnhGo,
s[lifhGo / cf}Bf]lus kmf]xf]/ lgisf;g;“u ;/;kmfOsf]
lgs6 ;DaGw /xg'sf ;fy} ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yf
;'wf/sf nflu Jojl:yt zx/L of]hgf, a;f]af; /
;fdflhs ljt/0fdf ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ vf“rf]k|lt klg
;r]t 5f}+ /,
$= @))# cS6f]a/ @!–@#, df a+unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf
ePsf] klxnf] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngn]
;xefuL /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;/;kmfOsf gLltx¿ agfpg /
tL gLltx¿ l56f] nfu" ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] .
;f] ;Dd]ngn] ;xefuL /fi6«x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] cg'ej
cfbfgk|bfg u/]/ ;/;kmfOsf If]qdf 7f]; pknlAw
xfl;n ug]{ df}sf klg lbPsf] lyof] .
xfdL ;xefuL /fi6«x¿ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf
cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO;DaGwL nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ / 9fsf
3f]if0ff kqnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ /fhg}lts OR5f / k|lta4tf
bf]xf]¥ofpg rfxG5f}+ / plrt ;/;kmfO k|0ffnL ljsf;
ug{ lgDgfg';f/ r/0fa4 ?kdf of]hgf d'tfljs k|ult
ug{] k'gM lgZro ub5f{}+ M
!= ;/;kmfOnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg] .
@= jl/i7 k|ltlglwx¿ ;lDdlnt ;fsf];fg cGt/b]zLo
sfo{;ldltsf] jflif{s ;Dd]ng u/L o; If]qdf
cGt/b]zLo ;xof]unfO{ dha't kfg]{ .
#= cfufdL blIf0f PlzofnL ;Dd]ngdf cGt/b]zLo sfo{
;ldltn] ljsf; u/]sf] ;femf kl/;"rsx¿sf cfwf/df
k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgoldt ?kdf ;/;kmfOsf ;a}
kIfx¿df ePsf k|ultx?sf] 5nkmn ug]{ .
$= ;xeflutfd"ns k4ltnfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{ u/La /
cGo ljkGg ;d'bfox¿dfem cem a9L k|efjsf/L
?kdf k'Ug xfd|f ;dfhx¿df ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{
lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
%= ;/;kmfOnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] lbg] cfly{s nufot
cGo k|fyldstfnfO{ a9fpg lg/Gt/ ;ls|o ?kdf
nflu /xg] .
^= ;/;kmfO If]qsf ;a} ultljlwx¿df dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug]{ .
klxnf] / bf];|f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngn]
lnPsf] ;+j]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cfufdL t];|f] blIf0f
PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng ef/tdf ;g\ @))*, rf}yf]
;Dd]ng >Ln+sfdf ;g\ @)!) / kf“rf} ;Dd]ng g]kfndf
;g\ @)!@ df x'g] to ul/Psf] 5 .
cGTodf of] bf];|f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng
;kmntfk"j{s cfof]hgf ug'{ ePsf]df xfdL kfls:tfg ;/
sf/sf] xflb{s ;x|fgf ub{5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ o:tf] clj:d/0fLo
:jfut tyf ;Tsf/ ug'{ePsf]df / o; ;Dd]ngnfO{ ;kmn
kfg{ ;xof]u ug'{ePsf]df cfef/L x'“b} kfls:tfg ;/sf/
/ kfls:tfgL hgtfnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbG5f} .
7

;fsf];fg k"j{;GWofdf
gful/s ;dfh e]nf gof“ lbNnL, ef/t, @))*
8
t]>f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng
eGbf b'O{ lbg cufj} ;g\ @))* gf]e]Da/
!^ b]lv !* ;Dd ef/tsf] gof“ lbNnLdf
gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutfdf
;fsf];fg k"j{ gful/s ;dfh e]nfsf]
cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . pQm e]nfdf
a+unfb]z, ef/t, g]kfn, kfls:tfg /
>Ln+sfaf6 !)) hgf eGbf a9L ;d'bfosf
cu'jf / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?sf]
;xeflutf ePsf] lyof] .
;fsf];fg k"j{ gful/s ;dfhsf] e]nfdf
;xefuL kf“rj6f b]zdf ePsf gful/s
e]nfx?af6 gful/s ;dfhsf] cfjfhsf] ?kdf
cfPsf ljleGg ;'emfj / ;Nnfxx?df s]lGb|t
eO{ 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . k|m]zjf6/ PS;g
g]6js{ blIf0f Plzof (FANSA), jf6/P8
/ vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO ;dGjo kl/ifb\
(WSSCC) sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf ;DkGg
ePsf] pQm e]nfn] nuQ} x'g] blIf0f
PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngdf vfg]kfgL /
;/;kmfOsf] d'2f k|efjsf/L ?kdf p7fpg
;xefuLx?nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg / Psdt ug{
w]/} ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .
;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx?sf] ;xdltdf o; e]nfn] tof/
u/]sf] 3f]if0ff kqn] vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOnfO{
cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] ?kdf dfGotf
lbg ;a} ;/sf/x?nfO{ cfx\jfg ug{'sf ;fy}
;'zf;g, ;/;kmfOsf] :jf:Yo k|efj, zx/L
;/;kmfO / cJojl:yt a:tLdf ;/;kmfO,
dflg;n] dnd"qhGo kmf]x/ p7fpg], lzIf0f
;+:yfdf ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf, /h:jnf cjlwdf
;/;kmfO / ;/;kmfO ;]jf ;~hfndf
;dfj]z x'g g;s]sf ju{sf d'2fnfO{ cl3
;f/]sf] lyof] .

lIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngsf] k"j{;GWofdf
gful/s ;dfhsf] e]nf
gof“ lbNnL, ef/t, @))*
tTsfn sbd rfNg xfd|f] dfu
xfdL blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng (;fsf];fg)
sf] k"j{;GWofdf k|]mzjf6/ PSzg g]6js{ blIf0f Plzof
(FANSA), jf6/P8 / vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO ;dGjo
kl/ifb (WSSCC) åf/f oxL @))* gf]e]Da/ !^ /
!& df gof“ lbNnLdf cfof]lht gful/s e]nfsf
;xefuLx?nufot a+unfb]z, e'6fg, ef/t, g]kfn,
kfls:tfg / >Ln+sfdf ljleGg r/0fdf ul/
Psf /fli6«o:t/sf k/fdz{ a}7sx?df ;xefuL ;a}
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;fdflhs ;+:yf Pj+ gful/s ;dfh
;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx? t]>f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO
;Dd]ngsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ lgDg cg';f/sf] 3f]if0ff kq
k|:t't ub{5f}+ .
blIf0f Plzofdf JofKt ;/;kmfO ;+s6 ;dfwfgsf
nflu tTsfn sbd rfNg cfjZos 5 . b'O{ jif{ cufl8
;DkGg bf]>f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng kl5
dfq emf8fkvfnfsf sf/0f o; If]qdf bz nfv
afnaflnsfsf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf /x]sf
Ps ca{ hg;+Vof dWo] 7"nf] ;+Vof ;/;kmfO ;]jfljxLg
cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 dflg;x?n] ef]lu/x]sf
cToGt si6k"0f{ hLjg phfu/ ug{'sf ;fy} :j:y, pGgt
/ ;Ddfghgs hLjgofkg ug{] pgLx?sf] clwsf/df klg
Jojwfg v8f u/]sf] 5 .
;g\ @))# df a+unfb]zdf ;DkGg klxnf] blIf0f PlzofnL
;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngb]lv blIf0f PlzofnL ;/sf/x?n]
dxfTjfsf+IfL sfo{of]hgfsf] k|lta4tf ;lxtsf b'O{j6f
dGqL:t/Lo 3f]if0ff kqx? hf/L ul/;s]sf 5g\ . tL
k|lta4tfx?sf] ;Ddfg ul/g' k5{ t/, yk /fhg}lts
k|lta4tf, cem /fd|f] ;fe]mbf/L / ;dGjo tyf ;'zf;gsf]
cefj o; If]qsf] k|ultsf afwssf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
oL k|lta4tfx? s]xL xb;Dd k"/f ePsf] s'/fdf xfd|f]
;xdlt /x“bf/x“b} klg ;/;kmfO cefjsf] ;+s6n] kf/]sf]
ckf/ dfgjLo Ifltn] o;nfO{ ;fdfGo ?kdf dfq glnO{
;/;kmfO ;]jf lj:tf/df b|'tultdf nfUg'kg{] vf“rf]
cf}+NofPsf] 5 .
xfdLn] :j:y ;/;kmfO ;]jfdf kx'“r x'g] hgtfsf] ;+Vofdf
;dtfd"ns, jf:tljs / bLuf] j[l4sf nflu ;Daf]wg
ul/g'kg{] lgDg cf7 k|d'v d'2fx?sf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5f}+ .
xfdL ;d'bfo, ;/sf/, cGt/f{li6«o lgof]u Pj+ gLlh
If]q;“u ;xsfo{ ub{} oL d'2fx?df sfd ug{], gd"gfx?sf]
ljsf; ug{], gof“kgsf] vf]hLsf ;fy} ;kmn k|of;x?sf]
k|bz{g ug{] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5f}+ .
vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] clwsf/
;/;kmfOdf kx“'r ljsf;sf] cfjZostf dfq geP/
cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg"gx?df cfwfl/t Ps
dfgj clwsf/ klg xf] . ;':jf:Yosf nflu ;/;kmfO
x'g glhs} kfgL]sf] pknAwtf klg h?/L 5 . o; If]qsf
w]/} ;/sf/x?n] ;g\ @))& sf] klxnf] Plzof k|zfGt
kfgL ;Dd]ngdf æa]Kk'sf] ;Gb]zÆ df :jR5 vfg]kfgL
/ cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOnfO{ clwsf/sf] ?kdf dfGotf
lbO;s]sf] 5 .
:jR5 vfg]kfgL / cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOdf kx'“r Ps dfgj
clwsf/sf ;fy} dfgjf]lrt ;'/Iff / ;Ddfgsf nflu
ckl/xfo{ kIfsf] ?kdf lbOPsf] k'/fgf] dfGotfnfO{ k'gM
cg'df]bg ug{ xfdL ;/sf/x?nfO{ cfXjfg ub{5f}+ .
zf;g
jf:tljs l:yltdf cfwfl/t :ki6 tYof+ssf] cefj
/ c:ki6 ;+/rgfut Joj:yfsf sf/0f /x]sf] sdhf]/
hjfkmb]lxtfn] ;/;kmfO If]qsf] k|ultnfO{ ;Lldt u/]sf]
5 . of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{] / nfu" ug{] k|lqmofdf ;fdflhs
;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh ;+:yf / :yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{
w]/}h;f] lsgf/f nufpg] ul/G5 . ;'zf;g / ;]jf k|bfgsf]
pknlAw ;'wf/sf nflu o; If]qdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL
ePsf xfn}sf ljsf;nfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
;/sf/nfO{ xfd|f] cfx\jfg M
;Da4 ;a} dGqfnox?sf ;fy} ;a};“u ;'lglZrt ;dGjo
ub{} /fli6«o:t/df hjfkmb]xL g]t[Tj lgdf{0f ug{
9

10
:yfgLo txsf ;a} kIf;“u ;dGjo ub}{ ;/;kmfOsf ;a}
sfo{qmdx?df :yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{ of]hgf lgdf{0f /
nfu" ug{] s]lGb|o e"ldsf lbg
;a}nfO{ ;/;kmfO ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;/sf/L nIo k"/f ug{
/ /fxtsf] Gofof]lrt pkof]usf nflu rflx+bf] cfly{s
k|fjwfgsf ;fy ;/;kmfOsf nflu 5'§} ah]6 nfOg
lgdf{0f ug{
;/;kmfOsf] l:ylt / sfo{qmd nfu" ul/Psf] k|lqmofsf]
:jtGq d"Nof+sg ug{] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{
:jf:Yo kl/0ffd
;/;kmfOsf] Ps k|d'v pknlAw eg]sf] ;':jf:Yo xf] .
:jf:Yo ;'wf/sf] ;aeGbf sd vlr{nf] pkfox? eGg' g}
;/;kmfO k|a4{g x'g\ . ;/;kmfOsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ yk
k|efjsf/L agfpg] / ;/;kmfOdf nufgL ug{ h?/L 5
eGg] s'/f gLltlgdf{tfx?nfO{ a'emfpg] b'a} sfdsf] nflu
xfdLnfO{ o;n] :jf:Yodf kfg{] k|efjsf af/]df w]/}eGbf
w]/} ;"rgfsf] cfjZostf 5 .
;/sf/nfO{ xfd|f] cfx\jfg M
;/;kmfO sfo{qmdx?sf] l8hfOg / o;n] :jf:Yo
;'wf/df kfg{] k|efjsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{] sfddf :jf:Yo
If]qnfO{ klg ;+nUg u/fpg
gLltlgdf{0f / sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf tof/ ug{] cfwf/
agfpgsf nflu dnd"qhGo /f]ux? k}mlnPsf] af/]df
tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0f ug{] ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; u/L
;'b[9 ug{
zx/L ;/;kmfO
:jR5 jftfj/0f / zx/L u/Lasf] k|lti7fsf nflu 7f];
tyf t/n kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg ;lxtsf] zx/L ;/;kmfOsf]
d'2f Psbd dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
;/sf/nfO{ xfd|f] cfx\jfg M
;Dk"0f{ zx/L / zx/ j/k/sf ;d'bfox?df ;/;kmfOsf]
kx'“r ;'lglZrt ug{, cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO ;]jfsf] kx'“rnfO{
hUuf :jfldTj / a;f]af;sf] ;'lglZrttfaf6 cnUofpg /
;a} ;fj{hlgs :yfgx?df ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf ;'lglZrt ug{
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] ;xefuL x'g;Sg] u/L zx/ / zx/
j/k/sf If]qx?df ljBdfg ;+/rgfx?sf] If]qut gSzf
tof/ ug{ Pj+ ;f] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df nufgL / sfo{qmd
rnfpg
;d'bfo, ;fj{hlgs / gLlh If]q;“usf] ;fe]mbf/Ldf
ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k plrt / ;'wfl/Psf]
k|ljlw k|a4{g ug{ Pj+ :yfgLo k|of;x?nfO{ a9fjf lbg
dflg;n] dnd"q p7fpg]
s'g} hflt ljz]ifsf dflg;x?åf/f dnd"q p7fpg] rng
dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg, dfgjLo ;Ddfgsf] ckx]ngf /
Psbd lgs[i6 lsl;dsf] hflto e]befj xf] . s'g} s'g}
b]zdf o:tf] k|rng pGd"ng ug{ sfg"g klg alg;s]sf] 5
t/ To:tf] sfg"g nfu" ePsf] 5}g .
;/sf/nfO{ xfd|f] cfx\jfg M
dflg;x?n] dnd"q p7fpg] k|rng /x]sf] :jLsfb{} o:tf]
k|rngsf] olsgsf ;fy lgSof}{n ug{ o;sf] tYof+s
/fVg
o:tf] k|rng k"0f{tofM pGd"ng geP;Dd o:tf
sfdbf/x?sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu / xfgLsf/s kmf]x/;“u
dflg;sf] ;+;u{ x'g glbg kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf ;'wfl/Psf
rng / k|ljlwx? :yflkt ug{
;g\ @)!) ;Dddf dflg;x?n] dnd"q p7fpg] k|rng
pGd"ng ug{ / To:tf] sfo{df ;+nUg AolQm Pj+ ltgsf
kl/jf/nfO{ lzIff / j}slNks hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu
;xof]u ug{
z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df ;/;kmfO
blIf0f PlzofnL If]qsf w]/} ljBfnox?df afnaflnsfx?
cem ljz]if u/]/ 5fqfx?sf] nflu kof{Kt ;/;kmfO
;'ljwfsf] cefj 5 . ;/;kmfO k|a4{g Jojxf/
kl/jt{g;“u ufFl;Psf] 5 . slnnf] pd]/df g} dflg;sf]
afgLJoxf]/f lgdf{0f x'g] ePsf]n] ljBfnosf] ;/;kmfO
lzIffn] :j:y efjL k':tf lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u u5{ . cem
afnaflnsfx? t kl/jt{gsf jfxs x'g\ .
;/sf/nfO{ xfd|f] cfx\jfg M
/h:jnf cjlwsf] ;kmfOsf ;'ljwf ;d]t ePsf] kof{Kt
-;fa'g / kfgLsf] Joj:yf ;lxt_ ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf]
lgdf{0f Pj+ ;Def/ ug{ gLlh ljBfnox?nfO{ lgodg ug{
/ ;/sf/L ljBfnox?nfO{ o;sf nflu ah]6sf] Joj:yf
ug{
;/;kmfO lzIffnfO{ lzIffsf] cleGg c∙sf] ?kdf
;dfj]z ug{ / ljBfno:t/Lo ;/;kmfO lzIff ;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx?sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{
/h:jnf cjlwdf ;kmfO
/h:jnfsf] ;dodf ul/g] c:j:ys/ Jojxf/sf sf/0f
blIf0f PlzofnL If]qsf dlxnfx?nfO{ 7"nf] tyf ghflg+bf]
af]em /x]sf] 5 . of] ljifo cfk}m wfld{s tyf ;f“:s[lts
wf/0ffx?;“u uf“l;Psf] 5 / o;af6 ;/;kmfO k|a4{g
sfo{qmdx?df wSsf k'u]sf] 5 .

h:jnf cjlwsf] ;kmfOnfO{ klg :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfOsf]
cleGg c∙sf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg / o;nfO{ :jf:Yo /
;/;kmfOsf sfo{qmdx?;“u PsLs[t ub{} /h:jnf :jf:Yo
Joj:yfkgdf dflg;x?sf] r]tgf / Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{
xfdL ;/sf/nfO{ cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ .
;dfj]z x'g g;s]sf
hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f;Dd ;/;kmfOsf sfo{qmdx?
k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . ljz]if u/]/ ckf∙, Pr cfO eL jf
P8\; kLl8t, cflbjf;L / ckx]lnt hflt, wfld{s ;d"x,
z/0ffyL{, lgdf{0f dhb'/, zx/L cJojl:yt a:tLsf
afl;Gbf, 3/af/ljxLgx?, k|fs[lts ljkQL kLl8tx?,
cfGtl/s lj:yflktx? / ljs6 If]qsf afl;Gbfx?
;/sf/nfO{ xfd|f] cf≈jfg M
;/;kmfO sfo{qmdx?n] ;d]6\g g;s]sfx?sf] d'2fsf
ljifodf ;a} txaf6 r]tgf a9fpg] / gLltut 3f]if0ff /
ltgnfO{ nfu" ug{] lgb{]lzsfx?df pgLx?nfO{ klg ;dfj]z
ug{sf nflu k|lta4tf lgdf{0f ug{]
;/;kmfOsf ;a} sfo{qmdx?df u/La / ;LdfGts[tx?sf]
klxrfg ug{] tl/sfx? ;dfj]z ug{] / ;dfj]zL k|lqmof
ckgfpg'sf ;fy} To:tf] ju{df k'Ug ;lsP g;lsPsf] af/]
cg'udg ug{]
xfdL o; If]qsf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx? lgDg
s'/fsf] k|lta4tf hgfp“5f}+ .
xfd|f] b]zdf :jR5 vfg]kfgL / cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOsf]
clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf ;fy} If]qut gLltx? tyf
sfg"gdf dfGotf lbnfpg, clxn]sf ;/;kmfOsf
sfo{qmdx?n] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf ;d'bfosf] dfu /
cg'ejnfO{ phfu/ ug{], ltgsf] cfjfhnfO{ a'nGb ub{}
ltgsf lqmofsnfkdf ;xof]u ug{] / o:tf] clwsf/
pkof]usf nflu ;xof]u ug{] sfo{df cl3 a9\g]
;a}sf nflu ;/;kmfO / dflg;x?n] dnd"q p7fpg]
k|rngsf] cGTosf nflu ;/sf/L of]hgfx? / sfg"g
sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ k}/jL, sfg"gL k|lqmof
/ r]tgf clea[l4 dfk{mt bjfa lbg]
;dfgtf / ;dfj]zL gLlt tyf ;fd'bflos k|of;x? dfk{mt\
ljBfno tyf ;d'bfox?df ;/;kmfOsf gjLg df]8nx?
k|bz{g tyf nfu" ug{ / To:tf ;kmn k|lqmofx?sf] k|df0f
agfpg]
:yfgLo txsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 x'g] / :yfgLo k|of;nfO{
;dy{g x'g] u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfo, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf /
;/sf/L ;+oGqsf aLr ;fe]mbf/L lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug{]
5fqfx?sf] ljz]if cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lb+b} /h:jnf
cjlwsf] ;kmfO Joj:yfkg ;lxtsf] ljBfno ;/;kmfOsf
nflu r]tgf a9fpg]
;Daf]wg x'g g;s]sf ;d"xx?nfO{ ;'/lIft Pj+
;Ddfghgs hLljsf]kfh{g ug{;Sg] agfpg] sfo{df xfd|f]
;Lldt >f]tx? s]lGb|t ug{] / cfkm\gf cg'ejx? Jofks
?kdf af“8\g]
gful/s ;dfh;“u ;/;kmfO If]q / ;kmfOsf] Jojxf/
kl/jt{gdf nfu]sf] nfdf] Oltxf; 5 . xfdL o; If]qdf
ljBdfg ;/;kmfO ;+s6nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ blIf0f
PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngnfO{ ;dy{g ug{ ljutsf /
efjL 3f]if0ffkqsf k|lta4tfx? ;+o'Qm ?kdf nfu" ug{ /
ltgsf] cg'udg ug{ k|lta4 5f}+ . ;a}sf nflu ;/;kmfO
k|fKt ug{ ;a}sf];xsfo{ cfjZos /x]sf] dx;'; ub{}
;xsfo{sf] efjgfn] xfdL oxfFx? ;dIf of] k]z ub{5f}+ .
cleg]qL em/gf yfkf / jf6/P8 g]kfnsf k}/jL Joj:yfks
t]>f] ;fsf];fg j}7s k"j{ d}gjQL ;efdf÷ kmf6f] k|sfz cdfTo
11

t]>f] blIf0f PlzofnL
;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng gof“ lbNnL, ef/t, @))*
:jf:Yo / k|lti7fsf nflu ;/;kmfO eGg] d"n
gf/fsf ;fy t]>f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO
;Dd]ng ;g\ @))* gf]e]Da/ !* b]lv @!
;Dd ef/tsf] gof“ lbNnLdf ;DkGg eof] .
o; ;Dd]ngdf ckmuflg:tfg, a+unfb]z,
e'6fg, ef/t, dflNbE;, g]kfn, kfls:tfg
/ >Ln+sfsf dGqLx¿, lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw,
;/sf/L clwsf/L, ljifout lj1x¿,
ljåt\ ju{, gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L /
;fd'bflos ;+:yf, ljsf;sf ;fe]mbf/ tyf
lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
lbNnL 3f]if0ff kqsf] ?kdf Voflt kfPsf]
o; dGqL:t/Lo ;Dd]ngsf] 3f]if0ff kqn]
;/;kmfO / ;'/lIft vfg]kfgLsf] kx'“rnfO{
cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] ?kdf :jLsf/]sf]
5 eg] ;/;kmfOnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf lbg}
k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . cem
dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t o; 3f]if0ff kqn] ;b:o
/fi6«x?aLr If]qLo ;fe]mbf/LnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg]
/ :jtGq cg'udgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'kg{] eGg]
gful/s ;dfh e]nfsf] 3f]if0ff kqsf] Ps
k|d'v dfuk|lt k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5 .
12

t]>f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng
lbNnL 3f]if0ff kq
xfdL ckmuflg:tfg, a+unfb]z, e'6fg, ef/t, dflNbE;,
g]kfn, kfls:tfg / >Ln+sfsf dGqLx¿, lgjf{lrt
k|ltlglw, ;/sf/L clwsf/L, ljifout lj1x¿, ljåt\
ju{, gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L / ;fd'bflos ;+:yf,
ljsf;sf ;fe]mbf/ tyf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]
@))* gf]e]Da/ !^ b]lv @! ;Dd ef/tsf] /fhwfgL
gof“ lbNnLdf cfof]lht t]>f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO
;Dd]ng (t]>f] ;fsf];fg) sf] k|ltlglw d08nsf k|d'vx¿M
!= ;/;kmfO / :jR5 vfg]kfgLdf kx'“r Ps cfwf/e"t
dfgj clwsf/ ePsf] tYonfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{ ;/;kmfOnfO{
/fli6«o k|fyldstf lbg ckl/xfo{ 7fGb5f}+ .
@= o; ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL ePsf blIf0f Plzofsf ;a}
/fi6«x¿df ;doa4 ?kdf ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL /fli6«o
tyf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿ k"/f ug{ xfdL k|lta4tf
JoQm ub{5f}+ .
#= xfd|f /fi6«sf ;Dk"0f{ zx/L tyf u|fdL0f ;d'bfox¿df
k"0f{ / lbuf] ;/;kmfO xfl;n ug]{ dfq geO{
;g\ @))# df 9fsfdf ;DkGg k|yd ;fsf];fg /
;g\ @))^ df O:nfdfjfbdf ;DkGg bf]>f] ;fsf];fgdf
bf]xf]¥ofOPsf nIox¿ xfl;n ug]{ 3f]if0ff klg ub{5f}+ .
$= ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL xfd|f nIox¿ l56f] k"/f ug{ / xfd|f
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] b|'tultsf nflu /fli6«o, If]qLo,
:yfgLo / 3/fo;L txdf lgDg lnlvt k|d'v sfo{x¿
nfu" ug{ / lglZrt sfo{x¿ ug{ xfdL Wofgfsif{0f
ug{'sf ;fy} To;sf nflu k|lta4tf bf]xf]¥ofp“5f}+ M
s_ jt{dfg / efjL k':tfn] :jR5 vfg]kfgL, ;kmf df6f]
/ jfo';lxtsf] :j:y jftfj/0fdf /Dg kfpg] s'/f
;'lglZrt ub{}
v_ ;a}sf nflu ;/;kmfO ;]jf k|fKt ug{] k|lqmof ;a}
r/0fdf ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / ljz]if u/]/
:yfgLo ;/sf/, ;d'bfo / ;aeGbf tNnf] txsf
;d"xx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{] vfnsf x'g]5 .
u_ ;/;kmfOnfO{ k"jf{wf/ jf cfly{s r'gf}tLsf ?kdf dfq
lnOg] 5}g . o;sf nflu k|efjsf/L gLlt, Jojxf/
kl/jt{gsf nflu cfly{s tyf ;+/rgfut k|f]T;fxg,
wfld{s g]tfx¿, ;d'bfo / ljBfnoh:tf ;+:yfx¿,
:yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;]jf k|bfosx¿;“u ;xsfo{ ug{'sf
;fy} ltgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 Pj+ sfo{qmd nfu"
ug{ tyf cg'udgdf hjfkmb]xL a9fpg] cj;/sf
?kdf klg lnOg]5 .
3_ ;/;kmfOsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ t/n tyf 7f]; kmf]x/nfO{
-kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ Pj+ hdLgnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ gkfg{]
t/n kbfy{ ;lxt_ ;'/lIft tj/n] 9'jfgL ug{] / :j:y
tl/sfn] tx nufpg] jf k'gM k|of]u ug{];Dd Ps
;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfkg rqmsf ?kdf k|a4{g ul/g]5 .
ª_ ;/;kmfOsf nflu ljleGg Joj:yf / ljsNkx¿
pknAw x'g]5g\ . ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf, ;xof]u,
lg0f{o k|lqmof ;d]tsf] ;d'bfosf] :jfldTj ;lxt
plrt ah]6 gLlt agfP/ lje]b 36fp“b} ;a}sf nflu
cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 .
r_ u/La tyf hf]lvdk"0f{ If]qsf hgtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg Pj+
;xof]u lbOg] 5 .
5_ dlxnf / clt hf]lvddf /x]sfx¿nfO{ -dlxnf /
afnaflnsf, cem ljz]if u/]/ aflnsfx¿, ckf∙ /
Ho]i7 gful/s_ k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 . gjLg k|lqmofx¿
-pbfx/0fsf nflu :jfjnDaL ;d"x dfk{mt n3' ljQ
sfo{qmd_ k|efjsf/L ?kdf k|a4{g ul/g] 5 .
h_ ;fdflhs / cfly{s ?kdf lk5l8Psf 3/ kl/jf/nfO{
;d"x agfpg kl/rfng ul/g] 5 / ;/;kmfOsf ;fy}
cGo ljsf; sfo{qmddf pgLx¿sf] kx'“rsf nflu
;xof]u ul/g] 5 .
em_ ;/;kmfOdf dlxnfsf] ljz]if cfjZostfnfO{
-/h:jnfsf] ;dodf ;/;kmfO Joj:yfkg ;lxtsf]_
;/;kmfO sfo{qmdx¿sf] of]hgf agfpg], nfu" ug{],
cg'udg ug{] / pknlAwx¿sf] dfkgdf ;dfof]hg
ul/g] 5 . ;d'bfo:t/sf] ;/;kmfO Joj:yfkgdf
dlxnfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ljsf;
ul/g] 5 .
`_ ljBfnox¿df oy]i6 ;/;kmfO k|a4{gnfO{ -h:t} 5fq
/ 5fqfnfO{ vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf tyf oy]i6 dfqfdf
afnaflnsfnfO{ cg's'n x'g] vfnsf zf}rfno_ a9L
hf]8 lbOg] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿df ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf]
x]/ljrf/ / :j:Yo afgLJoxf]/f ljsf;nfO{ k|a4{g
ug{ ljBfno:tl/o kf7\oqmddf ;/;kmfO lzIff klg
;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .
6_ Ifdtf clej[l4, ;kmn k|of;x¿sf ljifodf
cfk;L 5nkmn / :jtGq cg'udg ;+oGq k|a4{gsf
nflu /fi6«x¿aLrsf] ;xsfo{nfO{ dha't ul/g] 5 .
13

7_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw k|of]u ub{} ;~rf/
hut;“usf] ;xsfo{df :jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fsf]
dfu a9fpg / :j:ys/ afgLJoxf]/f k|a4{g ug{
Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfgnfO{
k|efjsf/L ?kdf pkof]u ul/g] 5 .
8_ ;/;kmfOnfO{ :jf:Yo, lzIff / cGo ;Da4 gLltx¿df
;dfj]z ul/g' kg{] / P]g lgodnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf
nfu" ul/g' kg{] .
9_ k|ljlwx¿ -kfgL grflxg] jf yf]/} kfgL eP k'Ug]_ /
dfgj dnd"q nufot t/n tyf 7f]; kmf]x/sf] k'gM
k|of]unfO{ -To;af6 phf{ pTkfbg ;lxt_ k|f]T;flxt
ul/g] 5 .
0f_ ;:tf], ;'ne, jftfj/0f d}qL / plrt ;/;kmfOsf
k|ljlw, ;fdu|Lsf ;fy} ;/;kmfO :t/f]GgtLsf nflu
lghL If]q;“usf] -rkL{ ;+3 / ;/;kmfO ;fdu|L Pj+
;/;kmfO ;]jf k|bfos ;d"xx¿ nufot_ ;xsfo{ ;'b[9
ul/g] 5 .
t_ zx/L If]qdf dfgj dnd"q nufot cGo ;a} lsl;dsf
t/n tyf 7f]; kmf]xf]/sf] -Jofj;flos, cf}Bf]lus Pj+
c:ktfnaf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/ ;lxt_ ;'/lIft Joj:yfkg
;'lglZrt ug{ zx/JofkL PsLs[t k|lqmof ckgfOg]
5 .
y_ zx/L If]qsf] ;/;kmfO of]hgfx¿sf] Ps c∙sf]
?kdf zx/L If]qsf ljkGgx? ljz]if u/]/ cJojl:yt
a:tLsf afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ;/;kmfOdf kx'“r
k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ul/g] 5 .
b_ ;/;kmfO sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmTjx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{} pgLx¿sf] cfTd;Ddfg
j[l4sf pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ul/g] 5g\ .
lqmofsnfk Pj+ k|lta4tfx¿
cGt/f{li6«o ;/;kmfO jif{ @))* sf] ;Gbe{df xfdL
;doa4 ?kdf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL /fli6«o Pj+ ;x;|fAbL
ljsf; nIox¿ k|flKtsf nflu lgDg lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{]
k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5f}+ .
!= d'Vo ?kdf If]qLo, /fli6«o / :yfgLo txx¿df gLlt
lgdf{0f, ah]6 ljlgof]hg, dfgj ;+;fwg Pj+ ltgnfO{
nfu" ug{sf nflu ;/;kmfOnfO{ lbOPsf] hf]8nfO{
lbuf] agfpg k}/jL / r]tgfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
@= ;/;kmfO ;d:ofsf] lbuf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;xsfo{
ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, o'jf tyf
;fd'bflos ;d"xx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ Pj+
;d'bfosf k|of;x¿ ;'b[9 ug{
#= ;/;kmfO sfo{df ;Da4 AolQmx¿sf] sfd ug{]
jftfj/0f tyf cfTd;Ddfg clej[l4 ug{ / pgLx¿sf]
:jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / ;Ddfg ;'lglZrt ug{
$= ;d'bfosf ;a} ju{ ljz]if u/]/ gjhft lzz', aflnsf,
dlxnf, Ho]i7 gful/s / ckf∙x¿sf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff
/ ;Ddfgsf nflu ljsf; sfo{sf] ?kdf ;/;kmfOnfO{
k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .
%= ;/;kmfO ;a}sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo agfpg'sf ;fy}
cf–cfkm\gf sfo{qmdx¿df -h:t} /]nj] / ko{6g
lgsfox¿df cfkm\gf] sfo{qmdsf] c∙sf] ?kdf
;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf] k|a4{g_ o;nfO{ k|fyldstfsf]
ljifo agfpg ;/;kmfOnfO{ ljleGg If]q, dGqfno,
ljefu, ;+:yfx¿df -lghL, 3/fo;L, ljBfno,
;d'bfo Pj+ ;fj{hlgs_ ;dflxt ug{
^= cfkTsfnLg Pj+ ljklQsf] cj:yf / ljz]if e";+/rgf
ePsf If]qx¿ jf c:yfoL a;fO ;/fOsf] ;d:of
ef]Ug'kg{] ;d"xsf nflu ;/;kmfO Joj:yf, k|ljlw /
k|lqmofsf] ljsf; Pj+ nfu" ug{
&= blIf0f Plzofsf] ;/;kmfO Joj:yfdf hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/fpg ljZjJofkL
k}/jL ug{ / tL c;/x¿ lgd{"n ug{ jf tL c;/x¿
k|lt cg"s'ntf ljsf; ug{] /0fgLlt / k|ljlwx¿sf]
ljsf; u/L nfu" ug{
*= :yfgLo cj:yf, ;|f]t / ;'xfp“bf] Jojxfl/s ;dfwfg
Pj+ ljsNkx¿sf] ljljwtfsf] :jtGqtf ;zQm agfpg
(= cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;, ;xsfo{, bIftf, cg'ej /
gof“ k|of]ux¿sf] cfbfg k|bfg k|a4{g ug{ /fli6«o ;Dks{
JolQmsf] g]t[Tjdf Ps cGt/b]zLo sfo{sf/L ;d"xn]
;do ;dodf e]63f6 ug{] 5 / Ps cfk;df 1fgsf]
cfbfg k|bfg ug{ cGt/b]zLo ;d"x Pj+ lgsfox¿sf]
;~hfn lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 .
!)= ;g\ @))( b]lv @)!! ;Ddsf] cjlwdf /fli6«o
sfo{of]hgf ljsf; ug{ ;xefuL b]zx¿n] æ;/;kmfO
nIo k|flKtsf nflu blIf0f PlzofnL dfu{lrqÆ sf]
-kl/lzi6_ nfO{ ;Gbe{sf ?kdf lng;Sg] 5g\ .
tLgj6} blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngx¿af6 k|fKt
ultnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} rf}yf] ;Dd]ng ;g\ @)!) df
>Ln+sfdf / kf“rf} ;Dd]ng ;g\ @)!@ df g]kfndf
cfof]hgf ul/g] 5g\ .
t];|f] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng (t]>f] ;fsf];fg)
sf] ;kmn cfof]hgfsf nflu xfdL ef/t ;/sf/ /
ef/tLo hgtfnfO{ wGojfbsf ;fy s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5f}+ .
14

;fsf];fg k"j{;GWofdf
gful/s ;dfh e]nf sf]nDaf], >Ln+sf, @)!!
dGqL:t/Lo ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngsf] k"j{;GWofdf
gful/s ;dfhsf e]nf cfof]hgf ug{]
k|rngnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} @)!! clk|n ! / @ df
>Ln+sfsf] sf]nDaf]df klg ckm\uflg:tfg,
a+unfb]z, e'6fg, ef/t, dflNbE;\, g]kfn,
kfls:tfg / >Ln+sfsf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfsf
k|ltlglw, ;d'bfosf cu'jfx? / gful/s:t/sf
sfo{stf{x? u/L sl/j !%) gful/s ;dfh
;+:yf ;b:ox?sf] e]nf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
pQm ;Dd]ngdf w]/}hgf ;d'bfo:t/sf
sfo{stf{x?n] cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf u/]sf
;/;kmfO k|a4{gsf cg'ej ;'gfPsf lyP .
o; e]nf ;/;kmfOsf ;DaGwdf gful/s
b[li6sf]0fsf] ?kdf ;+sng ul/Psf] ;/;kmfO
;DaGwdf gful/s cfjfhnfO{ If]qLo:t/df
Nofpg] d~r klg ag]sf lyof] .
o;afx]s ;/sf/ / gful/s ;dfhsf k"j{
k|ltj4tfx? klg o; e]nfdf k'g/fjnf]sg
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;/;kmfOdf ;/sf/L
k|lta4tf / k|To]s b]zn] u/]sf k|utLsf
aLr /x]sf] b"/L emNsfpg] 6«flkms aQL
;+s]tsf] ?kdf jf6/P8n] tof/ u/]sf] gf}nf]
5nkmn kq klg pQm e]nfdf rrf{ ul/Psf]
lyof] . b'O{lbg] pQm e]nfsf] cGtdf gful/s
;dfhsf] 3f]if0ff kq tof/ u/L dGqL:t/Lo
;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL g]tf tyf lj1x?aLr
cf}krfl/s ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .
15

lIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngsf] k"j{;GWofdf
gful/s ;dfhsf] e]nf
sf]nDaf], >Ln+sf, @)!!
blIf0f Plzofdf ljBdfg ;/;kmfOsf] hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yf cGTo ug{ tTsfn kxnsf nflu xfd|f] dfu
xfdL ckm\uflg:tfg, a+unfb]z, e'6fg, ef/t, dflNbE;\,
g]kfn, kfls:tfg / >Ln+sfsf gfu/Ls ;dfh
;+:yfsf k|ltlglw, ;d'bfosf cu'jf / gful/s:t/sf
sfo{stf{x? xf}+ . xfd|f d'n'sx?af6 xhf/f}+ dlxnf, k'?if
/ afnaflnsfsf] larf/÷cfjfh ;+sng u/L xfdL @)!!
clk|n !—@ df sf]nDaf], >Ln+sfdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
gful/s ;dfhsf] ;fsf];fg ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL ePsf
5f}+ .
xfd|f ;/sf/x?;“u ;xsfo{ ub}{ xfdLn] xfd|f ;d'bfox?df
;'wf/f]Gd'v kl/jt{gx? NofPsf 5f}+ . xfdLn] ;+o'Qm k|of;
ubf{ub}{ klg ;g\ @))* sf] ;fsf];fg kl5 ;/;kmfO
/ vfg]kfgLsf] plrt ;'ljwfsf] cefjsf sf/0f
emf8fkvfnfaf6 blIf0f Plzof If]qdf dfq} kf“r aif{
d'lgsf s/La &% xhf/ afnaflnsfx?n] csfndf Hofg
u'dfO ;s]sf 5g\ .
o; k|sf/sf] csfn d[To' / o;sf] k|efj cGTo ug{ xfdL
rflx/x]sf 5f}+ . o;}n] xfdL xfd|f ;/sf/x?nfO{ tTsfn
k|efjsf/L kxn ug{ cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ —
! ;g\ @))* gf]e]Da/df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] t]>f]
;fsf];fgaf6 kfl/t lbNnL 3f]if0ffkqn] ;/;kmfO
If]qdf cfjZos kl/jt{gsf nflu 7f]; d'2fx? p7fPsf
lyP . pQm ;fsf];fgdf u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ k|lta4tfx?
k'/f ug{ xfdL xfd|f ;/sf/x?nfO{ ;do;Ldf ;lxtsf]
of]hgf th'{df / >f]t kl/rfngsf]nflu cfu|x ub{5f}+ .
@ ;g\ @))* sf] lbNnL 3f]if0ffkqn] kfgL / ;/;kmfOnfO{
df}lns clwsf/sf] ?kdf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o;} u/L
;g\ @)!) df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;ef / ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] dfgj clwsf/ kl/ifb\n] klg o;nfO{
ckgfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{sf] sb/ ub}{+ xfdL xfd|f
;/sf/x?nfO{ kfgL / ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{
a}wflgstf k|bfg ug{, sfg"g ;Ddt 9+uaf6 sfof{Gjog
ug{ / ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL gLltx?df ;dfj]z ug{
cfx\jfg u5f}{+ .
# ce}m klg s/La ! s/f]8 u/La, l;dfGts[t /
lg/Lx blIf0f PlzofnL gful/sx? cfwf/e"t
;/;kmfO ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ . o; ;d"x cGtu{t
e"ldxLg ;'s'Daf;L, dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;dodf ;/;kmfO
;'lawfaf6 al~rt dlxnf, plrt zf}rfno ;'lawf
gePsf ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x?, zf/Ll/s ?kdf
czQm JolQm tyf cGo l;dfGts[t ;d"x kb{5g\ .
xfdL xfd|f ;/sf/ tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{
;/;kmfO ;DalGw ;fGble{s, ;dfg / ;xeflutfd"ns
sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug{ cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ .
o; cGtu{t u/La Pj+ cToGt l;dfGts[t ;d"xsf]
/fd|f] klxrfg, / ;d'bfod'vL sfo{qmdx?sf nflu
kf/bzL{ 9+un] ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ sfo{ kb{5g\ .
$ ;kmn / bL3{sfnLg ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo lzIff
sfo{qmd bl/nf] hjfkmb]xLtfdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ .
xfd|f] cfx\jfg
! e"ldsf / st{Jo ;lxtsf] o:tf] ax';+Vos
;/f]sf/jfnf ;lDdlnt cg'udg ;+oGqsf] lasf; ug'{
kb{5 h;n] l;dfGts[t au{df ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf]
k|of]u h:tf ;j{dfGo dfkssf] k|of]u u/L
;/;kmfOsf] If]qdf ePsf ;'wf/ dfkg ub{5 .
@ gfu/Ls ;'g'jfO, ;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf, gful/s
tYof+ssf8{ cflbsf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfo:t/Lo
;/;kmfO ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?sf] of]hgf th'{df tx
b]lv To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] :t/;Dd g} ;xefuLd"ns,
;dfj]zL / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug'{
kb{5 .
o; k|sf/sf] ;/;kmfOsf] hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfsf] cGTosf]
nflu ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] tk{maf6 ul/g] k|of;df
j[l4 x'g' kb{5 . o; hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfnfO{ :jf:Yosf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 x]b}{ :jf:Yo If]qn] o;df v]Ng ;Sg] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsfnfO{ Wofgdf /flv, xfdL cfufdL ;fsf];fgdf
:jf:Yo dGqLsf] klg ;xeflutfsf] nflu cfu|x ub{5f}+ .
;/;kmfO nIonfO{ oyfy{ :j?k k|bfg ug{ xfdL
-gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx?_ cfufdL lbgdf ;+o'Qm
sfo{ ug]{, ;kmn pbfx/0f dfk{mt c?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ /
cy{k"0f{ ;xsfo{ ug]{ k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5f}+ .
16

ofg g]kfn ;b:o /]jt sfsL{ rf}yf] ;fsf];fg j}7sdf ;Daf]wg ub{} ÷ kmf]6f] clgn :yflkt
rf}yf] blIf0f PlzofnL
;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng @)!! clk|n $–&, . sf]nDaf], >Ln+sf
rf}yf] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng (rf}yf] ;fsf];fg)
>Ln+sfsf] /fhwfgL sf]nDaf]df @)!! clk|n $ b]lv &
;Dd cfof]hgf eof] . o; ;Dd]ngdf ckmuflg:tfg,
a+unfb]z, e'6fg, ef/t, dflNbE;, g]kfn, kfls:tfg /
>Ln+sfsf dGqLx?, jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?, lj1x?,
ljåt\ ju{, gful/s ;dfh ;+:yf / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?,
lghL If]q / ljBfyL{x?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
o; ;Dd]ngdf gful/s e]nfsf ;'emfj c+lusf/ ub}{
blIf0f Plzof If]qdf gfh's cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;/;kmfO
/ :jf:Yo If]qsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?
aLr ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo u/L lhDd]jf/L ;lxtsf]
/fli6«o lgsfo u7g ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ul/Psf] lyof] .
lautsf ;Dk"0f{ k|ltj4tfx? k'/f ug{ ;do;Ldf ;lxtsf]
sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L k|efjsf/L ;/;kmfO k|j4{gsf
nflu cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox? cy{, :jf:Yo / lzIff
dGqfnox?sf] ;xeflutf nflu klg kxn ug]{ k|ltj4tf
hgfPsf] lyof] . ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yosf] k|a4{gsf nflu
;femf dfkg ;"rs / ;dGjofTds cg'udg ;+oGq ljsf;
ug{ klg ;/sf/L:t/af6 k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] lyof] .
cfwf/e"t ?kdf ;b:o /fi6«sf dGqL tyf ;/sf/L
k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutfdf z'? ePsf] blIf0f PlzofnL
;/;kmfO ;Dd]ngx?df qmdzM gful/s ;dfh /
;d'bfo:t/sf sfo{stf{x?sf] a9\bf] ;xeflutf;“u}
gful/s ;dfhsf] cfjfh ;Daf]wg x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
o;/L If]qLo:t/df ;/;kmfO k|a4{gsf nflu
gful/sx?n] ;DalGwt b]zsf dGqLx?, ;/sf/L gLlt
lgdf{tf nufot bft[ lgsfo Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o lgof]ux?
;dIf ;zQm k}/jL ug]{ d~rsf] ?kdf ljsf; x'“b}5 .
oL ;Dd]ngsf k|ltj4tfx?sf] ;xL sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]df
blIf0f Plzof If]qdf ;/;kmfO k|j4{gdf 7"nf] 6]jf k'Ug]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
17

18
rf}yf] blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng
sf]nDaf] 3f]if0ff kq
xfdL ckmuflg:tfg, a+unfb]z, e'6fg, ef/t, dflNbE;,
g]kfn, kfls:tfg / >Ln+sfsf dGqLx?, jl/i7
;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?, hg:t/Lo sfo{stf{x?, ;d'bfosf
;b:ox?, ljifout lj1x?, ljåt\ ju{, gful/s ;dfh,
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?, lghL If]q /
ljBfyL{x?sf] ;xefuLtf /x]sf] @)!! clk|n $ b]lv &
;Dd >Ln+sfsf] /fhwfgL sf]nDaf]df cfof]lht rf}yf]
blIf0f PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng (rf}yf] ;fsf];fg) sf]
xfdL k|ltlglwd08nsf k|d'vx?
!= blIf0f Plzofdf ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yosf] l:ylt
Psbd gfh's cj:yfdf /x]sf] :jLsf/ u5f}{+ .
c;'/lIft ;/;kmfOdf lge{/ jf v'nf 7fp“df lb;f
lk;fj ug] { dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof cToGt} w]/} /x]sf] 5 .
kl5Nnf] ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng kl5 ;/;kmfOsf] cefjsf
sf/0f blIf0f Plzof If]qdf dfq} sl/a &%),)))
afnaflnsfx?n] emf8fkvfnfsf sf/0f csfnd}
Hofg u'dfO;s]sf 5g\ .
@= ;d'bfo ;zlQms/0f / ljsf;sf] k|efjsf/L k|j]z
ljGb'sf] ?kdf ;/;kmfOsf] ;DefJotfnfO{ klxrfg
u5f}{+ .
#= lb3{sfnLg ;/;kmfOsf nflu kf“rjif]{ ljZjJofkL
cleofgnfO{ ;dy{g ug{ / of] eofjx l:ylt ;fdgf
ug{ /fhg}lts ultzLntf sfod /fVg ;fsf];fg
k|lqmofsf] dxTjnfO{ hf]8 lbG5f}+ . 9fsf -cS6f]a/
@))#_, O:nfdfafb -;]K6]Da/ @))^_ / gof“ lbNnL
-gf]e]Da/ @))*_df tof/ ePsf 3f]if0ff kqx?df
pNn]lvt plrt ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yosf l;4fGtx?nfO{
k'gM bf]xf]¥ofp“5f}+ .
$= lb3{sfnLg ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpg] gLlt
/ sfo{qmdx? dfkm{t blIf0f Plzofsf ;a} hgtfdf
nufgL ug]{ xfd|f] ;+o'Qm k|ltj4tfx?nfO{ bf]x¥ofp“5f}+ .
xfd|f k|ltj4tfx? bf]xf]¥ofpg'sf ;fy} xfdL
;j{;Ddt?kn] ;xdt / k|ltj4 5f}+ M
!= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] k|:tfjgfn] ;/;kmfOnfO{ clwsf/sf]
?kdf dfGotf lbPsf] ;Gbe{df xfdL ;'wf/f]Gd'v
?kdf sfd ub}{ o;nfO{ xfd|f sfo{qmd / of]hgfx?df
;dfj]z ub}{ cGtdf gLlt lgoddf ;dfj]z ug{ .
@= klxn]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;fsf];fg k|ltj4tfx? k'/f ug{
;do;Ldf ;lxtsf] of]hgf th'{df ug{ / cfjZos
>f]t ljlgof]hg / kl/rfng ug{ .
#= hnjfo' kl/jt{g / k|sf]k ;Daf]wg ug{ / jftfj/0f
;+/If0fsf r'gf}tLnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ zx/L /
u|fdL0f If]qsf clt ul/j / l;dfGts[t ju{sf]
;xL klxrfg u/L clt cfjZosx? k|lt nlIft kf/bzL{
nufgL ;lxtsf] ljifo s]lGb|t ;dfg'kflts /
;dfj]zL ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo sfo{qmdx?sf] 9f“rf
agfO{ nfu' ug{ .
$= ;a} z}lIfs txsf gof“ / ljBdfg ljBfnox?df
afnd}qL zf}rfno, /h:jnfsf] ;dodf cfjZos
;/;kmfO ug]{ ;'ljwf ;lxtsf] 5fq / 5fqfx?sf
nflu 5'§} zf}rfno ;'lglZrt ug]{ nIosf ;fy
ljBfnox?df kfgL, ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yosf] ljifo
k|j4{g ug{ .
%= /fli6«o / :yfgLo txdf lhDd]jf/L lnPsf ljlQo,
:jf:Yo, hg:jf:Yo, jftfj/0f, vfg]kfgL, lzIff
tyf n}+lus If]q;“u ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;lxt
:yfgLo ;/sf/ klg ;dfj]z x'g] u/L ;/;kmfO /
:jf:Yo ;+of]hgsf] lhDd]jf/L ;lxtsf] Ps /fli6«o
lgsfo u7g ug{ .
^= ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo sfo{qmdx?sf nflu ;fj{hlgs
If]q s]Gb|Lt ah]6 ljlgof]hg :yfkgf ug{ .
&= ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo sfo{qmdsf nflu ;'wf/f]Gd'v
?kdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg a[l4 ug{ .
*= clt u/Lasf] ;+/If0f ub}{ ;d'bfosf] ;zlQms/0f
x'g] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf nufgL ug{, cfkm\gf]
;/;kmfO ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfkm\g} lgoGq0f
;'lglZrt ug{ / ;/;kmfOdf hgtfsf] cfkm\g}
of]ubfgsf] dxTj klxrfg ug{ .
(= 3/w'/L / ;d'bfo ;lxt x/]s txsf] glthfx?
/ k|lqmofx?sf] ljj/0f / dfkg ug{sf nflu
;xdt ;femf ;"rsx? k|of]u u/]/ :ki6 bfloTj /
lhDd]jf/Lsf] JofVof ;lxtsf] ;dGjofTds cg'udg
;+oGq ljsf; ug{ .
!)= ljBfnox?df vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO, xft w'g] / /h:jnf
cjlwdf ;/;kmfO h:tf ljifodf pRr k|fyldstfsf
lglZrt ;"rsx? cg'udg ;+oGqx?df ;dfj]z ug{ .

!!= ljz]if u/L clt l;dfGts[t If]qx? / clt
hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d"xsf nflu ;d'bfo:t/df
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;a} ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo
sfo{qmdx?sf] of]hgf th{'df txd} ;xeflutfd"ns,
;dfj]zL / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] ;+/rgf ckgfpg .
!@= pRr lzIff, kf7\oqmd ljsf;, cg';Gwfg /
ljsf;, 1fg cfbfg k|bfg / ;fem]bf/L ljsf;df
nufgL ;lxtsf] ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo sfof{Gjogsf
nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;zlQms/0f ug{ .
!#= eljiodf x'g] ;a} 5nkmn sfo{qmdx?df cy{,
:jf:Yo, lzIff / cGo ;DalGwt dGqfnox?sf]
;xeflutfsf] nflu cfdGq0f ub}{ b'O{ jif{kl5
g]kfndf e]6\g] ;do;Dd oL / c? ;a} ;fsf];fg
k|ltj4tfx?sf] ljj/0f k]z ug]{ jfrfsf ;fy
;fsf];fg k|lqmofsf] k|efjsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod
/fVg .
!$= t];|f] ;fsf];fgdf tof/ kfl/Psf] lbNnL dfu{
lrqnfO{ cg'udg / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ /
k|ult ;dLIffsf nflu k|yd ;fsf];fgdf u7g ePsf]
cGt/b]zLo sfo{ ;d"xsf] jflif{s a}7s cfof]hgf ug{ .
xfdL cfx\jfg ub{5f}+,
xfd|f] k|of;x?df ;xof]u a9fpg, ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo
k|j4{gsf nflu cfly{s k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofpg /
blIf0f Plzofdf ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yosf] nflu ;xof]u
;+of]hg sfo{df ;'wf/ ug{ ljsf; a}+sx?, afx\o ;xof]u
lgsfox? / lghL If]qx?nfO{ cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ .
;fsf];fgnfO{ sl8sf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ tyf ;/;kmfO
/ :jf:YonfO{ cfkm\gf ultljlwx?df ;dfj]z ug{
;fs{nfO{ xfdL cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ . @)!% kl5sf] gof“
lk+l9sf] ljsf; nIo th{'df ubf{ blIf0f Plzofsf]
If]qut jf:tljstfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ljZj :jf:Yo
;+u7g / o'lg;]kmsf] ;+o'Qm cg'udg sfo{qmdsf] ;+zf]
wgnfO{ dgg\ u/L blIf0f Plzofdf ;d'bfo :t/Lo
k|ltkmn tyf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf ;fd'bflos / ;fd"lxs
zf}rfnox?sf] cg'udg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg
lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nfO{ cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ . rf}yf] blIf0f
PlzofnL ;/;kmfO ;Dd]ng (rf}yf] ;fsf];fg) sf]
;kmn cfof]hgf / cfltYo Pj+ ;Tsf/sf nflu
xfdL >Ln+sf ;/sf/ / >Ln+sfsf hgtfnfO{
wGojfbsf ;fy xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5f}+ .
;fsf];fg k"j{ gful/s ;dfh e]nfdf ofg g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf ÷ kmf]6f] ofg g]kfn
19

k|m];jf6/ PS;g g]6js{ g]kfn
;lrjfno
n'dlGt, cfjf;sf nflu ;xof]u ;d"x
tfxfrn, kf]i6 aS; g+= !)%$^, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
kmf]g g+= (&& ! $^&#@**, km\ofS; g+= (&& ! $^&#@*&
Od]n M lajana@lumanti.org.np, j]a M www.fansasia.net