shodh prabha january'2013 edition

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(A REFEREED QUARTERLY RESEARCH JOURNAL) 

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xq.kfof'k"VinjpukfRedk jhfr% dkO;ReRosuksDrkA mn~HkVkfnfHkLrq xq.kkyadkjk.kka izk;'k% lkE;eso 

lwfpre~A fo"k;ek=ks.kHksnizfriknukr~ lakVuk/eZRosu ps"Vs%A** ýþ 

oLrqr% vkuUno/Zukr~ izkphuk vkpk;kZ% dkO;s"kq vyÄïkjk.kkeso izk/kU;a LohdqoZfUr LeA 

vyÄïkjknU;% d'pu vyÄïk;ksZ¿Lrhfr rS% uksP;rsA ;=k dkO;s jlks¿fLr l jlonyÄïkj% bfr rs"kka 

ereklhr~A 

ýû 'k`Äõkjizdk'k%&ûû@i`ú&öüø 

ýü r=kSo&ûû@i`ú&öþû 

ýý ljLorhd.BkHkj.ke~&û@ü 

ýþ vyadkjloZLoe~&Ik`ú&ý]þ]ÿ]ö]÷A


mi;qZDrfoospusu fu"i|rs ;nyÄïkjokfnfHkjkpk;SZ% dkO;s"kq vyÄïkjL;So Ikzk/kU;a Lohd`re~A 

rs dkO;s"oyÄïkjesokfÄõua izfrik|] ra egÙkea rÙoa IkzR;Ikkn;u~A Hkkeg&n.Mh&mn~HkV&#nzV&okeukn;ks 

vkpk;kZ% jlL; izk/kU;eqis{;kyÄïkjk.kka Ikzkeq[;eÄõhd`roUr%A rSjyÄïkjk ,o dkO;loZLofeR;I;qn~kksf"kre~A 

vyÄïkjfl¼kUrkuqlkja dkO;kuka lakVdkS 'kCnkFkkSZ Lr%A 'kCnkFkZ;ksjxzkE;RoodzksDR;fr'k;ksfDr& 

funksZ"kRokSfpR;la;qra lkfgR;a dkO;feR;qP;rsA dkO;'kjhjeyÄïkjS% ,okyÄ~fdz;rsA vyadkjk% dkO; 

lkSUn;ZL;ksRd"kZdk% dkO;'kksHkknk;d/ekZ'p lfUr] peRd`fr×pk¿¿n/frA lkSUn;ZpeRd`friw.ksZ p 

dkO;s dkO;Roa lfUufgra HkofrA lkSUn;Zfoghua dkO;edkO;esoA r=k 'kCnfu"BlkSUn;Za 

'kCnkyadkjSjFkZfu"BlkSUn;Z×pkFkkZyadkjS% leqRi|srsA vyadkjtU;pk#RosuSo 'kCnkFkZ;ks% lkfgR;a dkO;eqP;rsA 

ofurkeq[ka lqUnjefi Hkw"k.kSfoZuk ;Fkk u 'kksHkrs] rFkSo ljlefi dkO;eyÄïkjfoghua pk#Roiw.kZa u 

izfrHkkfrA 

vr% dkO;s"kq jl&xq.k&jhfr&èofu&o`R;kn;% losZ inkFkkZ vyadkjinokpdk ,o] 

dkO;lkSUn;kZèkk;dRokr~A ,rnFkZeyadkj ,o dkO;L;kReLFkkuh;a rÙoefLr] dkO;lkSUn;ZlEikndRokfnfr 

vyadkjokfnuka i{k%A 

oLrqr% rF;fena lehphueso izfrHkkfr] ;rksfg ;su&;su rÙosu dkO;s"kq lkSUn;ZL;knkua 

Hkofr] rkfu lokZf.k ;fn vyÄïkj'kCnsu ifjx.;Urs psr~ u dkfpn~ gkfu%A ;rksfg vya 'kCnsu 

i;kZfIrjfi |ksR;rsA ;Fkk p vk/qfudS% jsokizlknf}osfnfHk% izfrik|rs Loh;s xzUFks dkO;kyÄïkjdkfjdk;ke~& 

vyaHkkoks áyadkj% l p lkSUn;Za rRd`rks%A 

foHkDrkRek foHkqthZoczã.kksf'pn~/uks ;FkkAA 

vyadkjks¿fi dkO;L; rFkk lkSUn;Za rRd`rks%A 

vfHkO;kI; fLFkrLrkfHkO;qZRifÙkfHkfoZHkq%AA ýÿ 

vk/qfudlkfgR;'kkL=ks¿fi uSdk% Ikzfl¼k vkpk;kZ% lfUr] fojktUrs p ;s dkO;s"kq vyÄïkjrÙoL; 

izk/kU;a LohdqoZfUrA dkO;s"kq fofPNfÙk% vyÄïkjinkFksZuSo leqRi|rs bfRk vk/qfuddkO;'kkfL=k.kka 

nz

DeefYejepejepesvêefceÞeefJejef®eleced DeefYeveJeHeáelev$eced – SkeÀ: Heefj®e³e: 

ÒeemleeefJekeÀced 

[e@. efceefuevo Sme. pees

DeefYejepejepesvêefceÞeefJejef®eleced DeefYeveJeHeáelev$eced – SkeÀ: Heefj®e³e: 17 

uesKekeÀm³e Heefj®e³e: 

HeefC[leefJe


(4) DeefYeMeHleJeevejerkeÀLee ®e ~ efce$eYesolev$es efleñe: keÀLee:- (1) efvej¡eveJeáeveekeÀLee (2) ogË&ÜefCekeÌkeÀLee 

(3) om³egÒeCe³ekeÀLee ®e ~ keÀekeÀesuetkeÀer³elev$es Üs keÀLes - (1) GlkeÀes®ekeÀerìeefOekeÀeefjkeÀLee (2) veekegÀefuekeÀe- 

DeefnlegefC[keÀkeÀLee ®e ~ ueyOeÒeCeeMelev$es efleñe: keÀLee: - (1) les²veevevee³ekeÀkeÀLee (2) Je=×yeefueefveJeejCekeÀLee 

(3) ce=leYetHeesppeerJevekeÀLee ®e ~ DeHejeref#elekeÀejkesÀ efleñe: keÀLee: - (1) megjeJee³ekeÀLee (2) YeskeÀYegpe²keÀLee 

(3) efHele=JeefOekeÀJeOekeÀLee ®e ~ 

DeefYeveJeHeáelev$e SkeÀHeáeeMeled MueeskeÀe: meefvle ~ efce$emecÒeeHles $e³eesoMe, efce$eYesos HeáeoMe, keÀekeÀesuetkeÀer³es 

oMe, ueyOeÒeCeeMes meHle, leLee ®eeHejeref#elekeÀejkesÀ

DeefYejepejepesvêefceÞeefJejef®eleced DeefYeveJeHeáelev$eced – SkeÀ: Heefj®e³e: 19 

(4) ®elegLe¥ lev$eced- ùeyOeÒeCeeMe:'~ 

Slem³ee: keÀLee³ee: keÀLeeÒeosMees yeeueerÜerHe: ~ j®eveekeÀejsCe yeeueerÜerHes Òe®eefuelee³ee ueeskeÀkeÀLee³ee DeeÞe³e: 

ke=Àle:~ S


GHemebnej: 

(1) efveie&=nIeÆes jpekeÀmeejces³e FJe efnC[les ~ 

(2) vewmeefie&keÀcekeÀejCeb Jee Jewjb vewJe Heeueveer³eced ~ 

(3) ueyOem³e j#eCeb yeg×îewJe keÀle¥g MekeÌ³eles ~ 

(4) yeg×îeYeeJes leg ueyOeÒeCeeMe: meJe&Lee efveefM®ele: ~ 

(5) DeHejer#³e ke=Àleb keÀe³e¥ YeJel³eelceefJeveeMekeÀced ~ 

(6) HeefjCeeceb Hejer#³ewJe efkeÀceefHe keÀe³e¥ Oeercelee keÀjCeer³eced ~ 

(7) ve Þes³emes YeJel³esJeeHejeref#elekeÀejkeÀced ~ 

(8) keÀjleueeceuekeÀJeod ~ 

Meem$eefJecegKeeved efJeJeskeÀnerveeved peveeved ÒeefleyeesOee³esob Heáelev$eb jef®eleced ~ cetKex

ukjh'kDrs% lkgp;kZr~ lkaLÑfrdksÂfrlk/ue~ 

izfrHkk xkSre 

fo'oklq lexzklq laLÑfr"kq Hkkjrh;laLÑrs% egÙoiw.k± LFkkua orZrsA Hkkjrh;laLÑfrfuekZ.ks 

lao/Zus p vkfndkykr~ ,o ukjh.kkeHkwriwo± ;ksxnkuefLrA lkekftdthous] jktuSfrdlaxBus"kq] 

iq#"kk.kkekfRed'kDrs mRd"kZfuekZ.ks fL=k;k Lofofo/:is"kq R;kxrilks% ;kfu mnkgj.kkfu izLrqrkfu] 

rkfu Hkkjrh;laLÑrs% oSHkos Li"V:is.k izkIuqofUrA vr% lektL; lkaLÑfrdfodklL; ekun.M% 

uk;kZ% e;kZnk ,okfLrA ^;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork%* û bna okD;a ukjhizfr"Bk;k 

mRÑ"Vekin.Mks¿fLrA 

Hkkjrh;laLÑrkS L=khiq#"k;ks% };ks% lekuegÙoefLrA xhrk;ka dF;rs&^bZ'ojL; HkDR;k 

L=kh'kwnzkn;ks¿fi ijeka xfra izkIuqofUrA* ü 

thouL; vusds"kq {ks=ks"kq ukjh.kkeHkwriwo± ;ksxnkuefLrA rnfLr& 

û- fo|k;k% {ks=ks ukjh.kka ;ksxnkue~ 

ü- ukjh.kka HkfDrfu"Bk 

ý- ukjh iFkiznf'kZdk 

þ- ukjh.kka R;kxHkkouk 

ÿ- jktuhfr{ks=ks ukjh.kka ;ksxnkue~ 

û- fo|k;k% {ks=ks ukjh.kka ;ksxnkue~ 

oSfnddkys L=kh.kka f'k{kk;k% Li"VksYys[k% u izkI;rsA eS=kk;.khlafgrk;k bna okD;e~& 

û 

ü 

euqLe`fr% ý@ÿö 

Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ù@ýü


^rLekr~ iqekal% lHkka ;kfUr u fL=k;%A* ý rfLeu~ dkys ^lHkk;ka* L=kh.kka izos'kL; 

Li"Vfu"ks/a djksfrA rFkkfi ½XosnL; bna okD;a ôf'kuh Roa fonFkekonkfl*A þ Li"Va djksfr ;r~ 

fonFkukedlaLFkk;ka ukjh.kka izos'k% lkf/dkj vklhr~A ½XosnL;kuq'khyusu Kkua Hkofr ;r~ oSfnddkys 

fL=k;% mPpf'k{kkizkIr;s LorU=kk¿¿lu~A ½Xosns vusdkfu lwDrkfu lfUr] ;s"kka ukjhfHk% lk{kkRdkj% 

Ñr%A vU;k% fo'o¿yk¿ikyksikeqnzkfo'ookjkliZjkKheerk;ehjks& ek'kktqgwfuokokjhJ¼k bR;kn;% 

uk;Z% Kkulk/uk;k% {ks=ks mPpLFkkua izkIroR;%A 

oSfnddkys eS=ks;h] egkHkkjr;qxs lqyHkk] jkek;.k;qxs vk=ks;h p vè;kReKkua izkIroR;%A 

jktktudL; lHkk;ka xkX;kZ% nk'kZfudKkua fo}n~lektL; lEeq[ka izdfVre~A lakfe=kka dks u 

tkukfr] ;k ckS¼/eZL; Kk=kh vklhr~A ekdZ.Ms;iqjk.ks enkylk vè;kRefo|k;k% Kk=kh vklhr~A lk 

Loiq=ksH;ks czãfo|k;k% Kkua nÙkorhA 

ü- ukjh.kka HkfDrfu"Bk 

Le`frdkys oSfnd/ekZr~ mis{kka izkI; ikSjkf.kdHkfDr/ekZu~ izfr ukjh% fo'ks"k:is.k vkÑ"Vk 

cHkwoA Ñ".kL; thoudkys ,o nzkSinh xksI;'p ra bZ'oja eRok rL; HkfDra pØq%A nf{k.kHkkjrs 

vkyokjlEiznk;L; vkaMkyukfedkukjh LoklheHkDR;s fo[;krk¿fLrA êhjk* HkDR;k% ewrZ:iefLrA 

rRÑrs HkxoRÑi;k ,o fo"kefi ve`r:is ifj.kreHkor~A rnkuha ukjh.kkeè;kRelk/uk ijkdk"Bka 

izkIuksfr LeA 

ý- ukjh iFkiznf'kZdk 

egkHkkjrs dF;rs ;r~ ûkfLr ekr`leks xq#%* ÿ ekr`:is L=kh ,o iq#"kL; izFkexq#% HkofrA 

xHkkZoLFkk;keso L=kh.kkekpj.kO;ogkjfpUrukuka f'k'kksifj xguizHkkoks HkofrA vL; mnkgj.kefHkeU;q% 

vfLrA ekrì{kL; {kf=k;Rodkj.ksuso ij'kqjkeL; thous {kf=k;RoL; xq.kk% Li"V:is.k vfHkO;Drk% 

HkofUr LeA ½rèotL; iRuh enkylk ;ksxfo|k;ka n{kk vklhr~A enkylk;k% f'k{k;k iq=kk vfi 

vè;kReekxsZ izo`Ùkk%A f'kokthegkjktL; thous¿fi rL; ekrq% thtkckbZegkHkkxk;k% ,o izHkkoks 

vklhr~A NkUnksX;ksifu"kfn ^lR;dsrqtkckfy* dFkk;ka ekrk Loiq=kk; lR;okfnrk;k% izsj.kka nnkfr 

LeA ö /zqoL; thous Hkxon~HkDrs% ekxZ% rL;k ek=kklquhR;k ,o iznf'kZr%A egkHkkjrs fonqyk] dqUrh 

p ekr`:is] nzkSinh iRuh:is p iFkiznf'kZdk¿Hkor~A fonqyk u dsoya Loiq=kL; vfirq 

lEiw.kZekuolektL; iFkiznf'kZdk¿Hkor~A ik.Mokuka izsfjdk] ekxZnf'kZdk p rs"kka ekrk dqUrh 

ý 

þ 

ÿ 

eS=kk;.khlafgrk þ@÷@û 

½Xosn% ûú@øÿ@üö 

egkHkkjre~ ûü@ýþü@ûø

ukjh'kDrs% lkgp;kZr~ lkaLÑfrdksÂfrlk/ue~ 23 

,ok¿¿lhr~A 

þ- ukjh.kka R;kxHkkouk 

Hkkjrns'kL; ukjh fofHkÂ:is"kq iq#"kk.kka iFkiznf'kZdk rq vHkor~] vija rq le;s & le;s 

rL;k R;kxL; mnkgj.kkfu vfi vHkwriwokZf.k orZUrsA rkfHk% ns'kHkDR;S e;kZnk;S p LothouL;kfi 

cfynkua Ñre~A xkU/kjh Lopfj=kxrnwjnf'kZrkU;k;fiz;rk;k'p bfrgkls vejk¿fLrA egkHkkjrL; 

;q¼s xkU/kjh nq;ksZ/ua dFk;fr Le&^;rks /eZLrrks t;%*A bna okD;a rL;k nwjnf'kZrk;k% ifjpk;defLrA 

jkek;.ks lqfe=kklhrkmoZ'khbR;kn;% pfj=kk¿fi R;kxL; izfrewfrZ lfUrA /k=khiÂk;k% cfynkua dks u 

tkukfr] ;k Lons'kj{kkFkkZ; Loiq=kL; cfynkua pdkjA ukjh Lo'kfDrR;kxlfg".kqrk;k% ifjp;a nRok 

egkujk"VªL; fuekZ.ka ÑrorhA v|k¿fi laLÑrs% lqj{kk;S ukjh.kkeko';drk orZrsA 

ÿ- jktuhfr{ks=ks ukjh.kka ;ksxnkue~ 

Hkkjrns'kL; ukjhfHk% thouL; dfBuifjfLFkfr"kq vykSfddlkgl'kkS;ZL; p ifjp;% 

iznÙk%A ifriq=k;ksjHkkos vkikRdkys ok ukjhfHk% 'kkluO;oLFkk;k% Hkkjxzg.ka Ñre~A rFkk laxzkeLFkys 

lSU;l×pkyuL; dkS'kya izn'kZf;Rok Lodeuh;RoL; fo#¼s ikS#"kL; izn'kZua Ñre~A ijkftra HkwRok 

x`gs vkxrs lfr izos'kfu"ks/d=khZ Hkkjrh;ohjkÄõuk ,o lEHkofUr] ukU;%A 

oSfnd;qxs ukjh.kka jktuhfrfo"k;dizlÄõkukeHkkok% lfUrA eS=kk;.khlafgrk;ka fu"ks/opua 

izkI;rsA ckyfookgfuj{kjrk;k% dkj.ksu p L=kh.kka Ñrs jktuhR;ka izos'k% dfBueklhr~A rFkkfi 

dkfufpr~ mnkgj.kkfu izkI;UrsA 

dkfufpr~ m¼j.kS% Kkua Hkofr ;r~ fof'k"VifjfLFkfr"kq fL=k;% jktflagklus vk:


"An Anglo Indian Officer of long standing had observed to J. S. mill that if a Hindu 

Principality was vigilantly & economically governed, if order was preserved without oppression, 

if cultivation was extending & people prosperous, in three cases out of four he found it 

to be under a women’s rule." ù 

dqUrh egku~ jktuhfrKk vklhr~A fdjkrktqZuh;s egkdfo% Hkkjfo% Hkkjrh;laLÑrs vuqdwya 

nzkSinha u;fou;orha] f'k"VkpkjlEiÂka] Li"Vokfnuh] {kf=k;RokfHkekuorha] iR;qjH;qn;kdkÄ~f{k.kha p 

leqiLFkki;r~A lk jktuhfrKk vklhr~A 

g"kZpfjrL;kè;;usu bna izekf.kra Hkofr ;r~ g"kZo/Zua rL;k HkfxuhjkT;Jh'kklul×pkyus 

;ksxnkua nnkfr LeA ;q¼s ijkftra HkwRok vkxrs lfr ;'koarflagk; nqxZL; }kja cUna dkjf;=kh rL; 

iRuh vklhr~A ifÁU;k% tkSgjozrefi vej vfLrA 

ukjh.kka e;kZnk'khydÙkZO;fu"BU;k;fiz;rstfLo'kkS;kZiw.kZpfj=ka Hkkjrh;laLÑfr% xo± /kj;frA 

dnkfpr~ ekr`:is] dnkfpr~ Hkfxuh:is] dnkfpr~ ifRu:is fL=k;% iq#"kk.kkekstksghuân;s"kq 'kkS;ZL; 

l×pkja ÑroR;%A rFkk dk;Z{ks=ks vxzlja ÑroR;%A 

ù 

Quoted by A.S.Altekar in "Position of Women ina Hindu Civilization" Page ûøù

oSfnd ijEijk dk ,d :i % dkfynkl dh d`fr;k¡ 

izks- misUæ jko pkS/qjh 

laLd`r lkfgR; esa egkdfo dkfynkl dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA dkO;'kkL=kh; vkpk;ksZa esa 

okeu] vkUkUnoèkZu] vfHkuoxqIr] efgeHkV~V] eEeV] dqUrd vkfn vkpk;ksZa us dkfynkl ds 

dkO; lkSUn;Z dh leh{kk djrs gq, mudh dfork dks vius fl¼kUrksa ds mnkgj.k ds :i esa 

izLrqr fd;kA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds vf}rh; xk;d gksus ds dkj.k rFkk dkO; jpuk ds {ks=k essa 

'kh"kZLFk LFkku ij fojkteku gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa dfodqyxq# dgk x;k gSA 

egkdfo dkfynkl ds dky ds fo"k; esa ;|fi vusd èkkj.kk,a gSa vkSj mu ij cgqr 

ppkZ dh xbZ gS vr% eSa ml fo"k; ij dksbZ uohu ppkZ mifLFkr u dj mUgsa 'kqÄõdkyhu ekudj 

viuh ckr izLrqr dj jgk gwaA dkfynkl dh d`fr;kas esa ftl lekt dh >yd feyrh gS] og 

oSfnd ,oa ikSjkf.kd ekU;rkvksa ds feJ.k dk lekt fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ogk¡ ,d vksj oSfnd lH;rk 

,oa laLd`fr ds vuqlkj o.kkZJe O;oLFkk ,oa ;Kh; foèkkuksa dk ckgqY; gS] rks nwljh vksj 

ikSjkf.kd vk[;kuksa ds vkèkkj ij dFkkud dk fuekZ.k rFkk fo".kq ,oa f'ko dh mikluk i¼fr 

dk izHkwr izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA 

jkqoa'k egkdkO; ds dFkkud dk izkjEHk of'k"B ds vkJe ds ifjos'k esa gksrk gSA mlh 

izdkj vfHkKku 'kkdqUry dk vkjEHk d.o ds vkJe ls gSA dqekj lEHko egkdkO; dk izkjEHk 

½f"k;ksa] eqfu;ksa dh riLFkyh nsorkRek fgeky; ds ifjso'k gksrk gSA ekyfodkfXufe=k ukVd jktk 

vfXufe=k ds vUr% iqj dh dFkk ij vkfJr gksrk gS fdUrq rkilh dh la;kstuk dkfynkl dh 

vUrnZ`f"V dk |ksrd gSA foØeksoZ'kh; ukVd esa Hkh vkJe dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA bl izdkj 

ls dkfynkl dk jpuk lalkj ½f"k;ksa ds vkJeksa ls Hkjk iM+k gS] tgk¡ dk thou fofHkUu 

oSfndfoèkkuksa ls vksr&izksr gSA dkfynkl dh d`fr;ksa esa oSfnd ijEijk ftl thoUÙkk ds lkFk 

fo|eku gS mlls ;g fl¼ gksrk gS fd os oSfnd lH;rk ds mRd`"V ifjiks"kd dfo gSaA 

oSfnd ijEijk ds tks vusd rÙo mudh jpukvksa esa Hkjs iM+s gSaS mu lcdks ,d 'kksèk 

i=k dk fo"k; cukuk dfBu gSA vr% eSa bl i=k esa dsoy oSfnd ;Kh; lUnHkksZsa dh ppkZ d:axkA 

;K oSfnd laLd`fr dk lc ls egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gSA dkfynkl oSfnd ;Kfoèkkuksa ds izfr 

vR;Ur vkLFkkoku gSa] ftldk ifj.kke ;g gS fd mudh d`fr;ksa esa vusd ;kfKd izlÄõ mifLFkr


gSaA dqN ;K dbZ o"kksZa rd pyus okys gSa rFkk dqN fuR; fd, tkus okys Hkh gSaA vkJeoklh 

izkr% lk;a nksuksa le; lfer~ (dk"B) vkSj dq'k dh O;oLFkk esa m|r fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa D;ksafd ;s 

;K ds eq[; lkèku gSaA nq";URk tc d.o ds vkJe esa izos'k djrs gSa rks loZizFke feyus okys 

oS[kkul ;gh dgrs gSa& jktu~ lfenkgj.kk; izfLFkrk o;e~ û A 

r`rh; vad ds vkjEHk esa Hkh ;teku f'k"; dq'kksa dks ysdj gh izfo"V gksrk gS vkSj 

dgrk gS& rkofneku~ osfnlaLrj.kkFkZa nHkkZu~ ½fRoEHk miu;kfe ü A f'k"; dk è;ku ;K dh vksj gh 

yxk jgrk gSA og ;Kosyk gks tkus dh lwpuk xq# dks nsrk gS ý A ;K es d"V'kkfUr ds fy;s rS;kj 

fd;k gqvk 'kkUR;qnd Hkh ,d f'k"; xkSreh dks ys tkdj nsrk gS þ A ;K dk bruk egÙp Fkk fd 

ifrx`g ds fy, fonk gksrh 'kdqUryk dks vkpk;Z d.o ;Kosnh dh ifjØek djus dk vkns'k 

nsrs gSa ÿ A vkSj iznf{k.kk djus ij og ½d~ NUn ls vk'kh"k nsrs gSa& ö 

;g ½Xosnh; f=k"Vqi~ NUn gS ftlds pkj pj.kksa esa ls izR;sd esa ûû o.kZ gksrs gSa ;g 

vfr izfl¼ ½DNUn gSA oSrkfud ofÉ ;KkfXu dks dgrs gSaA 'yksd dk vFkZ gS & bl osfn ds 

pkjksa vksj ftUgsa(fk".;k) LFkku feyk gS] tks lfeèkkvksa ls ;qDr gS vkSj ftuds fdukjs nHkZ fcNk;s 

x;s gSa] os ;KkfXu;ka nqfjr dk uk'k djrh gqbZ vius gO; dh xUèkksa ls rqEgas ifo=k cuk;saA 

fnyhi Hkh ofl"B ds vkJe esa izfrfnu ;KkfXu dh iznf{k.kk djrs gSa ÷ A 

;K ds lkFk otzh bUnz dk izeq[k lEcUèk jgk gSA jkqoa'k esa dgk gS& e[kka'kHkktka izFkeks 

euhf"kfHkLRoeso nsosUnz lnk fux|ls ø A mls izlUu djus ds fy, vkgqfr izLrqr dh tkrh gSA og 

izlUu gksdj o"kkZ iznku djrk gSA dkfynkl bl ckr dks 'kkdqUry esa nksgjkrs gSa& 

Hkorq ro foMkStk% izkT;& o``f"V% iztklqA 

Roefi foÙk& ;Kks oftz.ka izh.k;kye~ ù AA 

û vfHkû@ûý 

ü vfHký@ 

ý ;konqlfLRkak gkseosyka xqjos fuosn;kfe (vfHk-þ&ý) 

þ vgefi rkon~ oSrkfuda 'kkUR;qnde~] vL;S xkSreh& gLrs leiZ;kfeA (vfHk- ý&û) 

ÿ l|ks gqrkXuhu~ iznf{k.khdq#"o 

ö veha osfna ifjr% DyÌrfèk".;k% lfe}Urks osfnlaLrh.kZ&nHkkZ%A 

viuUrks nqfjra gO;&xUèkSoSZrkukLRoka oÉ;% iko;UrqAA (vfHk- þ&ø) 

÷ iznf{k.khd`R; gqra gqrk'ka------- nksgkolkus iqujso nksXèkzha HkstsA (jkq ü&÷û) 

ø (jkq ý&þþ) 

ù 'kkdq- ÷&ýþ

oSfnd ijEijk dk ,d :i % dkfynkl dh d`fr;k¡ 27 

egf"kZ ekjhp dk ;g vkns'k oSfnd ekU;rk dk gh ,d vax gSA ½Xosn esa bUnz vkSj 

o`=k ds lak"kZ ds izlÄõksa vkSj bUnz ds }kjk o`=kklqj ds oèk ds vusd mYys[k fc[kjs gSaA bUnz èkhjs 

èkhjs nsoksa dk vkSj o`=k vlqjksa dk izrhd cu x;kA ;K dh vkgqfr dk rFkk lkse dk izFke 

vfèkdkjh bUnz Fkk vkSj lkseiku dj gh og ohjrkiw.kZ ;q¼dk;Z djrk FkkA vr% mlds 'kfDr 

lkèku ;K dks u"V djuk vlqjksa us viuk mn~ns'; cuk fy;k FkkA os ;K esa fou mRiUu dj 

mls Hkz"V djuk viuk drZO; ekurs FksA gfLrukiqj esa nq";Ur d.o ds vkJe ls vk, 

½f"kdqekjksa dk Lokxr JkSrfofèk ls fd;s tkus dk funsZ'k mikè;k; lksejkr dks nsrk gS ûú 

JkSrdYiksa esa v;Z]ik|kfn ds }kjk vfrfFk ds Lokxr dk foèkku gSA og mUgsa ;Kx`g ds cjkens 

esa gh Bgjkrk gS ûû A dfo dks bl ckr dk Kku Fkk fd oSfnd ;qx esa ;K dh èksuq;sa i`Fkd~ jgrh 

Fkha tks ;K rFkk vfrfFk;ksa ds fy;s vko';d nqXèk dh iwfrZ djrh FkhaA ;K fØ;k rks nqXèk vkSj 

vkT; ds fcuk fu"iUu gh ugha gks ldrh FkhaA blfy;s vfXu 'kj.k (;K'kkyk) ds lkFk gkseèksuq 

dk vfofPNUu lEcUèk jgk gSA jkqoa'k dh ufUnuh xks Hkh ;K èksuq gS ûü A 

bl èksuq ds nqXèk ij izFke vfèkdkj mlds oRl dk vkSj f}rh; gkse fofèk dk gksrk 

FkkA vU; dksbZ buls cps Hkkx dk gh mi;ksx dj ldrk Fkk ûý A 

nsork ;Kofy ds lnk Hkw[ks jgrs FksA ;Kkgqfr gh mudk HkksT; FkhA os ;g dkeuk djrs 

jgrs fd mUgsa gfo"k~ iznku djus okys le`¼ jgsaA bl ckr dks dfo us lkuqerh ds eq[k ls 

'kkdqUry esa dgyk;k gS ûþ A 

'kdqUryk ds fo"k; esa tc vuqlw;k iwNrh gS fd nq";Ur ls mlds feyu dh ckr ½f"k 

dks fdlus cryk;h rks fiz;aonk mÙkj nsrh gS fd ;K'kkyk esa tkus ij v'kjhjh ok.kh us mUgsa lc 

cryk fn;k gS ûÿ A 

ûú 

ûû 

ûü 

ûý 

ûþ 

ûÿ 

e}Pkukn~ foKkI;rkeqikè;k;% lksejkr% & vequkJeokflu% 

JkSrsu fofèkuk lRd`R; Lo;eso izos'kf;rqegZfrA (vfHk- ÿ&ÿ)A 

,"kksfHkuo& lEekTkZu lJhd% lafufgr&gkseèksuqjfjXu& 'kj.kkfyUn%A (vfHk- ÿ&ø)A 

vU;s|qjkRekuqpjL; Hkkoa ftKklekuk eqfu&gkse&èksuq%A (jkq- ü&üö) 

oRlL; gksekFkZ& foèks'p 'ks"ka xqjksjuqKk efèkxE; ekr%A 

vkSèkL;fePNkfe roksiHkksDrqa "k"Bka'keqO;kZ bo jf{krk;k%A jkq ü&öÿ 

vogk lqna e, lmUnya leLl lvarh, egsant.k.kh, eqgknsk..kHkk vksLlqvk nsok ,Oo rg v.kqfpfV~BLlafr 

tg vbjs.k èkEe ifnf.k HkV~Vk fg.ka fnLlfnfÙkA ö&üÿ 

vfXx& lj.ka ifoV~BLl 'kjhja fo.kk NUnksebZ, okf.kvk,& 

nq";Ursukfgra rstks nèkkuka Hkwr;s Hkqo%A 

vosfg ru;ka czãfXu&xHkkZa 'kehfeoAA (vfHk- þ&þ)


;gka v'kjhjh ok.kh us d.o dks czãu~ dgk gSA oSfnd ;qx esa osnfon~ fo}kukas dks czãu~ 

dgdj lacksfèkr djus dh izFkk FkhA czãu~ dk vFkZ gS eU=k ;k ½pkA rknkRE; lEcUèk ls mlds 

Kkrk dks Hkh czãu~ dg fn;k tkrk gSA og lacksèku ^czã tkukrhfr* bl vFkZ esa O;og`r czkã.k 

'kCn ls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ FkkA vfXuxHkkZ 'keh dk LkEcUèk Hkh oSfnd ;qx ls gSA ;K dh vfXu 

ftu vjf.k;ksa (dk"B 'kdyksa) dks jxM+dj izTofyr dh tkrh Fkh os 'keh o`{k dh gksrh FkhaA 

bUgha vjf.k;ksa ls ;qDr o`{k lewg dks vj.; dgrs gSaA blus bl fo'okl dks tUe fn;k fd 

'keh esa vfXu jgrh gS tks jxM+us ij izdV gksrh gSSSSA 

;K nsoksa ds cy ,oa rstl~ dk laoèkZd ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj jk{kl muds lgt 'k=kq FksA 

blh dkj.k jk{kl ;Kksa esa fou Mkyrs FksA ;K dks iw.kZ gksus nsuk vius 'k=kqvksa dks lcy cuus 

nsuk FkkA 'kkdqUry ess ½f"k dqekj dgrs gSa& r=k Hkxor% dqyirsjlkafuè;kn~ j{kkafl u% bf"V& 

fou eqRikn;fUrA vkSj dgk gSA ûö 

lk;Urus loudeZf.k laizo`ÙksA 

osnha gqrk'kuorha ifjr% izdh.kkZ%AA 

izk;% lk;adky ds vUèkdkj dk ykHk mBkdj gh ;s ekalHk{kh jk{kl ;K osfn;ksa dks 

vifo=k djrs FksA blh ls =kLr gksdj fo'okfe=k jke vkSj y{e.k dks n'kjFk ls ek¡xdj ys x;s 

FksA jkqoa'k esa dfo us ;g ckr dgh gS û÷ & 

fo'okfe=k ds lkFk tkdj jke us rkMdk dk oèk fd;k vkSj fiQj ns[kk fd ;K osfn 

cUèkqthoiq"iksa ds cjkcj jDr& fcUnqvksa ls iV x;h gSa vkSj ½fRotksa us foÄïr ;s cuh viuh 

lzqpk;sa j[k nh gSa ûø & 

vkSj ûù rc jke us mu e[k&nzksgh jk{klksa ds nks vfèkifr;ksa dks ok.k dk Yk{; cuk;kA 

;K vkJeokfl;ksa dh lkèkuk dk izeq[k Hkkx FkkA og muds thou dk vfoHkkT; Hkkx 

FkkA blhfy;s nq";Ur ds oj.k dh ckr tkudj d.o 'kdqUryk ls ;K dh Hkk"kk esa gh dgrs 

gSa fd èkq,a ls vkdqy ;teku dh vkgqfr ikod esa gh fxjh] ;g lUrks"k dh ckr gS& üú 

ûö Nk;k'pjfUrcgqèkk Hk;eknèkkuk% lUè;ki;ksndfi'kk% fif'krk'kukuke 'kkdq- ý&üþ 

û÷ dkSf'kdsu l fdy f{krh'ojks jkeeèoj&foèkkr&'kkUr;s 

dkdi{kèkjesR; ;kfprLrstlka ufg o;% leh{;rsA jkq ûû&û 

ûø oh{; osfneFk jDr& fcUnqfHkcZUèkqtho& i`FkqfHk% iznwf"krke~A 

laHkzeks¿Hkoniks


vkgqfr ;fn vfXu esa iMs+ rHkh mldk lkiQY; gksrk gSA dqekjlEHko esa Hkh dgk gS fd 

vfXu dks NksM+dj vU; dksbZ rst (lqo.kZ] fo|qr~ vkfn) gO; dk vfèkdkjh ugha gS& üû 

jkqoa'k ds leLr jktk ;K ds vuq"Bkrk FksA muesa ls vfèkdka'k us v'oesèk ;K fd;k 

FkkA oSls Hkh jkt izklkn ;K dh lqxUèk ls ifo=k jgrs FksA dkSRl tc jkq ls viuh ckr dgrk 

gS rks dfo us jkq ds fy;s ^Ùkks;Fkkon~ fofgrkèojk;* ;g fo'ks"k.k fn;k gSA jktk jkq 'kkL=kh; fofèk 

ls vèoj lEiUu djus okyksa esa izeq[k Fkk& 

Ùkks ;Fkkon~fofgrkèojk;* jkq- ÿ&û ds lkFk gh mls fo'oftr~ ;K dk vuq"Bkrk Hkh 

dfo us crk;k gSA bl ;K esa mlus viuk loZLo nkudj fn;k Fkk& üü A 

jkqoaf'k;ksa dk ;'k ;Kksa ds fy;s gh loZ=k izl`r FkkA os lj;w ds fdukjs cMs+ ;Kksa dk 

vuq"Bku djrs FksA bu Ørqvksa ds fy;s foLr`r [kqys lery LFkku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ml 

LFkku ds pkjksa vksj ;K;wi fufeZr fd;s tkrs FksA ;wi ;K i'kq dks ckaèkus ds fy, cuk;s tkrs FksA 

fnyhi us vusd xk¡o ;KdrkZ czkã.kksa dks nku esa ns j[ks FksA ;s xk¡o ;wiksa dks ns[k dj igpkus 

tk ldrs FksA fnyhi ofl"BkJe dks tkrs gSa rks ;Tok yksx mUgsa v;Z ds lkFk vk'khokZn Hkh 

nsrs Fks& üý 

xzkes"okRe fol`"Vs"kq ;wifpßs"kq;Touke~ AA 

blhfy;s ofl"B fnyhi dk Lokxr djrs gq;s dgrs gSa & üþ 

vfXu esa fofèkor~ gfo vfiZr djus dk iQy jkT; esa vPNh o"kkZ vkSj iQy Lo:i 

lqfHk{k vFkkZr~ vUuèkkU; dh izpqj mRifÙk Fkh D;ksafd euq ds vuqlkj& üÿ 

fnyhi Lo;a dks ^lks¿gfeT;k fo'kq¼kRek üö dgrs FksA bldk vFkZ ;g fd ;Kksa esa 

vkRe'kqf¼ dh Hkh 'kfDr dfo dks ekU; FkhA blhfy;s nhkZl=k ;Kksa dk Hkh dkiQh izpkj FkkA 

dkeèksuq ;K èksuq gSA og o#.k ds ,sls gh ;K ds fy;s ikrky esa mifLFkr jgrh Fkh& ü÷ 

üû ½rs d`'kkuksuZfgeU=kiwregZfUr rstkaL;ijkf.k nzO;e~AA dqekjlEHko û&ÿû 

üü reèojs fo'oftfr f{krh'kafu%'ks"k foJkf.kr dks"ktkre~AA jkq- ÿ&û 

üý vekskk% izfrx`g.kUrko;kZuqinekf'k"k%AA jkq û&þþ 

üþ gfo jkoftZra gksrLRo;k fofèkonfXu"kqA 

o`f"V HkZofr lL;kukoxzg& fo'kksf"k.kke~AA ogh öü 

üÿ vXukS izLrkgqfr% lE;xkfnR;eqifr"BrsA 

vkfnR;kTtk;rs o`f"V o`Z"VsjUUkrr% iztk%AA 

üö (jkq- û&öø) 

ü÷ gfo"ks nhkZl=kL; lkpsnkuha izpsrl%A 

HkqtÄõfifgr&}kja ikrkyefèk fr"Bfr jkq û&øú


dkeèksuq vkSj mldh iq=kh nksuksa gh vkgqfr dk lkèku Fkha& 

gksrq jkgqfr lkèkue~ & vfuU|k ufUnuh uke üø A;K izR;sd eÄõy dk;Z ls iwoZ fd;s tkus 

dh izFkk FkhA ;fn vfXu Bhd rjg ls izTofyr gqbZ vkSj mldh Tokyk Åij mBh rks ekuk tkrk 

Fkk fd mlus gfo"k~ Lohdkj dj yh gSA ;g dk;Zflf¼ dk y{k.k ekuk tkrk FkkA Hkkoh eaxy 

dh iz'kalk djrs gq;s dfo dgrk gS& üù A 

bls ofß uhjktuk Hkh dgrs FksA vfXu iwtk dk lkiQY; mldh vfpZ"k~ ds nf{k.k dh 

vksj kwedj fudyus esa ekuk tkrk FkkA jkq tc fot; ;k=kk ds fy;s izfLFkr gqvk rks mlus 

ôkftuhjktuk* uked 'kkfUr deZ fd;kA bl vuq"Bku ds le; vkgqr vfXu us iznf{k.kk dh 

vfpZ"k~ ds cgkus mls gkFk mBkdj t; dk vk'khokZn fn;k& ýú AA 

dkfynkl us ;K ds izfr cgqr J¼k O;Dr dh gSA og LFkku&LFkku ij miek ds fy;s 

;K lEcUèkh 'kCnkoyh dk O;ogkj djrs gSaaA mnkgj.kkFkZ xk; ds doks".k nqXèk dh ppkZ gqbZ rks 

mls voHk`Fk(;K&Luku&ty) ls Hkh vfèkd esè;(ifo=k) crk fn;k& ýû A 

dkSRl dks Bgjkus dk izlax gqvk rks dg fn;k fd rqe esjs vXU;xkj esa nf{k.k] 

vkgouh; vkSj izktkiR; vfXu;ksa ds vfrfjDr prqFkZ vfXu cudj jgks& ýü A 

jktk dks vU;ksa ls Js"B crkuk gqvk rks dg fn;k& ýý AA 

ik.MÔ ujs'k dh egÙkk crykuh gqbZ rks dg fn;k fd tc ;g jktk v'oesk ds vUr 

esa voHk`Fk LUkku dj xhys 'kjhj ls gh [kM+k gksrk gS rks vxLR; tSlk egku~ ½f"k budk 

lkSLukfrd gksrk gSA ;g iwNus vkrk gS fd jktu~ Bhd rjg ls Luku gks x;k& ýþ A 

vkSj exèk jkt dh iz'kalk djuh gqbZ rks dg fn;k fd;k ;g ;K&fØ;k esa Hkkx ysus 

ds fy;s fujUrj bUnz dks cqykrk jgrk gS ftlls mldh iRuh 'kph dks vius vydksa dks eUnkj 

ekyk ls ltkus dk volj gh ugha fey ikrkA vkf[kj] bUnz ds u jgus ij og ltk;s Hkh rks 

fdl ds fy;s\ ýÿ AA 

üø ogh û&øü 

üù fn'k% izlsnqeZ#rks ooq% lq[kk% iznf{k.kkfpZ gfojfXu jknnsAA jkq ý&ûþ 

ýú rLeS lE;Xèkqrks ofßokZftuhjktukfoèkkSA iznf{k.kkfpZO;kZtsu gLrsuso t;a nnkSAA jkq- þ&üÿ 

ýû Hkqoa dks".ksu dq.Mksèuh esè;sukoe`Fkknfi izLuosukfHk"kZUrh oRlkyksd& izofrZukAA jkq- û&øþ 

ýü l Roa iz'kLrs efgrs enh;s ola'prqFkksZ¿fXufjoXU;xkjsAA jkq- ÿ&üÿ& 

ýý vklhUeghf{krkek|% iz.ko'NUnlkfeo jkq- û&ûû 

ýþ 

ýÿ 

izhR;k'oesèkkoHk`FkknzZewrsZ% lkSLukfrdks ;L; HkoR;xLR;%AA jkq- ö&öû 

fØ;k&izcUèkkn;eèojk.kketlzekgwr&lglzus=k%A 

'kP;kf'pja ik.Mqdiksy&yEcku~ eUnkj'kwU;kuydka'pdkjAA jkq ö&üý


dkfynkl us relk vkSj lj;w ds rV ij jke ds iwoZtksa ds }kjk xkM+s gq, ;K;wiksa dk 

vusd ckj mYys[k fd;k gSA n'kjFk ds }kjk lj;w vkSj relk ds rV ij dude; ;K LrEHk 

cuok;s x;s FksA ;gka viuk eqdqV mrkjdj rFkk vU; jktfpßksa dk ifjR;kx dj mUgksaus ;K nh{kk 

yh FkhA JkSr opu ds vuqlkj ;teku jktkvksa ds eqf.Mr vFkok fueZqdqV gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd 

tc rd ;K pyrk gS rc rd vèo;qZ gh ;KHkwfe dk jktk gksrk gS& ;ko|Keèo;qZjso jktk 

HkofrA ýö AA 

jke lhrk ds lkFk yadk ls ykSVrs gq, mls v;ksè;k ds lehi ;K&;wi fn[kykrs gSa tks 

lj;w ds fdukjs xkM+s x;s FksA ;s v'oesk ;Kksa ds vo'ks"k FksA ;gha lj;w esa muds iwoZtksa us ;K 

ds i'pkr~ voHk`Fk LUkku fd;s Fks& ý÷ AA 

lhrk fuoZlu ds i'pkr~ Hkh jke fgj.e;h iRuh izdfYir dj ;Kkuq"Bku djrs jgs FksA 

og ;Kl=k ds izkjEHk esa nhf{kr gksdj voHk`Fk&i;ZUr ;K'kkyk esa gh jgs Fks& ýø A 

;KiwfrZ&i;ZUr ifr&iRuh dks czãp;Z iwoZd ;K'kkyk esa jguk gksrk FkkA muds jgus dk 

LFkku osfn ds lkeus cuh 'kkyk gksrh FkhA bldh mQijhNr ck¡lksa ij fVdh gksrh Fkh tks iwoZ dh 

vksj >qds jgrs Fks (dkR;k-JkS-lw-)A ;g nhf{kr ;teku vkSj iRuh dk fuokl LFkku gksrk Fkk vkSj 

bls izkXoa'k dgrs FksA dqN yksxksa ds vuqlkj ;g izkphu LFkw.k ;K'kkyk gksrhs FkhA 

jkekRet dq'k dk iq=k vfrfFk Hkh bl ekxZ ij pyrk jgkA mlds }kjk ;KkUr esa] 

fo'ks"kr% egkØrqvksa (lkse;kxksa) dh lekfIr ij ½fRotksa dks nh gqbZ izHkwr nf{k.kkvksa ds dkj.k 

og dqosj ds leku izfl¼ gks x;k Fkk& ýù AA 

dfo us vèoj es nhf{kr n'kjFk ds os"k dk o.kZu djrs gq, muesa bZ'oj dk ckl 

cryk;k gSA n'kjFk d`".k e`x dk peZ vkSj mnqEcj dk n.M èkkj.k djrs Fks D;ksafd dYilw=kksa 

esa oSlk gh foèkku gS& ^d`".kkftua nh{k;fr**] ^^vkSnqEcja nhf{krn.Ma ;tekuk; iz;PNfr**A 

es[kyk 'kje;h ;k ekS×th gksrh Fkh ;k muds izfrfufèk:i ess dq'kksa dh iguh tk ldrh FkhA 

^^'kje;h ekS×th ok es[kyk] r;k ;tekua nh{k;frA ;K esa ;rokd~ gksuk vko';d gSA ^^ okpa 

ýö Ørq"kq rsu folftZr&ekSfyuk Hkqt&lekg`r&fnXolquk d`rk%A 

dud&;wi&leqPNª;&'kksfHkuk forelk relk&lj;wrVk% AA jkq- ù&üú 

ý÷ tykfu ;k rhj&fu[kkr;wik ogR;;ksè;keuqjktèkkuhe~A 

rqjÄõesèkkoHk`Fkkorh.kSZfj{okdqfHk% iq.;rjhd`rkfuAA jkq- ûý&öû 

ýø 'yk;LR;kxks¿fi oSnsák% iR;q% izkXoa'kokflu%A 

vuU;tkus% lSoklhr~ ;LekTtk;k fgj.e;hAA jkq ûÿ&öû 

ýù ½fRot% l rFkkupZ nf{k.kkfHkeZgkØrkSA 

;Fkk lkèkkj.khHkwra ukekL; èkunL; pAA jkq û÷-ø÷


;PNfr** ;g Jqfr fu;e gSA e`x dk 'kàx 'kjhj ds fdlh Hkkx esa d.Mw gksus ij [kqtykus ds 

fy;s j[kk tkrk FkkA ;K esa maxfy;ksa ;k u[kksas ls [kqtykuk oftZr gS þú & 

bl izdkj ds ;K ds mijkUr voHk`FkLUkku dj ysus ij ;teku nso&lHkk esa cSBus dk 

vfèkdkjh gksrk FkkA n'kjFk us rks ;kfKd fØ;kvksa ls bruh 'kfDr izkIr dj yh Fkh fd og bUnz 

dks NksM+ dj vU; fdlh ds le{k eLrd ugha uokrs Fks þû & 

bUnz Ørq dk lkseik;h] izFke ;Kka'kHkkd~ ekuk tkrk FkkA bl izdkj og ;K dk laj{kd 

FkkA nwljh vksj mldk ,d :i Hkh Fkk fd tgk¡ dksbZ ;K ds }kjk cgqr vfèkd 'kfDr lEIkUu 

gqvk fd mlds ;K esa fou Mkyus ds fy;s py iM+kA ri'p;kZ gks ;k ;K] tc rd os mlds 

lkèkd gksrs] og mUgsa jkgu djrk vkSj tgk¡ muds }kjk dksbZ bUnz dk vklu Nwus dh fLFkfr ds 

fudV igq¡prk fd bUnz mlds ri vkSj ;K dks Hkz"V djus ds fy, izR;sd LkEHko mik; djus 

yxrk FkkA bUnz dk ;g :i oSfnd ;qxksÙkj gS fdUrq dkfynkl us bldk Hkh mYYks[k fd;k gS& 

^^ egkØrksfoZ'oftr% iz;ksDrk(jkq- ö&÷þ) jkq ds firk fnyhi us fuU;kuos Ørq 

fu"ikfnr fd;s Fks fdUrq mUgsa 'kØ dh vH;lw;k ls cpus ds fy;s lkSosa Ørq dk ifjR;kx djuk 

iM+k Fkk þü & 

oLrqr% fnyhi lkSosa Ørq(vk'oesk) dk vuq"Bku dj jgs FksA mlds vax ds :i esa 

mUgksaus vius iq=k jkq ds laj{k.k esa lSU; ds lkFk ;Kk'o NksM+k FkkA fdUrq prqfnZd~ ifjØek dj 

fot;h ds :i esa ykSVus ls igys gh diViwoZd bUnz us mldk gj.k dj fy;kA bUnz vkSj jkq 

ds chp esa rqeqy ;q¼ gqvk vkSj vUr esa jkq dks bUnz ds lkFk lfUèk djuh iM+h ftlds vuqlkj 

fnYkhi dks ;K jksduk iM+kA ;|fi bUnz us mUgsa ;K ds iQy dk Hkkxh cuk fn;k fdUrq mUgsa 

'krØrq ugha cuus fn;kA bl izlax esa jkq vkSj bUnz ds chp tks okrkZyki gqvk mlls ,rf}"k;d 

rF;ksa ij izdk'k iM+rk gS þý & 

fnyhi bUnz dk ledksfVd FkkA mlus fcuk fdlh fou ds ,d de lkS Ørq (lkse;K) 

iw.kZ dj fy;s FksA lkSosa dk v'o bUnz us fNidj gj fy;k& tgkj 'kØ% fdyxw


us tku fy;k rks bUnz dks lEcksfèkr dj dgk fd ;K dk va'k ikus okyksa esa vki izFke gS fiQj 

esjs firk rks fujUrj ;K dh nh{kk esa gh izo`Ùk gSa vkSj vki mudh ;K fØ;k esa fou Mky jgs 

gSaA D;ksa\ þþ 

bUnz us mÙkj fn;k þÿ 

;nkRFk jktU; dqekj ÙkrFkk ;'kLrq j{;aijrks ;'kksèkuS%A 

txRizdk'ka rn'ks"kfeT;;k Hkon~xq#yZÄ~kf;rqa eeks|r%AA ogh ý&þø 

bl izlax esa laLd`rK lE;d~ ifjfpr gSaA ;gk¡ bldh ppkZ ;g iznf'kZr djus ds fy;s 

dh x;h gS fd dkfynkl us jkqoa'k dh ppkZ ,sls egkiq#"k ls izkjEHk dh tks 'krØrq lEiUu djus 

okyk vtlz nh{kk iz;r FkkA blls ;K laLFkk ds izfr dkfynkl dh vlhe J¼k O;Dr gksrh 

gSA 

;g ckr fnyhi vkSj ofl"B ds izlax esa Hkh Li"V gSA ofl"B eU=kd`r~ Fks vkSj ;K dk 

vkèkkj eU=k gh gSA blfy;s ofl"B muds fy;s ije iwT; gSaA mUgsa iRuh v#Uèkrh ds lkFk cSBk 

ns[kdj fnyhi dks yxrk gS tSls Lokgk gfoHkksZth vfXu ds lkFk fojkteku gS& 

ofl"B vFkoZosn ds vfèkdkjh gSa vkSj nSoh rFkk ekuq"kh vkinkvksa ds grkZ gSaA fnyhi 

dgrs gSa fd vki tks vfXu esa fofèkor~ vkgqfr nsrs gSa mlls esjs jkT; esa vUu dh o"kkZ gksrh 

gS þö & 

blhfy, n'kjFk vYio;Ld jke dks fo'okfe=k ds lkFk Hkst nsrs gSa þ÷ & 

mudk ikS=k dq'k tc dq'kkorh NksM+dj fiQj v;ksè;k ykSVrk gS rks igys mldh n`f"V 

rhj fu[kkr ;wik lj;w unh ij gh iM+rh gS þø & 

;wi ;Ki'kqvksa dks ck¡èkus ds dke vkrs FksA ,slk yxrk gS igys ;s ;wi ;K ds fy;s 

vko';d nqXèk] k`r(vkT;) vkfn iznku djus okyh èksuqvksa dks ck¡èkus ds fy, gksrs FksA ckn esa 

i'kqvksa dh cfy nsus dh izFkk py iM+hA xks(cSykasa vkSj fof'k"V xk;ksa) dks cfy ds fy;s ck¡èkk 

þþ e[kka'kHkktka izFkeks euhf"kfHkLRoeso nsosUnz lnkfux|ls 

vtlznh{kkiz;rL; en~xqjks% fØ;kfokkrk; dFka izorZlsAA jkq ý&þþ 

þö gfojkoftZra gksrLo;k fofèkonfXu"kqA 

o`f"VHkZofr lL;kukeoxzg&fo'kksf"k.kke~AA jkq- û&öü 

þ÷ dkSf'kdsu fdy l f{krh'ojks jkeeèoj&fokkr&'kkUr;s ;kfpr%A jkqûû&û 

þø bR;èou% dSf'pngksfHkjUrs dwya leklk| dq'k% lj;~ok%A 

osfn izfr"Bku~ fourkèojk.kka ;wikui';PNr'kks jkw.kke~AA jkq ûö&ýÿ


tkus yxkA vkyEHku(ck¡èkuk) izks{k.k (ugykuk) vkSj fo'klu (dkVuk) vkfn fØ;kvksa rFkk muls 

lEcfUèkr dk;ksZa ds bnZ fxnZ iwjk deZ dk.M [kM+k gks x;kA cM+s cM+s ;Kksa esa cfyi'kqvksa dh 

la[;k lglzksa esa gksus yxhA n'kiqj&ujs'k jfUrnso us egkØrq esa v;qrkfèkd i'kqvksa dh cfy nh 

Fkh ftuds mèksMs+ x;s peZ ls izl`r jDr ls cM+k lzksr gh izokfgr gks x;k Fkk ftlus vkxs pydj 

peZ.orh (pEcy) unh dk Lo:i xzg.k dj fy;k þù A 

;wiksa dk dke cjkcj gh cuk jgrk FkkA vr% os iDdh osfn ij cuk;s x;s Fks vkSj ,d 

ugha lSadM+ksa dh la[;k esaA bl oa'k dh izfr"Bk foÙk ;Kksa ds dkj.k FkhA ;g Hkh ,d ckr Fkh 

ftlds dkj.k dkfynkl bl oa'k dks vius dkO; dk uk;d cukus dks Ùkij gq,A dkfynkl mu 

'kjHkÄõ uked ½f"k dk lknj mYys[k djrs gSa tks ^vkfgrkfXu* ds :i esa izfl¼ Fks] thou Hkj 

vfXu dks larÌr djus esa yxs jgs vkSj ftUgksaus vius 'kjhj dks vUr esa gO; cukdj vfXu es 

gqr fn;k ÿú & 

FkksM+k lk Hkh volj feyrs gh dkfynkl ;kfKd lUnHkZ izLrqr djus ls ugha pwdrsA 

'k=kqu yo.kklqj ls ;q¼ djus tk jgs gSaA eqfu mUgsa vkxs dk ekxZ crykrs gSaA eqfu vkxs gSa vkSj 

jFkk:< 'k=kqu ihN+sA dfo dks yxrk gS fd tSls okyf[kY;ksa ds lkFk lw;Z py jgk gS ÿû & 

fo".kq dh Lrqfr djrs gq, og muds lIrla[;ko`Ùk Lo:i dh ppkZ djrs gSa rks mUgsa 

lIrlkeksixhr dguk ugha Hkwyrs ÿü 

lIrlkeksixhra Roka lIrk.kZo tys'k;e~A& 

og jFkUrj] c`gnzFkUrj] okensO;] oS#I;] ikoekU;] oSjkt vkSj pkUnzel bu lIRk lkeksa 

ls ifjfpr Fks vkSj vfXu dh lIrftÞokvksa & djkyh] èkwfeuh] 'osrk] yksfgrk] uhy] lqo.kkZ] vkSj 

in~ejkxk ls HkhA yo.k {khj nfèk vkT;] lqjk] b{kq vkSj eèkq bu lIr leqnzksa vkSj Hkw] Hkqo% Lo% 

eg% tu% ri% vkSj lR;yksd rks izfLk¼ gh gSaA 

dqekj lEHko esa dfo us fgeoku~ dh efgek dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k mldk 

^;KkÄõ;ksfuRo ekuk gSA ;K dh lkèkuHkwr lkseyrk rks fgeky; ij gh feyrh gSA fo".kq iqjk.k 

þù 

ÿú 

ÿû 

ÿü 

O;kyEcsFkk% lqjfHkru;kyEHktka ekuf;";u~] 

lzksrksewR;kZ Hkqfo ifj.krka jfUrnsoL; dhfrZe~AA esk û&þÿ 

vn% 'kj.;a 'kjHkÄõ&ukEuLriksoua ikouekfgrkXus%A 

fpjk; lUrI;Z lfef¼jfXua ;ks eU=kiwrka ruqeI;gkS"khr~ AA jkq ûý&þÿ 

vkfn"V oRekZ eqfufHk% l xPNu~ rilkaoj%A 

fojjkt jFki`"BSokZyf[kY;Sfjoka'kqeku~AA jkq- ûÿ&ûú 

lIrkfpZeZq[kekpjO;q% lIryksdSdlaJ;e~AA jkq- ûú&üû


dk dFku gS& ^;KkÄõkFkZa e;kl`"Vks fgeokupys'oj%A* bl dkj.k fgeky; 'kSykfèkifr gS vkSj ;K 

HkkxHkqd~ Hkh ÿý & 

czãk dh Lrqfr ds izlax esa Hkh og ;K dks ugha HkwyrsA mUgsa gO; vkSj gksrk crykrs 

gSa (dqekj- ü&ûÿ)A osn muds mPN~oflr gSa] bl ckr dks Hkh og lqUnj

Ckgqeaftys Hkou dk okLrq'kkL=kh; n`f"V ls fopkj 

MkW- lqHkk"kpUæ feJ 

Ekuq"; dks Hkou lEcUèkh vko';drk lukru dky ls loZ=k jgh gSA okLrqfo|k dh 

izkphurk] ekuo lH;rk dh Ikzkphurk ds led{k gSA okLrqfo|k ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh oSfnd 

dky ls gh izkIr gksus yxrh gS] ijUrq bldk Lo:Ik osnkÄõksa esa fLFkj rFkk iqjk.kksa ,oa vkxeksa esa 

iYyfor rFkk iqf"ir gqvkA okLrqfo|k T;ksfr"k ,oa dYi ls lEcfUèkr gS ijUrq 'kqYolw=kksa esa 

izfrikfnr osnhfuekZ.k dh izfØ;k okLrqfo|k dh vkèkkj f'kykk gS tgka ij 'kkL=kfu".kkrfo}kuksa us 

'kkL=kh; fofèk dks HkkSfrd Lo:i iznku fd;k gS] vr% ge dg ldrs gSa okLrq fo|k'kkL=k ,oa 

dyk dk foy{k.k laxe gSA lejkÄõ.klw=kèkkj û ds vuqlkj 'kkL=k deZ] izKk] 'khy] y{k.kksiy{k.k 

vkfn dk Ikw.kZ Kku ,d vPNs okLrq 'kkL=kh dh fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk gS] rFkk okLrq'kkL=kh dks blds 

lkFk&lkFk lkeqfnzdfo|k] xf.kr] T;ksfr"k] NUn f'k{kk'kkL=k rFkk f'kYi ,oa ;U=k deZ dh Hkh 

tkudkjh mldh 'kkL=kh; fo}Ùkk dks Ikzekf.kr djus ds fy, vR;Ur vko';d gSA jktoYyHk 

Ek.Mu ü esa of.kZr gS fd okLrq'kkL=kh] lq'khy] prqj] 'kkL=kK] {kek'khy gksuk pkfg,A 

laLÑr okÄ~e; esa okLrq dk loZizFke o.kZu osn esa gqvk gSA ½Xosn esa okLrq] 'keZ] {k;] 

'kj.k vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx x`g ds vFkZ esa gqvk gSA ý ;tqosZn dh rSrjh; rFkk oktlus;h lafgrk 

esa okLrq'kCn dk Ikz;ksx ^;wifuekZ.k* rFkk ^Lrwi fuekZ.k* ds lanHkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA 'kriFkczkã.k 

esa bf"Vdk fuekZ.k rFkk bf"Vdk izek.k ,oa izdkjksa dk foLr`r foospu fd;k x;k gS] 'kqYolw=k 

xzUFkksa esa ;Kosnh ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dk foLr`r foospu feyrk gS] osnh fuekZ.k gsrq {ks=k ekiu 

ls ysdj bf"Vdk ekiu] bf"Vdk dh la[;k rFkk osnh dh vkÑfr vkfn dk foLr`r foospu 

ckSèkk;u rFkk vkiLrEc 'kqYclw=k esa of.kZr gS 'kka[;k;u] ikjLdj rFkk vk'oyk;u x`álw=k esa 

Hkwfe p;u ls ysdj Hkwfe iwtu dh IkzfØ;k dk foLr`r foospu feyrk gSA þ ½Xosn ds fgj.; 

û 'kkL=k deZ rFkk izKk'khya p fØ;;k¿fUore~A 

y{;y{k.k;qDrkFkZ'kkL=kfu"Bks ujks Hkosr~AA 

lkeqnza] xf.kra] pSo T;ksfr"ka] NUn ,o pA 

f'kjkKkua rFkk f'kYia ;U=kdeZ fofèkLrFkkA lejkÄõlw=kèkkj þþ@ü&þ 

ü lq'khy'prqjks n{k% 'kkL=kKks ykHkoftZr%A 

{kek;qDrks f}t'pSo lw=kèkkj l mP;rsAA jktcYyHk e.Mue~& û@ýÿ 

ý 

þ 

½Xosn & ü-ý-ø] okLrq foe'kZ Hkkjrh; okLrq 'kkL=k dk ,sfrgkfld fodkl] 'kSytk Ikk.Ms;] f}rh; Ikq"Ik 

'kka[kk;u& ý-þ-ÿ] IkkLdj& ý-þ] vk'okyk;u& ü-ù-ûú] okLrq foe'kZ] Hkkjrh; okLrq 'kkL=k dk ,sfrgkfld 

odkl] 'kSytk Ikk.Ms; f}rh; Ikq"i

Ckgqeaftys Hkou dk okLrq'kkL=kh; n`f"V ls fopkj 37 

xHkZ lwDr esa tSlk of.kZr gS fd] iztkifr us loZizFke vUrfj{k rFkk |koki`fFkoh ds fuekZ.k dh 

ppkZ dh gS vFkkZr iztkifr ÿ IkzFke okLrq nsork ds :i esa izfrf"Br gq,] rFkk fo'odekZ vkfn 

nsork Hkh fo'o ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa lg;ksxh gksus ds dkj.k iztkifr ls lEcfUèkr jgs ftlds 

dkj.k 'kkSud lafgrk esa fo'odekZ dk vFkZ fo'oL; deZ tu;u~ l fo'odekZ¸ feyrk gSA 

Hkkjrh;ijEijk esa x`gfuekZ.k dh IkzfØ;k ,d psru rFkk vpsru laLÑfr ds lfeJ.k ds 

:i esa fn[kyk;h iM+rh gS] D;ksa fd okLrqfonksa us x`gfuekZ.k dks ,d ik"kk.k rFkk dk"BfufeZr 

lajpuk u eku dj ,d ;kfKd deZ dh laKk nh gS tSlk fd of.kZr gSA ö 

IkjxsgÑrk% lokZ% JkSrLekrZfØ;k% 'kqHkk%A 

fu"iQyk% L;q;ZrLrklka HkwHkh'k% iQye'uqrsAA 

vFkkZr~ x`gLFk dk leLr JkSrZ&LekrZ (oSfnd&ykSfdd) dk;Z x`g ds fcuk liQy ugha 

gksrk] D;ksafd nwljs ds kj esa fd;k gqvk deZ dk iQy fuokl drkZ dks vkaf'kd gh izkIr gksrk 

gS] blfy, 'kkL=k ds bl opu dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, kj dk fuekZ.k O;fDr dks vius thou 

esa vo'; gh djuk pkfg,] ftlds HkkSfrd rFkk vkè;kfRed nksuks izdkj dh mUufr ds lkFk&lkFk 

lq[k rFkk vkuUn izkIr fd;k tk ldsA blh lanHkZ esa Hkfo"; iqjk.k dk er gS fd ÷ & 

x`gLFkL; fØ;k% lokZ u flè;fUr x`ga fcukA 

;rLrLekn~ x`gkjEHk Ikzos'kle;ks czqosAA 

Xk`gfuekZ.k dk gsrq dk o.kZu djrs gq, c`gn~okLrq ekyk esa o.kZu vk;k gS fd & L=kh&iq=k 

vkfn ds Hkksx] lq[k rFkk èkeZ] vFkZ] dke] dks nsus okyk] izkf.k;ksa ds lq[k dk LFkku] vkSj lnhZ 

ok;q xehZ vkfn d"Vksa ls j{kk djus okyk] x`g gh gksrk gSA fofèkor~ x`g fuekZ.kdrkZ dks ckoM+h] 

nsoky; vkfn ds fuekZ.k dk Ikq.; Hkh IkzkIr gksrk gSA vr% fo'odekZ vkfn f'kfYi;ksas us loZizFke 

x`gfuekZ.k djus dh izfØ;k dk funsZ'k fd;k gSA ø 

vFkkZr~ dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ,d rjiQ x`gfuekZ.k djus ls O;fDr lqfoèkk rFkk 

lqj{kk izkIr djrk gS] nwljh rjiQ x`g fuekZ.k dk blls vyx Hkh gsrq gS] og ;g gS fd x`g 

fuekZ.k djus ls x`gLokeh ds lkFk&lkFk mlls tqM+s vU; yksx Hkh ml x`g dk ykHk Ikkrs gS] vr% 

ÿ OkkLrqKkua izo{;kfe ;nqDra czã.kk iqjkA 

Xkzkeln~eiqjknhuka fuekZ.ka lw{erks¿èkquk] okLrqlkS[;e~ û@ö 

ö okLrqlkS[;e~ izFke Hkkx% 'yksd& ø 

÷ okLrqlkS[;e~ izFke Hkkx% & û@÷ 

ø L=khiq=kkfndHkkxlkS[;tuua èkekZFkZdkeizne~A TkUrwuke;ua lq[kkLinfena 'khrkEcq/ekZige~AA 

Okkih nsox`gkfn iq.;ef[kya xsgkRleqRi|rsA Xksga iwoZeq'kkfUr rsu focqèkk%Jhfo'odekZn;%AA 

c`- okLrqekyk] x`gfuekZ.k gsrq] 'yksd&þ


x`g fuekZ.k ,d O;fDrxr dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk ,d lekftd dk;Z rFkk lkekftd ijEijk dks 

laoèkZu nsus ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftdrk dh j{kk djus dk ,d vpwd vL=k gSA okLrq 'kkL=k ds 

fo}kuks us x`gfuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dks vko';d crkus ds lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh crk;k gS fd x`g dk 

fuekZ.k dSls fd;k tk; fd mlls T;knk ls T;knk ykHk x`gLokeh Ikk ldsA vFkkZr~ x`g dk fuekZ.k 

djus esa etcwr lkexzh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk; rks og x`g T;knk lqjf{kr rFkk fVdkÅ jgsxk] ;fn 

detksj lkexzh dk Ikz;ksx fd;k tk; rks og de fVdkÅ rFkk vlqjf{kr jgsxk] vr% lqjf{kr 

vkokl ls T;knk ykHk rFkk lqj{kk feysxh rFkk vlqjf{kr vkokl ls lqj{kk dh lEHkkouk de gks 

tk;sxh rks gesa lqjf{kr rFkk etcwr lkexzh dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A bl lanHkZ esa 'kkL=k dk er 

gS fd ;fn x`gLokeh i.kZ'kkyk· dk fuekZ.k djrk gS rks mls dksfV xq.kk iQy] ;fn feV~Vh dk 

kj cukrk gS mls ^n'k* djksM+ xquk iQy] ;fn b±V ls kj dk fuekZ.k djrk gS rks mls lkS djksM+ 

xquk iQy rFkk ;fn iRFkj ls kj dk fuekZ.k djrk gS rks mls vuUr xq.kk iQy izkIr gksxkA ù 

lkekftd lqj{kk rFkk lalkèkuks dk viO;; u gks bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[kdj 'kkL=kdkj 

us tks fn'kk funsZ'k fd;k gS og vn~Hkqr rFkk ljkguh; gS] 'kkL=kdkj ,d rjiQ tgka x`gfuekZ.k 

dks c


ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl ds IkzFke [k.M esa tc O;fDr ru


LFkifr & lHkh osn&'kkL=kks ds Kkrk rFkk fuekZ.k lEcUèkh ;kstukvksa ds fo'ks"kK dks dgk 

tkrk gSA lw=kxzkgh & fdlh Hkh ;kstuk dks lqu rFkk le>dj mldks dk;Z :Ik esa ifj.kr djus 

dk dke lw=kxzkgh dk gksrk gSA 

ck¼Zfd & fdlh Hkh ;kstuk dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa le>dj dk;Z djuk rFkk 'kkL=k dh 

tkudkjh vkSj fp=kdyk vkfn dk fo'ks"kK ckèkZfd gksrk gSA 

r{kd & fuekZ.k lEcUèkh lHkh dk;ksZ dk Kkrk dq'ky dfeZ;ks ls ;qDr 'kkyhu rFkk lHkh 

f'kfYi;ksa dk xq# r{kd dgykrk gSA 

fdlh Hkh Hkw[k.M ij Hkou xzke ;k uxj ds fuekZ.k esa okLrqiq#"k dh fLFkfr dk fopkj 

loZizFke djds rr~i'pkr~ ml Hkw[k.M Ikj [kkr&foèkku fd;k tkrk gSA dSlk Hkh fuekZ.k LFky 

D;ksa u gks okLrq Ikq#"k dh fLFkfr lnSo ,d leku gksrh gSA 

dksbZ Hkh fuekZ.k dk;Z fdlh Hkh LFky ij fd;k tk; okLrq iq#"k dk iwtu ,d vko';d 

deZ gSA okLrq Ikq#"k dh mRifÙk ds lEcUèk esa iqjk.kks esa of.kZr dFkk ds vuqlkj ,d nSR;kdkj 

Lo:i jk{kl dh mRifÙk vUèkd rFkk f'ko ds kksj ;q¼ ls gqbZ gS tks fd bruk fo'kkydk; Fkk 

fd leLr izk.kh Hk;Hkhr gks x;s vkSj mls leLr lalkj dk fouk'k djus ds fy, m|r~ ns[kdj 

nsorkvks us vkil esa fopkj foe'kZ djds mldks IkdM+dj vkSaèkkeqg djds i`Foh ij IkVd fn;kA 

tks&tks nsork mlds ftl&ftl vÄõ dks idM+s Fks] ml&ml LFkku ds og izèkku nsork gks x;s] 

vr% okLrq iq#"k ds fofHkUu vÄõks esa nsorkvksa dk okl gksus ds dkj.k okLrq iq#"k iwtuh; gks 

x;k] oLrqr% nsorkvksa dh iwtk ekuo 'kfn;ksa ls djrk vk jgk gS ftlls vfu"V ls mldh j{kk 

gks ldsA ûþ Hkkjrh; okLrq 'kkL=k dh oSfnd vkSj IkSjkf.kd ijEijk esa ewy Ikq#"k okLrks"ifr dh oSfnd 

izkFkZuk dk o.kZu feyrk gSA ftlesa okLrq'kkL=k ds v"Vkn'k mins'kdksa dk Hkh o.kZu gqvk gSA 

okLrq'kkL=k ds ,d vax f'kYi'kkL=k dk Hkh blesa o.kZu gqvk gSA okLrq'kkL=k esa tgka okLrq foèkku 

dk lE;dr;k o.kZu gS] ogh f'kYi 'kkL=k l×tk ls lEcUèk j[krk gSA tgka ij okLrq'kkL=k esa Hkwfe 

dk p;u uxj dk p;u iz'kLrHkwfe] mlds vkdkj izdkj] fofHkUu o.kks± ds fy, Hkwfe ds p;u 

dh izfØ;k] mldh lajpuk] mlds fofHkUu izzdkj] Hkwfe esa jl dh izèkkurk] fuf'pr fn'kk dk 

foèkku] HkwfeIyoRo mldk mPpuhPp] Hkwfe'kksèku] [kkr foèkku] [kkr dh fn'kk] jkgqeq[k fopkj] 

x`gkjEHkfoèkku] fofHkUu jkf'k ds vuqlkj }kjfoèkku] x`gizos'kkfn fu;e] lkFk gh lkFk nsoky; 

fxjtkkj] rM+kx] dwi] okih vkfn ds fopkj dk foèkku fuf'pr djrk gS rFkk Hkou esa ÅtkZ rFkk 

Ikzdk'k dk mfpr leUo; LFkkfir djus esa gekjh enn djrk gSA vyx&vyx Ikzdkj ds fuekZ.k 

ûþ i`-&ûù ls Ikgyk rFkk nwljk 'yksd okLrq foe'kZ f}rh; i`"B


ds ,dk'khfr] prq"kf"V vkfn izdkj ds okLrq ds foèkku dh tkudkjh ds vkèkkj ij ge ,d 

lEkfUor okLrq dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSaA okLrq 'kkL=k esa Hkwfe p;u dh IkzfØ;k izk;% lHkh Ikzdkj 

ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ,d lh gksrh gS] ijUrq fiQj Hkh Hkou dh yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj LrEHk vkfn 

ds fy, okLrq'kkL=k esa fu;eksa mifu;eksa dk foèkku fd;k x;k gSA blh Øe esa okLrq 'kkL=k esa 

cgqeaftys edku dh IkzfØ;k dk Hkh o.kZu gqvk gSA 

fdlh Hkh izdkj ds okLrq dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, okLrq'kkL=k esa fuEu fl¼kUrkas dk 

fopkj djuk cgqr gh vko';d gSA 

(û) 

(ü) 

(ý) 

(þ) 

(ÿ) 

(ö) 

xzkeoklpØfopkj 

oxZdkfd.kh fopkj 

Hkwfe ds y{k.k 

fnd~IyoRoe~ 

iz'kLrHkwfe 

xt vkfn i`"BKkue~ 

(÷) tkx`rkfn HkwfeKkue~ 

(ø) 

(ù) 

(ûú) 

(ûû) 

(ûü) 

(ûý) 

(ûþ) 

(ûÿ) 

(ûö) 

(û÷) 

(ûø) 

[kkrfofèk 

Hkwfeiwtufofèk 

x`gkjEHkfofèk 

x`gfuekZ.kkFkZ bf"Vdkfopkj 

f'kykU;klfofèk 

LrEHkLFkkiuk] 

xzkákxzkádk"B 

'kY;kfnfu"dklu 

fnd~lkèku 

fi.Mku;u 

esykid fopkj


(ûù) 

(üú) 

(üû) 

(üü) 

(üý) 

(üþ) 

(üÿ) 

(üö) 

(ü÷) 

x`gfuek.kkFkZ eklfopkj 

jkgqeq[k] iqPNfopkj 

o`"kokLrq] dweZ] oRl pØkfnfopkj 

x`gkjEHk] x`gizos'k eqgqrZ 

tyO;oLFkk 

t'kky; (Lohfeax iwy) ds fuekZ.k dk fopkj 

}kjLFkkiuk 

okfVdkfnjksi.k 

Hkou es lh


Hkwfe ds izdkj ,oa y{k.k rFkk IkQy & 

(û) xti`"BHkwwfe ûö &xti`"BHkwwfe og gksrh gS ftldk vkdkj&izdkj gkFkh ds Ik`"B Hkkx 

dh rjg gksA bl Ikzdkj dh Hkwfe esa fuokl djus okyk x`g Lokeh èku] y{eh ls ;qDr gksdj 

nhkkZ;q IkzkIr djrk gSA 

(ü) dweZ i`"BHkwfe û÷ &dweZ dk vFkZ gS] dNqvk (dPNi)¸ ftl Hkwfe dk vkdkj 

dNqvk ds cukoV ds tSlk fn[kkbZ ns] mls dweZ Ik`"B Hkwfe dgrs gSa] vFkkZr tks eè; esa fo'ks"k 

Å¡ph rFkk pkjks fn'kkvksa esa uhph gks] mls dweZ i`"B Hkwfe dgrs gSaA ,slh Hkwfe vkokl cukus ds 

fy, mi;qDr gksrh gS] ,slh Hkwfe ij fuokl djus okyk x`gLokeh fuR; izfrfnu mRlkg rFkk 

èku&èkkU; ls ;qDr gksrk gSA 

nSR;i`"BHkwfe ûø &tks Hkwfe iwoZ] bZ'kku rFkk vkXus; dks.k esa Å¡ph gks rFkk if'pe esa uhph 

gks mls nSR;i`"BHkwfe dgrs gSaA nSR; i`"B okyh Hkwfe ij fuokl djus ls y{eh] èku] Ikq=k] i'kq 

vkfn dk fouk'k gksrk gSA ;g 'kkL=k dk opu gSA 

ukxi`"BHkwfe ûù &ukx ds ihB ds vkdkj okyh Hkwfe dks ukxi`"BHkwfe dgrs gSA bl izdkj 

dh Hkwfe] iwoZ&if'pe esa yEch] nf{k.k rFkk if'pe esa Å¡ph gksrh gSA bl Ikzdkj dh Hkwfe esa 

fuokl djus ls x`g Lokeh ds eu dks dHkh Hkh 'kkfUr ugha feyrhA rFkk ;Fkk laHko x`gLokeh 

dh e`R;q] L=kh dh gkfu] iq=k dk uk'k] rFkk 'k=kqvksa ls gkfu dk Hk; cuk jgrk gSA 

ûö nf{k.ks if'pes pSo uS½R;s ok;qdks.kdsA 

,fHk#Ppk ;nk HkwfexZti`"BfHkèkh;rsAA c`- ok- ekyk 'yksd&øü 

Xkti`"Bs Hkos}kl% l y{eh èkuiwfjr%A 

vk;qo`f¼djks fuR;a tk;rs uk=k 'kal;%A c`- ok- ekyk 'yksd&øý 

û÷ eè;sR;qPp Hkos|=k uhpa pSo prqfnZ'ke~A 

dweZi`"Bk Hkosn~HkwfeLr=k oklks foèkh;rsAA 

dweZi`"Bs Hkos}klks fuR;ksRlkglq[kizn%A 

èkuèkkU;a HkosÙkL; fuf'pra foiqya èkue~AA c`- ok- ekyk 'yksd&øþ] øÿ 

ûø IkwokZfXu'kEHkqdks.ks"kq mUufr'p ;nk Hkosn~A 

Ikf'pes p ;nk uhpa nSR;i`"BkfHkèkh;rsAA c`- ok- ekyk 'yksd&øö 

nSR;i`"Bs Hkos}klks y{ehukZ;kfr efUnjsA 

èku iq=k Ik'kquka p gkfujso u la'k;%AA c`- ok- ekyk 'yksd&ø÷ûù 

ûù IkwoZ if'pe;ksnhèkksZ nf{k.kksÙkj% mPpd%A 

Ukkxi`"Ba chtkuh;kr~ dr`ZmPpkVua Hkosr~AA c`- ok- ekyk 'yksd&øø 

Ukkxi`"Bas ;nk oklks e`R;qjso u la'k;%A 

IkRuhgkfu% i`=kgkfu% 'k=kqo`f¼ ins&insAA c`- ok- ekyk 'yksd&øù


izdkjkUrjs.k HkwfeyZ{k.k üú 

(û) vk;rkdkj Hkwfe&ftl Hkwfe dh vkeus lkeus dh nksuks Hkqtk] pkjks a dks.k ledks.k 

gksaA bl izdkj dh Hkwfe ij fuokl djus ls LkokZFkZ flf¼ izkIr gksrh gSA 

(ü) oxkZdkj Hkwfe&ftl Hkwfe dh yEckbZ pkSM+kbZ leku gks] mls oxkZdkj Hkwfe dgrs 

gSaA ,slh Hkwfe ij fuokl djus ls èku dk ykHk gksrk gSA 

(ý) o`Ùkkdkj Hkwfe&xksykdkj okyh Hkwfe dks o`Ùkkdkj Hkwfe dgrs gSa] bl izdkj dh 

Hkwfe ij fuokl djus ls cqf¼ dh o`f¼ gksrh gSA 

gSA 

(þ) Hknzklu Hkwfe&Hknzklu Hkwfe ij fuokl djus ls lHkh Ikzdkj dk dY;k.k gksrk 

(ÿ) pØkdkj Hkwfe&pØ ds vkdkj dh Hkwfe dks pØkdkj Hkwfe dgrs gSA bl izdkj 

Hkwfe ij fuokl djus ls nfjnzrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA 

(ö) fo"ke vkdkj dh Hkwfe&ftl Hkwfe dk dksbZ fu'fpr vkdkj&izdkj u gks vFkkZr~ 

tks Hkwfe Vs


(ûû) èkuq"kkdkj Hkwfe&ftl Hkwfe dk vkdkj èkuq"k ds tSlk gks] mls èkuq"kkdkj Hkwfe 

dgrs gSA bl izdkj dh Hkwfe ij fuokl djus ls egku Hk; gksrk gSA 

Ckgqeaftys edku esa eq[; }kj ,oa vU; }kj fuekZ.k& 

Ekkl ds vuqlkj }kj fopkj& 

(û) Hkknzin ekl ls rhu&ü ekl iwokZfnfn'kk ds Øe ls okLrq iq#"k dk eq[k ftl fn'kk 

esa ml fn'kk esa x`g dk eq[; }kj cukuk 'kqHk gksrk gSA üû 

(ü) dU;k jkf'k ls izkjEHk djds rhu&ü jkf'k;ksa esa lw;Z dh fLFkfr vuqlkj IkwokZfn 

fn'kkvksa esa }kj fuekZ.k ugha djuk pkfg,A üü 

OkkLrq Ikq#"k eq[k fn'kk pØ 

Ekkl 

Hkknzin] vf'ou] dkfrZd 

EkkxZ'kh"kZ] ikS"k] ekk 

IkQkYxqu] pS=k] oS'kk[k 

lw;Zjkf'k 

dU;k] rqyk] o`f'pd 

èkuq] edj] dqEHk 

ehu] es”k] o`"k 

feFkqu] ddZ] flag 

lw;Zjkf'k&fu"ksèk }kj pØ 

OkkLrq iq#"k eq[k fn'kk 

IkwoZ 

nf{k.k 

Ikf'pe 

fu"ksèk }kj 

IkwoZ 

nf{k.k 

Ikf'pe 

mÙkj 

}kj iQy fopkj üý & 

IkwokZfnØe ls vfXuin esa }kj djus ls vfXuHk;] itZU; in esa cgqdU;k mRifÙk rFkk 

vfrèku dh izkfIr] ekgsUnzin esa }kj djus ls jktk dk Lusg] lw;Z es }kj djus ls vR;Ur Øksèk] 

üû fo'odekZ izdk'k& }kjfuekZ.k fopkj] 'yksd&ü] ý 

üü fo'odekZ izdk'k& }kjfuekZ.k fopkj] 'yksd&þ 

üý fo'odekZ izdk'k& fo'odekZ Ñr ÷@ÿ÷ ls öÿ


vUrfj{k in es }kj ls pksjksa dk lekxe] ;eka'k in esa }kj ls iq=kuk'k] ok;O;in esa nklrk] forFk 

in esa uhprk rFkk larfr] ikS".k in esa uhp deZ djus okyh lUrku] uS½R; in esa drkZ dk 

uk'k Hkàxjkt in esa fuèkZurk] e`xf'kjk esa }kj djus ls iq=kuk'k] ekk esa if'pe eq[k dk }kj djus 

ls vYik;q] èkukHkko] ,oa egku Hk;] lqxzhoin esa }kj ls iq=kuk'k] iq"inUr esa }kj ls o`f¼] 

vlqjin es }kj ls jkT;Hkax 'kksdin es }kj ls vfr'kksd] ikiin esa }kj cukus ls Ikkilap;] mÙkj 

in esa }kj ls 'k=kqHk;] eq[; in esa }kj cukus ls èku o Ikq=k dk ykHk] HkYykV in esa }kj ls 

y{eh dk vkxeu] lkse in esa }kj djus ls èkeZ'khyrk] Hkqtax in es }kj ls vR;Ur 'k=kqrk] 

vkfnR; in esa }kj ls dU;k nks"k] vfnfr in es }kj ls èku lap; gksrk gSA 

prq""k"Bhin pØ 

Ckgqeaftys vkoklh; Hkw[k.M esa pkj nhokjh cukrs le; IkwoZ ;k mÙkj fn'kk esa eq[;}kj dh 

LFkkiuk djuk Js;Ldj jgrk gSA }kj fuekZ.k dk cgqizpfyr foèkku ;g gS fd Hkw[k.M dks ù Hkkxksa 

esa foHkkftr djds nkfguh rjiQ ds ÿ Hkkx ,oa ck;ha rjiQ ds rhu Hkkx dks NksM+dj 'ks"k esa }kj


LFkkiuk djuk x`gLokeh ds fy, ykHkizn rFkk lq[kdkjh gksrk gSA üþ cgqeaftys vkokl esa eq[; 

fopkj.kh; fo"k; og gksrk gS] fd ,d ÝySV ds mij nwljk ÝySV gksrk gS ,sls esa ÝySV ;k 

cgqeaftys vkokl esa x`g ds eè;Hkkx esa eq[; }kj cukuk èkkU; rFkk nzO; ds fouk'k dk dkj.k 

curk gSA ;FkksDre~& x`geè;sÑra }kja nzO;èkkU;fouk'kue~¸ vr% eq[; }kj esa bldk fopkj 

vR;ko';d gSA eeZ LFkku esa Hkh fdlh izdkj dh lapjuk dk fuekZ.k 'kqHk ugha gksrkA vr% 

okLrqiq#"k ds eeZLFkku okLrq ds czã LFkku] rFkk dks.kksa esa eq[;}kj ugha cukuk pkfg,A 

LrEHk LFkkiu foèkku üÿ 

Xk`g] izklkn rFkk vU; x`gksa esa loZnk fofèk&foèkku ls vkXus; dks.k esa Ikgys LrEHk dh 

LFkkiuk djuk pkfg,A ;fn LrEHk ds Åij] dkSvk] fx¼ vkfn i{kh cSB tk; rks bls loZnk 

vi'kdqu le>uk pkfg,] ;g x`gdrkZ ds fy, 'kqHk ugha gksrkA LrEHk dks Nrjh] iQy okys o`{k 

dh 'kk[kk ;k oL=k vkfn ls


Ukkukfoèkkfu Hk{;kf.k ikukfu fofoèkkfu pA 

gqRokfXuZq fofèkor~ dkys eqgqrsZ pksiikfnrsAA 

Xk`gdks.ks"kq losZ"k 

Rkr% iq.;kgkks"ks.k 

iwtka ÑRok foèkkur%A 

f'kykU;kla IkzdYi;sr~AA 

,s'kkuekfnr% ÑRok izkXnkf{k.;su foU;lsr~A 

vusuSo foèkkusu LrEHk}kjkojksg.ke~AA 

okLrqfo|k foèkkuK% 

f'kykfoU;kleU=kks¿;a 

d';i ds erkuqlkj& 

dkj;sr~ lqlekfgr%A 

fufnZ"VkseqfufHk% iqjkAA 

lw=kfefr f'kykU;kl LrEHkL;kjksi.ka rFkkA 

iwoZnf{k.k;kseZè;s dq;kZfnR;kg d';i%AA üø 

bl izdkj lHkh fo}kuksa dk er gS fd f'kykU;kl loZizFke vfXudks.k esa djuk pkfg,] 

jktHkou ls ysdj fdlh Hkh izklkn ds fuekZ.k] cgqeaftys vkokl] cgqeaftys O;kolkf;d dsUnz] 

rFkk gE;Z ds fuekZ.k] cgqeaftys dk;kZy;] cgqeaftys fpfdRlky; vkfn ds fy, f'kykU;kl rFkk 

LrEHk LFkkiuk loZizFke vfXudks.k esa djuk Js;"dj gksrk gSA üù 

cgqeaftys edku dh ifjekIk dk fu;e& 

izFke eafty dh Å¡pkbZ x`g ds foLrkj ¾ O;kl dk ûöoka Hkkx $ þ gLr izek.k gksuk 

pkfg,A ýú f}rh; eafty ds foLrkj dk ifjeki tkuus ds fy, izFke eafty ds foLrkj esa ls mlh 

dk ûüoka Hkkx dk kVkus ls izkIr gksxhA ijUrq bl fofèk ls vfèkdre pkj ;k ikap eaftyk edku 

cuk;k tk ldrk gS ýû ftl le; esa bl rjg ds edku dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk Fkk] ml le; 

üø Ck`- okLrqekyk 'yks&ûüÿ] i`- la-&üÿ iwoZnf{k.k;kseZè;s dq;kZfnR;kg d';i%AA o`- ok- ekyk- 'yksd&ûüö 

üù Ikzlkns"kq p gE;sZ"kq x`gs"oU;s"kq loZnkA 

vkXusÕ;ke~ IkzFkea LrEHka LFkki;sr~ foèkkur%AA o`- ok- ekyk- 'yksd&ûüÿ] i`- üÿ 

nf{k.ks IkwosZ dks.ks ÑRok Ikwtka f'kykU;klsr~ izFkee~A 

'ks"k% Ikznf{k.ksu LrEHkk'pSo izfrLFkkI;k%AA o`- ok- ekyk- 'yksd&ûüþ 

lw=kfHkfrf'kykU;kla LrEHkkL;kjksi.ka rFkkA 

iwoZnf{k.k;kseZè;s dq;kZfnR;kg d';i%AA o`- ok- ekyk- 'yksd&ûüö 

ýú foLrkj "kksM'kka'k% lprqgZLrks x`gksPNªk;%A 

}kn'kHkkxsuksuks HkwekS&HkwekS leUrkr~AA o`- ok- fo|kè;k;% 'yksd& 

ýû }kn'k Hkkxsuksus HkwekS&HkwekS lekUrkuke~AA


tula[;k dh vfèkdrk ugha Fkh rFkk tehu Hkh i;kZIr ek=kk esa miyCèk Fkh ijUrq vkt ds ;qx 

esa 'kgjhdj.k ds c


orZeku le; esa cgqeaftys vkokl] ekWy] 'kkfiax lsaVj gksVy vkfn ds fuekZ.k ds le; 

tyk'k;a vkfn dh O;oLFkk dk izpyu c


vr% fu"d"kZ ;g fudyrk gS fd & 

ckáczãizfre;k vUrczãinsu ok¸ nksuks osèk R;kT; gksus ls eè;}kj loZFkk fuf"k¼ 

gSA ýø }kjdk dikV vius vki [kqytk; rks fpÙkksUekn gksrk gSA vius vki }kj dk cUn gksuk dqy 

ds fouk'k dk dkjd gS] }kj ds fofgr izek.k ls vfèkd gksus Ikj jktHkhfr] izek.k ls vYi gksus 

ij pksj dk Hk; gksrk gSA }kj ds lkeus dk }kj ladV dk dkjd gksrk gS }kj dk U;wuRo Hkh 

dY;k.kdkjh ugh gksrkA ýù }kj ds Åij }kj rFkk vU;x`g ds izeq[k }kj ds lkeus x`g dk eq[; 

}kj v'kqHk ekuk tkrk gSA cgqeaftys Hkou esa vfèkdka'kr% }kj ds mij }kj cukus dh izo`fÙk ns[kh 

tkrh gS tks fd le; dh ekax rFkk vko';drk ds vUkq:i gS] ijUrq 'kkL=k esa bl rjg ds }kj 

dks fuf"k¼ ekuk tkrk gS] bl Ikzdkj ds }kj ls lq[k 'kkfUr esa ckèkk vkrh gSA þú 

Ckgqeaftyk fuekZ.k vkt dh vko';drk gS] cgqeaftys fuekZ.k esa }kj dk eq[k 

vfèkdka'kr% vkeus&lkeus ;k Åij uhps gksrk gSA IkjUrq okLrq'kkL=k esa }kj dk fuekZ.k djus ds 

fy, dqN fuf'pr foèkku gS] ftlds vuqlkj iwoZ] if'pe] nf{k.k] mÙkj fn'kk ds okLrqin 

foU;kl Øe ds vuqlkj iwoZ esa t;Ur vkSj bUnz ds Ikn ij] nf{k.k esa x`g{kr rFkk xaèkoZ ds in 

ij] if'pe esa o:.k vkSj Ikq"Ik IknUr ds in ij] mÙkj esa lkse vkSj HkYykV ds in ij] eq[;}kjksa 

dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg, bl fofèk ls fd;k x;k fuekZ.k 'kqHk gksrk gSA 

IkSrkeg vkfn ûø okLrqHksnksa dk lkewfgd vkoklh; bdkb;kas ij lw{e izek.k þû & 

û- IkSrkeg okLrq & bUnzkXu;UrjeqPpa L;kUuhpa o#.kokr;ks%A 

OkkLrq iSrkega fo|kUujk.kka dq#rs 'kqHke~AA 

ü- lqiFk okLrq & ;kE;kXU;UrjeqPpa L;kUuhpa ek#rlkse;ks%A 

lqiFka uke rn~okLrq iz'kLra loZdeZf.kAA 

ý- nhkkZ;q okLrq & lkses'kkuUrje uhpeqPpa fu½Zfrdky;ks%A 

nhkkZ;qukZe~ rn~okLrq iz'kLra dqyoèkZue~AA 

ýø okLrqlkS[;e~ Ik`"B&ûüú 

ýù okLrqlkS[;e~ ù@ýöþ] ýöÿ 

,oa p CkfgZ}kZja izdqohZr usrjsrjlEeq[ke~A 

Ckfg}kZja u dqohZr rn~ x`g}kj lEeq[ke~AA okLrqlkS[;e~ & ù@ý÷þ 

þú }kjL;ksifj }kja }kja }kjL; lEeq[ke~A 

Uk dÙkZO;a Ikna ;LekÙkn~x`ga u lq[kkogeAA okLrqlkS[;e~ & ù@ý÷ý 

,oa p CkfgZ}kZja izdqohZr usrjsrjlEeq[ke~A 

Ckfg}kZja u dqohZr rn~ x`g}kj lEeq[ke~AA okLrqlkS[;e~ & ù@ý÷þ 

þû Ck`g}kLrqekyk] Hkwesy{kZ.kkfu 'yksd& þþ&öþ


þ- iq.;d okLrq & bZ'kkusUnzkUrja uhpeqPpa o#.kj{klks%A 

Ikq.;da uke rn~okLrq f}tkuka p 'kqHkkoge~AA 

ÿ- viFk okLrq & bUnzkXU;ksjUrja uhpeqPpa ok;qtys'k;ks%A 

viFka uke rn~okLrq oSjk; dygk; pAA 

ö- jksxÑr okLrq & dkykXU;ksjUrje~ uhpeqPpa L;kn~ok;qlkse;ks%A 

jksxÑUuke rn~okLrq ujk.kka jksxo`f¼Ñr~AA 

÷- vxZy okLrq & fu½ZR;Urd;ksuhZpeqPpa lksef'kokUrje~A 

vxZya uke rn~okLrq czãgR;kfnuk'kÑrAA 

ø- 'e'kkuokLrq & :nzsUnzkUrjeqPpa L;kÂhpa o#.kj{klks%A 

'e'kkua uke rn~okLrq dsoya dqyuk'kue~AA 

ù- ';sud okLrq & uhpeXukSHkosnqPpa fu½rh'kkuok;q"kqA 

';suda uke rn~okLrq uk'kk; ej.kk; pAA 

ûú- 'oeq[k okLrq & :nzkfXuo#.ks"kwPpa uhpa L;kfUu½ZrkS rFkkA 

(izFkeHksn) 

'oeq[ka uke rn~okLrq nkfj|a dkj;sRiQye~AA 

ûû- czãuokLrq & uS½ZR;kfXuf'kos"kwPpa uhpa oÉhUnz;ksLrFkkA 

Ckzãua uke rn~okLrq us"Ve~ izk.kHk`rka lnkAA 

ûü- LFkkoj okLrq & vXukS ;fn HkosnqPpa uhpa fu½Zfr:nz;ks%A 

OkkrfuEua p rn~okLrq LFkkoja uke 'kksHkue~AA 

ûý- LFkf.My okLrq & mPpa fu½ZfrHkkxs L;kUuhpa Toyuokr;ks%A 

:nzfuEua p rn~OkkLrq LFkf.Mya uke 'kksHkue~AA 

ûþ- 'kk.Mqy okLrq & :nzksPpa ;fn fuEua L;kr~ oÉkS fu½Zfrokr;ks% 

'kk.Mqya uke rn~okLrq izki;R;'kqHka lnkAA 

ûÿ- lqLFkkUkokLrq & uS½R;kfXuf'kos"kwPpa uhpa pUnzelaIkzfrA 

f}tsUnzk.kkUrq lqLFkkueouh leqnkârkAA


ûö- lqry okLrq & uhpfeUnzs HkosnqPpa uS½R;ka Ikf'pekfuysA 

lqrya uke rn~okLrq jktjk"VªfooèkZue~A 

û÷- pj okLrq & lkSE;s'kious"kwPpa uhpa Hkofr psn~;esA 

UkkEuk okLrq pja ;RL;kn~oS';kuka rnHkh"Vne~A 

ûø- 'oeq[kokLrq & uhpa ok#.keqPpa psnh'kkusUnzkfXu"kq Øekr~A 

(f}rh; Hksn) 

'oeq[ka uke rn~okLrq 'kwnzk.kka rnHkh"Vne~AA

dfo ,oa dfo le; % izkphu vkSj vokZphu lUnHkZ 

û- 'kqDy ;tqosZn& vè;k;&þú] lwDr&ø 

ü- f'koyhyk.kZo&û&ö] laLd`r vkykspuk] i`- ûþ ls m¼`r 

ý- vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=k& i`- ø ls m¼`r 

MkW- jkteÄõy ;kno 

dfoeZuh"kh ifjHkw Lo;EHkw û¸ dgdj dfo dh izfr"Bk dks mifu"kn~dÙkkZ ½f"k;ksa us vejRo 

iznku fd;k gSA f'koyhyk.kZo esa rks v[k.Mczãk.Muk;d ijefirk dks gh dfo dh mikf/ ls 

foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k gSµ 

Lrksrqa izo`Ùkk Lrqfrjh'oja fg 

u 'kkfCnda izkg u rkfdZda okA 

czwrs fg rkor~ dfofjR;Hkh{.ka] 

dk"Bk ijk lk dfork rrks u%AA ü 

blh izdkj yksd esa Hkh dfo dks ØkUrn'khZ dgk x;k gSA mlosQ izkfrHk o.kZu ls dkOI; esa 

thoUrrk vk tkrh gSA ftl izdkj dksbZ O;fDr&fo'ks"k gh eU=knz"Vk cudj ½"k;ks eU=knz"Vkj%¸] 

bl egÙkj mikf/ dks /kj.k djrk gS] mlh izdkj dksbZ fojys iq#"k gh dfo dh mikf/ dks Hkh 

/kj.k djrs gSaA HkV~VrkSr dk dFku gSµ 

uku`f"k% dfofjR;qDr ½f"k'p fdy n'kZukr~A 

l rÙon'kkZuknso 'kkL=ks"kq ifBr% dfo%AA 

fofp=kHkko/ek±'krÙoiz[;k p n'kZue~A 

n'kZukn~ o.kZukPpkFk yksosQ :

dfo ,oa dfo le; % izkphu vkSj vokZphu lUnHkZ 55 

nsrh gS_ mlh izdkj dfo dh l`f"V Hkh loZFkk foy{k.k izrhr gksrh gSA 

dfo osQ Hksnµ 

vkpk;Z jkt'ks[kj us rhu izdkj osQ dfo;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSµ 

(i) 'kkL=kdfo 

(ii) dkO;dfo vkSj 

(iii) mHk;dfo 

buesa Js"Brk osQ vk/kj ij vius&vius fo"k; esa izFke nksuksa mÙkjksÙkj dfo Js"B gSa_ fdUrq 

mHk;dfo nksuksa esa Js"B gSA 'kkL=kdfo dkO; esa jl&lEifÙk dh 'kksHkko`f¼ djrk gS vkSj dkO;dfo 

rdZ&ddZ'k 'kkL=kh; tfVy fo"k;ksa dks viuh lqoqQekj dykd`fr ls ljl ,oa lqUnj cuk nsrk gSA 

mHk;dfo esa nksuksa xq.k gksrs gSaA 

û- 'kkL=kdfoµ'kkL=kdfo rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ 

(i) 'kkL=kdk fuekZ.k djus okyk 

(ii) 'kkL=k esa dkO; dk fuos'k djus okyk 

(iii) dkO; esa 'kkL=kh; vFkks± dk fuos'k djus okyk 

ü- dkO;dfoµdkO;dfo vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ 

(i) jpukdfo] (ii) 'kCndfo (ý) vFkZdfo (iv) vyÄïkjdfo (v) mfDrdfo (ö) jldfo (vi) 

ekxZdfo vkSj (viii) 'kkL=kkFkZdfoA 

(i) jpukdfoµjpuk dfo;ksa osQ dkO;ksa esa osQoy 'kCnksa dh jpuk&NVk lquus vkSj i


(v) 'kCnkyÄïkjfiz;µtks vuqizkl ;ed vkfn 'kCnkyÄïkjksa }kjk dkO; dks lqlfTtr djus 

dh ps"Vk djrs gSaA 

(c) vFkkZyÄïkjfiz;µtks miek :idkfn vFkkZyÄïkjksa }kjk dkO;jpuk dks lqlfTTkr djus 

esa fo'ks"k #fp j[krs gSaA 

(v) mfDrdfoµtks lqUnj ;qfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx dj dkO;jpuk dks lqlfTtr djus esa #fp 

j[krs gSaA mfDr dfo dh jpuk esa lekf/&xq.k fo|eku jgrk gSA n.Mh dk (û&ûúú) dFku gS 

fd lekf/ uked xq.k dfork dk loZLo gksrk gSA leLr dfo bldk vkJ; ysrs gSaA þ bl izdkj 

dh jpuk esa ysá] fuis;] 'yk; ,oa izrhPNfr] vorjfr ,oa vuqonfr bR;kfn 'kCn lekf/ xq.k 

osQ vuqdwy gksrs gSaA ÿ 

gSaA 

(vi) jldfoµtks lEHkksx Ük`Äõkj vkfn osQ }kjk dkO;jpuk dks lqlfTtr djus esa #fpoku gksrs 

(vii) ekxZ (jhfr) dfoµtks jhfr;ksa (oSnHkhZ] xkSMh] ik×pkyh vkfn) osQ }kjk dkO;jpuk 

dks vkd"kZd cukus esa #fp j[krs gSaA 

(viii) 'kkL=kkFkZdfoµtks 'kkL=kh; miekvksa }kjk dkO; dh pk#rk dh vfHko`f¼ djus esa #fp 

j[krs gSaA 

vkpk;Z jkt'ks[kj dk er gS fd mi;qZDr cryk;s x;s bu xq.kksa esa ls nks rhu&xq.kksa okyk dfo 

dfu"BJs.kh dk dfo dgk tkrk gS] ik¡p xq.kksa okyk eè;e rFkk leLr xq.kksa ls ;qDr egkdfo gksrk 

gSA 

dfo dh voLFkk,¡ 

jkt'ks[kj us dfo;ksa dh nl voLFkkvksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA buesa Hkh cqf¼eku vkSj 

vgk;Zcqf¼ dfo dh lkr rFkk vkSinsf'kd dfo dh rhu voLFkk,¡ gksrh gSaA nl voLFkk;sa bl 

izdkj gSaµ (i) dkO;fo|kLukrd (ii) ân;dfo (iii) vU;kins'kh (iv) lsfork (v) kVeku (vi) egkdfo 

(vii) dfojkt (viii) vkosf'kd (ix) vfoPNsnh (x) lÄ~Økef;rkA 

(i) dkO;fo|kLukrdµtks dfoRo izkfIr dh bPNk ls dkO; vkSj rnÄõHkwr vyÄïkj] NUn] 

dyk vkfn fo|kvka osQ KkukFkZ xq#oqQy tkrk gSA 

þ- dkO;kn'kZ&izFke ifjPNsn&dkfjdk&ûúú 

ÿ- dkO;ehekalk& i×pe vè;k;


(ii) ân;dfoµtks eu gh eu dfork djrk gS vkSj lÄïksp vFkok nks"k osQ Hk; ls fdlh 

dks lqukrk ugha] eu esa gh j[krk gSA 

(iii) vU;kins'khµtks viuh gh jpuk dks nks"k ;k foijhr vkykspuk osQ Hk; ls nwljs dh 

jpuk crkdj i


vkokiks¼j.ks rko|koíksyk;rs eu%A 

inkuka LFkkfirs LFkS;sZ gUr fl¼k ljLorhAA ù 

ftl dfo ij ljLorh dh o`Qik gks tkrh gS mldh izfrHkk ifjiDo gks tkrh gSA izfrHkk osQ 

egRo dk foospu djrs gq, vfXuiqjk.k esa dgk x;k gSµ 

ujRoa nqyZHka yksosQ fo|k r=k lqnqyZHkkA 

dfoRoa nqyZHka r=k 'kfDrLr=k p nqyZHkkAA ûú 

dfo esa dfoRo dk dkj.k gS izfrHkk] ftls HkV~VrkSr us uouoksUes"k'kkfyuh izKk¸ dgk gSA 

vfHkuoxqIr us izfrHkk dks izfrHkk viwoZfuekZ.k{kek izKk¸ dgk gSA #nzV dk dFku gSµ 

gSµ 

eufl lnk lqlekf/fu foLiQqj.keusd/kfHk/s;L;A 

vfDy"Vkfu inkfu p foHkkfUr ;L;kelkS 'kfDr%AA ûû 

vkpk;Z n.Mh dk dFku gSµ 

uSlfxZdh p izfrHkk Jqra p cgqfueZye~A 

veUn'pkfHkiksxks¿L;k% dkj.ka dkO;lEin%AA ûü 

izfrHkk lEiUu dfo dks vkpk;Z vkuUno/Zu us ifjiDo cqf¼okyk fl¼gLr dfo cryk;k 

;Rinkfu R;tUR;so ifjo`fÙklfg".kqrke~A 

ra 'kCnU;klfu".kkrk% 'kCnikda izp{krsAA ûý 

èofudkj dk dFku gS fd dfo dh vifjiDork ls mldk O;kikj gh 'kksHkk dks izkIr ugha 

gksrkµ;r% ifjikdorka dohuka jlkfnrkRi;Zfojgs O;kikj ,o u 'kksHkrs jlkfnrkRi;sZ p lfr] 

ukL;so r}Lrq] ;nfHkrjlkÄõrka uh;ekua u izxq.kh HkofrA vpsruk vfi fg Hkkok;Fkk;FkeqfprjlHkkor;k 

psruo`ÙkkUr;kstu;k ok u lUR;so rs ;s ;kfUr u jlkÄõrke~¸A ûþ 

vkpk;Z Hkkeg dk er gSµ 

ù- dkO;ehekalk& i`- þù ij m¼`r 

ûú- vfXuiqjk.k& vè;k;&ýý÷&dkfjdk&ý 

ûû- dkO;kyÄïkj&izFke vè;k;&dkfjdk&ûÿ 

ûü- dkO;kn'kZ&izFke ifjPNsn&dkfjdk&ûúý 

ûý- èoU;kyksd&r`rh; m|ksr&dkfjdk&þý dh O;k[;k 

ûþ- ogh& dkfjdk&þý dh o`fÙk


v/uL;so nkr`Roa DyhcL;sokL=kdkS'kye~A 

vKL;so izxYHkRoedos% 'kkL=kosnue~AA 

fou;su fcuk dk Jh% dk fu'kk 'kf'kuk fcukA 

jfgrk lRdfoRosu dhn`'kh okfXonX/rkAA ûÿ 

vFkkZr~ tks dfo ugha gS] mldk 'kkL=k&Kku fu/Zu osQ nku] uiqald osQ vL=k&dkS'ky vkSj vK 

dh izxYHkrk osQ leku (fu"iQy) gSA fou; osQ fcuk lEifÙk D;k\ pUnzek osQ fcuk jkf=k D;k\ 

lRdfoRo osQ fcuk okfXonX/rk dSlh\ 

okXoSnXè;iw.kZ lRdfoRo ls dfo lalkj esa ;'k&izkfIr djrk gSA vkpk;Z #nzV dk dFku gSµ 

vejlnukfnH;ks Hkwrk u dhfrZju'ojh 

Hkofr ;nlkS lao`¼kfi iz.k';fr rR{k;sA 

rneya dÙkq± dkO;a ;rrs lekfgrks 

txfr ldys O;klknhuka foyksD; ija ;'k%AA ûö 

vFkkZr~ vej lnuksa (nsox`gksa&efUnjksa) osQ fuekZ.k }kjk fuekZ.kdÙkkZ dks tks ;'k izkIr gksrk gS 

og u'oj gksrk gS vkSj ;fn og ;'k iQSy Hkh tkrk gS rks mu efUnjksa vkfn osQ u"V gks tkus ij 

u"V gks tkrk gSA vr% bl lEiw.kZ lalkj esa O;kl vkfn osQ ije ;'k dks ns[kdj dfo dks 

,dkxzfpÙk gksdj vnks"kdkO; osQ fuekZ.k esa iz;Ru'khy jguk pkfg,A D;ksafdµ 

mis;q"kkefi fnoa lfUuoU/fo/kf;uke~A 

vkLr ,o fujkrÄï dkUra dkO;e;a oiq%AA 

#.kf¼ jksnlh pkL; rkon~dhfrZju'ojhA 

rkofRdyk¿;eè;kLrs lqd`rh oSoq/a inaAA 

vrks¿fHkok×Nrk dhfr± LFks;lhek Hkqo% fLFkrs%A 

;Ruks fofnros|su fo/s;% dkO;y{k.k%AA û÷ 

vFkkZr~ LoxZ tkus ij Hkh lRdkO;ksa osQ iz.ksrkvksa dk je.kh;&dkO;'kjhj fuHkZ; jgrk gSA vkSj 

tc rd ml (dfo) dh LFkk;h dhfrZ i`Foh rFkk vkdk'k esa O;kIr gS] rc rd og HkkX;oku~ 

nso&Ikn dks vyÄ~d`r djrk gSA vr% Hkwyksd dh fLFkfr&i;ZUr ;'kdka{kh dks KkrO; leLr fo"k;ksa 

dks tkudj dkO;&fuekZ.k dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A 

ûÿ- dkO;kyÄïkj&izFke ifjPNsn&dkfjdk&ý&þ 

ûö- dkO;kyÄïkj&izFke vè;k;&dkfjdk&üü 

û÷- dkO;kyÄïkj&izFke ifjPNsn&dkfjdk&ö&ø


blfy, izfrHkk lEiUUk jlfl¼ dfo;ksa dks ;'k% izkfIr osQ fufeÙk okXoSnXè;iw.kZ dkO;jpuk 

osQ fuekZ.k esa lnSo iz;Ru'khy jguk pkfg,A 

D;ksafdµ 

vikjs dkO;lalkjs dfojso iztkifr%A 

;FkkLeS jksprs fo'oa rFksna izorZrsAA 

Ük`Äõkjh psr dfo% dkO;s tkra jle;a txr~A 

l ,o ohrjkx'psUUkhjla loZeso rr~AA 

Hkkoukpsrukufi psruoPpsrukupsruor~A 

O;ogkj;fr ;Fks"Va lqdfo% dkO;s LorU=kr;kAA ûø 

dfo dh l`f"V LorU=k gksrh gSA og l`f"VdÙkkZ czãk osQ fu;ekuqlkj vkc¼ ugha gksrhA tSlk fd 

eEeV us Hkh dgk gSµ 

fu;frd`rfu;ejfgrka ÞyknSde;heuU;ijrU=kke~A 

uojl#fpjka fufeZfrekn/rh Hkkjrh dostZ;frAA ûù 

vFkkZr~ dfo dkO;jpuk djus esa LorU=k gksrk gSA og tSlh pkgs dkO;l`f"V dj ldrk gSA 

vkpk;ks± us dfo dh LorU=krk (ijEijk) dk Hkh foospu fd;k gS] ftls dkO;'kkL=k esa dfole; 

(fl¼kUr) osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA 

dfole; 

dfo }kjk dh tkus okyh dkO;:Ikh LorU=k l`f"V osQ fufeÙk dfo dh tks dYiuk'khyrk ;k 

LokHkkfod izo`fÙk gksrh gS] mls 'kkL=kksa esa dfole; (dfoLoHkko) osQ uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k 

gSA dfo le; dk vFkZ gSµdfo;ksa dk vkpkj ;k fl¼kUrA¸ vFkkZr~ dfo;ksa dh izpfyr ijEijkAA 

tSls& edj vkfn typj ufn;ksa esa Hkh jgrs gSa] ijUrq dfo ijEijk esa izk;% mudk o.kZu leqnz esa 

gh fd;k tkrk gSA dks;y xzh"e ½rq esa Hkh cksyrh gS fdUrq dfo;ksa dh ijEijk esa osQoy olUr 

esa gh mlosQ dwtu dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA 

vkpk;Z jkt'ks[kj dk er gSµv&'kkL=kh;eykSfdda p ijEijk;kra ;eFkZeqifucèufUr dOk;% 

l dfole;%A üú vFkkZr~ v&'kkL=kh; ('kkL=k ls cfgHkwZr)] v&ykSfdd (yksd&O;ogkj ls cfgHkwZr)] 

osQoy ijEijk&izpfyr] ftl vFkZ dk dfotu mYys[k djrs gSaµog dfole; gSA 

ûø- è;U;kyksd&r`rh; m|ksr&dkfjdk&þý dh o`fÙk 

ûù- dkO;izdk'k&izFke mYykl&dkfjdk&û 

üú- dkO;ehekalk&prqnZ'k vè;k;] i`- ûùú


jkt'ks[kj us dfole; osQ rhu izdkj cryk;s gSaµ 

û- LoX;Z 

ü- HkkSe vkSj 

ý- ikrkyh;A buesa ls LoX;Z vkSj ikrkyh; dh vis{kk HkkSe&dfo le; dks mlosQ foLr`r {ks=k 

osQ dkj.k iz/ku cryk;k x;k gSA 

û- HkkSe (ikfFkZo) dfole;& 

jkt'ks[kj us HkkSe&dfolee; osQ pkj izdkj cryk;s gSaµ(i) tkfr:i (ii) nzO;:i (iii) 

xq.k:i vkSj (iv) fØ;k:iA 'kCnkFkZ ds pkj izdkj gksus ds dkj.k dfole; Hkh pkj izdkj dk gksrk 

gSA bu pkj izdkj ds vFkks± esa izR;sd ds rhu&rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ 

(i) vlr~ dk mYys[k 

(ii) lr~ dk vuqYys[k vkSj 

(iii) fu;e 

û- vlr~ dk mYys[kµtks inkFkZ 'kkL=k ;k yksd esa ns[kk ;k lquk u x;k gks] dkO;jpuk esa 

mldk mYys[k djuk] vlr~ dk fucU/u gSA 

ü- lr~ dk vuqYys[kµ'kkL=k vkSj yksd nksuksa esa of.kZr inkFkZ dk mYys[k u djuk] lr dk 

vfucU/u gSA 

ý- fu;eµ'kkL=k vkSj yksd osQ fu;eksa ls fu;fU=kr ,oa cgq/k O;oâr inkFkZ dk mYys[k 

djuk fu;e gSA üû 

tkfrxr rhu Hksnµ 

(i) tkfrxr vFkZ esa vlr~ dk fucU/uµtSls& ufn;ksa esa dey] oqQeqn vkfn dk o.kZu] 

lHkh tyk'k;ksa esa gal] lkjl vkfn if{k;ksa dk o.kZu] lHkh ioZrksa esa lqo.kZ jRu vkfn dh [kkuksa 

dk o.kZuA ufn;ksa esa dey vkfn vlr~ gSa] fdUrq dfole; osQ vuqlkj mudk o.kZu fd;k tkrk 

gSA 

lHkh tyk'k;ksa esa gal vkfn i{kh ugha gksrs vkSj u lHkh ioZrksa esa lqo.kZ vkSj jRuksa dh [kkusa 

gh gksrh gSa] fdurq dfole;kuqlkj muesa mudk o.kZu vko';d gksrk gSA 

üû- l p f=k/k LoX;ksZ HkkSe% ikrkyh;'pA LoX;Zikrkyh;;ksZHkkSe% iz/ku%A l fg egkfo"k;%A l p prqèkkZ 

tkfrnzO;xq.kfØ;k:ikFkZr;kA rs¿fi izR;sda f=k/k vlrks fucU/ukr~] lrks¿I;fucU/ukr~] fu;er'pA 

dkO;ehekalk&prqnZ'k vè;k;&i`- ûùû


(ii) tkfrxr~ lr osQ vfucU/uµtSlsµclUr esa ekyrh osQ gksus ij Hkh mldk o.kZu u 

djuk] pUnu osQ o`{kksa esa iq"i vkSj iQy dk o.kZu u djuk rFkk v'kksd osQ iQyksa dk o.kZu u djuk 

bR;kfnA 

(iii) tkfrxr fu;eµbldk vFkZ gSµvusd LFkkuksa esa izpfyr O;ogkjksa dk ,d LFkku esa 

O;ogkj djukA tSls& edj vkfn dk leqnz esa gh o.kZu djuk] rkezi.khZ unh esa gh eksfr;kasa dk 

o.kZu djuk vkfnA 

nzO;xr&rhu Hksnµ 

(i) vlr~ fucU/u& ;FkkµnzO; dk mYYks[kµtSls& va/sjs dk eqf"V ls xzg.k djus ;ksX; ;k 

lwph ls Hksnu djus ;ksX; o.kZu djuk rFkk pk¡nuh dk kM+ksa esa Hkjk tkuk vkfnA 

(ii) lr~ vfucU/u&;Fkkµd`".k i{k esa pk¡nuh osQ gksus ij Hkh mldk o.kZu u djuk vkSj 

mlh izdkj 'kqDy i{k esa vU/dkj gksus ij Hkh mldk o.kZu u djuk] lr nzO; dk vfucU/u dgk 

tkrk gSA 

(iii) fu;eµ;Fkk&ey;kpy esa gh pUnu dh mRifÙk vkSj fgeky; esa gh HkwtZi=kksa dk gksuk 

nzO;xr fu;e gSaA 

fØ;k&rhu Hksnµ 

(i) vlr~ fucU/uµ;Fkk& jkf=k esa pdok&pdoh dk tyk'k; osQ fHkUu&fHkUu rVksa ij i`Fkd~ 

jguk vkSj pdksjksa dk pfUnzdk iku djuk vkfnA 

(ii) lr~ vfucU/uµ;Fkk& fnu esa deyksa dk fodkl u gksuk vkSj jkf=k esa 'ksiQkfydk osQ 

oqQlqeksa dk Mky ls fxjukA vFkkZr~ fnu esa uhy&dey dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj 'ksiQkfydk osQ 

oqQlqeksa dk Hkaz'k Hkh gksrk gS] fdUrq dfole; osQ fl¼kUrkuqlkj ,slk mYys[k ugha fd;k tkrk gSA üü 

(iii) fu;eµ;Fkk xzh"e vkSj o"kkZ esa Hkh gksus okys dksfdy 'kCn dk clUr esa gh o.kZu vkSj 

izk;% lHkh ½rqvksa esa gksus okys e;wj&u`R; ,oa e;wj osQ 'kCn dk osQoy o"kkZ esa gh o.kZu djuk 

fu;e gSA 

xq.kxr dfole; osQ rhu Hksnµ 

(i) vlr~ fucU/uµ;Fkk vlr~ (yksd esa vfo|eku) xq.kksa&'kqDy] uhy] ihrkfn dk fucUèku 

dfole; osQ vuqlkj gSA tSls&;'k vkSj (gkl) gkL; dk lalkj esa dksbZ :i ugha gS] ijUrq 

dfole; osQ vuqlkj mudk 'osr:i esa o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj v;'k vkSj ikikfn dk 

üü- dkO;ehekalk& prqnZ'k vè;k;&i`- ûùþ&ùÿ


d`".k :i gSA Øks/ vkSj vuqjkx vkfn dk o.kZ jDr gSA 

(ii) lr~ vfucU/uµ;Fkk yksd esa fo|eku xq.kksa dk dfole; osQ vuqlkj u djus osQ 

mnkgj.k gSaµtSlsµoqQUn dh dfy;ksa ,oa dkfe;ksa osQ nk¡rksa dk jDro.kZ] dey&dfydkvksa dk 

gfjro.kZ vkSj fiz;Ä~xq&iq"iksa dk ihr&o.kZ yksd izfl¼ gS] ijUrq dkO;ksa esa dfole; osQ vuqlkj 

mudk 'osr ,oa ';ke&jÄõ esa o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA 

(iii) xq.kxr fu;eµ;Fkk&lk/kj.kr% dkO; jpuk esa ekf.kD; dk o.kZ yky] iq"iksa dk 'osr 

rFkk eskksa dk d`".k o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA d`".k vkSj uhy dk d`".k vkSj gfjr dk] d`".k vkSj ';ke 

dk] ihr vkSj jDr dk ,oa 'kqDy vkSj xkSj dk leku :i esa o.kZu djuk Hkh dfole; gSA 

blh izdkj fefJr vkfn o.kks± esa Hkh ,drk le>uh pkfg,A vk¡[kksa dk Hkh dfo;ksa us vusd 

jÄõ esa o.kZu fd;k gSA og lc dfole; fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj leqfpr vkSj Lohdk;Z gSA vk¡[kksa osQ 

o.kZu esa 'osr] ';ke] Ñ".k vkSj feJ o.kks± dk o.kZu feyrk gSA üý 

ü- LoX;Zdfole;µ 

;Fkk pUnzek esa [kjxks'k vkSj gfj.k dh ,drkA blh izdkj dkenso osQ èot&fpÉ dks dgha 

edj osQ vkSj dgha eRL; osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gS] ijUrq dfo dks nksuksa dk ,D; le>uk 

pkfg,A ,slk vkpk;Z jkt'ks[kj dk er gSA 

iqjk.kksa esa pUnzek dh mRifÙk dgha vf=k ½f"k osQ us=k ls vkSj dgha leqnz ls ekuh xbZ gSA ijUrq 

os nksuksa ,d gh gSaA vr% dfo dks o.kZu izlÄõ esa mUgsa i`Fkd~ ugha le>uk pkfg,A blh izdkj 

vuUrdky ls mRiUu f'ko osQ eLrd dk pUnzek lnk ckyoQ osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k tkrk gSA 

dfo;ksa us (vuÄõ) dke dk ewrZ vkSj vewrZ :i esa Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA iqjk.kksa esa ûü vkfnR; lw;Z 

dgs x;s gSa] ijUrq dkO;&jpukvksa esa mUgsa ,d gh le>uk pkfg,A blh izdkj ukjk;.k vkSj ekèko 

dh ,drk] nkeksnj] 'ks"k] dweZ vkfn esa Hkh ,drk dfole;kuqlkj gSA 

ý- ikrkyh; dfole;µ 

HkkSe vkSj LoX;Z osQ leku ikrkyh; dfole; Hkh gSA tSlsµliks± vkSj ukxksa dh ,drkA rkRi;Z 

;g gS fd ikrky esa jgus okys ukx vkSj liZ nksuksa fHkUu tkfr osQ gSa_ ukxjkt 'ks"k vkSj liZjkt 

oklqfd gSaA fdUrq dfole; osQ vuqjks/ ls izkphu dfox.k nksuksa dk ,d gh :i esa o.kZu djrs 

vk;s gSaA 

blh izdkj ikrky esa jgus okys nSR;] nkuo vkSj vlqj rhuksa fHkUu&fHkUu tkfr osQ gSaA TkSls& 

fgj.;k{k] fgj.;dkf'kiq] izÈkn] fojkspu] cyh vkSj ck.k vkfn nSR; gSaA foizfpfÙk] 'kkEcj] ueqfp 

üý- i×pn'k vè;k; dkO;ehekalk


vkSj iqykse vkfn nkuo gSa vkSj cy] o`=k ,oa o`"kiokZ vkfn vlqj gSaA egkdfo ck.kHkV~V us dknEcjh 

osQ eÄõykpj.k esa rhuksa dk ,d gh :i esa o.kZu fd;k gSA 

blh izdkj vU; Hksnksa dh dYiuk dfotu Lo;a dj ysrs gSaA jkt'ks[kj us bl izdkj dfo;ksa 

osQ le; dk fu:i.k fd;k gSA mudk dFku gSµ 

lks¿;a dohuka le;% dkO;s lqIr bo fLFkr%A 

l lkEizrfegkLekfHk;ZFkkcqf¼fccksf/r%AA 

dohuka le;a lks¿;a tkfrnzO;fØ;kxr%A 

xq.kSLFkS"k rr% LoxZ% ikrkyh;'p dF;rsAA üþ 

vkpk;Z jkt'ks[kj dh Hkk¡fr dkO;'kkL=k osQ dfri; vU; vkpk;ks± us Hkh dfole;&fl¼kUr 

osQ ckjs esa vius&vius xzUFkksa esa foospu fd;k gSA budk fooj.k bl izdkj gSµ 

vyÄïkjfpUrkef.kdkj vftrlsu us dfole; dk foospu djrs gq, cryk;k gSµ 

dohuka le;L=ks/k fucU/ksI;lrLlr%A 

vfucU/LltkR;knsfuZ;esu leklr%AA 

vlrks¿fi fucU/ks ;Fkkµ 

fxjkS jRukfn&galkfn&Lrksdin~ekdjkfn"kqA 

uhjs Hkk|a [kxÄõk;ka tytk|a unh"ofiAA 

rel% lwP;Hks|Roa eqf"VxzáRoeqP;rsA 

v×tfyxzkárk pUnzfRo"k% oqQEHkksiokárkAA 

izrkis jDrrks".kRos dhrkSZ galkfn'kqHkzrkA 

d`".kRoeidhR;kZnkS jDrRoa dksijkx;ks%AA 

prq"VRoa leqnzL; fo;ksx% dksd;ksfuZf'kA 

pdksjk.kka lqjk.kka p T;ksRLukoklks fux|rsAA 

jek;k% in~eokflRoa ;Kks o{kfl p fLFkfr%A 

leqnzeFkua r=k lqjsUnzJhleqn~Hko%AA 

lrks¿I;fucU/ks ;Fkkµ 

pUnus iQyiq"ikS p lqjHkkS ekyrhlqee~A 

'kqDys i{ks reks¿'kqDys T;ksRlukiQye'kksdosQAA üÿ 

üþ- dkO;ehekalk& i×pn'k vè;k; RkFkk "kksM'k&vè;k; 

üÿ- vyÄïkjfpUrkef.k&izFkeifjPNsn&dkfjdk&öù&÷ÿ


jfDrek dkfenUrss"kq gfjrRoa p oqQUnosQA 

fnokfu'kksRiykCtkuka fodflRoa u o.;Zrke~AA 

fu;esu fucU/ks ;Fkkµ 

lkekU;su rq /koY;a iQyiq"ikEcqokllke~A 

pUnua ey;s"oso e/koso fidèofue~AA 

vEcqnkEcqf/ dkdkfgosQ'kHk`Äõs"kq d`".krke~A 

fcEccU/wduhjs"kq lw;ZfcEcs p jDrrkeAA 

joa ukV~;a e;wjk.kka o"kkZLoso foo.kZ;sr~A 

fu;eL; fo'ks"kks¿U;% df'pn=k izdk';rsAA 

'kqHkzfeUnzf}ia cw;kR=khf.k lIr prqnZ'kA 

Hkqoukfu prÏks¿"VkS n'k ok doqQHkks erk%AA 

cckS MykS jykS pSrs ;eosQ 'ys"kfp=k;ks%A 

u fHk|Urs folxkZuqLokjkS fp=kk; u erkSAA üö 

vkpk;Z gsepUnz us vius xzUFk dkO;kuq'kklu esa dfole; dk foospu fd;k gSA bl lEcUèk 

esa mudk er gSµ 

lrks¿I; fucU/ks¿lrks¿fi fucU/ks fu;e'Nk;k|qithoukn;'p f'k{kk%A lrks¿fi tkfrnzO;& 

xq.kfØ;knsjfucU/ue~A vlrks¿fi tkR;knsjso fucU/ue~A fu;eks¿frizlDrL; tkR;knsjsoSd=kkoèkkj.ke~A 

Nk;k;k% izfrfcEcdYiu;k vkys[;iz[;r;k rqY;nsfgrqY;r;k ijiqjizos'kizfrer;k pksithoue~A 

vkfn'kCnkRiniknknhuka p dkO;kUrjk|FkkSZfpR;eqithoue~A iqujkfninkRleL;kiwj.kk|k% f'k{kk%A r=klrks¿fi 

lkekU;L;kfucU/ks ;Fkkµ 

ekyR;k olUrs] iq"iiQyL; pUnunzqes"kq] iQyL;k'kksosQ"kqA 

nzO;L; ;FkkµÑ".ki{ks lR;k vfi T;ksRLuk;k% 'kqDyi{ks RoU/dkjL;A 

xq.kL; ;FkkµoqQUnoqQM~eykuka dkfenUrkuka p jDrRoL;] deyeqoqQyizHk`fr'p gfjrRoL;] 

fiz;Äõ-iq"ik.kka rq ihrRoL;A 

pA ü÷ 

fØ;k;k ;Fkkµfnok uhyksRiykuka fodklL;] fu'kkfufeÙkL; 'ksiQkfydk oqQlqekuka foÏalL; 

üö- vyÄïkjfpUrkef.k& izFkeifjPNsn&÷ö&øû 

ü÷- dkO;kuq'kklu&izFke vè;k;& i`- ù


vlrks¿fi lkekU;L; fucU/ks ;Fkkµ 

unh"kq in~e uhyksRiykuke~] tyk'k;ek=kss¿fi galknhuke~] ;=k&r=k ioZrs lqo.kZjRuknhukfefrA 

nzO;L; ;Fkkµrefl eqf"VxzkáRoL;] lwphHks|RoL; p] 

T;ksRLuk;ka p oqQEHkksiokáRokns%AA 

xq.kL; ;Fkkµ;'kksgklknkS 'kkSDY;L;A v;'k% ikiknkS dk".;ZL;] Øks/kuqjkx;ks jDrRoL;A 

fØ;k;k ;Fkkµpdksjs"kq pfUnzdkikuL;] pØokdfeFkqus"kq fuf'k fHkUurVkJ;.kL;A 

tkrsfuZ;eks ;Fkkµleqnzs"oso edjk%] rkezi.;kZeso ekSfDrdkfuA 

nzO;L; ;Fkkµey; ,o pUnuLFkkue~] fgeokuso HkwtksZRifÙkiÁA 

xq.kL; ;FkkµlkekU;ksiknkus jRukuka 'kks.krSo] iq"ik.kka 'kqDyrSo] eskkuka Ñ".krSoA 

fØ;k;k ;Fkkµxzh"eknkS lEHkonfi dksfdy#ra olUr ,o] e;wjk.kka o"kkZLoso fo#ra u`R;a 

psfrA 

vFkok fu;e% le;% dohuka ;Fkkµd`".kuhy;ks%] d`".kgfjr;ks% d`".k';ke;ks%] ihrjDr;ks%] 

'kqDyxkSj;ks%] pUnzs 'k'ke`x;ks%] dkeosQrus edjeRL;;ks%] vf=kus=kleqnzksRiUu;ks'pUnz;ks%] 

}kn'kkukeI;kfnR;kuke~] ukjk;.knkeksnjfo".kqek/odwekZns%] deyklEinks%] ukxliZ;ks%] {khj{kkjleqnz;ks%] 

lkxjegkleqnz;ks%] nSR;nkuoklqjk.kka pSD;e~A rFkk p{kqjknsjusdo.kksZio.kZue~] cgqdkytUeuks¿fi f'kopUnzelks 

ckyRoe~] dkeL; ewrZRoeewÙkZRoa psR;kfnA üø 

dfole; osQ lUnHkZ esa vfXuiqjk.k dk dFku gSµ 

vusdL; rFkSosQu cgwuka cgqfHk% 'kqHkkA 

dohuka leqnkpkj% le;ks uke xh;rsAA 

lkeU;'p fof'k"V'p /eZon~Hkofr f}/kA 

fl¼lS¼kfUrdkuk×p dohuk×p fookfnr%AA 

;% izflè;fr lkekU; bR;lkS le;ks er%A 

losZ lS¼kfUrdk ;su l×pjfUr fujR;ee~AA 

fd;Ur ,o ok ;su lekU;Lrsu l f}/kA 

Nsnfl¼kUrrks¿U;% L;kRosQ"kkf×pn~HkzkfUrrks ;FkkAA üù 

üø- dkO;kuq'kklu&izFke vè;k;&lw=k&ûú 

üù- vfXuqiqjk.k&vè;k;&ýþ÷& (dkO;nks"k foosd)&dkfjdk&ýú&ýþ


rdZKkua equs% dL; dL;fpR{k.kHkfÄõdkA 

Hkwr pSrU;rk dL; KkuL; lqizdk'krkAA 

izKkrLFkwyrk 'kCnkusdkUrRoa rFkk¿gZr%A 

'kSooS".ko'kkDrs; lkSjfl¼kfUruka efr%AA 

txr% dkj.ka czã lkÄ~[;kuka liz/kude~A 

vfLeUljLorh yksosQ l×pjUr% ijLije~AA 

cèufUr O;fri';Urks ;f}f'k"V% l mP;rsA 

ifjxzkgknI;lrka lrkesokifjxzgkr~AA 

fHk|ekuL; rL;k;a }Sfoè;eqixh;rsA 

izR;{kkfnizek.kS;Zˆf/ra rnlf}nq%AA 

dfofHkLrRizfrxzkáa KkuL; |ksrekurkA 

;nsokFkZfØ;kdkjh rnso ijekFkZlr~AA 

vKkukKkuLRosda czãSo ijekFkZlr~A 

fo".kq% lxkZfngsrq% l 'kCnkyÄïkj :ioku~AA 

vijk p ik fo| rka KkRok eqP;rs Hkokr~AA ýú 

dkO;dYiyrko`fÙkdkj vejpUnz ;fr us Hkh rhu izdkj osQ dfole; dk fu:i.k fd;k gSA 

mudk dFku gSµ 

vlrks¿fi fucU/sukfucU/su lrks¿fi pA 

fu;esu p tkR;kns% dohuka le;fL=k/kAA 

vlrks¿fi fucU/ks ;Fkkµ 

jRukfu ;=k r=kknzkS galk|Yityk'k;sA 

tysHkk|a uHkksu|keEckstk|a unh"ofiAA 

frfejL; rFkk eqf"Vxzká lwfpfoHks|rke~A 

v×tfyxzkárk oqQEHkksiokáRos fo|qRo"k%AA 

'kqDyRoa dhfrZgklknkS dk".;± nq"dhR;Zokfn"kqA 

izrkis jDrrks".kRos jDrRoa Øks/jkx;ks%AA 

foHkko;k± fHkUurVkJ;.ka pØokd;ks%A 

T;ksRlukikua pdksjk.kka o.kZ;snlnIln%AA 

ýú- vfXuiqjk.k&vè;;u&ý&÷ (dkO;nks"kfoosd%&dkfjdk&ýÿ&þú


fu;eks ;Fkkµ 

eqDrkLrkezi.;kZesokfC/"oso edjkufiA 

HkwtZnzwu~ fgeoR;so ey;sáso pUnue~AA 

lkekU;xzg.ks okfjeqpka d`".kRoeso fgA 

jDrRoeso jRukuka iq"ik.kka 'kkSDY;eso pAA 

rFkk olUr ,okU;Hk`rkuka èofurksn~Hkoe~A 

o"kkZ"osoe;wjk.kka #ra u`Ùka p o.kZ;sr~AA ýû 

fu;e fo'ks"kks ;Fkkµ 

uhy d`".k;ks% gfjrd`".k;ks% ';ked`".k;ks%A 

ihrikVy;ks% 'kqDyxkSj;ksukZxliZ;ks%AA 

egk.kZo lkxj;ks% {khj{kkjleqnz;ks%A 

}kn'kkukeI;dkZ.kka okè;Zf=kn`X;Unz;ks%AA 

pUnzsZ'ks'k.k;ksfoZ".kq'ks"kdwekZfndL; pA 

ukjk;.knkeksnjek/o izHk`rsjfiAA 

nkuoklqjnSR;kukeSD;esokfHklEere~A 

nkuokLrq foizfpfÙk% 'kEcjks ueqfpLrFkkAA 

iqyksekn;ks¿Fk nSR;k fgj.;k[;ks fojkspu%A 

ck.kks fgj.;df'kiqcZfyizÈkndkn;%AA 

vFkklqjk o`"kioZ cyo`Ùkkn;k Le`rk%A 

L=kh.kke{.k% dVk{kk.kka 'kqDyrk d`".krkFkokAA 

d`".krkI;ok 'kqDy';kerk 'kqDyd`".krk 

cgqdky tUeuks¿fi f'kopUnzL; ckyrkA 

euksHkoL; ewrZRoeewÙkZRoa p o.;ZrsAA 

nsonsohfLFkfra fo|k ukf;dkuk;dØee~A 

LoHkkoku~ loZthokuka O;oLFkkns'kdky;ks%AA ýü 

dfodYiyrk osQ jpukdkj vkpk;Z nsos'oj us Hkh dfole; dk foospu iwoZor gh fd;k 

gSA mudk dFku gSµ 

ýû- dFkdYiyrko`fÙk& izFkeizrku&i×pe Lrod 

ýü- dkO;dYiyrko`fÙk&izrku&i×pe Lrod


vlrks¿fi fucU/suk¿fucU/ks lrks¿fi okA 

fu;esu p tkR;kns% dohuka le;fL=k/kAA ýý 

vlrks¿fi fucU/kss ;Fkkµ 

jRukfu ;=kr=kknzkS galk|Yityk'k;s 

tysHkk|a uHkksu|keEckstk|a unh"ofi 

frfejL; rFkk eqf"VxzkáRoa lwfpHks|rk 

v×tfyxzkárk oqQEHkksiokáRoa f'kf'kfRo"k% 

'kqDyRoa dhfrZgklknkS dk".;± pkdhfrZiki;ks% 

izrkis jDrrks".kRos jDrRoa Øks/jkx;ks% 

foHkko;k± fHkUurVkJ;.ka pØokd;ks% 

T;ksRLukikua pdksjk.kka prq"dRoa i;ksfu/s%A 

lrks¿I;fucU/ks ;Fkkµ 

clUrs ekyrhiq"ia iQyiq"is p pUnus 

v'kksosQ p iQya T;ksRLukèokUrs d`".kkU;i{k;ks% 

dfenUrs"kq oqQUnkuka eqoqQys"kq p jDrrk 

gfjrRoa fnok uhyksRiykuka p fodkflrk 

o.kZ;sUu lnI;srfUu;eks¿Fk izdk';rsµ 

HkwtZRofX/eoR;so ey;s áso pUnue~ 

lkekU; xzg.ks 'kkSDY;a N=kkEHk% iq"iokllke~ 

d`".kRoa osQ'kdkdkfg i;ksfuf/ i;kseqpke~ 

jDrRoa jDrcU/wd fcEckEHkkst fooLorke~ 

rFkk clUrs ,okU;iq"Vkuka dydwftre~ 

o"kkZ"oso e;wjk.kka #ra u`R;a p o.kZ;sr~ 

fu;eL; fo'ks"kks¿Fk iqu% df'pr~ izdk';rsµ 

deyklEinks% d`".kgjfrksukZxliZ;ks% 

ihryksfgr;ks% Lo.kZijkxkfXuf'k[kkfn"kq 

pUnzs 'kS'k.k;ks% dkeèots edjeRL;;ks% 

nkuoklqj nSR;kukeSD;esokfHklEere~ 

ýý- dfodYiyrk&


cgqdky tUeuks¿fi f'kopUnzL; ckyrk 

ekuok ekSfyrks o.;kZ nsok'pj.kr% iqu% ýþ 

vkpk;Z fo'oukFk dfojkt us vius xzUFk lkfgR;niZ.k esa dfo le; dk mYys[k djrs gq, 

fy[kk gSµ 

ekfyU;a O;ksfEu ikis] ;'kfl /oyrk] o.;Zrs gkldhR;ksZ 

jDrkS p Øks/jkxkS] lfjnqnf/xra iÄïtsUnhojkfnA 

rks;k/kjs¿f[kys¿fi izljfr p ejkykfnd% if{klakks 

T;ksRLuk is;k pdksjStZy/jle;s ekula ;kfUr galk%AA 

iknkkkrkn'kksda fodflr coqQya ;ksf"krkekL;e|S& 

;wZukeÄõs"kq gkjk%] LiQqVfr p ân;a foiz;ksxL; rkiS%A 

ekSohZ jksyEcekyk /uqjFk fof'k[kk% dkSlqek% iq"iosQrks 

fHkUua L;knL; ck.kS;qZotuân;a L=khdVk{ks.k r}r~AA 

vgU;EHkksta] fu'kk;ka fodflr oqQeqna] pfUnzdk 'kqDyi{ks 

eskèokus"kq u`R;a Hkofr p f'kf[kuka ukI;'kksosQ iQya L;kr~A 

u L;kTtkrh clUrs u p oqQlqeiQys xU/lkjnzqek.kk& 

feR;k|qUus;eU;Rdfole;xra lRdohuka izcU/sAA ýÿ 

osQ'kofeJ us vius xzUFk vyÄïkj'ks[kj esa dfole; dk foospu djrs gq, fy[kk gSµ 

bnkuha dfolaiznk;L; lokZis{k;kH;fgZrRoa n'kZ;Uukg& 

vlrks¿fi fucU/su lrkeI;fucU/ukr~A 

fu;eL; iqjLdkjkRlaiznk;fL=k/k dos%AA 

vlrks¿ihfrA oLrqxR;k ;Uu Hkofr rnfi dfofHkfuZcè;rsA 

;Fkkµ 

jRukfu ;=k r=kknzkS galk|Yityk'k;sA 

tysHkk|a uHkksu|keEHkkstk|a unh"ofiAA 

frfejL; rFkk eqf"VxzkáRoa lwfpHks|rkA 

'kqDyRoa dhfrZiq.;knkS dk".;± pkdhR;Z|kfn"kqAA 

izrkis jDrrks".kRos jDrRoa Øks/jkx;ks%A 

T;ksRLukikua pdksjk.kka lsokya loZokfj"kqAA 

ýþ- dfodYiyrk& 

ýÿ- lkfgR;niZ.k&lIre ifjPNsn&'yksd üý&üÿ


osQljk'kksd;ks% lRL=khx.MwlkRiknkkrr%A 

eklkUrjs¿fi iq"ikf.k jksekfyfL=kofyfL=k;ke~AA 

lrkeihfrA ikjekfFkZdefi u fucè;rsA 

;FkkµclUrs ekyrhiq"ia iQyiq"is p pUnusA 

dkfenUrs"kq oqQUnkuka oqQM~eys"kq p jDrrkA 

ukjh.kka ';kerk ikr% Lru;ks;ZPp ok fß;sAA 

fu;eL;sfrµ 

fgeoR;so HkwtZRod~ pUnua ey;s ije~A 

gseUrf'kf'kjkS R;DRok loZnk deyfLFkfr%AA 

lkekU;xzg.ks 'kkSDY;a iq"ikEHk'N=kokllke~A 

èotpkejgalkuka gkjL; odHkLeuks%AA 

d`".kRoa 'kSyo`{kkfn eskokfjf/oh#/ke~A 

fHkYydk pklqjk.kka p /wiiÄïf'kjks#gke~AA 

ykSfgR;a /krqekf.kD;tikjRufooLorke~A 

in~eiYyocU/wdnkfMehdjtkfn"kqAA 

ihrRoa 'kkfye.MwdoYdys"kq ijkxosQA 

o"kkZLoso f'kf[kizkS


v"Vkn'k Le`rk fo|k'prÏ'p prqnZ'kA 

;s LFkys rs tys thok fHkUnUR;dZ j.ks e`rk%AA 

egRoeknkS lxkZUrs lw{erk txrkefiA 

'kSykfnfHkZ|rs 'kCnkUuHk% 'kr/uwjfiAA 

uke rÙknqik/kS L;kPNÄïjks o`"kokgu%A 

fpÉRos p o`"kkÄïks¿;a èots lRok¼`"kèot%AA 

'kwyh] u lihZ fxfj'k%] 'k'kh u gfj.kh fo/q%A 

bUnqekSfyeZgknsoks xÄõkekSfyuZ rq Dofpr~AA 

jy;ksMZy;ks'pSo oc;ks% 'kl;ksuZ fHkr~A 

ukuqLokjfolxksZ p fp=kHkÄõk; laerkSAA 

boo}kfgghgLeoroSrqfdySopA 

inkU;srkfu ns;kfu iknL;k|s u tkrqfpr~AA 

HkwrsUnzHkkjrs'kkRizkÄ~egPNCnks fujFkZd%A 

nqjFkksZ czkã.ks o`f"VHkksT;kS"k/iFkkfn"kqAA ý÷ 

bl izdkj dkO;'kkL=k osQ bu vkpk;ks± us dfole; (fl¼kUr) dk foospu vius&vius xzUFkksa 

esa fd;k gSA dfole; (fl¼kUr) dh tks lÄïYiuk vkpk;Z jkt'ks[kj us vius xzUFk dkO;ehekalk 

esa izLrqr dh] ogh mÙkjorhZ izk;% leLr vkpk;ks± us Lohdkj dj O;k[;k dh gSA vokZphu laLd`r 

dkO;'kkL=k osQ vkpk;ks± us dfole; osQ lUnHkZ esa viuk dksbZ eUrO; ugha fn;k gSA izks- jk/koYyHk 

f=kikBh th us dfo Hksn osQ lUnHkZ esa fdf×pr~ oDrO; fn;k gSA mudk er gS fd ftl izdkj dkO; 

osQ mÙkeksÙke] mÙke] eè;e vkSj v/e pkj Hksn gksrs gSa] mlh izdkj fl¼] lk/d] vkH;kfld vkSj 

kVd pkj izdkj osQ dfo Hkh gksrs gSaA dfo;ksa dh gh Hkk¡fr pkj izdkj osQ dkO;leh{kd Hkh gksrs 

gSaA izLrqr 'kks/i=k esa dfo ,oa dfole; ds fo"k; esa vkpk;ks± ds eUrO;ksa dks laf{kIr :i esa izLrqr 

fd;k x;k gSA 

lUnHkZxzUFk lwph 

û- 'kqDy;tqosZnµ(ekè;fUnulafgrk)µHkk";iz.ksrk& Lokehdjik=k egkjkt& Jhjk/kd`".k/kuqdk izdk'ku 

laLFkku] dydÙkk&oÙnkou] iza-la-&lEor~&üúþø 

ü- laLd`r vkykspukµia- cynso mikè;k;& mÙkjizns'k fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅ&iape laLdj.k&üúúù 

ý- vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=kµjk/koYyHkf=kikBh&lEiw.kkZuUn laLd`r fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh&üúúÿ 

þ- dkO;kn'kZµn.Mh&la- /esZUnzoqQekj xqIr& esgjpUnyNeunkl] nfj;kxat] fnYyh& iz-la- ûù÷ý 

ý÷- vyÄïkj'ks[kj&i×pn'k ejhfp


ÿ- dkO;ehekalkµjkt'ks[kj& la- osQnkjukFk'kekZ lkjLor&fogkjjktHkk"kk ifj"kn~] iVuk&iz-la- ûùÿþ 

ö- vfXuiqjk.kµO;kl@ vfXunso& la- f'koizlkn f}osnh& pkS[kEck laLd`r izfr"Bku] fnYyh&iz-laüúúþ 

÷- dkO;kyÄïkjµHkkeg& la- nsosUnzukFk 'kekZ& fogkjjk"VªHkk"kk ifj"kn~] iVuk&iz-la- ûù÷ý 

ø- èoU;kyksdµvkuUno/Zu& la- vkpk;Z fo'os'oj fl¼kUr f'kjksef.k& Kkue.MyfyfeVsM] 

okjk.klh] iqueqZfnzr laLdj.k&ûùùø 

ù- dkO;izdk'kµeEeV& la- vkpk;Z fo'os'oj fl¼kUr f'kjksef.k& Kkue.My fyfeVsM] 

okjk.klh] iquZeqfnzr laLdj.k&ûùùø 

ûú- dkO;kuq'kkluµgsepUnz& lEikndkS ia- f'konÙk vkSj dk'khukFkik.MqjÄõ ijc&esgjpUnz yNeunkl 

ifCyosQ'ku] fnYyh&iquZlaLdj.k&ûùøö 

ûû- vyÄïkjfpUrkef.kµvftrlsu] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] nfj;kxat] fnYyh 

ûü- dkO;dYiyrko`fÙkµvejpUnz;fr] la- nnu mikè;k;] lEiw.kkZuUn laLd`r fo'ofo|ky;] 

okjk.klh&üúúü 

ûý- dfodYiyrkµnsos'oj& focfy;ksfFkdk bf.Mdk] ,sf'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh] dydÙkk 

ûþ- lkfgR;niZ.kµdfojkt fo'oukFk] la- yksdef.knkgky ,oa f=kyksdhukFk f}osnh] pkS[kEck 

lqjHkkjrh izdk'ku] okjk.klh] iz-la- ûùùÿ 

ûÿ- vyÄïkj'ks[kjµosQ'kofeJ] fu.kZ; lkxj izsl] fn- la- ûùüö

YkgjhdkO;&foèkk esa ^ygjhn'kde~* 

MkW- dkS'ky frokjh 

vokZphu laLd`r lkfgR; esa izkphu dkO;foèkkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk uohu dkO;foèkkvksa esa 

Hkh jpuk,Wa fy[kh tk jgh gSaA vokZphu laLd`r lkfgR;dkjksa us dqN izkphu dkO;foèkkvksa dks 

uohu :Ik esa Hkh izLrqr fd;k gSaA ,slh gh ,d dkO;foèkk gS&ygjhdkO;foèkkA izkphu laLd`r 

lkfgR; esa ,sls [k.MdkO; miyCèk gksrs gSa ftuesa ygjh "kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] tSls 

"kadkjpk;Z d`r lkSUn;Zygjh vkSj vkuUnygjh] if.Mrjkt txUukFk d`r ve`rygjh] d#.kkygjh] 

lqèkkygjh] xaxkygjh vkfnA ;s ygjhdkO; izk;% nsoHkfDr dh Hkkouk ij gh vkèkfjr gSa] tSls 

lkSUn;Zygjh esa Hkxorh f=kiqjlqUnjh dh] ve`rygjh esa ;equk dh] d#.kkygjh esa fo".kq dh rFkk 

lqèkkygjh esa Hkxoku~ HkkLdj dh Lrqfr gSA;gh dkj.k jgk ftlls laLd`r lkfgR; ds bfrgkldkjksa 

us bu dkO;ksa dh x.kuk Lrks=k&lkfgR; ds vUrxZr gh dh gSA 

vokZphu laLd`r lkfgR; esa ygjhdkO;foèkk us viuk ,d i`Fkd~ LFkku cuk fy;k gSA 

;gkWa è;krO; gS fd vokZphu ygjhdkO;ksa esa ek=k nsoHkfDr gh ugha dh xbZ gS vfirq dfo vusd 

fo"k;ksa dks vkèkkj cukdj bu ygjhdkO;ksa dh jpuk dj jgk gS] tSls vfHkjkt jktsUnz feJ jfpr 

foLe;ygjh] osy.kdj jfpr fojgygjh] HkkLdj fiYyS jfpr iszeygjh] JhHkk";e~ fot; lkjFkh 

jfpr fo"kknygjh] Jhèkj HkkLdj o.ksZdj jfpr ekr`Hkwygjh vkfnA ;qxkuq#i bl dkO;foèkk dk 

y{k.k nsus dk iz;kl Hkh vkèkqfudlaLd`r&dkO;'kkfL=kk;ksa us fd;k gSA izks- jglfcgkjh f}osnh us 

ygjhdkO;foèkk dk y{k.k izLrqr djrs gq, dgk gS& 

nsos ns"ks fulxsZ ok fiz;s oLrqfu HkfDreku~A 

dfo;ZRdq#rs dkO;a ygjhR;fHkfèk;rsAA 

Lorks"Bfi iw.kZi|kfu pSdfLeu~ fo"k;sfUofre~A 

nèkrs rkfu dkO;s"BfLeu~ dYyksyk bo okfjèkkSAA û 

û- nwokZ if=kdk] vad&viSzy&twu üúúÿ]i`"B&ùþ

YkgjhdkO;&foèkk esa ^ygjhn'kde~* 75 

izks- vfHkjkt jktsUnz feJ us [k.MdkO; dk gh ,d Hksn ygjhdkO; dks ekurs gq, dgk 

gS fd tSls lkxj esa ygfj;k¡ ,d nwljs ds lkFk tqMh jgrh gSa rFkk ukuk izdkj dh Hkafx;ksa dks 

mRiUu djrh gqbZ ijLij vfHkUu jgrh gSa] mlh izdkj HkfDr ,oWa 'kàxkj ds lUnHkZ vFkok vU;kU; 

izo`fÙk;kWa tc ijLij fHkUu gksrh gqbZ Hkh ewyHkko (central theme) dks leiq"V djrh gSa rks 

mls ygjhdkO; dgrs gSa& 

ygjhdkO;eI;srr~ [k.MdkO;a leqP;rsA 

izfrik|a ;nk dkO;s ygjhlfUuHka Hkosr~AA 

ijLija 

leklDrk yg;ksZ tyèkkS ;FkkA 

HkafxozXta tu;UR;ks ;kUR;}SrLo:irke~AA 

HkfDr'kàxkjlUnHkkZ% dkO;s"BU;s"Bfi rFkk ;nkA 

fHkUuk % lUrksfi iq".kfUr ewyHkkoa iqu% iqu%AA 

ygjhlfUuHkk Hkk"kkfofPNfra tu;fUr pA 

u;uk""lspua 

Hkwfj forUofUr fujUrje~AA ü 

vkpk;Z jkèkkoYyHk f=kikBh bl lUnHkZ esa dgrs gSa fd psruk:Ik leqnz esa Hkko:Ik rjaxs 

mBrh gSa vkSj ijLij Vdjkrh gSa] mudk O;Drhdj.k gh ygjhdkO; gS& 

ikjkokjs psrfl mn~xPNfUr p eqgq% lakêfUr A 

HkkorjaxkLrs"kka O;Drhdj.ka HkosYygjhAA ý 

ygjhsdkO; ds mi;qZDr y{k.kksa ls Li"V gh gS fd ygjhdkO;ksa dk fo"k; dsoy 

nso&Lrqfr gh u gksdj dksbZ Hkh Hkko gks ldrk gSA fdUrq ;g Hkko lEiq"V gksdj dkO; esa mHkjuk 

pkfg,A 

vkpk;Z jkèkkoYyHk f=kikBh iz.khr ^ygjhn"kde~* vkèkqfud ygjhdkO;&ijEijk esa 

vU;re gSA blesa nl ygjhdkO;ksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gSA bu ygjhdkO;ksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; 

bl izdkj gS& 

ü- vfHkjkt;"kksHkw"k.ke~]i`"B&üüþ 

ý- vfHkuodkO;kyadkjlw=k] i`"B&ýýø (txnh'k laLd`r iqLrdky;] t;iqj)


û olUrygjh& izLrqr ygjh esa olUr Írq dks vkèkkj cukdj ÿý i| jps x;s gSaaA ;gkWa 

olUr Írq dk fp=kk.k ijEijkxr laLd`r dfork ls fHkUu gSA fujUrj fouk"k dh vkSj vxzlj 

Ik;kZoj.k ,oWa lrr~ o`f¼ dks izkIr iznw"k.k ds eè; olUr ds vorj.k&dky esa O;fFkr dfo ds 

eu esa mBus okys Hkko ;gkWa dfork dk :Ik fy, gq, n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa] ;Fkk& 

Lkk;a RookI; le;a Hkze.kk; ;krks 

xPNkfe futZuiFks ureLrdks"Bge~A 

f}=kkku~ fLFkrku~ fuHk`re=kk foyksd;kfe 

o`{kku~ fo"k..kân;kfuo lTtukaLrku~AA þ 

lk;a ds le; 

fudyrk gwWa 

futZu iFk ij 

flj >qdk,Wa 

kweus ds fy,] 

Ikkrk gwWa ogkWa 

nks&rhu o`{kksa dks 

[kMs gks tSls 

f[kUu&eu lTtuAA 

;gkW lelkef;d leL;k,W Hkh olUr&o.kZu ds O;kt ls izLrqr dh xbZ gSaA ;s dfork,a 

ek=kk olUr Írq dh ekndrk dk o.kZu djus ds fy, ugha fy[kh xbZ gSa vfirq buds ekè;e 

ls dfo vius iwjs ;qx dks th ysrk gS] ;gh lPps vFkksZa esa vkèkqfudrk gSA dfo us olUr Írq 

ij vkèkkfjr bl ygjh dks olUrfrydk NUn esa fuc¼ fd;k gSA 

ü- funkkygjh& bl ygjh esa dfo us xzh"e Írq esa euq";ksa ds lkFk&lkFk Ik'kq&if{k;ksa 

ds Hkh larIr O;ogkj dk LokHkkfod o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA Ik;kZoj.k dh orZeku fLFkfr ds izfr 

dfo dh fpUrk ;gkWa Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA I;kl ls O;kdqy euq";ksa ls vfèkd 'kkspuh; fLFkfr 

þ- ygjhn"kde~]i`"B&þ


Ikvkq&if{k;ksa dh gSA dfo uss ,d LFkku ij esk dh rqyuk eapLFk usrk ls dh gS tks xjtrk rks 

gS fdUrq dke ugha djrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;fn dfo esk dks nwr cuk, rks dSls cuk,& 

dqrks ;{k% dqrks esk% lUns"kizki.k% dqr% A 

fofPNUukHkzfoyk;a rYy;a ;kfr eukstxr~ AA ÿ 

;fn Ik;kZoj.k dh fLFkfr ,slh gh fod`r cuh jgh rks lEHkor% vkxkeh le; esa xjtus 

ds fy, Hkh esk miyCèk ugha gksxkA bl ygjh esa vuq"VqqiNUnksc¼ ÿû i| gSA 

ý-izko`M~ ygjh& bl ygjh esa dqy ÿü i| gSa] ftuesa o"kkZ Írq dk fp=kk.k fd;k x;k 

gSA bl ygjh esa ;|fi ljl izd`fr &fp=kk.k gh n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS fdUrq dgha&dgha dfo us 

lelkef;drk dk Hkh fuos"k fd;k gSA,d i| esa dfo us vfHkuo dYiuk dh gS& 

jksekapd.VdStqZ"Vk rq"Vk oU;k olqUèkjk A 

yCèok itZU;laLivkZa leqN~oflfr dksjdS%AA ö 

jksekap ds dkWaVksa ls Hkjh 

oU;&olqUèkjk 

ikdj esk dk Li"kZ 

vokl ys jgh gS 

Ikq"iksa dh dfy;ksa lsAA 

bl ygjh esa iz;qDr v;keuooèkw] iwoZjax] ifjkÍuk] izkosf"kdh èkzqok] NfyrukV~; vkfn 

"kCnksa ds iz;ksx ls dfo dk ukV~;'kkL=kkh; Kku Hkh izdV gksrk gSA 

þ- èkfj=khn'kZu ygjh& bl ygjh esa fdlh ifFkd }kjk dh xbZ Hkkjr ls teZuh rd 

dh ;k=kkk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA lEHkor% dfo us viuh gokbZ&;k=kk ds gh vuqHko ;gkW dkO; 

ds :Ik esa izLrqr fd;s gSaA dfo dks dgha vkdk'k ds eè; yVdk foeku f=k'kadq ds leku yxrk 

gS rks dgha i{khjkt x#M ds lekuA foeku ls fn[krh i`fFkoh dk Hkh ân;kotZd o.kZu miyCèk 

gksrk gSA fo"k;kuq:Ik dbZ "kCnksa dk laLd`rhdj.k Hkh fd;k x;k gS] tSls&ikji=kk (ikliksVZ)] 

izos"kkfèkdkj (ohlk)] O;kseckyk (,;j gksLVsl)] ;kukè;{k (dsIVu)A ;gkWa esknwr dh dqN 

ÿ- ogh] i`"B&ýû 

ö- ogh] i`"B&þü


iafDr;ksa dk iz;ksx lqUnj cu iMrk gS] ;Fkk ;k=kh dks foeku ns[kdj dfo dks oSlk gh vuqHko 

gksrk gS]tSlk vuqHko esk dks ns[kdj ;{k dks gqvk Fkk& 

d`Rok iw.kZa fofgrfofèkuk ra p ;k=kkksipkja 

"kkykeUr% izpqjfo"knka l izfo"Vks fovkkyke~A 

vklhuks"=kk fLFkrefèkrya lEeq[khua foekua 

oizØhMkifjxf.krxtizs{k.kh;a nn"kZAA÷ 

;gka è;krO; gS fd foeku;k=kk ds vuqHkoksa dks dfork ds :i esa fuc¼ djus dks 

^vfHkjkt* jktsUnz feJ us ,d uohu dkO; foèkk ekudj mldk ukedj.k ^foekudkO;& 

foèkk* fd;k gS] ;Fkk izHkkdj ukjk;.k dosBdj dh dfork ^Hkwyksdfoyksdue~*] gfjnRr 

"kekZ dh dfork ^py py foekujkt js*] ^vfHkjkt* jktsUnz feJ jfpr ^foeku;k=kk"krde~* 

uked [k.MdkO; vkfnA bl ygjh esa dqy ÿÿ i| gSaaA 

ÿ-turk ygjh& izLrqr ygjh esa Hkkjrh; turk dks dsUnz j[k dj dfo us ÿú i|ksa ds 

ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; x.krU=kk dh orZeku fLFkfr dh Hkh [kcj yh gSA Hkkjrh; turk dh Lrqfr 

dfo D;ksa dj jgk gS] tcfd Lrqfr&iz"kfLr ds fo"k; nsork] egkiq#"k vkfn vU; izkphu fo"k; 

miyCèk gSa gh\ bl ftKklk dk lekèkku djrs gq, dfo dgrs gSa fd gekjs fy, rks Hkkjrh; 

turk gh loksZijh gS vr% ge mlh dh Lrqfr dj jgs gSa& 

dsfpn~ HkfDrijk;.kk HkoHk;knpZfUr nsokaLroS% 

dsfpPPkkVqjrk% [kyka"pyfèk;ks usrù~ izHkwaNzher%A 

vLekda rq fulxZr% fLFkfry;kfoHkkZogsrq% ija 

;ksx{ksefoèkkf;uhg turk jk"VªL; Lkk Lrw;rsAA ø 

dfo dk ;g oDrO; mfpr gh gS D;ksafd vkèkqfud laLd`r dfo dksxZ ,slk njckjh 

dfo ugha gS tks fdlh izyksHku ;k foo'krk ds pyrs fdlh usrk ;k rFkkdfFkr egkiq#"k dh Lrqfr 

djs] vfirq og rks vius ns'k dh feV~Vh ls tqMs O;fDr dks gh vius dkO; dk uk;d cukuk 

pkgrk gSA 

dfo us ;gka mPpinklhu usrkvksa] vfèkdkfj;ksa esa QSys Hkz"Vkpkj ij rh[ks O;aX; fd;s gSaA 

fnYyh esa tkdj cSB x;s fdUrq vius {ks=k dh lqèk u ysus okys usrk dh miek dfo us nf{k.k 

÷- ogh] i`"B&þþ 

ø- ogh]i`"B&öö


fn"kk esa x;s vxLR; eqfu ds izkphu vk[;ku ls nh gS vkSj cspkjh turk foU; ds leku 

izrh{kkjr gSA fdUrq dfo dh vk"kkokfguh n`f"V yksdrU=k esa vc Hkh cuh gqbZ gS& 

gksrkjks o;e`fRoxLrq turk"kDrseZgklaxe% 

lqizkr% lqfnok% lqlfUèkle;% lq"ok tuks tk;rke~A 

;KsfLeu~ izfoHkT;rka izfrtua fuokZpus "kklua 

ákyksd% izljhljhrq lqHkx"pkyksdrU=kkèou%AA ù 

ö- jksfVdkygjh& mifu"kn~ lkfgR; esa ,d LFkku ij vUu dks gh czã dgk x;k 

gS&^^vUua oS czã**A ;g ,d vkfèkHkkSfrd lR; dk dFku gS D;ksafd vUu ds fcuk thou fuokZg 

lEHko ugha gSaA bl ds vkyksd esa gh dfo us jksfVdkygjh fy[kh gS] ftlesa jksVh vUu fdaok 

czã dh izrhd gS& 

;n~ jlks oS p lsfr JqrkS izksP;rs 

czã:ia rFkk""Uua p tsxh;rsA 

orZrs loZesrr~ rq loZad"ka 

xwghra foLe`ra jksfVdkxkSjoe~AA ûú 

izfrfnu ds O;ogkj esa ge Hkh ns[krs gSa fd tks Hkh O;kikj fd;k tk jgk gS ml ds ewy 

esa jksVh gh gSA vr% ;fn jksVh dks dkO; dk fo"k; cuk;k tkrk gS rks blesa dksbZ nks"k ugha gSA 

jksVh ;gka ukf;dk dk :Ik ys ysrh gS] ,slh ukf;dk ftldk vkLokn fdruh Hkh ckj D;ksa u fy;k 

tk,] fiQj Hkh og u;s Lokn okyh gh cuh jgrh gS (rqyuh; oSfnd iqjk.kh ;qorh m"kk ls)A 

'kdqUryk nq";Ur ds fy, v[k.M iq.;ksa dk Qy gks ldrh gS fdUrq lkèkkj.k euq";ksa ds fy, 

rks jksVh gh v[k.M iq.;ksa dk ,dek=kk izd`"V iQy gS& 

jksfVdk jktrs iw.kZeqDrkd`fr% 

Lokfnrk pkfi fuR;a uokLokfnrkA 

Ekkuokuke[k.ML; iq.;L; lk 

dsoya pSdefLr izd`"Va iQye~AA ûû 

bl ygjh esa dqy ÿû i| gSaA 

ù- ogh]i`"B&øÿ 

ûú- ogh] i`"B&ùú 

ûû- ogh] i`"B&ø÷


÷- ueZnk ygjh& izLrqr ygjh esa ÿÿ i|ksa ds ekè;e ls ueZnk unh dh nsoh ds :Ik 

esa Lrqfr dh xbZ gSA ,d LFky ij ÍXosn ds uklnh; lwDr dk izHkko Li"V :Ik ls n`Xxkspj 

gksrk gS] tgka dfo dgrk gS fd gs ueZns! Tkc l`f"V leqYyflr ugha gqbZ Fkh rc Hkh rqEgkjs ty 

dk ikjkokj "okal ys jgk Fkk& 

Ukks ln~ cHkwo u fdy pkfi cHkwo ok""lr~ 

Lk`f"V;Znk u p leqYyflrk iqjklhr~A 

fuokZr ,o p leqPN~oflfr Le pSd% 

"kwU;L; xg~ojxrLro okfjjkf"k%AA ûü 

dfo us ;gka ueZnk unh ls lEcfUèkr vk[;kuksa] ,sfrgkfld o`RrkUrksa dks Hkh mn~kkfVr 

fd;k gS] tSls& cfy&vk[;ku] lglzktqZu&vk[;ku] jko.k dk o`RrkUr] ik.Moksa ds ouokl dk 

o`RrkUr] e.MUk feJ dk o`RrkUr vkfnA dfo dh ueZnk ds izfr tks HkfDr gS og loZ=kk viuk 

izokg cuk, j[krh gS vkSj ;g LokHkkfod Hkh gS D;ksafd dfo us ueZnk unh dh laLd`fr dks th;k 

gSA 

ø- e`fÙkdk ygjh& ekuo dgha Hkh jgs fdUrq mlesa mlds ns'k dh feV~Vh dh lkSaèkh 

egd lnSo egdrh jgrh gSA bl ygjh esa of.kZr feV~Vh vius ns'k] xkao dh Hkwfe] tMksa dh 

izrhd gSA izzzR;sd euq"; feV~Vh dh xksn esa iyk cMk gSA feV~Vh ds kj cukuk] [ksy&[ksy esa 

feV~Vh [kk ysuk vkfn ckY;dky dh kVuk,a fdldas eu dks vkg~ykfnr ugha dj nsrh gSa\ ;g 

ygjh vkidks vkids cpiu esa ys tkrh gS] dqN [kV~Vh&feBh ;knksa dks rktk dj nsrh gS& 

izzèkkfora p 'kS"kos=kke`fÙkdkfprs"Bax.ksA 

fofufeZrkfu xsgdkfu rkfu lSdrkfu okAA 

vy{;nUrdqM~eyk% dqVqfEcfHkxZosf"krk%A 

vHk{k;ke e`fÙkdka rnk fuyh; dks.kdsAA ûý 

dfo us ;gka feV~Vh dks v{kq..k crk;k gS D;ksafd lHkh oLrqvksa esa fufgr ;g feV~Vh 

oLrqvksa ds u"V gksus ij Hkh u"V ugha gksrh] oLrqvksa ds fHkUu gksus ij Hkh vfHkUu jgrh gSA ;gka 

feV~Vh "kk"or lR; ds :Ik esa mHkj dj lkeus vkrh gSA dfo feV~Vh dks czã ds :Ik esa 

izfrf"Br djrs izrhr gksrs gSaA bl ygjh esa iappkej NUn esa fuc¼ üÿ i| gSaA 

ûü- ogh] i`"B&ûúÿ 

ûý- ogh] i`"B&ûûù


ù- v|kfi ygjh& bl ygjh esa thou ds lkrR; o xR;kRedrk dk dkO;kRed fp=k.k 

fd;k x;k gSA ;gka ÿú i| gSa] ftuesa izk;% ^v|kfi* in dh vko`fRr gksrh gSA dfo ds vuqlkj 

in ^v|kfi* dh vko`fÙk bl ckr dh lwpd gS fd lEiw.kZ tfVyrkvksa ds chp vHkh Hkh vk'kk 

o fo"okl cps gq, gSaA ;g ygjh dkO; reke folaxfr;ksa] foMEcukvksa] fujk'kkvksa ds eè; thou 

esa vk"kk o vkLFkk dh [kkst djrh gSA ;g ekuo thou dh ftthfo"kk dh izrhd gSA dfo ml 

lathouLi"kZ dks vius "kCnksa ls [kkst jgk gS] tks thou ds tfVy] d.Vfdr ekxksZa ij dgha [kks 

x;k gS& 

Li"kZ% iqjk ifjfprks fu;ra ; vklhr~ 

Lkathou'p eul'p jlk;ua ;r~A 

yqIrks"Bèkquk tfVythouth.kZekxsZ"B& 

|kihg xhfHkZfjg rap xos"k;kfeAA ûþ 

;gka dfo dghsa vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k dh lqèk ysrs fn[kyk;h nsrs gSa rks dgha 

Ik;kZoj.k ds fouk"k ds izfr viuh fpUrk O;Dr djrs gSaA dgha efUnj&efLtn fookn dks O;FkZ 

crkrs gSa rks dgha 'kkdqUry&dFkk dks orZeku lUnHkZ esa izLrqr djrs gSaA bu lc ds chp Hkh dfo 

dh ftthfo"kk lekIr ugha gqbZ gS& 

,rs HkofUr ifyrk vfèkeLrda es 

ds"kkLrFkkfi fojrk u ftthfo"ks;e~A 

v|kfi nf{k.kdjL; n`


ukxzs iz;krks""fLe u lafLFkrks""ge~AA ûö 

dgha ;g izLFkku dh osyk egkizLFkku ds Hkko dks Hkh izdV djrh n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gS& 

,"kk tjksiSfr ;eL; nwrh 

ds"ka x`ghRok ifyra LogLrsA 

'kCnki;Urh fdy d.kZewys 

izLFkkuosyk uq lekxrsfrAA û÷ 

bl ygjhdkO;laxzg dk izdk'ku izfrHkk izdk'ku] fnYyh ls gqvk gSA 

ûö- ogh] i`"B&ûþÿ 

û÷- ogh] i`"B&ûÿü

tSuksa dk izkÑr&lkfgR; % ,d losZ{k.k 

izks- lkxjey tSu 

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,d lefUor laLÑfr gSA vfr izkphudky ls gh blesa nks èkkjk,¡ izokfgr 

gksrh jgh gSµoSnfd vkSj Je.kA ;|fi ;s nks Lora=k èkkjk,¡ ewyr% ekuo thou ds nks i{kksa ij 

vkèkkfjr jgh gSaA ekuo thou Lo;a fojksèkkHkkliw.kZ gSA okluk (tSfod i{k@'kjhj) vkSj foosd 

(vè;kRe)µ ;s nksuksa rÙo mlesa izkjEHk ls gh lefUor gSA ijEijkxr n`f"V ls bUgsa 'kjhj vkSj 

vkRek Hkh dg ldrs gSaA tSls ;s nksuksa i{k gekjs O;fDrRo dks izHkkfor djrs jgrs gSa] oSls gh ;s 

nksuksa laLÑfr;k¡ Hkh ,d nwljs dks izHkkfor djrh jgh gSaA Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls Hkh ;s nksuksa laLÑfr;k¡ 

nks fHkÂ Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; ls iq"V gksrh jgh gSaA tgk¡ oSfnd laLÑfr esa laLÑr dh izèkkurk jgh 

gS] ogha Je.k laLÑfr esa yksdHkk"kk ;k izkÑr dh izèkkurk jgh gSA vkfn dky ls gh oSfnd èkkjk 

dh lkfgfR;d xfrfofèk;k¡ laLÑr&dsfUnzr jgh gSaµ ;|fi mlesa laLÑr ds rhu :i ik;s tkrs gSaµ 

1- NkUnl~] 2- NkUnl~ izHkkfor ikf.kuh; laLÑr vkSj 3- lkfgfR;d O;kdj.kµifj'kq¼ laLÑrA 

NkUnl~] tks ewyr% osnksa dh Hkk"kk gSA czkã.kxzUFkksa ij rks NkUnl~ dk gh vfèkd izHkko jgk gS] fdUrq 

vkj.;dksa vkSj mifu"knksa dh Hkk"kk NkUnl~&izHkkfor ikf.k.kh; O;kdj.k ls ifjekftZr lkfgfR;d 

laLÑr jgh gSA iqjk.k vkfn ijorhZ oSfnd ijEijk dk lkfgR;µ O;kdj.k ifj'kq¼ lkfgfR;d 

laLÑr esa gh ns[kk tkrk gSA tcfd Je.kèkkjk us izkjEHk ls gh yksdHkk"kk dks viuk;kA ns'k vkSj 

dky dh vis{kk ls blds Hkh vusd :i ik;s tkrs gSa] ;Fkkµ ekxèkh] ikyh] iS'kkph] v¼Zekxèkh] 

'kkSjlsuh] egkjk"Vªh vkSj viHkza'kA ckS¼ksa dk ijEijkxr f=kfiVd lkfgR; ikyh Hkk"kk esa gS] tks ewyr% 

ekxèkh vkSj vèkZekxèkh ds fudV gSA ogha tSu ijEijk dk lkfgR; ewyr% vèkZekxèkh] 'kkSjlsuh] 

egkjk"Vªh vkSj viHkza'k esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g KkrO; gS fd tgk¡ tSuèkeZ dh 'osrkEcj 'kk[kk 

dk lkfgR; vèkZekxèkh vkSj egkjk"Vªh izkÑr esa gS] ogha fnxEcj ,oa ;kiuh; 'kk[kk dk lkfgR;] 

'kkSjlsuh izkÑr esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh KkrO; gS fd NkUnl~ vfHkys[kh;izkÑr] ikyh vkSj 

izkphu v¼Zekxèkh ,d nwljs ls vfèkd nwj Hkh ugha gSA oLrqr% lqnwj {ks=k dh Hkkjksih; oxZ dh lHkh 

Hkk"kk,¡ ,d nwljs ds fudV gh ns[kh tkrh gS] vkt Hkh vkpkjkaxlw=k dh izkphu izkÑr esa vaxzsth 

* vkpk;Zizoj Jh fo|kuUneqfuth ds nh{kk Lo.kZ t;afr ds volj ij Jh yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh; laLÑr 

fo|kihB (ekfur fo'ofo|ky;) uo nsgyh esa fn;k x;k vfHkHkk"k.kA


ds vusd 'kCn :i ns[ks tkrs gSa] tSls cksafn (Body), ,l (As), vkmV~Vs (Out), fpYyM+&fpYMªu 

(Children) vkfnA 

vkt izkÑr dh izR;sd laxks"Bh esa ;g iz'u Hkh mBk;k tkrk gS fd izkÑr ls laLÑr cuh 

;k laLÑr ls izkÑr cuh rFkk buesa dkSu fdruh izkphu gSA tSu izjEijk esa gh tgk¡ ûfelkèkq* 

izkÑr ls laLÑr ds fuekZ.k dh ckr dgrs gSa] ogha gsepUnz îzÑfr laLÑre~* dgdj laLÑr ls 

izkÑr ds fodkl dks le>krs gSaA ;|fi ;g HkzkfUr Hkk"kkvksa ds fodkl ds bfrgkl ds vKku ds 

dkj.k gSA loZizFke gesa cksyh vkSj Hkk"kk ds varj dks le> ysuk gksxkA izkÑr vius vki esa ,d 

cksyh Hkh jgh gS] vkSj Hkk"kk HkhA Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k cksyh dks O;kdj.k ds fu;eksa esa tdM+dj fd;k 

tkrk gSA vr% ;g ekuuk gksxk fd laLÑr dk fodkl izkÑr cksfy;ksa ls gqvk gSA izkÑr ewy esa 

Hkk"kk ugha] vusd cksfy;ksa ds :i esa jgh gSA bl n`f"V ls izkÑr cksyh ds :i esa igys gS] vkSj 

laLÑr Hkk"kk mldk laLdkfjr :i gSA nwljh vksj ;fn izkÑrHkk"kk dh n`f"V ls fopkj djsa] rks 

izkÑr Hkk"kkvksa dk O;kdj.k laLÑr O;kdj.k ls izHkkfor gS] vr% laLÑr igys vkSj izkÑrsa 

(yksdHkk"kk,¡) ijorhZ gSaA ewy esa izkÑrsa vusd cksfy;ksa ls fodflr gqbZ gSa] vr% os vusd gSaA 

laLÑr Hkk"kk O;kdj.kfu"B gksus ls ijorhZ dky esa ,d :i gh jgh gSA tSu xzaFkksa esa Hkh izkÑrksa 

ds vusd :i ik;s tkrs gSa] ;Fkkµekxèkh] vèkZekxèkh] 'kkSjlsuh egkjk"Vªh vkSj muls fodflr 

fofHkÂ viHkza'ksaA vkt tks Hkh izkphu Lrj dk tSu lkfgR; gS] og lHkh bu fofoèk izkÑrksa esa 

fyf[kr gSA ;|fi tSukpk;ks± us bZlk dh rhljh&pkSFkh 'krh ls laLÑr Hkk"kk dks Hkh viuk;k vkSj 

mlesa Hkh foiqy ek=kk esa xzaFkksa dh jpuk dh] fiQj Hkh mudk ewy vkxelkfgR;] vkxerqY; vkSj 

vU; fofoèk foèkkvksa dk foiqy lkfgR; Hkh izkÑr Hkk"kk esa gh gSA 

izkÑr Hkk"kk esa jfpr tSu lkfgR; esa izkphurk dh vis{kk eq[;r% mudk vkxe lkfgR; 

vkrk gSA vkxeksa ds vfrfjDr fnxEcj ijEijk ds vusd vkxerqY; xzaFk Hkh izkÑr Hkk"kk esa gh 

jfpr gSA blds vfrfjDr tSu deZlkfgR; ds fofoèk xzaFk Hkh izkÑr Hkk"kk esa gh feyrs gSaA buds 

vfrfjDr tSu lkfgR; dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ foèkk dFkk lkfgR; Hkh izkÑr Hkk"kk esa foiqy :i esa ik;k 

tkrk gSA buds vkpkj&O;ogkj [kxksy&Hkwxksy vkSj T;ksfr"k lEcUèkh dqN xzaFk Hkh izkÑr Hkk"kk esa 

gh ik;s tkrs gSaA tgk¡ rd tSun'kZu lEcUèkh xzaFkksa dk iz'u gS] lUefrrdZ (lEeblqÙk)] 

uorÙki;j.k] iapkfLrdk; tSls dqN gh xzaFk izkÑr esa feyrs gSa] ;|fi izkÑr vkxe lkfgR; esa 

Hkh tSuksa dk nk'kZfud fpUru ik;k tkrk gSA blh Øe esa tSuèkeZ ds è;ku vkSj ;ksx lEcUèkh Hkh 

vusd xzaFk izkÑr Hkk"kk esa fuc¼ gSA izkÑr lkfgR; cgqvk;keh gSA ;fn dkyØe dh n`f"V ls bl 

ij fopkj fd;k tk;s] rks gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd tSuksa dk izkÑr Hkk"kk esa fuc¼ lkfgR; bZ-iw- ik¡poha 

'krh ls ysdj bZlk dh 20oha 'krh rd fy[kk tkrk jgk gSA bl izdkj izkÑr ds tSulkfgR; dk

tSuksa dk izkÑr&lkfgR; % ,d losZ{k.k 85 

bfrgkl yxHkx


leku :i ls ekus x;s gSaµ1- vkpkjkax] 2- lw=kÑrkax] 3- LFkkukax] 4- leok;kax] 5- O;k[;kizKfIr 

(Hkxorhlw=k)] 6- KkrkèkeZdFkk] 7- mikldn'kk] 8- vUrÑr~n'kk] 9- vuqÙkjkSiikfrdn'kk] 10- 

iz'uO;kdj.k] 11- foikdlw=k vkSj 12- n`f"VoknA nksuksa ijEijk,¡ bl lacaèk esa Hkh ,der gSa fd 

orZeku esa n`f"Vokn vuqiyCèk gSA ;|fi fnxEcj ijEijk ;g Lohdkj djrh gS fd mlds tks 

vkxerqY; xzaFk gSa] os blh vkèkkj ij fufeZr gq, gSaA vaxckáksa ds lEcUèk esa nksuksa ijEijkvksa esa 

vkaf'kd ,d:irk vkSj vkaf'kd erHksn ns[kk tkrk gSA fnxEcj ijEijk vax cká dh la[;k 14 

ekurh gS] tcfd 'osrkEcj ijEijk ,slk dksbZ Li"V funsZ'k ugha djrh gSA rÙokFkZlw=k ds 'osrkEcj 

ekU; LoksiK&Hkk"; esa vaxckg~; dks vusd izdkj dk dgk x;k gSA fnxEcj ijEijk dk rRokFkZ dh 

Vhdkvksa vkSj èkoyk esa 14 vaxckg~;ksa ds ukeksa ds tks funsZ'k miyCèk gS] muesa mÙkjkè;;u] 

n'koSdkfyd] dYi] O;ogkj] dfYidkdfYid] egkdfYid] iq.Mfjd] egkiqaMfjd] fu'khFk vkfn 

gSA KkrO; gS fd èkoyk esa dEikdIih; egkdIih;] iq.Mfjd vkSj egkiq.Mfjdµ ;s pkj uke 

rRokFkZHkk"; dh vis{kk vfèkd gS vkSj mlesa Hkk"; esa mYysf[kr n'kk vkSj ½f"kHkkf"kr dks NksM+ 

fn;k x;k gSA lkFk gh bu ukeksa esa ls iq.Mjhd vkSj egkiq.Mjhd dks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh xzaFk 

'osrkEcj ijEijk esa Hkh ekU; gSA dkYikdfYid dk mYys[k uUnhlw=k esa gS] fdUrq vc ;g xzaFk 

miyCèk ugha gSA 'ks"k lHkh xzaFk 'osrkEcj ijEijk esa vkt Hkh miyCèk ekus tkrs gSaA 'osrkEcj 

ijEijk esa lw=kÑrkax esa iq.Mjhd uked ,d vè;;u Hkh gSA 

tgk¡ rd vkxe lkfgR; ds oxhZdj.k dk iz'u gS] 'osrkEcj ijEijk esa nks izdkj ds 

oxhZdj.k miyCèk gksrs gSaµ1- uUnhlw=k dk izkphu oxhZdj.k vkSj 2- ftuizHk dh ^fofèkekxZ izik* 

dk vkèkqfud oxhZdj.kA uUnhlw=k dk izkphu oxhZdj.k yxHkx bZlk dh ik¡poh 'krkfCn dk gS] 

tcfd vkèkqfud oxhZdj.k izk;% bZlk dh 13oha&14oha 'krh ls izpyu esa gSA uUnhlw=k ds izkphu 

oxhZdj.k esa vkxeksa dks loZizFke vaxizfo"V vkSj vaxcká] ,sls iwoZ esa izpfyr nks foHkkxksa esa gh 

ck¡Vk x;k gSA fdUrq bldh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd og vaxcká xzUFkksa ds izFker% nks foHkkx djrk 

gSµ1- vko';d vkSj 2- vko';d O;frfjDrA iqu% vko';d ds lkekf;d vkfn Ng foHkkx fd;s 

x;s gSaA vko';d O;frfjDr dks iqu% dkfyd vkSj mRdkfyd ,sls nks foHkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA 

blesa dkfyd ds varxZr 31 xazFk vkSj mRdkfyd ds varxZr 29 xzaFk gSaA bl izdkj uUnh lw=k esa 

12 vaxizfo"V 6 vko';d] 31 dkfyd vkSj 29 mRdkfyd] dqy 78 xazFk mYysf[kr gSa] buesa ls 

dqN orZeku esa vuqiyCèk Hkh gSaA iw.kZ lwph bl izdkj gSµ


Jqr (vkxe)µlkfgR; 

(d) vaxizfo"V 

([k) vaxckg~; 

1- vkpkjkax (d) vko';d ([k) vko';d O;frfjDr 

2- lw=kÑrkax 1- lkekf;d 

3- LFkkukax 2- pqfo±'kfrLro 

4- leok;kax 3- oUnuk 

5- O;k[;kizKfIr 

(Hkxorh) 4- izfrØe.k 

6- KkrkèkeZdFkk 5- dk;ksRlxZ 

7- mikldn'kkax 6- izR;k[;ku 

8- vUrÑí'kkax 

9- vuqÙkjkSiikfrdn'kkax 

10- iz'uO;kdj.k 

11- foikdlw=k 

12- n`f"Vokn (d) dkfyd ([k) mRdkfyd 

1- mÙkjkè;;u 1- n'koSdkfyd 

2- n'kkJqRkLdUèk 2- dfYidkdfYid 

3- dYi 3- pqYyddYiJqr 

4- O;ogkj 4- egkdYiJqr 

5- fu'khFk 5- egkfu'khFk 

6- egkfu'khFk 6- jktiz'uh; 

7- ½f"kHkkf"kr 7- thokfHkxe 

8- tEcw}hiizKfIr 8- izKkiukS 

9- }hilkxj izKfIr 9- egkizKkiuk 

10- pUnzizKfIr 10- izeknkizekn 

11- {kqfYydkfoeku 11- uUnh 

izfoHkfDr


12- egfYydkfoeku 12- vuq;ksx}kj 

izfoHkfÙkQ 

13- vaxpwfydk 13- nsosUnzLro 

14- oXxpwfydk 14- rUnqyoSpkfjd 

15- fookgpwfydk 15- pUnzosè;d 

16- v#.kksiikr 16- lw;ZizKfIr 

17- o#.kksiikr 17- ikS#"khe.My 

18- x#Mksiikr 18- e.Myizos'k 

19- èkj.kksiikr 19- fo|kpj.k fofu'p; 

20 oSJe.kksiikr 20- xf.kfo|k 

21- osyUèkjksiikr 21- è;kufoHkfÙkQ 

22- nsosUnksiikr 22- ej.kfoHkfÙkQ 

23- mRFkkuJqr 23- vkRefo'kkfèk 

24- leqRFkkuJqr 24- ohrjkxJqr 

25- ukxifjKkifudk 25- lYys[kukJqr 

26- fuj;kofydk 26- fogkjdYi 

27- dfYidk 27- pj.kfofèk 

28- dYikorafldk 28- vkrqjizR;k[;ku 

29- iqf"irk 29- egkizR;k[;ku 

30- iq"ipwfydk 

31- o`f".kn'kk 

tgk¡ rd 'osrkEcj esa izpfyr vkèkqfud oxhZdj.k dk iz'u gS] mldh ppkZ ds iwoZ ;g 

tku ysuk vko';d gSµ mldh LFkkudoklh vkSj rsjkiaFk dh ijEijk,¡ ek=k 32 gh vkxe ekU; 

djrh gSaA 'osrkEcj ewfrZiwtd ijEijk esa Hkh nks ekU;rk,¡ gSaµ (1) 45 vkxeksa dh vkSj (2) 84 

vkxeksa dhA ;gk¡ ;g KkrO; gS fd 84 vkxeksa dh lwph ds varxZr 32 vkSj 45 vkxexzaFk Hkh 

lfEefyr gks tkrs gSaA LFkkudoklh ,oa rsjkiaFkh ijEijk 11 vax] 12 mikax] 4 Nsn] 4 ewy vkSj 

1 vko';d ,sls 32 vkxe ekU; djrh gSA 'osrkEcj ewfrZiwtd ijEijk esa Hkh 11 vax] 12 mikax 

ds uke leku gSaA LFkkudoklh ijEijk }kjk ekU; 4 ewy esa (1) mÙkjkè;;u vkSj (2) 

n'koSdkfyd nksuksa uke leku gSaA uUnhlw=k vkSj vuq;ksx}kj dks 'osrkEcj ewfrZiwtd ijEijk pwfydk 

lw=k esa j[k nsrh gSA 6 Nsn lw=kksa esa egkfu'khFk vkSj thrdYiµ ;s nks uke vfèkd gSaA pkj uke


leku gSaA ewy esa uUnh vkSj vuq;ksx}kj ds LFkku ij vko';d vkSj fi.Mfu;qZfDrµ ;s nks uke vkrs 

gSaA 10 izdh.kZ LFkkudoklh vkSj rsjkiaFkh ijEijk dks ekU; ugha gSA 'osrkEcj ewfrZiwtd ijEijk }kjk 

ekU; 84 vkxeksa dh lwph fuEu gS] blesa cÙkhl vkSj iSarkyhl Hkh lekfgr gSA 

84 vkxe ('osrkEcj lEer) 

1&11 X;kjg vaxµ vkpkjkax] lw=kÑrkax] LFkkukax] leok;kax] O;k[;kizKfIr] KkrkèkeZdFkk] 

mikldn'kkax] vUrÑí'kk] vuqRrjkSiikfrd] iz'uO;kdj.k vkSj foikdA 

12&23 ckjg mikaxµ vkSiikfrd] jktiz'uh;] thokthokfHkxe] izKkiuk] lw;ZizKfIr] pUnzizKfIr] 

tEcw}hiizKfIr] dfYidk] dYikoarfldk] iqf"idk] iq"ipwfydk vkSj o`f".kn'kkA vfUre 

ikapksa dk la;qDruke fuj;kofydk gSA 

24&27 pkj ewylw=kµ vko';dlw=k] n'koSdkfyd] mRrjkè;;ukfu] fiaM fu;qZfDr (vFkok vkskfu;qZfDr) 

28&29 nks pwfydk lw=kµ uUnhlw=k] vuq;ksx}kjA 

30&35 N% Nsn lw=kµ fu'khFk] egkfu'khFk] c`gRdYi] O;ogkj] n'kkJqrLdaèk] iapdYi (fofNUu)A 

36&45 nl izdh.kZd&prq%'kj.k] vkrqjizR;k[;ku] HkDrifjKk] rSUnqyoSpkfjd] pUnzosè;d] nsosUnzLro] 

xf.kfo|k] egkizR;k[;ku ohjLro laLrkjdA 

(fdlh ds er ls ôhjLro* vkSj ^nsosUnzLro* nksuksa dk lekos'k ,d esa gS vkSj laLrkjd* 

ds LFkku esa ej.k lekfèk¸ vkSj ^xPNkpkji;Uuk* gSA) 

46 dYilw=k (i;Zq"k.k dYiµ ftupfjr] LFkfojkofy] lekpkjh) 

47 ;frthrdYi (lkseizHklwfj) 

48 Jk¼thrdYi (èkeZkks"klwfj) 

49 ikf{kdlw=k (vko';d lw=k dk vax gS) 

50 {kekiuklw=k (vko';d lw=k dk vax gS) 

51 oafnRrq (vko';d lw=k dk vax gS) 

52 ½f"kHkkf"kr 

53&72 chl vU; i;Uukµ vthodYi] xPNkpkj] ej.klekfèk] fl¼izkHk`r] rhFkksZn~xkfjd] 

vkjkèkukirkdk] }hilkxjizKfIr] T;ksfr"kdj.Md] vaxfo|k] frfFkizdh.kZd] fi.Mfo'kqf¼] 

lkjkoyh] i;ZUrkjkèkuk] thofoHkfDr] dop izdj.k] ;ksfuizkHk`r] vaxpwfy;k] oXxpwfy;k]


o`¼prq%'kj.k] tEcwi;UukA 

63&83 X;kjg fu;qZfDrµ(HknzckgqÑr) 

vko';dfu;qZfDr] n'koSdkfydfu;qZfDr] mRrjkè;;u fuú] vkpkjkax fuú] lw=kÑrkax fuú] 

lw;ZizKfIr fuú (vuqiyCèk)] c`gRdYi fuú] O;ogkj fuú] n'kkJqrLdaèk fuú ½f"kHkkf"kr 

fuú] (vuqiyCèk)] lalDr fuúA 

84 fo'ks"kko';dHkk";aA 

vkxeksa dk jpuk&dky 

;s 84 vkxe xzUFk vkt Hkh miyCèk gSaA 

lkekU;r;k vkxe lkfgR; esa vax vkxeksa dks x.k/jd`r vkSj vaxcká xzaFkksa dks 

vkpk;Zd`r ekuk tkrk gS] fdUrq ckSf¼d bZekunkjh ls fopkj djus ij miyC/ lHkh vax vkxe 

Hkh fdUgha ,d x.k/j dh ;k x.k/jksa ds lewg dh jpuk gksµ,slk ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd 

vax vkxeksa dh fo"k;oLrq muds gh var%lk{;ksa ds vk/kj ij i;kZIr :i ls cny xbZ gSA izFker% 

vkpkjkax dk f}rh; JqrLdU/ Hkh dqN ijorhZdkyhu gSA mlds izFke JqrLda/ dh eq[; ckrksa dks 

NksM+dj muesa Hkh dkyØe esa dqN ckrsa Mky nh xbZ gSaA ;|fi Hkxorhlw=k dks Hkxoku egkohj vkSj 

xkSre ds chp laokn :i ekuk tkrk gS] fdUrq blesa uUnhlw=k izKkiuklw=k vkfn ds tks funsZ'k 

miyC/ gSa] os ;g rks vo'; crkrs gSa] fd cyHkh dh okpuk ds le; bls u dsoy fyfic¼ 

fd;k x;k] vfirq bldh lkexzh dks O;ofLFkr vkSj lEikfnr Hkh fd;k x;k gSA Kkrk/eZdFkk 

egkohj }kjk dfFkr n`"VkUrksa ,oa dFkkvksa ds ladyu :i gSaA Hkkf"kd ifjorZu ds ckotwn Hkh ;g 

xzaFk vius ewy Lo:i esa cgqr dqN lqjf{kr jgk gSA mikldn'kk dh Hkh ;gh fLFkfr gSA fdUrq 

vUrd`r~n'kk dh fo"k;oLrq i;kZIr :i ls ifjofrZr vkSj ifjof/Zr gqbZ gSA mlesa LFkkukax ds 

mYys[kkuqlkj 10 vè;;u Fks] tcfd vkt 8 oxZ 10 vè;;u gS] ;gh fLFkfr vuqRrjksiikfrd vkSj 

foikdlw=k dh Hkh ekuh tk ldrh gSA iz'uO;kdj.k dh fo"k;oLrq rks iw.kZr% nks ckj cny pqdh 

gSA foikdlw=k esa vkt lq[kfoikd vkSj nq[kfoikd ,sls nks oxZ vkSj chl vè;;u gSa] tcfd igys 

blesa nl gh vè;;u FksA blh izdkj dqN vkxeksa dh fo"k;oLrq iw.kZr% cny xbZ gS vkSj dqN dh 

fo"k;oLrq esa dkyØe esa ifjorZu] ifjo/Zu ,oa la'kks/u gqvk gS] fdUrq vkpkjkax] lw=kd`rkax] 

Hkxorh] Kkrk vkfn esa cgqr dqN izkphu va'k vkt Hkh lqjf{kr gSA 

vaxcká lkfgR; esa mikax&lq=kksa esa izKkiuk vkfn ds dqN ds drkZ vkSj dky lqfuf'pr 

gaSA izKkiuk bZlkiwoZ ;k bZlk dh izFke'krh dh jpuk gSA mookbZ ;k vkSiikfrdlw=k dh fo"k; oLrq 

esa Hkh] tks lwpuk,¡ miyC/ gSa vkSj tks lw;kZHknso dh dFkk of.kZr gS] ;s lc mls bZlk dh izFke 

'krh ds vkl&ikl dk xzaFk lwfpr djrh gSaA jktiz'uh; dk dqN va'k rks ikfyf=kfiVd ds le:i


gSA mlesa vkRek ;k fpÙklÙkk ds izek.k:i tks rdZ fn;s x;s gSa] f=kfiVd ds leku gh gSa] tks 

mldh izkphurk ds izek.k Hkh gSaA lw;ZizKfIr ,oa pUnzizKfIr dk T;ksfr"k Hkh osnkax T;ksfr"k ds 

le:i gksus ls bu xzaFkksa dh izkphurk dks izekf.kr djrk gSA mikax lkfgR; ds vU; xzaFk Hkh de 

ls de oyHkhokpuk vFkkZr~ bZlk dh ikapoha 'krh ds iwoZ ds gh gSaA Nsnlw=kksa esa ls dYi] O;ogkj] 

n'kk vkSj fu'khFk ds mYys[k rÙokFkZ esa gSaA rÙokFkZ ds izkphu gksus esa fo'ks"k lansg ugha fd;k tk 

ldrk gSA buesa lk/q ds oL=k] ik=k vkfn ds tks mYys[k gSa] os Hkh eFkqjk dh miyC/ iqjkrÙoh; 

izkphu lkexzh ls esy [kkrs gSa vr% os Hkh de ls de bZlk iwoZ ;k bZlk dh izFke'krh dh Ñfr;k¡ 

gSaA var esa n'koSdkfyd vkSj mÙkjkè;;u dh izkphurk Hkh fufoZokn gSA ;|fi fo}kuksa us mÙkjkè;u 

ds dqN vè;k;ksa dks izf{kIr ekuk gS] fiQj Hkh bZ-iw- esa mldh mifLFkfr ls badkj ugha fd;k tk 

ldrk gSA n'koSdkfyd dk dqN laf{kIr :i rks vk;Z 'kEHko dh jpuk gS& blls badkj ugha 

fd;k tk ldrk gSA uUnh vkSj v.kq;ksx vf/d izkphu ugha gSA izdh.kZdksa esa 9 dk mYys[k Lo;a 

uUnhlw=k dh vkxkeksa dh lwfp esa gS vr% mudh izkphurk Hkh vlafnX/ gS] ;|fi lkjkokyh vkfn 

dqN izdh.kZd ohjHkæ dh jpuk gksus ls 10oha 'krh dh jpuk,¡ gSaA 

fnxEcj&ijEijk esa ekU; vkxerqY; xzaFk 

;|fi fnxEcj&ijEijk vkxeks ds foPNsn dh i{k/j gS] fiQj Hkh mldh ;g eU;rk gS 

fd n`f"Vokn ds varxZr jgs gq, iwoZKku ds vk/kj ij dqN vkpk;k±s us vkxerqY; xzUFkksa dh jpuk 

dh Fkh] ftUgsa fnxEcj ijEijk vkxe&LFkkuh; xzUFk ekudj gh Lohdkj djrh gSA buesa x.k/j Ñr 

dlk;ikgqM+ izkphure gSA blds ckn iq"inar vkSj Hkwrcfy Ñr ND[k.Mkxe ("kV~[k.Mkxe) dk 

Øe vkrk gSA KkrO; gS fd ;s nksuksa xzaFk izkÑrHkk"kk esa fuc¼ gSa vkSj tSu deZfl¼kar ls lEcafèkr 

gSaA bu ij yxHkx uoha ;k nloha 'krh esa /oy] t;/oy vkSj egk/oy uke ls foLr`r Vhdk,¡ 

fy[kh xbZA ;s Vhdk,¡ laLÑr&fefJr izkÑr Hkk"kk esa feyrh gSA fdUrq blds iwoZ bu ij pwf.kZlw=kksa 

dh jpuk izkÑr Hkk"kk esa gqbZ FkhA bu nksuksa xzaFkksa ds vfrfjDr fnxEcj ijEijk es oV~Vdsj jfpr 

ewykpkj vkSj vk;Z f'koHkwfr jfpr Hkxorh vkjk/uk& ;s nksuksa izkÑr xzaFk Hkh vkxe LFkkuh; ekus 

tkrs gSaA eSa bu pkjksa xzUFkksa dks fnxEcj ijEijk dh gh ;kiuh; 'kk[kk ds vkpk;ks± dh Ñfr ekurk 

gw¡A buds vfrfjDr vkpk;Z dqUndqUn ds xzaFk le;lkj] fu;elkj] izopulkj] iapkfLrdk;lkj] 

v"VikgqM nlHkfDr vkfn xzaFkksa dks Hkh vkxerqY; gh ekuk gSA buds lkFk gh ;fro`"kHkÑr 

fryks;i..kfÙk] izHkkpUnzÑr nzO;laxzg] dqUndqUn Ñr ckjLl v.kqosD[kk] dk£rds;kuqizs{kk vkfn Hkh 

fnxEcj ijEijk esa jfpr izkÑr ds egRoiw.kZ vkxe LFkkuh; xzaFk gSaA fnxEcjksa esa izkÑrHkk"kk esa 

ekSfyd xzaFk fy[kus dh ;g ijEijk iwoZ eè;dky vkSj eè;dky esa Hkh ;Fkkor~ thfor jgh gSA 

yxHkx 10oha 'krh pkeq.Mjk; us xksEeV~Vlkj uked xzaFk ds nks [k.M thodk.M vkSj deZdk.M] 

tks ewyr% deZfl¼kar ls lEcaf/r gSa] izkÑrHkk"kk esa gh fy[ks gSaA blhizdkj 12oha 'krh esa olquUnh 

us Jkodkpkj vkSj 14oha 'krh esa HkV~Vkjd iÁuUnh us ^/Eejlk;.k* uked xazFk Hkh izkÑrHkk"kk esa 

fy[ksA blds iwoZ Hkh vaxi..kfÙk vkfn dqN izkÑr xazFk fnxEcj vkpk;ks± }kjk fy[ks x;s FksA ;|fi


fnxEcj ijEijk esa izkÑrxazFkkas dh Hkk"kk eq[;r% 'kkSjlsuh izkÑr gh jgh gS] fiQj Hkh olquUnh ds 

Jkodkpkj vkSj HkV~Vkjd iÁuUnh ds /EeZjlk;.k dh Hkk"kk egkjk"Vªh izkÑr ns[kh tkrh gSA KkrO; 

gS fd 'osrkEcj vkpk;ks± us v/sekx/h vkSj eq[;r% egkjk"Vªh izkÑr dks viuh ys[kuh dk fo"k; 

cuk;kA mijksDr vkSj eq[;r% egkjk"Vªh izkÑr dk viuh ys[kuh dk fo"k; cuk;kA mijksDr xazFkkas 

ds lkFk gh tSu deZlkfgR; dk iaplaxzg uked xzaFk Hkh izkÑr Hkk"kk esa miyC/ gSA KkrO; gS fd 

'osrkEcj vkSj fnxEcj nksuksa ijEijkvksa esa izkÑr Hkk"kk fuc¼ iaplaxzg miyC/ gSA ;|fi fnxEcj 

ijEijk esa laLÑr Hkk"kk esa Hkh iaplaxzg uked feyrs gSaA 'osrkEcj ijEijk esa izkphu dEei;M+h 

vkfn vkSj nsosUnzlwfj jfpr uohu ikap deZxzUFk Hkh izkÑr esa gh jfpr gSaA 

vkxfed O;k[;k lkfgR; 

vkxeksa ds i'pkr~ izkÑr lkfgR; dh jpuk ds Øe dh n`f"V ls vkxfed O;k[;kvksa dk 

Øe vkrk gSA buesa fu;qZfDr;k¡ izkphure gSa jpuk&dky dh vis{kk fu;qZfDr vk;ZHknz dh jpuk,¡ 

gS vkSj mudk jpuk dky bZLohlu~ dh izFke ;k f}rh; 'krh ds ckn dk ugha gks ldrk gSA ;|fi 

lHkh egÙoiw.kZ vkxe&xzaFkksa ij fu;ZqfDr;k¡ ugha fy[kh xbZ gSa] vkxe&lkfgR; ds dqN egÙoiw.kZ 

xazFkksa ij gh fu;qZfDr;k¡ fy[kh xbZ Fkha] tks vkt Hkh miyC/ gSaA buesa izeq[k gSaµ 1- vko';d 

fu;qZfDr] 2- vkpkjkax fu;qZfDr] 3- n'koSdkfyd fu;qZfDr] 4- mÙkjkè;;u fu;qZfDr] 5- lw=kÑrkax 

fu;qZfDRk] 6- n'kkJqrLda/ fu;qZfDr] 7- o`gndYifu;qZfDr vkfnA fu'khFklw=k ij Hkh fu;qZfDr fy[kh 

xbZ Fkh] fdUrq ;g fu'khFk Hkk"; esa bruh kqy&fey xbZ gS fd mls mlls vyx dj ikuk dfBu 

gSA buds vfrfjDr lw;ZizKfIr vkSj Íf"kHkkf"kr ij Hkh fu;qZfDr fy[ks tkus dh izfrKk rks miyC/ 

gS] fdUrq ;s fu;qZfDr;k¡ ml vkxe dk laf{kIr mYys[k dj dqN egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k izLrqr 

djrh gSA buds vfrfjDr fu;qZfDr lkfgR; ds nks vU; xzaFk vkSj Hkh miyC/ gSa& 1- fi.Mfu;qZfDr 

vkSj 2- vks/fu;qZfDr] ;|fi ;s nksuksa xzaFk n'koSdkfydfu;qZfDr ds gh ,d foHkkx ds :i esa Hkh 

ekus tkrs gSaA lkFk gh 'osrkEcj ewfrZiwtd ijEijk bu nksuksa dks vkxe LFkkuh; Hkh ekurh gSA 

xksfoankpk;Z Ñr n'koSdkfyd fu;qZfDr dh lwpuk rks miyC/ gS] fdUrq orZeku esa ;g xzUFk 

miyC/ ugha gSA 

vkxfed O;k[;k lkfgR; esa fu;qZfDr;ksa ds ckn Hkk"; fy[ks x;sA Hkk";ksa esa fo'ks"kko';dHkk"; 

fo'ks"k izfl¼ gSaA blds rhu foHkkx gSaA izFke foHkkx esa iap Kkuksa dh ppkZ gSA nwljk foHkkx 

x.kèkjokn ds uke ls izfl¼ gSa& blesa X;kjg x.k/jksa dh izeq[k 'kadkvks dk funsZ'kdj muds 

egkohj }kjk fn;s x;s lek/kuksa dh ppkZ djrk gSA r`rh; foHkkx fuÉoksa dh ppkZ djrk gSA blds 

vfrfjDr orZeku esa c`gRdYiHkk"; O;ogkjHkk";] thrdYiHkk";] iapdYiHkk"; Hkh miyC/ gSA 

c`gndYi ij c`g‰k"; vkSj ykqHkk"; ,sls nks Hkk"; feyrs gSaA O;ogkjHkk";] thrdYiHkk"; ,sls 

nks vU; Hkk"; Hkh feyrs gSaA fi.Mfu;qZfDrHkk"; ds Hkh nks laLdj.k feyrs gSaA blh izdkj 

fi.Mfu;qZfDRk ij Hkh ,d vU; Hkk"; Hkh fy[kk x;k gS] fdUrq ;s rhuksa Hkk"; eaSus ugha ns[ks gSaA Hkk";ksa


esa O;ogkjHkk";] thodYiHkk"; vkSj c`gRdYiHkk"; vkt ewy izkÑr vkSj mlds fgUnh vuqokn ds 

lkFk izdkf'kr Hkh gS& bl lEca/ esa le.kh dqlqeizKkth dk Je LrqR; gSA ;g Li"V gS fd Hkk"; 

Hkh ewyr% izkÑr Hkk"kk esa jfpr gSa] lkFk gh ;g Hkh KkrO; gS fd fu;qZfDr vkSj Hkk"; nkuksa i|kRed 

gSa] tcfd dkykarj esa bu ij fy[kh xbZ pwf.kZ;k¡ izkÑr&laLÑr fefJr Hkk"kk esa x| esa fy[kh xbZ 

gSaA fiQj Hkh pwf.kZ;ksa dh Hkk"kk ij izkÑr dk ckgqY; gSA Hkk";ksa dk jpukdky 6&7 'krh ds yxHkx 

gS] ;|fi dqN Hkk"; ijorhZ Hkh gSA pwf.kZ;k 7oha&8oha 'krh ds eè; fy[kh xbZA pwf.kZ;ksa esa 

fu'khFkpwf.kZ lcls egÙoiw.kZ vkSj fo'kky gSA ;g vius ewyLo:i esa pkj [k.Mksa esa izdkf'kr gSA 

blds lkFk gh vko';pwf.kZ Hkh vfr egÙoiw.kZ gS] ;g Hkh vius fo'kky vkdkj esa ewy ek=k gh 

nks [k.Mksa esa iwoZ esa eqfnzr gqbZ Fkh] fdUrq orZeku esa izk;% vuqiyC/ gSA buds vfrfjDr vU; 

pwf.kZ;k¡ fuEu gSa& vkpkjkaxpwf.kZ mÙkjkè;;upwf.kZ n'koSdkfydpwf.kZ] lw=kÑrkaxpwf.kZ] thrdYipwf.kZ] 

uUnhpwf.kZ vkfnA buesa ls uUnhpwf.kZ Hkh izkÑr VsDLV lkslkbVh ls izdkf'kr gSA vkt bu pwf.kZ;ksa ds 

fgUnh&vuqokn dh egrh vko';drk gSaA 

pwf.kZ;ksa ds i'pkr~ izkÑr vkxe&lkfgR; ij Vhdk,¡ Hkh fy[kh xbZ gSaA Vhdk,¡ izk;% 

laLÑr esa gSA Vhdkdkjksa esa gfjHknz] 'khykad] vHk;nso] ey;fxfj vkfn izfl¼ gSA fdUrq bu 

Vhdkvksa esa 'kkafrlwfj dh mÙkjkè;;u dh ikbv Vhdk (izk;% uoha 'krh) vfr izkphu ,oa izfl¼ 

gS vkSj tks ewyr% izkÑr Hkk"kk esa gh fuc¼ gSA ;g yxHkx lkS o"kZ iwoZ nks [k.Mksa esa izdkf'kr gSA 

Vhdkvksa esa ;gh ,slh Vhdk gS] tks izkÑr Hkk"kk esa fyf[kr gSA 

izkÑr ds Lora=k xzaFk 

fu;qZfDr] Hkk"; pwf.kZ vkSj Vhdkvksa ds lkFk gh iwoZ eè;dky esa izkÑr Hkk"kk esa vusd 

vkxfed fo"k;ksa ij Lora=k xzaFk Hkh fy[ks x;sA buesa tholekl] yksdfoHkkx] iD[khlw=k] {ks=klekl] 

vaxi..kfÙk] vaxfoTtk vkfn izeq[k gSA blh Øe esa è;ku lk/uk ls lEcfU/r ftuHknzxf.k dk 

>k.kk¿>;u vijuke è;ku'krd (bZlk dh 6Vh 'krh) Hkh izdk'k esa vk;kA gfjHknz ds izkÑr ;ksx 

xzaFkksa esa ;ksxfoaf'kdk] ;ksx'krd lEcks/izdkj.k izfl¼ gh gSA blh izdkj gfjHknz dk /wrkZ[;ku Hkh 

cgqr gh izfl¼ xzUFk gS] fdUrq ge bldh ppkZ izkÑr dFkk lkfgR; esa djsaxsA 

blh Øe esa mins'kijd izkÑr xzaFkksa esa gfjHknz ds lko;i..kfÙk iapk'kdizdj.k] iaplqÙk] 

iapoRFkq] lacks/izdj.k vkfn Hkh cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA blh Øe esa vU; mins'kkRed xzUFkksa esa 

èkEelaxfg.kh] lacks/lrjh] /eZnklxf.k dh mins'kekyk] [kjrjxPNh; vkpk;Z dh lkseizHk dh 

mins'kiq"iekyk vkfn Hkh izfl¼ gSA blh Øe esa fnxEcj ijEijk esa nsolsu (10oha 'krh) ds 

Hkkolaxzg] n'kZulkj] vkjk/uklkj] Kkulkj] lko;/Eenksgk vkfn Hkh izkÑr dh egÙoiw.kZ Ñfr;k¡ 

gSA


izkÑr dFkk lkfgR; 

;|fi vkxeksa esa vusd xzaFk rks iw.kZr% dFkk :i gh gS] tSls KkrkèkeZdFkk] mikldn'kk] 

vuqÙkjkSiikfrdn'kk] vUrÑr~n'kk] foikdlw=k] vkSiikfrdlw=k] i;w"kZ.kdYi vkfnA tEcw}hiizKkfIr 

dk dqN va'k] tks ½"kHknso] Hkjr vkfn ds pfj=k dk o.kZu djrk gS ;g Hkh dFkk :i gh gSA 

fdUrq buds vfrfjDr Hkh vkxfed O;k[;k lkfgR; esa fo'ks"k :i ls fu;ZqfDr;ksa Hkk";ksa vkSj pwf.kZ;ksa 

esa Hkh vusd dFkk,¡ gSaA fi.Mfu;qZfDr] laosxjax'kkyk] vkjkèkukirkdk vkfn esa Hkh vusd dFkkvksa 

ds funsZ'k ;k ladsr miyCèk gSaA fo"k;ksa dk Li"Vhdj.k djus esa] ;s dFkk,a cgqr gh lkFkZd fl¼ 

gksrh gSaA bu mins'kkRed dFkkvksa ds vfrfjDr tSu vkpk;ks± us vusd vkn'kZ iq#"kksa ds thou&pfj=kksa 

ij Lora=k xzaFk Hkh fy[ks x;s gSaA buesa rhFk±djksa vkSj 'kykdk iq#"kksa ds pfj=k izeq[k gSA vkxeksa esa 

Hkxoku egkohj vkfn ds thou ds dqN izlax gh fpf=kr gSA rhFk±djksa ,oa vU;'kykdk iq#"kksa ds 

pfj=k dks ysdj] tks izkÑr Hkk"kk esa Lora=k xzaFk fy[ks x;s] muesa loZizFke foeylwfj ds 

îmepfj;a* dh jpuk gqbZ gSA jkedFkk ds lanHkZ esa okfYedh dh laLÑr Hkk"kk esa fuc¼ ^jkek;.k* 

ds i'pkr~ izkÑr Hkk"kk esa jfpr ;gh ,d izFke xzaFk gSA ;g egkjk"Vªh izkÑr esa fuc¼ gSA bldk 

jpukdky bZlk dh nwljh 'krh ls ikapoh 'krh ds eè; ekuk tkrk gSA blds i'pkr~ izkÑr Hkk"kk 

ds dFkk xzaFkksa esa laknklxf.k Ñr olqnsfg.Mh (NVh'krh) dk Øe vkrk gSA blesa olqnso dh 

ns'kHkze.k dh dFkk,¡ of.kZr gSaA bu nksuksa xzaFkksa esa vusd vkokUrj dFkk,¡ Hkh of.kZr gSaA blds i'pkr~ 

vkpk;Z gfjHknz ds dFkkxzaFkksa dk Øe vkrk gSA buesa èkwrkZ[;ku vkSj lejkbPpdgk izfl¼ gSA blh 

izdkj Hknzs'ojlwfj dh dgkoyh Hkh izkÑr dFkk lkfgR; dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ Ñfr gSA KkrO; gS fd 

tgk¡ foeylwfj dk îmepfj;* i| esa gS ogk¡ laknkl xf.kÑr olqnsofg.Mh vkSj gfjHknz dk 

èkwrkZ[;ku x| esa gSA ukSoh n'keh 'krh esa jfpr f'kykad us ^pmIi..kegkiqfjlpfj;a* Hkh izkÑrHkk"kk 

dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ jpuk gSA blh Øe esa oèkZekulwfj ds f'k"; ftus'ojlwfj dh ^yhykobZdgk* Hkh 

izkÑr Hkk"kk esa fuc¼ ,d Js"B jpuk gSA izkÑr Hkk"kk esa fuc¼ vU; pfjr dkO;ksa esa 10oha 'krh 

dk lqjlanjhpfj;a] xmMogks] lsrqcaèk] dalogksa] pUnzizHk egÙkjÑr flfjfot;pandsoyhpfj;a (la- 

1027)] nsosUnzx.kh Ñr lqnal.kpfj;a] dqEekiqÙkpfj;a] tacwlkehpfj;a] egkohjpfj; (12oha 'krh 

iwokZèkZ) xq.kikyeqfu Ñr x|i| ;qDr tacqpfj;] usehpUnzlwfj Ñr j;.kpwMpfj;a] flfjiklukgpfj;a] 

y{e.kxf.k Ñr lqiklukgpfj;a (lHkh yxHkx 12oha 'krh) blh dky[k.M esa jkedFkk lEcUèkh 

nks egÙoiw.kZ Ñfr;k¡ Hkh l`ftr gqbZ Fkh ;Fkkµ fl;kpfj;a] jkey[kupfj;aA blls dqN ijorhZdky 

[k.M dh egsUnzlwfj (lu~ 1130) Ñr uEe;klqanjh Hkh ,d egÙoiw.kZ jpuk gSA blh Øe esa 17oha 

'krh esa Hkqourqaxlwfj us dqekjikypfj;a dh jpuk dhA blls Kkr gksrk gS fd izkÑr esa dkO; fy[kus 

dh ;g ijEijk pkSFkh&ikapoh 'krh ls ysdj 17oha 'krh rd thfor jgh gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh KkrO; 

gS fd 'osrkEcj ijEijk esa dkyØe esa egkjk"VªhizkÑr esa rhFk±dj pfj=kksa ij vusd xazFk fy[ks 

x;sµ;Fkk vkfnukgpfj;a] lqebZukgpfj;a] olqiqTtpfj;a] vuUrukgpfj;a] lafrukgpfj;] 

eqfulqOo;lkehpfj;a] usfeukgpfj;a] iklukgpfj;a] egkohjpfj;a vkfnA 'kkSjlsuh izkÑr Hkk"kk esa


pfj=kxzaFkksa ds fy[kus dh ;g èkkjk fnxEcj ijEijk esa fujarj ugha pyhA fnxEcj ijEijk esa pfj=kxzaFk 

rks fy[ks tkrs jgs gSa] fdUrq fnxaEcj vkpk;ks± us ;k rks laLÑr dks viuh vfHkO;fDr dk ekè;e 

cuk;k ;k fiQj viHkza'k Hkk"kk dks viuk;kA ;|fi 'osrkEcj vkpk;ks± us ijorhZdky esa Hkh viHkza'k 

Hkk"kk esa dqN pfj=kxzaFk fy[ks] fdUrq la[;k dh n`f"V ls os fnxEcj ijEijk dh vis{kk vfrU;wu gh 

gSaA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh KkrO; gS fd oSfnd ,oa tSu èkkjk ds laLÑr ukVdksa esa Hkh cgqy va'k izkÑr Hkk"kk 

esa gh gksrk gS] os Hkh izkÑr lkfgR; dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ foèkk gSA bldh ppkZ Lora=k 'kh"kZd ds 

}kjk vkxs djsaxsA 

;|fi viHkza'k Hkh izkÑr Hkk"kk ls gh fodflr gqbZ gS] vkSj izkÑrksa rFkk vkèkqfud 

mÙkjHkkjrh; izeq[k Hkk"kkvksa ds eè; ;kstd Hkh jgh gSA bl viHkza'k esa jfpr 'sorkEcj] fnxEcj 

vkpk;ks± us fuEu pfjrdkO; fy[ksµ ;Fkkµ fjV~Busfepfjm] flfjokypfjm] oM~


ls mUgsa izkÑr Hkk"kk dk Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;s ukVd Hkh tSu ,oa vtSu nksuksa ijEijkvksa esa 

fy[ks x;s gSaA dqN ukVd ,sls Hkh gSa] tks ek=k izkÑr Hkk"kk esa jfpr gSa] vkSj lV~Vd ds :i esa 

tkus tkrs gSaA ;Fkkµ dIiwjeatjh] foyklob] panysgk] vkuUnlqanjh] flaxkjeatjh vkfnA tSu 

ukVddkjksa esa fnxEcj gfLrey izfl¼ gSA buds fuEu ukVd miyCèk gSaµvatuk iouat;] 

eSfFkyhdY;k.k] foØkUrdkSjo] lqykspuk vkSj lqHknzkgj.kA 'osrkEcjksa esa vkpk;Z gsepUnz ds f'k"; 

jkepUnz us tgk¡ ,d vkSj laLÑr ukV~; niZ.k uked xzUFk fy[kk] ogha izkÑr&laLÑr&fefJr Hkk"kk 

esa vusd ukVdksa dh Hkh jpuk dh ;Fkkµ dkSeqnhfe=kkuUn] urfoykl] ;knokH;qn;] jkqfoykl] 

jkèk"kkH;qn;] ouekyk (ukfVdk)] lR;gfj'pUnzA blds vfrfjDr vtSu ys[kdksa }kjk jfpr ukVdksa] 

lV~Vdksa vkSj foèkh vkfn esa izkÑr ds va'k ekStwn gSaA 

T;ksfr"kµ 

;|fi pUnzizKfIr] lw;ZizKfIr izkÑr Hkk"kk esa jfpr T;ksfr"k lEcUèkh izeq[k vkxe xzUFk gS] 

fdUrq buds vfrfjDr Hkh tSu ijEijk esa vusd T;ksfr"k lEcUèkh xzUFk izkÑr Hkk"kk esa Hkh jfpr gSa 

;Fkkµxf.kfoTtk] vaxfoTtk] tksbldjaMd (T;ksfr"kdj.Md izdh.kZd)] tksfrLlkj] fookgiVy] 

yXxlqf¼] fn.klqf¼] x.kgjgksjk] tksblnkj] tksblpDdfo;kj] tksbLlghj vkfnA bl izdkj ge 

ns[krs gSa] fd tSukpk;ks± us izkÑr Hkk"kk esa foiqy xzUFkksa dk ltZu fd;k FkkA laLÑr Hkk"kk esa rks muds 

vusdksa T;ksfr"k lEcUèkh xzUFk gSa ghA ^vk;uk.kfry;* uked iQfyr T;ksfr"k dk tSu vkpk;Z okslfj 

dk Hkh ,d egÙoiw.kZ xzUFk izkIr gksrk gSA 

fufeÙk 'kkL=kµ 

fufeÙk 'kkL=k Hkh tSukpk;ks± dk fiz; fo"k; jgk gSA t;ik;M bl fo"k; dh izkÑr Hkk"kk 

dh ,d izfl¼ jpuk gSA blds vfrfjDr fufeÙkikgqM] tks.khikgqM] fjV~BlEeqPp;] lk.kd; 

('okuÑr)] Nk;knkj] ukMhnkj] mnLlqbnkj] fufeÙknkj] fjV~Bnkj] fiihfy;kuk.k] djyD[k.k 

Nhadfo;kj vkfn bl fo"k; dh izkÑr Ñfr;k¡ gSaA 

bl izdkj f'kYi'kkL=k esa BDdjiQs:Ñr oRFkqlkji;j.k vkfn xzUFk Hkh izkÑr esa miyCèk 

gSaA izkÑr vkxe lkfgR; esa Hkh tSu [kxksy] Hkwxksy] xf.kr] fpfdRlk'kkL=k] izk.khfoKku vkfn ls 

lEcfUèkr fo"k; oLrq izkÑr Hkk"kk esa miyCèk gSA vkt tSukpk;ks± }kjk izkÑr Hkk"kk esa jfpr vusd 

xzUFk vuqiyCèk gSa ,oa 'kksèk dh vis{kk j[krs gSaA foLrkj Hk; ls eSa vfèkd xgjkbZ esa u tkdj bl 

ppkZ dks ;gha fojke ns jgk gw¡A eSaus bl vkys[k esa izkÑr Hkk"kk esa jfpr tSu Ñfr;ksa ds uke ek=k 

fn;s gSaA tgk¡ rd lEHko gks ldk ys[kd vkSj jpukdky dk Hkh ladsr ek=k fd;k gSA xzUFk dh 

fo"k;&oLrq ,oa vU; fo'ks"krkvksa dh dksbZ ppkZ ugha dh gSA vU;Fkk ;g vkys[k Lo;a ,d 

iqLrdkdkj gks tkrk gSA ;g Hkh lEHko gS fd esjh tkudkjh ds vHkko esa dqN izkÑr xzUFk NwV 

Hkh x;s gksa] ,rnFkZ eSa {kek izkFkhZ gw¡A 

fo}kuksa ls izkIr lwpuk ij mUgsa lfEefyr fd;k tk ldsxkA

Devadasi Custom Myths And Beliefs 

Dr. Vedbrat Tiwari 

In India, from 6 th century to14th century , the devadasis were a very important 

functionary of Hindu society. The functions of devadasis were a part of religious 

services in a long history of temple institution. In India the practices originate and 

developed during the early medieval period. There are a large number of inscriptions 

which give us a lot of information regarding the existence of the institution of the 

devadasis. Several south Indian inscriptions prove the association of dancing girls 

with temple service from about the 9th century C.E.in Hinduism. Devdasi custom 

was a religious tradition in which girls were "married" and dedicated to a deity of a 

temple. They include performance aspects such as those that takes place in the temple 

as well as in the courtly and mujuvani [Telugu] or home context. Dance and music 

were essential part of temple worship. Originally, in addition to this, they used to take 

care of the temple and perform rituals. These women learned and practiced Sadir 

(Bharatanatyam), Odissi and other classical Indian artistic traditions and through this 

way they enjoyed a high social status. 

The term, Devadasi means a woman who performed the service for some 

deity in a temple. They were unmarried temple servants who had been dedicated to 

temple deities as young girls through rites resembling Hindu marriage ceremonies. 1 

Devadasi term is a sanskritized form of the Tamil term tevaratiyal which means a 

woman who enslaved for the service of some specific deity or sacred object. Devadasis 

are also known by various other local terms, such as jogini. Furthermore, the devadasi 

practice of religious prostitution is known as basivi in Karnataka and matangi in 

Maharastra. It is also known as venkatasani, nailis, muralis and theradiyan . Later, the 

office of devadasi became hereditary but it did not confer the right to work without 

adequate qualification. In Europe the term bayadere (from French: bayadère, ascending 

to Portuguese: Balliadera, literally dancer) was occasionally used.According to rules 

1 Parker, M. Kunal. July, 1998. " 

A Corporation of Superior Prostitutes' Anglo- Indian Legal Conceptions of Temple 

Dancing Girls, 1800- 1914." . Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 32. No. 3. p. 559.


concerning temple worship (Agamas), dance and music are necessary ingredients of 

daily puja of deties in temples. 

THE HISTORICAL PROSPECTIVE OF DEVDASI CUSTOM- 

The first reference to dancing girls in temples is found in Kalidasa's 

"Meghadhoot". It is said that dancing girls were present at the time of worship in the 

Mahakal Temple of Ujjain. 2 Some scholars are of the opinion that probably the custom 

of dedicating girls to temples became quite common in the 6th century CE, as most 

of the Puranas containing reference to it have been written during this period. Several 

Puranas recommended that arrangements should be made to enlist the services of 

singing girls for worship at temples. 

By the end of 10th century, the total number of devadasis in many temples 

was in direct proportion to the wealth and prestige of the temple. During the medieval 

period, they were regarded as a part of the normal establishment of temples. they 

occupied a rank next only to priests and their number often reached high proportions. 

For example, there were 400 devadasis attached to Vrihdeswar temples at Tanjore 

.Local kings often invited temple dancers to dance in their courts, the occurrence of 

which created a new category of dancers, rajadasis, and modified the technique and 

themes of the recitals. A devadasi had to satisfy her own soul while she danced 

unwatched and offered herself to the god, but the rajadasi's dance was meant to be an 

entertainment. 3 

The popularity of devadasis seems to have reached its pinnacle around 10th 

and 11th century AD. The rise and fall in the status of devadasis can be seen to be 

running parallel to the rise and fall of Hindu temples. Invaders from West Asia attained 

their first victory in India at the beginning of the second millennium CE. The 

destruction of temples by invaders started from the northwestern borders of the 

country and spread through the whole of the country. Thereafter the status of the 

temples fell very quickly in North India and slowly in South India. As the temples 

became poorer and lost their patron kings, and in some cases were destroyed, the 

devadasis were forced into a life of poverty, misery, and, in some cases, prostitution. 4 

The Chola empire encouraged the devadasi system. Men and women were 

dedicated to temple service. They developed the system of music and dance employed 

2 Basham, A.L., The Wonder That Was India, New York: Grove Press, p.189 

3 Dumont Louis, Religion, Politics and History in India, The Hague, Mouton and Co., 1970 

,p.315 

4 Iyer, L.A.K, "Devadasis in South India: Their Traditional Origin And Development", 

Man in India, Vol.7, No. 47, 1927. p.160

Devadasi Custom Myths And Beliefs 99 

during temple festivals.Inscriptions reveal that the 400 dancers, their gurus and 

orchestras, were maintained by the Brihadeesvarar temple, Thanjavur, with munificent 

grants, including the daily disbursement of oil, turmeric, betel leaves and 

nuts. 5 Nattuvanars were the male accompanists of the devadasi during her performance. 

They conducted the music orchestra while the devadasi performed her service. 

Inscriptions reveal that nattuvanars were used to teach the Chola princess Kuntavai a 

thousand years ago. 6 As the Chola empire expanded in wealth and size, they built more 

temples throughout their country. Soon other emperors started imitating the Chola 

empire and developed the system. 

During eighteenth century (British rule) in the Indian subcontinent, kings who 

were the patrons of temples were declined so that temple arts became powerless. As 

a result, devadasis were left without their traditional means of support and patronage. 

During colonial times, reformists worked towards outlawing the devadasi tradition 

on grounds that it supported prostitution. Colonial views on devadasis are controversial 

by several groups and organizations in India . 7 8 9 

Different Devdasi Cults- : Mahari Devadasi of Orissa- 

Unlike other parts of India, the devadasis of the Jagannath temple complex in 

the eastern state of Orissa have never practised prostitution, and have been expected 

to remain celibate from the time they became devadasis. Devadasi is a name given to 

a group of women who danced in the temple premises. The word devadasi or mahari 

means "those great women who can control natural human impulses, their five senses 

and can submit themselves completely to God (Vachaspati)." Mahari means Mohan 

Nari that is, the woman belonging to God. Sri Chaitanayadev had defined devadasis 

as 'Sebaets' who served God through dance and music. Pankaj Charan Das, the oldest 

Guru of Odissi classical dance, who comes from a Mahari family, explains Mahari as 

Maha Ripu -Ari (one who conquers the five main ripus - enemies ). 10 

5 Banerjee, G.R., Sex Delinquent Women and Their Rehabilitation, Bombay: Tata Institute 

of Social Sciences, 1953. p.58 

6 Fuller Marcus B., The Wrongs of Indian Womanhood, Edinburgh: Oliphant Anderson 

and Ferrier, 1900. p.129 

7 Crooke, W., Prostitution, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. X, Eds., James 

Hastings and Clark Edinburg, Second Impression, 1930. p.211 

8 Iyer, L.A.K, Devadasis in South India: Their Traditional Origin And Development, Man 

in India, Vol.7, No. 47, 1927,p.364 

9 Crooke, W., "Prostitution", Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. X, Eds., James 

Hastings and Clark Edinburg, Second Impression, 1930. 

10 Devadasi. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 4, 2007, from Encyclopædia 

Britannica


The beginning of the decline of the Mahari tradition started with the Muslim 

invasion of Orissa in the 14th century. They were exploited and for the first time the 

Purdah system appeared, ostensibly to guard the women-folk. The gradual degeneration 

of the devadasi tradition, which had started since the attack of Sultan Shah in 1360 

A.D. continued. This was because the social, cultural & political scene was changing 

rapidly and women, in general, were losing their independence and power. 

Yellamma cult of Karnataka- 

In the state of Karnataka in the region of South India the devadasi system 

was followed for over 10 centuries. Chief among them was the Yellamma cult. 11 There 

are many stories about the origin of the Yellamma cult. The most prevalent one says 

that Renuka was the daughter of a Brahmin, married to sage Jamadagni and was the 

mother of five sons. She used to bring water from the river Malaprabha for the sage's 

worship and rituals. 12 One day while she was at the river, she saw a group of youths 

engaged themselves in water sports and forgot to return home in time which made 

Jamadagni to suspect her chastity. He ordered his sons one by one to punish their 

mother but four of them refused on one pretext or the other. The sage cursed them to 

become eunuchs and got her beheaded by his fifth son, Parashuram. To everybody's 

astonishment, Renuka's head multiplied by tens and hundreds and moved to different 

regions. This miracle made her four eunuch sons and others to become her followers, 

and worship her head. 13 

Devadasis performed various duties as part of the temple deity's worship. 

The exact nature of these duties varies with region. According to rules concerning 

temple worship (Agamas), dance and music are necessary ingredients of daily puja of 

detie in temples. These religious duties are uncontested and are a widely celebrated 

part of the life of the devadasi temple servant. 14 

In Orissa They had two daily rituals. The Bahar Gaaunis would dance at the 

Sakaala Dhupa. Lord Jagannath, after breakfast, would give Darshan to the bhaktas 

(the devotees). In the Main hall, a devadasi accompanied by musicians and the Rajguru, 

the court guru, would dance, standing near the Garuda sthambha (pillar). This dance 

11 Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamil Nadu 

Leslie C. Orre, p.312 

12 Gough Kathleen, "Female Initiation Rites on the Malabar Coast", Journal of the Royal 

Anthropological Institute, No. 85, 1952. 

13 Devadasi. (2007). In Encyclopæ dia Britannica. Retrieved July 4, 2007, from Encyclopædia 

Britannica 

14 Marglin, F.A., Wives of The God-king: Rituals of Devadasi of Puri, Delhi: Oxford 

University Press, 1985,p.244


could be watched by the audience. They would perform only pure dance here. The 

Bhitar Gaunis would sing at the Badashringhar, the main ceremony for ornamenting 

and dressing the God. Lord Jagannath, at bedtime, would be first served by male 

Sebaets- they would fan Him and decorate Him with flowers. After they would leave, 

a Bhitar Gaauni would then enter the room, stand near the door (Jaya Vijay) and sing 

Gita Govinda songs, and perhaps perform a ritualistic dance. After a while, she would 

come out and announce that the Lord has gone to sleep and then the guard would 

close the main gate. 15 

Dedication ceremony 

An elaborate ceremony is held in order to initiate the Jogathis (female) and 

Jogappa (male) volunteers in the service of Goddess Yellamma. New followers have 

to bathe in three holy ponds and proceed to the head priest accompanied by community 

elders and other members of the family. The priests give them a long sermon on what 

they have to do please Yellamma. They have to identify themselves with the very 

poor and unfortunate ones and serve the society. At least twice a year they have to 

visit the Yellamma shrine on full moon days to express and confirm their obedience. 

During this semi-annual ritual, they must be nude; preferably totally nude. If not, 

they have to cover their bodies with Neem foliage or scanty clothes. Such rituals, 

especially in the last decade, have become heavily publicized events due to the 

youngsters and tourists who gather around such pilgrimage centers to have glimpses 

of nude and semi-nude human bodies. 16 

Way of Living after dedication 

A devadasi's life after dedication was obviously very different centuries ago. 

Nowadays After dedication of a girl to the temple, she has to take bath every day 

early in the morning and should present herself at the temple during morning worship 

of Yellamma. She is not allowed to enter the sanctum sanctorum. But she will bow to 

the deity from outside. Thereafter she sweeps compound of the temple. Every Tuesday 

and Friday she goes for yoga along with senior jogatis (yoga teachers). During this 

period she learns innumerable songs in praise of Yellamma and her son Parashurama. 

If she shows some aptitude to learn playing instruments she will be given training by 

her elder jogatis. In Yellampura and other villages Devadasis do not dance but this is 

performed by eunuch companions. The main functions of Devadasis would be singing 

15 Altekar, A.S., The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization, Benaras: Motilal Banarasi 

Das, 1956,p.191 

16 Amrit Srinivasan, "Reform and Revival: The Devadasi and Her Dance", Economic and 

Political Weekly, Vol. XX, No. 44, November 2, 1985, pp. 1869–1876


and playing stringed musical instruments and Jagate. They form a small group and go 

for joga, from house to house on every Tuesday and Friday. 17 

The followers of Yellamma, who are mostly poor, and illiterate, take a vow to 

dedicate themselves, their spouses, or their children in the service of Goddess Yellamma 

when they are unable to face the hardships of life. The typical situations include lifethreatening 

diseases, infertility, and dire financial troubles. These are the people who 

are primarily responsible for propagating Goddess Yellamma's virtues and achievements 

and glorify the Goddess. 18 Even though the majority of the girls dedicated in the past 

few years or decades come from families with no tradition of devadasis, all of them 

come from communities with a strong history of the practice. For example, a village 

named Yellampura in Karnataka, 95 percent of households of Holers have practicing 

devadasis, which is the highest percentage in the village, followed by Madars. 19 

The system has an obvious economic basis. The sanctions provided by social 

custom and apparently by religion, combined with economic pressures, have pushed 

girls from poor families into becoming the wives of a deity. The three factors (religious, 

social, and economic) are interlinked. 20 

Dedication to the Goddess or God was justified on the grounds of the parents 

were childless, they vowed to dedicate their first child if it happened to be girl. Or if 

there were no sons in the family, the girl child was dedicated and could not marry as 

she becomes a 'son' for the family (earning the family’s livelihood).Yet another economic 

reason contributed to the dedications. If the girl's family had some property, the family 

ensured that it stayed within the family by turning the girl into 'son' by dedicating her. 

Traditionally, no stigma was attached to the devadasi or to her children, and other 

members of their caste received them on terms of equality. The children of a devadasi 

were considered legitimate and devadasis themselves were outwardly indistinguishable 

from married women of their own community. 21 

Furthermore, a devadasi was believed to be immune from widowhood and 

was called akhanda saubhagyavati ("woman never separated from good fortune"). 

17 Chakrabothy, K. (2000). Women as Devadasis: Origin and Growth of the Devadasi 

Profession. Delhi, Deep & Deep Publications p.179 

18 Goswami, Kali Prasad., Devadâsî: dancing damsel, APH Publishing, 2000 p.55 

19 Karkhanis, G.G., Devadasi: A Burning Problem of Karnataka, Bijapur: Radha Printing 

Works, 1959.p.267 

20 Mukherjee, A.B., "Female Participation in India: Patterns & Associations", Tiydschrift: 

Voor Econ, Geografie, 1972 p.187 

21 Levine, P. (2000). "Orientalist Sociology and the Creation of Colonial Sexualities." Feminist 

Review 65(17): p. 5 - 21


Since she was wedded to a divine deity, she was supposed to be one of the especially 

welcome guests at weddings and was regarded as a bearer of good fortune. At weddings, 

people would receive a string of the tali (wedding lock) prepared by her, threaded 

with a few beads from her own necklace. The presence of a devadasi on any religious 

occasion in the house of an upper caste member was regarded as sacred and she was 

treated with due respect and was presented with gifts. 

Devadasis nurtured the arts - dance and music - to the high levels of today. 

They were torchbearers of these arts throughout the history of India under various 

rulers, passing on their legacy until the end of the 19th century. After that period the 

upper castes started learning these arts, taking away the devadasis' only means of 

subsistence. 22 So Devdasis played a very peculiar roll in the empowerment of Indian 

art and culture. 

22 Patil, B.R., "The Devadasis", in The Indian Journal of Social Work, Vol. XXXV, No. 4, 

January

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