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gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] ;'lglZrt ug{ pgLx¿n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf 

cfˆgf k|of;nfO{ PsLs[t ug'{kb{5 . o; lj:t[t cWoogsf 

cfwf/df g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg d;f}bf k|lqmofdf 

;+nUg /x]sf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfsf nflu lgDglnlvt 

;'´fjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

;'´fjx¿ 

/fhg}lts bnx¿sf nflu M 

• ;+ljwfg;ef cl:tTjdf /x]sf] o; 

;ª\qmd0fsfndf /fhg}lts bnx¿n] s] s'/f 

;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 eg] @)^* ;fn h]7;Dddf 

gofF ;+ljwfgsf] d;f}bf n]lvg], To;nfO{ kfl/t 

ul/g] / nfu" ul/g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{df 

pgLx¿sf] sfd d'Vo ¿kdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . 

• kl/dflh{t sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f 

k|lqmof ;DkGg ug{sf nflu k|d'v /fli6«o 

k|fyldstfx¿df ;Dej eP;Dd w]/} /fhg}lts 

;xdlt h'6fpg'kb{5 . 

• ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g 

glbgsf nflu cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] o; cjlwdf 

zlQm ;f´]bf/L;Gbe{df ;xdlt sfod 

ul/g'kb{5 . 

• ;+ljwfg;efsf] &) k|ltzteGbf a9L :yfg ;a} 

eGbf 7"nf tLg bn PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, 

g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] lgoGq0fdf 

eP klg c?dfly cfˆgf s'/f nfb\g] cj:yfdf 

s'g} klg /fhg}lts bn 5}g . l:ylt o:tf] ePsf] 

n], ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof ;DkGg ug{sf nflu 

a[xb\ /fli6«o ;xdlt h'6fpg cGo bnx¿;Fu 

5nkmn / u7aGwg lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ hf/L 

/fVg] ljz]if lhDd]jf/L ;+ljwfg;efdf ;a}eGbf 

7"nf] bn PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] sfFwdf 

/x]sf] 5 . 

• ;+ljwfg;efdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf tLg bnn] 

;dfj]zL tyf ;xeflutfd"ns jftf{ k|lqmofsf 

dfWodaf6 /fli6«o dxTjsf d'2fx¿df cGo 

bnx¿nfO{ ljZjf;df lng;Sg'kb{5 . 

• cfˆgf dtbftfx¿sf] ljZjf;nfO{ sfod 

/fVgsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efdf k|lltgLwTj 

ul//x]sf ljleGg bnx¿aLr ;xdltsf nflu 

kf/bzL{ ¿kdf jftf{ ul/g'kb{5 . 

;+ljwfg;efsf nflu M 

• ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofaf/] ;j{;fwf/0faLr 

r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] 

d;f}bf hf/L ug'{k"j{ ;+ljwfg;efsf k|lqmofut 

;ldltx¿n] /fd|/L tof/ ul/Psf] tyf kof{Kt 

cfly{s ;|f]t;lxtsf] gful/s lzIff cleofg 

tTsfn} ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 / o;sf] nuQ} 

d;f}bf ;+ljwfgsf ;Gbe{df ;j{;fwf/0fsf 

ljrf/ ;Íng ug{sf nflu To:t} lsl;dsf] 

;+ljwfg;ef hgdt ;Íng cleofg ;~rfng 

ul/g'kb{5 . 

• ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;+j}wflgs ;ldltn] ;DalGwt 

hftLo, eflifs tyf cGo ;LdfGtLs[t÷alxis[t 

;d'bfox¿;Fu ljz]if u/L ;‹Lo k4lt tyf 

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL d'2fx¿af/] 

Jojl:yt k/fdz{x¿ tTsfn yfNg'kb{5 . o:tf 

k/fdz{n] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw / ljZjf;nfO{ 

;b[9 ug{] dfq geO{ gofF ;+ljwfg;Gbe{df 

;xdlt tyf :jfldTj lgdf{0f ug{ klg ;xof]u 

ub{5g\ . 

• ;+ljwfgsf] d;f}bf lgdf{0f /fhg}lts bnx¿sf 

b[li6sf]0feGbf klg u'0ffTdstfsf cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ 

ljsNkk|lt ljrf/ k'¥ofOPsf] ;'lglZrt ug{sf 

nflu ;+ljwfg;efn] ljifout lj1x¿;Fu cf} 

krfl/s k/fdz{ ug'{kb{5 . cfjZos ePdf 

cGt//fli6«o lj1x¿;Fu klg k/fdz{ ug{ 

;lsG5 . 

• d;f}bf ;+ljwfgnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbgsf 

nflu klxnf] sbdsf ¿kdf ;+ljwfg;efsf 

;ldltx¿sf d;f}bfsf] ;dLIff / kl/dfh{g ug{] 

sfo{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg blIf0f clk|msfdf ul/P 

h:t} ;+ljwfg;efn] :jtGq lj1x¿sf] Pp6f 

;ldlt u7g ug'{kb{5 . 

u

Nepal 




• @)^* ;fn h]7leqdf ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] 

;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu kl/dflh{t ;+ljwfg;ef 

sfo{tflnsfnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy kfngf 

ul/g'kb{5 . 

gful/s ;dfhsf nflu M 

• :jtGq hgljrf/dfly k|efj kfg{df gful/s 

;dfhn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] ePsf]n] 

o:tf] clt /fhgLtLs/0f ePsf] jftfj/0fdf 

gful/s ;dfh ;Dej eP;Dd lgikIf eP/ 

a:g'kb{5 . 

• k|d'v ;+j}wflgs d'2fx¿sf ;Gbe{df 

afl´g] c8fgx¿nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{sf 

nflu ;3fpg gful/s ;dfhn] /fhg}lts 

bnx¿;Fusf] ;+jfbdf ;+nUg x'g] k|of;nfO{ 

bf]Aa/ agfpg'kb{5 . 

• ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;'´fj lbg] gful/s ;dfh 

;+:yfx¿ tyf cGo ;d"xx¿n] cfˆgf 

;'´fjnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug{ 

lgoldt ¿kdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] cg'udg ug{] 

tyf bafa l;h{gf ug{'kb{5 . 

• ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf 

;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfox¿sf] kof{Kt k|lltgLwTj 

;'lglZrt ug{ gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx¿n] k|d'v 

d'2fx¿sf ;Gbe{df Ps cfk;df, ;+ljwfgef;Fu 

/ cf+lzs ¿kdf cGo ;+jfbstf{x¿;Fusf] 

;dGjodf ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 . 

• wd{lg/k]If, nf]stflGqs, ;‹Lo u0f/fHo 

g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{];Gbe{df k|d'v /fhg}lts 

bnx¿n] JoQm u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ k"/f ePsf] 

;'lglZrt ug{] sfo{nfO{ gful/s ;dfhn] hf/L 

/fVg'kb{5 . 

cGt//fli6«o ;d'bfosf nflu M 

g]kfndf sfo{/t ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹ tyf låkIfLo Pj+ ax'kIfLo 

;+:yfx¿n] lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿ u/]/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f 

k|lqmofnfO{ ;3fpg] ;xof]ufTds tyf t6:y e"ldsf lgjf{x 

ug{] sfo{nfO{ hf/L /fVg'kb{5 M 

• ;xdltdf k'Ug /fhg}lts bnx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt 

u/]/ / ;xhLs/0f u/]/, 

• ;DalGwt ;d"xx¿, gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx¿ 

tyf ;+ljwfg;DaGwL k|d'v ljifox¿sf 

ljifout lj1x¿;Fu ;xhLs/0f / ;xsfo{ 

u/]/, 

• g]kfndf zflGt tyf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf 

;Gbe{df cfˆgf ;/f]sf/af/] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf 

k|rf/ k|;f/ u/]/, 

• ;+ljwfgsf] d;f}bf k|lqmofsf ;a} txdf 

P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf ;LdfGtLs[t tyf 

lje]b ul/Psf g]kfnsf ;d'bfox¿sf] 

k|efjsf/L k|lltgLwTj u/fpg ;3fP/, 

• gofF ;+ljwfgdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf 

clwsf/ ;+/lIft ePsf] ;'lglZrt u/]/, 

• g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f x:tfIfl/t tyf 

cg'df]lbt ;fGble{s cGt//fli6«o 

dxf;lGwx¿ tyf ;lGwx¿åf/f ;+/lIft dfgj 

clwsf/x¿k|lt ;dy{g hgfP/ . 

#




Nepal 

!= kl/ro 

a[xb\ hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# sf] ;kmntf;Fu} g]kfnn] 

zflGt k|lqmof / ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 

cfh;Ddsf] Oltxf;d} ;jf{lws dxTjsf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f 

kf/ ub}{5 . d+;L/ @)^# ;fndf g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn 

sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ 1 aLr ;DkGg zflGt ;Demf}tf, 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f, cGtl/d Joj:yflksfsf] u7g, 

dfcf]jfbLsf] /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf j}wflgs k|j]znufot 

cGtl/d sfnsf] klxnf] r/0f kf/ u/L @)^$ r}qdf 

;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ;DkGg eof] . oltv]/ g]kfn gofF 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] clGtd r/0fdf 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f 

;DkGg ePkl5 g]kfnL hgtfn] ck]Iff u/]cg';f/ /fHosf] 

k'g;{+/rgf, zflGt k|lqmofsf] tfls{s lgisif{sf ;fy} ;+j}wflgs 

nf]stGqsf] cEof;nfO{ ;'lgZrt ug]{5 . gofF ;+ljwfgaf6 

g]kfnL hgtf vf;u/]/ alxis/0f tyf lje]bdf k/]sf / 

;LdfGts[t JolQm Pj+ ;d'bfox¿n] /fHo;+/rgfdf kx'Fr, 

klxrfg / k|lltgLwTj;lxt Gofosf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;Sg]5g\ 

eGg] Jofks hgck]Iff 5 . t;y{ g]kfnsf] of] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f 

k|lqmof s]jn ;/sf/L ;+/rgf / /fHo;+rfng ;DaGwL ljlw 

/ k|lqmofsf] sfg"gL b:tfj]h tof/ ug'{ dfq xf]Og . o;n] 

;a} k|sf/sf] lje]b / cGofoaf6 d'Qm Gofok"0f{ g]kfnL ;dfh 

/ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0f/fHo Joj:yfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{5 

eGg] ;a}sf] ck]Iff 5 . 

;+ljwfg;efsf] cufl8 of] sfd lglZrt¿kn] cToGt 

r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|lqmofn] hlt a9L 

hg;xeflutf / ;xsfo{ ug{ ;S5 plt g} p;sf] sfd ;xh 

/ ljZjfl;nf] x'g]5 . o;/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;+ljwfgsfk|lt 

hgtfsf] ckgTj cyf{t\ :jfldTj a9\5 / ;+a}wflgs Joj:yf 

;an / :yL/ x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn] ;+ljwfg;efsf 

ljifout ;ldltx¿n] cjwf/0ff;lxt cf–cfkm\gf] ljifodf 

efjL ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf k]z ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] 

k"0f{ j}7sdf To;dfly Ps;/f] 5nkmn klg ;lsPsf] 

5 . tyflk ;ldltsf k|:tfjx¿df /fhgLlts ;xdlt;lxt 

kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfd / To;dfly ;+ljwfg;efn] cfjZos 

;'emfj tyf lgb]{zg;lxt ;+j}wflgs ;ldltdf k7fpg] sfd 

eg] cem} afFsL 5 . To;kl5 dfq ;+j}wflgs ;ldltn] PsLs[t 

d:of}bf tof/ ug]{5 . Tof] d:of}bfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efn] kfl/t 

u/]kl5 dfq ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ sfd ;DkGg 

x'G5 . ;efn] ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] d:of}bfnfO{ g]kfn /fhkqdf 

k|sfzg u/L ;fj{hlgs ug]{5 / ;f] d:of}bfdfly hgtfn] 

1 ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjkl5 @# k'; @)^% df g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / 

g]skf -Pstf s]Gb|–d;fn_aLr Pstf ePkl5 o;sf] gfd PsLs[t 

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ ePsf] 5 . oxfF ;Gbe{cg';f/ b'j} gfd k|of]u 

ePsf] 5 . 

ljleGg ;ef, uf]i7L, 5nkmn, cGtlqm{ofx¿sf;fy} lghL 

txdf ;'emfj lbg kfpg]5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{tflnsfdf 

hg ;'gjfOsf] o;k|sf/ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M— 

-s_ ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] d:of}bf dfly Jofks 

;'gjfO, uf]i7L , cGt/lqmof u/fpg] . 

-v_ h'g;'s} dfWodaf6 cfPsf ;'emfj u|x0f 

ug]{ . 

-u_ ;b:ox¿ cf–cfkm\gf] lhNnf, If]q / d'n'ssf 

ljleGg efudf hfg] / hgtfsf /fo 

;'emfj lng] . 

oL ljleGg dfWodaf6 cfPsf hgdt / ;'emfjnfO{ ;d]6]/ 

;+ljwfgsf] clGtd d:of}bf tof/ ul/g]5 / gofF ;+ljwfgsf] 

k|:tfjgf ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ efu ;efaf6 kfl/t ug{' kg]{5 . 

@)^* h]7 !$ leq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd ;DkGg 

u/L ;+ljwfg;efn] Ps cf}krfl/s /fli6«o ;df/f]xsf] 

cfof]hgf ug]{5 . ;f] ;df/f]xdf cWoIfn] kfl/t ;+ljwfg 

/fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug]{ / /fi6«kltn] ;f]xL ;df/f]xaf6 g]kfnL 

hgtf ;dIf ;+ljwfg ;fj{hlgs u/L nfu" ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ 

;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{tflnsf 5 . 2 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd lg;Gb]x Jofks /fhgLlts dxTjsf] 

ljifo xf] . d'n'ssf] /fhgLltdf cfpg] ptf/ r9fjaf6 

of] d'Qm x'g ;Qm}g . /fhgLlts 36\gf kl/36\gfsf sf/0f 

;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{ tflnsf k|efljt ePsf] 5 tyflk @ 

jif{leq ;+ljwfg agfO;Sg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgsf 

k|lt clxn];Dd ;a} bn k|ltj4 eP klg of] ;do ;Ldf 

kl/jt{gsf] ;+3f/df k'u]sf] 5 . 

pko'{Qm k[i7e"lddf g]kfnL hgtfn] 7"nf] pT;fxsf;fy 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cfkm\gf] ;xeflutf hgfpFb} 

cfPsf 5g\ . efjL ;+ljwfgsf ljljw kIfdf x/]s lbg 

n]v, /rgf, cledt, k|ltlqmofx¿ cfO/fv]sf 5g\ . ljifout 

lj1x¿b]lv ;fdfGo gful/s;Dd o;df ;xefuL ePsf 

5g\ . @)^% kmfu'g÷r}tdf ;ef;b\x¿ :jo+ ;+ljwfgsf 

ljleGg ljifodf lnlvt k|ZgfjnL lnP/ hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df 

k'Ug] k|of; u/] . d'n'ssf] &% j6} lhNnfsf em08} @ xhf/ 

hlt sfo{qmdx¿df pgLx¿ ;+nUg eP . o; qmddf sl/j 

% nfv ;'emfj ;Íng ePsf] kfOG5 (IDEA-OHCHR- 

UNDP, 2009) . o;}u/L ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx¿n] klg 

cf–cfkmgf] tx tyf ;~hfn agfP/ efjL ;+ljwfgsf] ljljw 

ljifodf hgdt ;Íng u/]/ ;+ljwfg;efsf ;DalGwt 

2 ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{tflnsfdf k6s k6s ;+zf]wg ePsf] / sfo{ 

tflnsfsf] cg';/0f x'g g;s]sf sf/0f oxfF !$ h]7 @)^&sf] ;do 

l;dfdfq pNn]v ul/Psf] xf] . 

1

Nepal 




;ldltx¿df a'emfPsf 5g\ . ;dli6df eGg' kbf{ g]kfnL 

hgtfsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cf–cfkm\g} 

9Ën] k|ToIf ;xefuL ePsf] kfOG5 . 

g]kfn l:yt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_ n] 

g]kfndf ;xeflutfd"ns ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u 

-o"Pg8LkL÷P;kL;LaLPg_ cGtu{t ;xof]u u/]sf !& j6f 

;+3;+:yfx¿n] nf]stflGqs ;+jfbsf dfWodaf6 ljifout 

;ldltnufot ;+ljwfg;ef ;dIf k|:t't u/]sf ;'emfjx¿ 

of] cWoogsf] k|d'v ;"rgf ;fdu|L xf] . ;fy} o'lgkm]d, 

o'lg;]km, l;8f nfuotsf bft[;+:yfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L 

;dfg k|s[ltsf cGo s]xL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfnn] tof/ u/]sf 

;+ljwfg ;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿nfO{ klg of] cWwogn] t'ngfTds 

¿kdf ;d]6\g] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . 

of] cWoogsf] d'Vo pB]Zo -o"Pg8LkL÷P;kL;LaLPg_n] 

nf]stflGqs ;+jfb cGtu{t ;Íng u/]sf ;'emfjx¿ 

vf;u/]/ P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo / If]qsf 

cfjfhx¿sf] ;+ljwfg;ef;Dd s] s:tf] kx'Fr k'Uof] / 

ltgn] ;+ljwfg;efsf ;ldltx¿n] tof/ u/]sf ;+ljwfgsf] 

k|f/lDes d:of}bfdf s] s:tf] k|ltljDjg kfpg ;s] eGg] 

s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ xf] . of] cWoogn] bf];|f] r/0fdf ;xof]u 

k|fKt u/]sf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] d:of}bfdf hg;+jfb 

ug{ ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;sf];\ eGg] klg 

pB]Zo lnPsf] 5 . 

@= ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] klxrfg 

g]kfn hflt, efiff, wd{, ;F:s[lt, If]qsf lx;fan] cToGt 

ljljwtfn] el/Psf] d'n's xf] . t/ oxfF wd{sf lx;fan] 

lxGb"afx]s s'g} klg ;d'bfo ax'dtdf 5}g . clxn]sf] 

g]kfnL /fHo sl/j @%) jif{ cufl8 uf]/vfsf zfx /fhf 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] tTsflng ;–;fgf /fHox¿dfly ljho 

k|fKt u/L :yfkgf ePsf] . o;n] cf]u6]sf] e"–efudf 

P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} ljljw hflt, efiff, wd{, ;F:s[ltsf] 

afx'Notf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . pgn] o;nfO{ …$ j0f{ #^ hftsf] 

km'naf/LÚsf ¿kdf lrlqt u/] klg o;sf] /fhgLlts :j¿k 

;f] cg';f/ x'g ;s]g . zfx /fhf x'g\ jf /f0ff zf;s, ;a}n] 

lxGb" wd{ ;F:s[lt / clxn] g]kfnL elgPsf] kj{t]–v; efiffsf] 

cfwf/df o;nfO{ ;d¿kL (homogeneous) agfpg] k|oTg 

u/] . ;Qfdf 7s'/L÷If]qL, afx'g, / g]jf/ hfltsf s]xL ;Lldt 

s'lng kl/jf/ / ju{sf] dfq k|e"Tj /Xof] . dlxnfnufot cGo 

;d'bfo ;LdfGtdf /x] . lnË, hflt, efiff, wd{, ;F:s[lthGo 

lje]b a9\g yfNof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k clxn] lxGb" j0f{Joj:yfsf 

7s'/L÷If]qL, afx'g / s]xL pRr hftsf g]jf/x¿afx]s ;a} 

hflt / ;d'bfo P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf ;LdfGts[t / lje]bdf 

kfl/Psf] dflgG5 . k'?ifk|wfg ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / d"Nosfsf/0f 

dlxnfx¿ ;LdfGtLs/0f / lje]bdf k/]sf 5g\ . blntnufot 

sltko ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿ bf]xf]/f] / t]xf]/f] ;LdfGts/0fdf 

k/]sf] cj:yf klg 5 . 

g]kfndf ljsf;sf] 9fFrf klg o;af6 k|ToIf k|efljt ePsf] 

kfOG5 . o"Pg8LkL÷g]kfnn] ;g\ @))(df tof/ u/]sf] 

hft÷hflt 

;du| afx'g÷If]qL 

kxf8L afx'g 

kxf8L If]qL 

dw];L afx'g÷If]qL 

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g]jf/ 

g]jf/afx]s hghflt 

kxf8L hghflt 

t/fO{ hghflt 

blnt ;du| 

dw];L blnt 

d'l:nd 

g]kfn /fli6«o cf};t 

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2




Nepal 

g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;/b/ 

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ )=%)( 5 . t/ ljsf;sf] :t/ 

hflt, lnË / ef}uf]lns If]qlk5] km/s km/s / c;Gt'lnt 

5 . ;du| g]kfnsf] bfFhf]df dWoklZrd / ;'b"/ klZrdsf 

kxf8L If]q w]/} k5fl8 5 . o;}u/L ;du| kxf8sf] 

bfFhf]df t/fO{÷dw]; k5fl8 5 . If]qLo / eflifs ¿kdf 

lje]b jf ;LdfGt dflgP klg t/fO{sf dw];L afx'g÷If]qL 

g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍdf ;a}eGbf dfly 5g\ . 

cflbjf;L hghflt ;"rLdf eP klg g]jf/ ;d'bfo bf];|f] 

:yfgdf 5 . d';ndfg / blnt ;a}eGbf kl5 5g\ . To;dfly 

dw];L blnt ;a} hflteGbf k5fl8 5 . ;Fu}sf] tflnsfn] 

g]kfndf dfgj ljsf;sf] hfltut cj:yfnfO{ b]vfpF5 . 

efjL ;+ljwfgdf cNk;+Vos / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] xs 

clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff Pj+ pgLx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;+ljwfgn] 

k|Tofe"t ug'{ kg]{ ;sf/fTds k|fjwfg / ;fdflhs Gofosf] 

kIf a'em\g of] tflnsfn] d2t u5{ . g]kfn hghflt 

dxf;+3n] klg g]kfndf ;"rLs[t %( cflbjf;L hghfltsf] 

cj:yfnfO{ juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . ;f]cg';f/ s';'08f, 

agsl/of, /fp6]nufotsf !) j6f hflt nf]kf]Gd"v ;d"xdf 

k5{g\ . dfemL, r]kfª, ;tf/, emfFu8nufot !@ j6f hfltnfO{ 

clt;LdfGts[t ;d"xdf /flvPsf] 5 . ;'g'jf/, yf?, uguO{, 

tfdfªnufot @) j6fnfO{ ;LdfGts[t egL juL{s/0f 

ul/Psf] 5 . kmfObfaf6 al~rt ;d"xdf u'?ª, du/, /fO{ 

lnDa', cflb !% j6f hflt 5g\ eg] ysfnL / g]jf/nfO{ 

ljsl;t ;d"xdf /flvPsf] 5 . 

vf;u/]/ g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, blnt, 

dlxnf ;d'bfox¿n] cfkm\gf cleJolQmsf] k|s6Ls/0f / 

;'emfjx¿ k7fP/ dfq xf]Og, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] x/]s r/0f 

/ ultljlwx¿nfO{ lgs6af6 lgu/fgL ;d]t ul/x]sf 5g\ . 

pgLx¿ ztfJbLof}+b]lvsf] lje]bsf] cGTo / ;d'bfout klxrfg, 

clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] 7f];\ ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"ltsf;fy 

efjL /fHo;+/rgfdf ;dfg'kflts Pj+ Gofok"0f{¿kn] ;xefuL 

x'g rfxG5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmofb]lvg} 

o;sf] k|f/De rfx]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efdf k|lltgLwTj ug]{ 

;ef;b\x¿ klg oltv]/ cf–cfkm\gf ;d"xut dfu / rfxgfnfO{ 

;+j}wflgs efiffdf ;dfj]z ug{ cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf, 

blnt, dw];L cnu cnu ;d"xx¿ -ss;_ lgdf{0f u/L 

lqmofzLn e}/fv]sf 5g\ . 

g]kfn hghflt dxf;+3n] u/]sf] juL{s/0f 

nf]kf]Gd"v ;d"x clt ;LdfGts[t ;d'x ;LdfGts[t 

!= s';'08f !!= dfemL @#= ;'g'jf/ 

@= agsl/of !@= l;of/ @$= yf? 

#= /fp6] 

!#= Nxf]dL @%= tdfª 

$= ;'/]n 

!$= y'bfd @^= e'h]n 

%= xfo' 

!%= wfg's @&= s'dfn 

^= /fhL 

!^= r]kfª @*= /fha+zL 

&= ls;fg !&= ;tf/ @(= ugu}O 

*= nfKrf 

!*= emfFu8 #)= lwdfn 

(= d]r] 

!(= yfdL 

#!= ef]6] 

!)= s'zjfl8of @)= af]6] 

#@= b/fO 

@!= bg'jf/ ##= tfhk'l/of 

@@= a/fdf] #$= kxf/L 

#%= tf]Ks]uf]nf 

#^= 8f]Nkf] 

#&= k|mL 

#*= d'ufnL 

#(= nfs]{ 

$)= Nxf]kf 

$!= b'/f 

$@= jfn'ª 

kmfObfaf6 al~rt 

$#= 5}/ftf]n 

$$= nª\j] 

$%= tLg ufpFn] ysfnL 

$^= afx| ufpFn] ysfnL 

$&= dfkmf{nL ysfnL 

$*= u'?ª 

$(= du/ 

%)= /fO{ 

%!= lnDa" 

%@= z]kf{ 

%#= ofSvf 

%$= 5GTofn 

%%= lh/]n 

%^= JofF;L 

%&= XofNdf] 

ljsl;t ;d"x 

%*= ysfnL 

%(= g]jf/ 

;|f]tM ;+ljwfg;ef cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] xs clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^^ 

3

Nepal 




#= ;xeflutfd"ns ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] 

cjwf/0ff 

;+ljwfg Pp6f To:tf] lnlvt b:tfj]h xf], h;df 

/fHo / zf;gsf] ;+rgf, hgtfsf] xs clwsf/, zlQmsf] 

;|f]t / afF8kmfF8, ;Qf k|flKt / ;dflKt, cflb s'/fx¿nfO{ 

sfg"gL ¿kdf k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf k|fjwfgx¿df 

/fHon] cfk\mgf] nIf xfl;n ug{ cjnDag ug]{ gLlt lgdf{0f 

k|lqmof / /fHo;Qfsf] a}wflgs cfwf/nfO{ :ki6 agfOPsf] 

x'G5 . o;n] sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsf h:tf 

cf}krfl/s zf;sLo ;+/rgfsf] u7g k|lqmof, If]qflwsf/ / 

cfk;L lgoGq0f Pj+ ;Gt'ngsf] ljlw pNn]v u/]sf] x'G5 . 

;+ljwfgn] /fHosf] ljleGg txx¿ h:t} s]Gb|, k|b]z, :yfgLo 

lgsfo, cflbsf] clwsf/ / sfo{If]qnfO{ 5'6\ofOlbPsf] 

x'G5 . ;+ljwfg s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;du| sfg"'g / ljlwsf] 

d"n¿k cyf{t cË (organ) dflgG5 h;af6 /fHosf cGo 

sfg"g, P]g, lgod / zf;g;DaGwL lg0f{o / cfb]zx¿ 

lgM;[t x'G5g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ …sfg"g eGbf dflysf] sfg"g 

…(a law above the law) elgG5 . ;+ljwfg;Fu d]n gvfg] jf 

aflemg] P]g÷sfg"g, lg0f{o jf cfb]z c;+j}wflgs dflgG5 / 

vf/]hof]Uo x'G5 . 

lj;f}+ ztfJbLsf] cGTolt/ ljsl;t ;+j}wflgs ax;x¿n] 

vf;u/]/ ax'hftLo / ax';fF:s[lts /fHosf ;Gbe{df cfw'lgs 

pbf/jfbL /fHosf sltko :yflkt dfGotf, cjwf/0ff 

/ l;4fGtx¿nfO{ hah{:t r'gf}tL lbPsf 5g\ . c7f/f}+ 

ztfJbLsf] pQ/fw{af6 k|f/De ePsf] cfw'lgs ;+ljwfgafbdf 

v8f ePsf] sfg"gL ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;d¿kL pbf/jfbL 

d"No (homogenizing values) ax';fF:s[lts ;dfhsf] 

:jzf;gsf] rfxgfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Ifd 5}g eGg] ts{x¿ 

k|efjzfnL ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf ax';fF:s[lts 

d'n'sx¿df ax'dtn] ;a} lng] /fHok|0ffnLn] sfd ug{ 

g;s]sf y'k|} pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . To;}n] tL b]zx¿sf] klxnf] 

/fhgLlts cfjZostf eg]sf] ljljw ;fF:s[lts, hftLo, 

eflifs Pj+ ;fdflhs–;fF:s[lts ;d"xx¿n] k/:k/ n]gb]g 

ug{ / ;Qf;fem]bf/L ug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs 9fFrfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ 

xf], tf ls pgLx¿sf] /fHo;+/rgfdf ;Gtf]ifhgs :yfg / 

x}l;ot aGg ;sf];\ -3O{, @)))Ù lt?r]nfjd, !(((_ . 

kl5Nnf tLg bzsdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ljZjnx/ 

g} cfPsf] 5 . ljZjdf clxn] rfn" /x]sf sl/j @)) 

;+ljwfgx¿ dWo] em08} cfwf hlt o;} cjlwdf n]lvPsf x'g\ 

-xf6{, @))#_ . ;g\ !(() b]lv @))) ;Ddsf] Ps bzsdf dfq 

!& clk|msL b]z, !$ Nofl6g cd]l/sL b]z, / k"jL{ o'/f]ksf k|fo 

4 

;a} k"j{ dfS;{jfbL b]zx¿df gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eP . >LnÍf, 

yfONof08, dflNbe\;, e"6fg, ;f]nf]dg cfONof08, s]Gof, af]lnleof, 

g]kfnnufotsf cGo sltko d'n'sx¿df of] k|lqmof slx+ e/v/} 

;lsPsf] 5 eg] slx+ hf/L 5 . g]kfn ;g\ …() sf] bzsd} o; nx/ 

df ;dflxt x'g k'u]sf] eP tfklg To;n] pkl:yt r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ 

;Daf]wg ug{ tyf lgsf; lbg ;s]g / lg/Gt/tf klg kfpg 

;s]g . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg Pp6f c;kmn 

k|of]udf ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] / g]kfn km]l/ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf 

h'6]sf] 5 . 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] rrf{ ubf{ vf;u/]/ åGåf]k/fGtsf] 

cj:yfdf y'k|} k|Zgx¿ cfpg] u5{g\ . s] ;+ljwfgn] /rgf 

u/]sf] nf]stflGqs ;+:yfx¿ Pscsf{ ljkl/tsf 

;d'bfox¿sf] åGåsfaLr hf]luP/ ck]Iffs[t sfd ug{ 

;S5 < s] ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;+/rgf, k|lqmof / sfg"gL 

;'/Iffsf] pkfon] hft÷hflt, wd{, If]qaLrsf leGgtfnfO{ 

hf]8\g] k'nsf] sfd ug{ ;S5 < ;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfgx¿n] cfk;L 

n]gb]g / ;Demf}tf ug]{ 9fFrf t lbg ;S5 t/ tbg's"n 

Jojxf/ (good behaviour) Uof/]G6L ug{ ;Qm}g . tyflk, 

ljZjsf cEof;x¿nfO{ x]bf{ ax'n ;dfh ePsf sof}+ 

b]zx¿ hftLo ljljwtfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] kl/lwdf Jojl:yt 

ug{ ;kmn ePsf b[i6fGtx¿ kfOG5g\ . lg/Gt/sf] k|of]u / 

cEof;af6 cg's"n Jojxf/ ljsf; x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . 

kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ljifo hgtfsf 

df}lns xs÷clwsf/, r'gfj k|0ffnL, k|fljlws k|lltgLwTj 

h:tf nf]stGqsf] s]jn pk/L ;+/rgf / /fhgLlts g]tf 

tyf ;+ljwfgljb\x¿sf] ;xeflutfdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] 

5}g . nfdf] ;dob]lv /fli6«o hLjgsf] d"nwf/af6 

k5fl8 k/]sf, ;LdfGtdf /x]sf, lje]b / cGofosf] df/df 

k/]sf dlxnfnufot ljleGg hftLo, eflifs tyf ;fF:s[lts 

;d'bfox¿sf] /fHo;+/rgfdf klxrfg, kx'Fr, k|lltgLwTj 

h:tf d'2fx¿n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf k|d'vtf kfpg 

yfn]sf 5g\ . hgtfsf ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts hLjg / 

z}nLdf ljBdfg ljljwtf / klxrfgn] d'n'ssf] /fHo;+/rgfdf 

;dfj]zL Pj+ ;dfg'kflts x}l;ot kfpg' k5{ eGg] dfGotf 

;zQm ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . 

o; cjlwdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj / gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] 

ljifo vf; u/]/ cfGtl/s ;z:q åGåsf] lgsf;;Fu klg 

hf]l8Psf] kfOG5 . gfldljof, Pn\ ;Nef8f]/, s]fnlDaof, 

k]¿, blIf0f clk|msf, af]l:gof–xh{uf]legfnufot sof}+ 

b]zx¿df ;z:q åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{sf nflu 

;+ljwfg;efsf] ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]u ePsf] 5 . g]kfns}




Nepal 

;Gbe{df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] klg kl5Nnf] k6s gofF ;+ljwfgsf] 

cfjZostf / cf}lrTo g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ;+rfng u/]sf] 

;z:q ljb|f]x cyf{t\ …hgo'4…sf] zflGtk"0f{ Pj+ nf]stflGqs 

/fhgLlts lgsf;sf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cfPsf] xf] . t/ 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] s'/f oltdf dfq ;Lldt x'g ;Qm}g . o;n] 

nf]stflGqs zf;gsf] k|Tofe"ltsf;fy} /fHo ;+/rgfdf 

ljleGg efiff÷efifL, hfthflt÷hghfltx¿sf] plrt 

klxrfg, k|lltgLwTj / kx'Frsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ klg 

;Gtf]ifhgs 9Ën] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . To;f] ePdf 

/fHosf] ;du| nf]stflGqs k'g;{+/rgf;F+u gofF ;+ljwfg 

lgdf{0fn] cy{ /fVb5 . 

$= ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf cGt//fli6«o ;xof]u 

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq (UDHR), gful/s 

tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] cGt//fli6«o cg'aGw (ICCPR), 

cflbjf;L hghfltsf xs clwsf/;DaGwL cfO{= on= cf]= 

dxf;lGw !^(, cflb ljljw sf/0fx¿n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f 

k|lqmof Jofks ;fj{hlgs dfldnfsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . o;df 

;a} hgtfn] ljgfe]befj k|ToIf¿kdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg' k5{ 

eGg] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] 5 . To;sf/0f 

clxn] ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfd ;DalGwt b]zsf gful/sx¿sf] 

;fj{ef}d ljifo x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ljZj zflGt, dfgj clwsf/, 

nf]stGq / lj1tfsf lx;fan] plQs} cGt/f{li6«o rf;f] 

;d]t a9]sf] 5 . hgtfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ x/;+ej pkfon] 

a9fpg] k|of; / k|oTg ljZjJofkL 5 . o; sfo{df ;+o'Qm 

/fi6«;+3nufot ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿sf] ;/f]sf/ / 

lgu/fgL klg a9\bf] 5 . g]kfndf klg ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ 

efjL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof / o;sf cGt/j:t'sf af/]df 

Jofks cGt//fli6«o rf;f] 5 . ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] 

cg'/f]w cg';f/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg tyf gofF ;+ljwfg 

lgdf{0fdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nufot bh{gf}+ bft[;+:yfx¿n] 

;xof]u k'¥ofO{ /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a} k|oTg / k|of]ux¿sf 

afjh"b ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf /fli6«o :jfldTjsf] af]w 

;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . 

o; cy{df ;+ljwfg agfpg] eg]sf] /fHo tyf zf;g ;+rfngsf] 

nflu Pp6f sfg"gL b:tfj]h dfq tof/ ug] { k|fljlws sfddf 

;Lldt ljifo xf]Og . of] Jofks /fhgLlts tyf gful/s dxTjsf] 

sfd xf] . o;n] /fHodfly hgtfsf] :jfldTj, zf;g ;+/rgfsf] 

9fFrf, gful/s Pj+ /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] cljlR5Gg k|Tofe"lt, 

zf;g ;+/rgfdf hgtfsf] kx' Fr / k|lltgLwTjnufot /fHo / 

gful/saLr ;DaGwsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/eflift 

Pj+Jojl:yt ub{5 . hgtfn]nf]stGqsf]cg'e'lt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fb]lv 

g} ug{ kfpg' k5{ . o; cy{df ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f;Fu nf]stGqsf] 

hgfwf/nfO{ km/flsnf] / ;'b[9 agfpg] sfd klg hf]l8Psf] 

x'G5 . To;sf/0f ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof klg nf]stflGqs x'g' 

cfjZos 5 . 

%= cfwf/e"t ;+j}wflgs dfGotf 

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg agfpg' eGbf klxn] 

lkmnf8]lNkmofdf hDdf ePsf k|lltgLwx¿n] elh{lgof of] 

hgf (Virginia Plan) :jLsf/ u/]sf lyP . of] of]hgf 

clxn]sf] efiff eGg'kbf{ ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtsf] Pp6f k|f¿k lyof] . 

s]xL ;dootf d"n ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{'eGbf klxnf cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg, cg'Nnª\3gLo cfwf/e"t ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx¿df 

;xdlt, To;sf] Goflos lg¿k0fsf] Joj:yf, cflb s'/fx¿ 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k"jf{wf/sf¿kdf cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . 

gfldljof, SofDaf]l8of, blIf0f clk|msf, Ol/l6«ofdf ;+ljwfg 

agfpFbf o:tf l;4fGtx¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] lyof] . blIf0f 

clk|msfn] cjnDag u/]sf #$ j6f ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx¿ 

clxn] klg ljZje/ rlr{t 5 . o;nfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf 

cg'Nn‹gLo l;4fGtx¿ (Immutable Principles) elgG5 

-a| 's,@))%_ . oL l;4fGtx¿n]gofF;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu dfu{bz{g 

ub{5g\ . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ s'g} Psn bn, ;d'bfo jf kIfsf] dfq 

af]nafnf gxf];\, hgtfsf]xs÷clwsf/, nf]stGqsf]cfwf/e"t d"No 

/ dfGotf, /fi6«sf] Pstf, cflb s'/fx¿nfO{ aGg nfu]sf] ;ljwfgn] 

;'lglZrttf k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;sf];\ eg]/ o:tf] l;4fGtsf] Joj:yf 

ul/Psf] xf] . 

o:tf ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx¿ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{ eGbf 

klxn] g} ;DalGwt kIfx¿sf] ;xdltdf agfOG5 . ;fy} 

;+ljwfg agfO;s]kl5 tL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] 

d:of}bfdf kfngf eP÷gePsf] ;+k/LIf0f ug{ cflwsfl/s 

lgsfo ;d]t tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu blIf0f clk|msfdf 

;+j}wflgs cbfntsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] eg], 

SofDaf]l8ofdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 s} ;+qmd0fsfnLg k|zf;lgs 

pkl:ylt lyof] . ;dfGotof oL l;4fGtx¿ åGå/t kIfx¿sfaLr 

zflGt ;Demf}tf jf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgsf ¿kdf 

cfPsf x'G5g\ . o:tf l;4fGtx¿ åGå/t kIfnufot, 

/fhgLlts bn, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo tyf cfd gful/ssf] 

xs÷clwsf/ / lxtsf] ;'/Iff Pj+ ;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ a9L 

pkof]uL x'G5g\ . 

5

Nepal 




^= g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ljsl;t ;xdlt / 

l;4fGt 

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fs} nflu eg]/ ls6fgL;fy 

s'g} ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtdf ;xdlt jf ;Demf}tf ePsf] 

5}g . To;}n] ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfjdf / To;kl5 klg 

/fhgLlts bnx¿ cfkm\gf] :j]R5f / abln+bf] /fhgLlts 

cg's"ntf÷k|lts"ntf cg';f/ ;+ljwfgsf] ljifoj:t'dfly 

ljrf/ /fVg] / km]g]{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ;+ljwfg;efsf 

ljifout ;ldltx¿n] klg v'nf¿kdf ;a};Fu ;'emfj dfu]sf 

5g\ . of] klg nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] Pp6f k|lqmof xf] . 

t/ o;af6 ;'emfjx¿nfO{ PsLs[t u/L ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfdf 

9fNg] sfd slt hl6n /x]5 eGg] s'/f clxn] ;+ljwfg;efsf 

;ldltx¿sf] l9nfO{ Pj+ bnx¿sf km/s km/s dtn] k|i6 

b]vfO/x]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg;Fu ;DalGwt 

ljifox¿df s'g} ;xdlt g]} ePsf] 5}g eGg' tYok/s xf]Og . 

@)^@ ;fn dª\;L/b]lv @)^# ;fn sflt{s @@ 

;Dddf ;ftbn / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] u/]sf !@–a'Fb] 

;dembf/Lnufot ljleGg /fhgLlts ;xdlt, ;dembf/L 

/ lg0f{ox¿ tyf % dª\;L/df g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf 

-dfcf]jfbL_n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf 

pNn]lvt s'/fx¿ tyf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf s]xL 

Joj:yfx¿n] efjL ;+ljwfg / /fHoJoj:yfsf sltko l;4fGt 

/ ;+/rgf, /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, dfgj clwsf/, gful/s tyf 

/fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt / lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 . o;aLr 

/fHon] cflbjf;L÷hghflt / dw];L ;d'bfox¿;Fu 5'6f\5'§} 

;Demf}tfx¿ klg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cf;o xf] aGg 

nfu]sf] ;+ljwfgdf pgLx¿sf] xs÷lxt ;'lglZrt xf];\ . 

r'gfjsf] kl/0ffd h'g;"s} bnsf] cg's"n÷k|lts"n h]– 

eP klg ;+ljwfgdf nf]stflGqs zf;g k4lt, ;+3Lo 

/fHo;+/rgf, cfwf/e"t dfgj tyf df}lns clwsf/, 

;dfg'kflts k|lltgLwTj, ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;fdflhs Gofo 

nufotsf s'/fx¿df ;a} g]kfnL cfZj:t x'g rfx]sf] k|i6 

b]lvG5 . oL s'/fx¿n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu :jLs[t l;4fGt 

/ dfGotfsf] vf]hL ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm r'gfjkl5 a;]sf] 

;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] g]kfnnfO{ ljlwjt u0ftGqsf] 

;+/rgfdf ¿kfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] u0ftGqsf] klg 

nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf k|bfg ug'{ kg]{5 . 

ljleGg ;xdlt, lg0f{ox¿, vf;u/]/ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf 

@)^# / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, ;+ljwfg;efsf] 

klxnf] a}7sn] u/]sf] lg0f{o / Joj:yfx¿nfO{ x]bf{ lgDg 

s'/fx¿df ;+j}wflgs ;xdlt sfod ePsf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . 

!= ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] /fHo;+/rgfnfO{ 

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ug] { . 

@= /fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrf cGTo 

u/L ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / ;+3Lo zf;g 

k|0ffnL;lxtsf] wd{ lg/k]If Pj+ ax'eflifs 

dfGotfdf /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . 

#= ljZjJofkL¿kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e"t dfgj 

clwsf/Ù ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs 

k|0ffnLÙ hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;QfÙ ;+j}wflgs 

;Gt'ng / lgoGq0fÙ ljlwsf] zf;gÙ ;fdflhs 

Gofo / ;dfgtfÙ :jtGq GofokflnsfÙ cfjlws 

lgjf{rgÙ gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'udgÙ k"0f{ k|]; 

:jtGqtfÙ hgtfsf] ;';"rLt x'g] clwsf/Ù 

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] kf/bzL{tf / hjfkmb] 

xLtfÙ hg;xeflutfÙ lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 

k|zf;gtGqsf] d"No / cjwf/0ff kl/kfngf ug]{ 

/fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ug]{ . 

$= dfgj clwsf/Ù afFRg kfpg] clwsf/Ù 

j}olQms dof{bf, :jtGqtf / cfjthfjtsf] 

clwsf/Ù gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/Ù 

cfly{s–;fdflhs clwsf/Ù dlxnf tyf 

afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/nufot wd{lg/k]If 

/fHo / JolQmsf] wfld{s cf:yfsf] ;Ddfg 

ug]{ . 

%= ;+ljwfgdfkm{t\ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] 

;'lglZrttf, cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf;, 

/fHosf] nf]stflGqs k'g;{ +/rgf / cfly{s– 

;fdflhs–;fF:s[lts ¿kfGt/0f ug] { . 

;+j}wflgs l;4fGt jf ;xdlt s]xL geg] klg ;+ljwfg;efaf6 

clxn] aGg nfu]sf] ;+ljwfgdf oL s'/fx¿nfO{ lglZrt¿kdf 

k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . 

&= ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf nf]stflGqs ;+jfb 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf Pp6f k|tLsfTds 

sfd klg xf] h;af6 gful/ssf] aGg nfu]sf] ;+ljwfgsfk|lt 

ckgTj (ownership) :yflkt x'G5 / :jzf;gsf ;+:yf, 

d"No / k|lqmofnfO{ ;Ddlt -consent_ k|bfg ul/G5 . g]kfnL 

gful/s hLjgsf] ljleGg tx / tKsfnfO{ k|lltgLwTj ug]{ 

;+3;+:yfx¿n] efjL ;+ljwfgsf af/]df gful/s Pj+ ;d"xut 

;'emfjx¿ ;Íng / ;+ljwfg;efdf To;sf] kx'FrnfO{ 

;xh agfpg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nufot g]kfnl:yt ljleGg 

bft[;+:yfx¿n] ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . tL 

;a}sf] oxfF j0f{g / JofVof ;+ej 5}g . tyflk dfly eg] em}+ 

6




Nepal 

g]kfnl:yt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_n] 

g]kfndf ;xeflutfd"ns ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;xof]u 

-P;kL;LaLPg_ cGtu{t ;xof]u u/]sf !& j6f ;+3;+:yfn] 

;~rfng u/]sf] nf]stflGqs ;+jfb / To;af6 ;Íng 

u/]sf ;'emfjx¿sf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf k|ltljDjgsf] ;dLIff 

ug'{ of] cWoogsf] d'Vo pB]Zo xf] . ;fy} o; qmddf 

o"lgkm]d, o"lg;]km, l;8fnufotsf bft[;+:yfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ 

u/L ;dfg k|s[ltsf cGo s]xL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfnn] tof/ 

u/]sf ;+ljwfg ;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿nfO{ klg ;d]6\g] k|of; 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

o"Pg8LkL÷P;kL;LaLPgn] aGg nfu]sf] ;+ljwfgsf af/] 

df ljleGg If]qsf] vf;u/]/ P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf ;LdfGts[t 

;d'bfosf] cfjfh -hgdt_ ;Íng u/L ;+ljwfg;ef 

;dIf k'¥ofpg ;s'g eg]/ g]kfnsf !* j6f u}/;/sf/L 

;+:yfx¿nfO{ ut dfr{ @))( -kmfu'g÷r}t_df nf]stflGqs 

;+jfb sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;xof]u pknJw u/fPsf] lyof] . 

;f] cg';f/ tL ;+:yfx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qdf hgdt 

;Íng u/L ;+ljwfg;ef ;ldltx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fof] . tL 

;+:yfx¿dWo] g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 o; cWoogsf] ljifoleq 

kb}{g . o"Pg8LkL÷P;kL;LaLPgn] ;xof]u pknJw u/fPsf !& 

j6f ;+:yfn] ;+ljwfg;efsf ;ldltx¿sf] sfo{If]qnfO{ nlIft 

u/L ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;+slnt ;'emfjx¿+ ;+ljwfg;efsf 

ljifout ;ldltx¿nfO{ a'emfPsf lyP . tL ;'emfjx¿nfO{ g} 

o; cWoogn] d'Vo ;"rgf ;|f]t agfOPsf] 5 . tyflk cWoog 

ljZn]if0fsf ;Gbe{df cGo pkof]uL ;Gbe{x¿ klg k|of]u 

ul/Psf 5g\ . 

of] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ;+:yfx¿ leGg leGg k[i7e"ldsf 

5g\ . cflbjf;L tyf hghflt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3n] 

cGo ^ j6f ;+:yf;Fu ldn]/ k"j{sf kxf8L lhNnfx¿ — 

Onfd, ;+v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da', vf]6fª, cf]vn9'Ëf, pbok'/df 

/x]sf @) j6f cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d'bfo;Fu uflj; tyf 

lhNnf:t/df cGt/lqmof u/L ;'emfjx¿ ;Íng u/]sf] lyof] . 

/fli6«o cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf dxf;+3n] @( j6f hghflt 

dlxnf ;+3÷;dfh÷;+:yfx?;Fu ldn]/ ;'emfj ;Íng u/]sf] 

5 . g]kfn tfdfª 3]b'ª -pNn]v 5}g_, g]kfn du/ ;+3n] 

cfkm\gf] lhNnf zfvf dfkm{t ^ lhNnf -/f]Nkf, :ofª\hf, 

kfNkf, u'NdL, jfun'ª, tgx'F_sf] uflj; :t/df ;'emfj ;Íng 

u/]sf 5g\ . 

ls/ft ofsy'ª r'Dn'ªn] cGo $ j6f ;xof]uL ;+:yf;lxt 

;+v'jf;ef, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, ;'g;/L, df]/ª, emfkf, 

Onfd, kfFry/, tfKn]h'ªnufot ( lhNnfdf uflj; 

:t/df cflbjf;L÷hghflt / blnt ;d'bfonfO{ s]lGb|t 

u/]/ ;'emfjx¿ ;Íng u/] klg cGo hflt / ;d'bfonfO{ klg 

cGt/lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fPsf] kfOG5 . 

hfu[t g]kfnn] jf/f, slknj:t', ¿kGb]xL, ;Kt/L, 

;nf{xLnufot % lhNnfdf yf?, d'l:nd / dw];L blnt 

;d'bfosf] ;'emfjnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . dw];L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf 

dxf;+3n] dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, jf/f, k;f{, /f}tx6nufot % 

lhNnfdf dw];L ;d'bfoaf6 ;'emfj ;+sng u/]sf] 5 . dw];L 

blnt ljsf; dxf;+3n] -lhNnf pNn]v 5}g_ dw];L blnt 

;d'bfosf] ;'emfj ;Íng u/]sf] 5 . 

a];n] bfª, afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/nufot % lhNnfdf 

!^ j6f :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ yf? ;d'bfo 

s]lGb|t ;'emfj ;Íng u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L yf? sNof0fsf/L 

;efn] emfkf, ;'g;/L, df]/ª, ;Kt/L, pbok'/, l;/xf, ;nf{xL, 

/f}tx6, af/f, k;f{, lrtjg, gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t' 

;lxt !% lhNnfdf uflj; :t/af6 yf? ;'dbfos]lGb|t 

;'emfj ;Íng u/]sf] 5 . 

g]kfn /fli6«o blnt ;dfh sNof0f ;+3n] -lhNnf pNn]v 

5}g_ cGo ^ j6f ;+:yf;Fu ldn]/ blnt s]lGb|t ;'emfjx¿ 

;Íng u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o blnt g]6js{ / blnt cWoog 

tyf ljsf; s]Gb|n] -lhNnf pNn]v 5}g_ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf blnt 

s]lGb|t ;'emfj k]z u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ckfË dfgj clwsf/ 

s]Gb|n] afFs], 88]nw'/f, ;'v]{t / sf7df8f}+sf ljleGg :yfgdf 

;8s gf6s u/L ckfËtf ePsf dflg;x¿sf] ;'emfjnfO{ 

;Íng u/]sf]5 . 

g]kfn d'l:nd dlxnf xslxs ;dfh (NMWWS)n] df]/ª, 

;'g;/L, l;/xf, ;Kt/L, slknj:t', afFs]nufot !) lhNnfaf6 

d'l:nd ;d'bfo;DaGwL ;'emfjx? ;Íng u/]sf] 5 . o;n] 

uf]/vf / tgx'F h:tf] kxf8L lhNnfdf /x]sf d'l:ndx? ;Fu 

klg ;'emfj lnPsf] 5 . 

dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf sfg"gL ;]jf s]Gb|n] cGo tLg 

j6f ;+:yf;Fu ldn]/ ?s'd, /f]Nkf, ;Nofg, bfªnufot $ 

lhNnfdf ldl>t ¿kdf ;'emfj ;Íng u/]sf] kfOG5 . zflGt 

cleofg ;~hfn g]kfnn] s0ff{nLaf;Lsf] ;'emfjnfO{ Pslqt 

u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn o'jf ;+:yf ;~hfnn] -lhNnf pNn]v 

5}g_ o'jf cfjfhnfO{ efjL ;+ljwfgdf d'vl/t ug]{ k|of; 

u/]sf] 5 . 

k|To]s sfo{qmddf :yfgLo txsf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf 

dflg;x¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . vf;u/]/ 

7

Nepal 




blnt, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dlxnf / cGo ;LdfGts[t 

ju{sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu ljz]if kxn ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf 

;xeflutf sl/j $( k|ltzt 5 . 

uflj; txsf] sfo{qmd b'O{ r/0fdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] 

r/0fdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf gful/s ;xeflutfsf] 

dxTj / cj;/ k|i6\ofOPsf] lyof] / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf 

d'2fx¿sf af/]df k|sfz kfl/Psf] lyof] . pgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL 

x'g pTk|]l/t ul/Psf] lyof] . bf];|f] r/0fdf klxnf] r/0fdf 

p7]sf ljifox¿nfO{ PsLs[t u/L pgLx¿s} ;xeflutf / 

k|ltj4tfdf ;fd'bflos 3f]if0ffkq (Charter) tof/ ul/Psf] 

lyof] . pQm 3f]if0ffkqdf ;a}n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . ;xhstf{ 

;+ej eP;Dd :yfgLo txdf pknJw of]Uo JolQmx¿dWo] 

af6 5flgPsf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ tflnd lbOPsf] lyof] . 

cfjZostf cg';f/ ;xhstf{n] :yfgLo efiffdf tflnd 

;~rfng ub{y] . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf gful/s ;xeflutfnfO{ 

;xh agfpg ljleGg r/0fdf tflndx¿ ;+rfng 

ul/Psf lyP . 

tflnddf lˆnkrf6{, cfO=Pn=cf]=cle;lGw !^( / ;+o'Qm 

/fi6«;+3sf] cflbjf;L clwsf/ ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq ;dfj]z 

ePsf] ;–;fgf hfgsf/Ld"ns krf{x¿nfO{ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] 

¿kdf lbOPsf] lyof] . ;fy} k|lqmof Dofg'Pn klg lyof] . 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf gful/s ;xeflutfdf ;xof]u 

k'¥ofpg cfjZos ;"rgf / ljrf/x¿;lxtsf] lˆnkrf6{ tof/ 

ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] vf;u/]/ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf 

;fy} cGo ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ljrf/ /fVg 

w]/} ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . ;xhstf{sf nflu k|lzIf0f 

Dofg'Pn klg tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df lˆnkrf6{sf] k|of]u 

ug]{ ljlw tyf k|To]s ljifoj:t'sf] p2]Zo k|i6 kfl/Psf] 

lyof] . lˆnkrf6{sf] k|of]u / 5nkmnnfO{ ljifot 9+udf n} 

hfgsf nflu ;xhstf{nfO{ Dofg'Pndf pknJw ;xof]uL 

;fdu|Lx¿ /fd|f];Fu cWoog ug{ nufOPsf] lyof] . 

:yfgLo txsf] sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePkl5 lhNnf txdf Ps– 

lbg] sfo{qmd ul/of] h;df ;DalGwt lhNnfsf /fhgLlts 

bnsf k|lltgLwx¿, ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf g]tfx¿, dlxnf, 

clwsf/sdL{ / ToxfFaf6 k|lltgLwTj ug]{ ;ef;b\x¿ ;xefuL 

lyP . 

tL ;+:yfx¿n] ^* lhNnfsf **) uflj; / %!,))) 

eGbf a9L gful/ssf] ;d"xut¿kdf ;xeflutf h'6fP/ 

efjL ;+ljwfgsf ljljw kIf vf;u/]/ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo 

/ ju{sf ;'emfjx¿ ;Íng u/L ;+ljwfg;ef ;ldltx¿df 

;d]t a'emfPsf] 5 . of] cWoogdf tL ;'emfjx¿sf] ljZn]if0f 

u/L ;ldltx¿af6 k|:t't ;+ljwfgsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bfdf 

ltgn] s] s:tf] :yfg kfPsf 5g\ eg]/ t'ngfTds cWoog 

ug]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 . 

*= cGo u};; ;~hfnsf ;'emfjx¿ 

o; cWoogn] ;dfj]z u/]sf cGo ;+:yfx¿ ;+ljwfg;ef 

;xof]u ;~hfn -sf]sf;_df * j6f ;+:yfx¿ ;+nUg 

5g\ . o;n] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo / ju{sf clwsf/ / 

;/f]sf/s]lGb|t eP/ ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6\g' kg]{ a'Fbfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o 

3f]if0ffkqsf ¿kdf k]z u/]sf] 5 . hglxt ;+/If0f d~r 

-k|f] klJns_n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 dlxnf ljsf; sf]if 

-o'lgkm]d_ / dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno;Fu 

ldn]/ dlxnfsf] ljifodf s]lGb|t eO cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] 

bkmfjf/ ¿kdf p4/0f ub}{ ædlxnfd}qL ;+ljwfgÆ lgdf{0fsf] 

s'g s'g bkmfdf s]s:tf] kl/jt{g ug'{ k5{ eg]/ kf7;lxt 

;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . afnaflnsf zflGtIf]q–/fli6«o cleofg 

-l;hf]k_ tyf afn;xeflutfdf sfo{/t o'lg;]kmnufot &@ 

j6f ;Fu7gsf] ;~hfnn] aGg nfu]sf] ;+ljwfgn] afnaflnsfsf] 

clwsf/ / ;jfnx¿nfO{ s;/L lnlkj4 ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ 

lj1x¿sf] afnaflnsf s]lGb|t ;'emfjx¿ k]z u/]sf] 5 . o;} 

u/L Sofg]l8og ;xof]u ;+:yf l;8fsf] ;xof]udf u}/;/sf/L 

;+:yf dxf;+3nufot !( j6f ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfnn] klg 

;+ljwfgsf] ljljw kIfdf ljifout ¿kn] ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't 

u/]sf] 5 . ld/]i6 g]kfnn] efjL ;+ljwfgsf ljljw kIfdf @^ 

lhNnfdf hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf x'g] u/L v'nf ax;sf] 

cof]hgf u/L ;+slnt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ æhgtfsf] OR5fkqÆsf] 

¿kdf k]z u/]sf] 5 . 

o;}u/L ;~hfn dfkm{t ;'emfj ;Íng ug]{ cGo ;+:yfx¿df 

;fk–g]kfn, x'8]{sn] @@ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f u/L 

g]kfndf nf]stGqsf] ljsf; cleofg (DDN) cGtu{t 

blnt, dw];L, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf 

JolQm, o'jf, k5fl8 k/]sf] If]q s0ff{nL / cGo ljifosf 

d'2fx¿df s]lGb|t eP/ ;'emfj ;Íng u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfn 

ckfË ;dfhn] ckfËtf ePsf JolQm s]lGb|t eP/ ;'emfjx¿ 

;Íng u/]sf] 5 . 

oL ;'emfjx¿nfO{ b'O{ ju{df afF8\g ;lsG5 . s_ ;+ljwfgsf] 

k|:tfljt kf7;lxtsf] ;'emfj, v_ ;fwf/0f kmDof{6sf] 

;'emfj . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfljt kf7;lxt ;'emfj tof/ ug]{df 

k|f]–klJns, l;hf]k kb{5g\ eg] cGo ;+:yfx¿ ;fwf/0f 

kmDof{6df ;'emfj tof/ ug]{df kb{5g\ . ld/]i6 g]kfnsf s]xL 

;'emfjx¿ ;+ljwfgsf] kf7;lxtsf] 9fFrfdf 5g\ eg] clwsf+z 

;'emfjx¿ ;fwf/0f kmDof{6df 5g\ . 

8




Nepal 

k|f]–klJns / l;hf]kn] lj1 ;d"xsf] pkof]u u/]sf] 5 

h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿sf] ;'emfj k|i6 / cfk;df d]nvfg] 

(Consistent) vfnsf 5g\ eg] cGo ;+:yfsf ;'emfjx¿ 

cfk;df d]n gvfg] vfnsf 5g\ . o;f] x'g'sf] d'Vosf/0f 

k|f]–klJns / l;hf]kn] ;+:yfut k|fyldstf to ug{ ;Sg' xf] 

eg] cGo ;+:yfsf xsdf hg;d'bfoaf6 cfPsf ;'emfjnfO{ 

ljgf k|fyldstf / k|f];]l;Ë ;+ljwfg;ef;Dd k'¥ofpg] 

dfWodsf ¿kdf ;Lldt x'g' xf] . k|f] klJnsn] n}+lus 

lje]bsf] cGTonfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . 

tyflk o; cWoogsf] d'Vo ;"rgf;|f]t 

o"Pg8LkL÷P;kL;LaLPgn] ;xof]u u/]sf !& j6f ;+:yfn] 

;Íng u/]sf ;'emfjx¿ x'g\ . 

(= ;°lnt ;'emfjx¿sf] ljZn]if0f 

cWoogdf ;dfj]z !& j6f ;+:yfn] @ xhf/eGbf a9L ;'emfj 

;Íng u/]sf 5g\ . tL ;'emfjx¿ sltko bf]xf]l/Psf 5g\ 

eg] sltko cfk;df d]n gvfg] vfnsf klg 5g\ . ;f]xL 

s'/f cGo u};; ;~hfnn] ;Íng u/]sf ;'emfjx¿df klg 

nfu" x'G5 . o; cWoog ljZn]if0fdf P;kL;LaLPgsf] ;xof]u 

cGtu{tsf !& j6f ;+:yfx¿n] ;+sng u/]sf ;'emfjx¿nfO{ 

gbf]xf]l/g] ;j{k|yd PsLs[t tflnsfdf ;"rLa4 ul/Psf] 5 

-x]g'{xf];\ kl/lzi6_ . ;+ljwfg;ef ;ldltsf] sfo{If]qcg';f/ 

!! d"n zLif{s / #^ pkzLif{sdf juL{s[t tL ;'emfjx¿ 

$ ;oeGbf a9L 5g\ . ;'emfjx¿df cToGt ;+j}wflgs 

dxTjb]lv hgtfn] b}lgs hLjgdf ef]u]sf zflGt ;'/Iff, aGb, 

x8tfn, n]f8;]l8ª;Ddsf ;a} s'/fx¿ k/]sf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ 

s]nfpFbf tLg ju{df afF8\g ;lsG5\ — -!_ ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z 

ug}{ kg]{ ljifox¿ h:t}, cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] 

xs clwsf/, klxrfg, /fHo;+/rgfdf kx'Fr, k|lltgLwTj 

/ ;xeflutf, /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf, zf;g k|0ffnL, lgjf{rg 

k|0ffnL, gful/ssf df}lns xs, cflb;Fu hf]l8Psf s'/fx¿, -@_ 

;+ljwfg ag]kl5 tTsfn} jf cfjZostfcg';f/ Joj:yflksfn] 

P]g÷lgod agfP/ ;Daf]wg ug{ ' kg] { s'/fx¿, / -#_ ;'zf;g;Fu 

;DalGwt h;nfO{ ;/sf/n] gLlt / sfo{qmd agfP/ klg 

sfof{Gjog ug{ ;S5 . oxfF ltgnfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;ldltsf] 

ljifo / If]qut cfwf/df ;ª\If]kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

(=!= k|:tfjgf 

k|:tfjgfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;ª\lIfKt :j¿k cyf{t\ P]gf 

klg eGg] ul/G5 . o;n] ;+ljwfg hf/L ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf, 

c+ufn]sf] cfwf/e't d"No k4lt / l;4fGtx¿sf ;fy} 

;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ clwsf/L, cflb s'/fx¿nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 

x'G5 . cfw'lgs ljZjsf] klxnf] lnlvt ;+ljwfg ;+o'Qm /fHo 

cd]l/sfsf] ;+lawfgb]lv kl5Nnf] af]lnleof;Ddsf k|fo ;a} 

h;f] ;+ljwfgx¿df k|:tfjgf n]Vg] rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

d'n'sdf ljBdfg hftLo, juL{o, If]qLo, n}l·s 

;d:of / lje]bk|lt kZrftfk ub}{ ;a} lsl;dsf 

lje]bx¿sf] pGd"ng u/L wd{ lg/k]If, 5'jf5't d'Qm, 

;dtfd"ns ;dfj]zL cfwf/df ax'hftLo, 

ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ef}uf]lns ljljwtfnfO{ ;Ddfg 

ub}{ ;fdflhs Gofok"0f{, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs 

u0ftGqfTds /fHo :yfkgf ug{ eg]/ 

pNn]v x'g' kg]{ 

o; cWoogleq k/]sf ;'emfj k|:t't ug] { k|fo ;a}h;f] 

;+:yf tyf ;d'bfon] klg efjL ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf 

cf–cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] klxrfg / ljz]iftf emlNsof];\ eGg] rfxgf 

/fv]sf] kfOG5 . cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw];L tyf cGo 

;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿ k|:tfjgfdf ljutsf] …lje]bk|lt 

kZrftfkÚ eGg] zJbfjnL /fVg rfxG5g\ . zfob pgLx¿sf] 

of] k|:tfj blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 k| ]l/t 5 . blIf0f 

clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf æljutsf] cGofonfO{ :jLsf/ 

ub} { :jtGqtf / Gofosf nflu si6 ef]u]sfx¿sf] ;DdfgÆ 

k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 . 3 o;sf cltl/Qm ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, 

Pj+ ax';fF:s[lts /fHosf ;+ljwfg k|fo ;a}df …ljljwtfdf 

PstfÚ cleJoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|:tfjgfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] 

P]gf dflgg] x'Fbf o:tf] cfsfª\Iff /fVg' c:jfefljs 

xf]Og . t/ ;a} s'/f o;df /fVg] xf] eg] k|:tfjgfsf] dxTj g} 

/xGg . ;+ljwfgn] :yfkgf ug{ vf]h]sf] cfbz{ / d"No 

o;sf] k|d'v ;+/rgf xf] . tyflk ;6Ls¿kdf hgrfxgfnfO{ 

k|:tfjgfn] emNsfpg ;s] o;sf] hg:jfldTj ;'b[9 x'g 

;S5 . g]kfnL ;dfh / /fi6«sf] ;du| agf]6 Pj+ ljz]iftfnfO{ 

s]lGb|t u/]/ k|:tfjgfsf ;Gbe{df cfPsf ;'emfjx¿sf] Pp6f 

k|lltgLw k|:tfj ;Fu}sf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . 

3 "Recognize the injustices of the past 

Honour those who suffered for justice freedom of our 

land ..." (Constitution of South Africa – Preamble). 

9

Nepal 




(=@= ;+ljwfg;ef ;ldltx¿sf] k|:tfj 

;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnLn] k|:tfjgfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ;ldltsf] 

sfo{If]qleq /fv]sf] 5 . tyflk k|fo ;a} ;ldltx¿n] 

cf–cfkm\gf ljifodf s]lGb|t eP/ k|:tfjgfsf c+zx¿ k|:tfj 

u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t 

;d'bfosf] xs clwsf/ ;/+If0f ;DaGwL ;ldltn] k|:tfj 

u/]sf] k|:tfjgf oxfF ljZn]if0f ul/Psf ;'emfjx¿;Fu ;a} 

eGbf lgs6 ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] k|:tfj lgDgg';f/ 5 M— 

æcNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[t tyf k5fl8 kfl/Psf] jf 

alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] xs, clwsf/sf] 

k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt ;lxt /fHo Joj:yfsf x/]s tx / 

lgsfodf ;a} ju{, hflt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, 

t/fO{jf;L, dw]zL, d'l:nd, ckfË, wd{, efiff, j0f{, 

lnË, ju{ / If]qsf JolQmx¿sf] k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts 

k|lltgLwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{] Gofok"0f{ ;dfj]zL /fHo 

lgdf{0faf6 dfq nf]stGq, sfg"gL /fHo, bL3{sflng 

zflGt, l:y/tf / ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ 

:jLsf/ ub}{====Æ 

o;}u/L k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j 

afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] ;+ljwfgsf] efiffdf geP klg h}ljs 

ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg Pj+ 

pkof]u tyf cfly{s ;d[l4, ;dGofo / ;Gt'lnt ljsf; h:tf 

s'/fx¿ k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v x'g' kg]{ k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf] 

k'g;{+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] lgDgfg';f/sf] 

k|:tfjgf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . 

b]zdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, If]qLo, 

n}lËs, tyf ;d'bfout ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ 

g]kfnsf] PsfTds tyf s]Gb|Ls[t :j¿knfO{ cGTo 

ub}{ k"0f{ nf]stflGqs ;dfj]zL;lxtsf] ;dfg'kflts 

;+3Lo u0ftfGqTds zf;g k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{ 

cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug'{ kg]{ ePsfn], 

g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jfwLgtf, :jtGqtf, Pstf 

/ cv08tfnfO{ cIf'0f /fVb} /fhgLlts, cfly{s, 

;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, eflifs tyf ef}lts ljsf; ug{ 

;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxtsf] 

klxrfg tyf ;fdYo{df cfwfl/t :jfoQ, :jzfl;t 

tyf clwsf/;DkGg k|b]z, :yfgLo tx tyf ljz]if ;+/ 

rgf, klg lgdf{0f u/L s]Gb|df lglxt zf;g zlQmnfO{ 

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx;Dd afF8kmfF8 u/L === ;a} 

hflt, If]q, lnË Pj+ ;d'bfosf] /fHozlQm kl/rfng 

ug]{ cËx¿df ;dfg'kflts k|lltgLwTj Pj+ clwsf/ 

kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ af~5gLo ePsf]n], 

;+j}wflgs ;ldltn] cf7 cg'R5]bsf] k|:tfjgf k|:tfj 

u/]sf] 5 h;n] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, 

ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6o Pstf, :jfwLgtf Pj} :jfledfgnfO{ 

cIf'0f /fVg] s'/fsf ;fy} ljutdf g]kfnL hgtfn] nf]stGq, 

zflGt, dfgj clwsf/ tyf cu|ufdL kl/jt{gsf nflu 

u/]sf ;z:q tyf zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngx¿df hgtfn] u/]sf 

Tofu, alnbfg tyf zfxbftsf] ;Ddfg, ;fdGtL, lg/~s"z, 

s]Gb|Ls[t, PsfTds / lkt[;QfTds /fHoJoj:yfn] ;[hgf 

u/]sf lje]b / pTkL8gx¿sf] kL8fsf] :d/0f, ax'hftLo, 

ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';fF:s[lts, tyf If]qLo ljljwtfnfO{ 

cfTd;ft u/L ljljwtfaLr Pstf, ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts 

P]Soa4tf, ;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efjnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;+aw{g ug]{ k|0f, 

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/, :jfoQtf / :jzf;gsf] clwsf/, 

gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns xs, dfgj clwsf/, ax'bnLo 

k|lt:kwf{, aflnu dtflwsf/, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL zf;g 

Joj:yf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, sfg"gL /fHo h:tf nf]stlGqs 

d"No / dfGotf cjnDag ug]{ tyf ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ 

lgdf{0f ug]{ k|ltj4tf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 

k|To]s bn, ;d'bfo, ;d"xn] cfkm\gf efjgfx¿ k|:tfjgfdf cfpg\ 

eg]/ rfxg' :jfefljs xf] . t/ ;+ljwfgsf d:of}bfsf/x¿n] 

efjgf k|ltljlDjt x'g] efiff k|bfg ug] { xf] g ls, ;'emfOPsf cIf/ 

/ zJbx¿sf] oyf pNn]v . o; cy{df k|:tfjgfn] ;+ljwfg hf/L 

ug' { kg] { cj:yf, o;n] cËLsf/ u/]sf] d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGt 

Pj+ /fHo k4ltsf] efj bzf{pg ;Sg' k5{, k|:tfjgfdf ;a} s'/f 

/fVg} k5{ eGg] 5}g . lj:t[t s'/fx¿ ;+ljwfgsf ;DalGwt efu 

/ k|fjwfgx¿n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf x'G5g\ . 

o;}u/L k|:tfjgfdf tf]s]/ of] jf Tof] ljb|f]x n]Vg' cfjZos 

5}g . æg]kfnL hgtfn] ljutdf cGofo, lje]b, c;dfgtf, 

zf]if0f, lg/~s'ztfsf lj?4 u/]sf ;+3if{, cfGbf]ng, alnbfg 

/ zfxbftsf] ;Ddfg ub}{Æ eGg] jfSof+z dfqn] klg 

ck]lIft cf;o af]w u/fpF5 . o;sf sf/sx¿sf] ;+ljwfgdf 

pNn]v ul/g cfjZos 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df blIf0f clk|msf /fd|f] 

/]km/]G; x'g ;S5 . ToxfFsf] ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf] 5, "Honour 

those who suffered for justice and freedom in our 

land" . blIf0f clk|msL hgtfn] u/]sf] ;+3if{ / alnbfg 

ljZjd} pTs[i6 dflgG5 . t/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfx¿n] ljutdf 

uf]/f–zfl;t /fHosf sf/0f r/d hftLo ljefhg / lje]b 

gLlt (apartheid policy) pNn]v ug'{ cfjZos 7fg]gg\ . 

k|:tfjgfnfO{ zJbfjnLx¿sf] k|of]u / k|lti7fdf k|:t't 

ug{ vf]Hbf o;n] e2fkg dfq lbg] xf]Og, cGo ;d'bfoaf6 

k|ltlqmof klg Nofpg ;S5 . h;n] ;+ljwfgk|lt Jofks 

hg :jfldTjnfO{ ;+s'lrt ug{ ;S5 . t;y{ ;+ej eP;Dd 

10




Nepal 

k|:tfjgf 5f]6f], ;6Ls / l;4fGt Pj+ efjgfnfO{ :ki6 

k|ltljDj ug{ ;Sg] x'g' k5{ . 

(=#= gful/stf ;DaGwL 

gful/stfsf] ljifonfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|i6 ¿kdf Joj:yf ug'{ 

kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ w]/} ;'emfjx¿n] ;+s]t u/]sf 

5g\ . vf;u/]/ dw];L ;d'bfoaf6 gful/stfsf af/]df ljz]if 

rf;f]sf ;fy ;'emfjx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf k|d'v 

;'emfjdf gful/stfdf ;dfgtfsf] k|Tofe"lt, cfdf jf a'afsf] 

hUufwgL k"hf{, hGdsf cfwf/df a+zhsf] clwsf/, ;/n tyf 

;lhnf] k|lqmofaf6 gful/stf k|flKt, gful/stf k|df0fkqdf 

dw]zL ;d'bfosf] e]iffe"iff -wf]tL, uDrf ;lxtsf] kmf]6f]_ 

/fVg kfpg' kg]{, cflb s'/fx¿df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . oBlk 

;f]em} gelgP klg gful/stf;DaGwdf dw];L ;d'bfosf] k|d'v 

rf;f] g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw x'g] ljb]zL dlxnfsf] 

gful/stf xf] . lsgls dw];L ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] ;LdfjtL{ 

ef/tLox¿;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] nfdf] k/Dk/f 5 . 

cGo ;'dbfosf ;'emfjx¿df cfdf jf a'jfsf] gful/stfnfO{ 

klg cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{, dlxnfn] gful/stfdf kltsf] gfdy/ 

/fVg] jf g/fVg] :jtGqtf kfpg' kg]{, gful/stf k|df0fkqdf 

cfdf / a'af b'j}sf] gfd pNn]v x'g' kg]{ h:tf s'/fx¿ 

5g\ . ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df s]xL ;'emfjdf s]Gb| / k|b]zsf] 

bf]x/f] gful/stf x'g' kg]{ klg cfPsf 5g\ . sltko ;'emfjdf 

gful/stf ljt/0f k|lqmof xr'jf / /fhgLlts n]gb]gd'vL 

ePsfn] ljb]zLn] u}/sfg"gL 9+uaf6 gful/stf kfpg] 

cj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] cGTo ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf klg plQs} 

rf;f] /fv]sf] kfOG5 . 

(=$= ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] k|:tfj 

;+ljwfg;efsf] df}lns xs tyf lgb]{zs l;4fGt ;ldltn] 

gful/stf;DaGwdf ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] k|b]lzs klxrfg;lxt 

;a} g]kfnLsf nflu Psn ;+3Lo gful/stf lbg] k|:tfj 

u/]sf] 5 . j+zh / cËLs[t u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] gful/stf 

k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . a+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/stf 

k|fKt ug{sf] nflu b]xfosf] zt{ k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 M 

-!_ g]kfndf :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf g]kfnL cfdf / 

afa'af6 hGd]sf] JolQm 

-@_ ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx ePsf g]kfnL gful/ 

saf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} a;f] 

af; u/]sf] / lghsf] cfdf jf afa'sf] 

gful/stfsf cfwf/df ljb]zL d'n'ssf] 

gful/stf k|fKt gu/]sf] JolQm 

-#_ g]kfnL e"lddf km]nf k/]sf] afa' cfdf kQf gnfu] 

sf] gfjflnu cfdf jf jfa' kQf gnfu];Dd 

cËLs[t gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;ldltn] b]xfosf] Joj:yf 

k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 M 

-!_ g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw ePsf 

ljb]zLn] g]kfnL gful/stf lng rfx]df 

g]kfndf !% jif{ a;f]af; u/]sf] / ljb]zL 

gful/stf Tofu]sf] x'g' kg]{, 

-@_ g]kfnL gful/s cfdfaf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g] 

kfndf g} a;f]af; u/]sf] / afa'sf] klxrfg 

gePsf] JolQmn] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd 

g]kfnsf] cËLs[t gful/stf kfpg ;Sg]5 . 

g]kfn /fHosf] lglZrt txsf] kbflwsf/L aGg cËLs[t 

gful/snfO{ /f]s nufOPsf] 5 . vf;u/]/ g]kfnsf] /fi6«k|d'v 

tyf pkk|d'v, ;+3Lo jf k|b]z:t/sf] Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf 

tyf Gofokflnsfsf] k|d'v / ;+j}wflgs cË tyf ;'/Iff lgsfo 

k|d'v kbdf lgjf{lrt x'g jf lgo'Qm x'gsf] nflu a+zhsf] 

cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt JolQmn] dfq kfpg]5 elgPsf] 5 . 

gful/stf ;DaGwdf of] ;ldltdf vf;} km/s dt b]lvGg . 

tyflk ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] ;§f k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] Psn ;+3Lo 

gful/stf lbg ;Sg], k|b]z / ;+3sf] bf]xf]/f] gful/stfsf] 

Joj:yf x'g' kg]{, u}/cfjf;Lo gful/stfsf] k|fjwfg x'gk5{ 

eGg] km/s dtx¿ klg btf{ ePsf 5g\ . o;}u/L g]kfnL 

gful/stf k|fKt cfdf jf afa'sf ;Gtfg, g]kfndf hGd 

ePsf] t/ afa' kQf gnfu]sf] jf afa'n] ;Gtfg c:jLsf/ 

u/]sf] JolQm klg a+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/s x'g kfpg] 

Joj:yf yk ug]{ dt vf;u/]/ dlxnf ;ef;b\x¿n] /fv]sf 

5g\ . ;fy} g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod ePsf 

g]kfnd} a;f]af; u/]sf JolQmsf] xsdf cËLs[t gful/stfsf] 

nflu !% jif{sf] k|fjwfg a9L eof] eGg] u'gf;f] klg cfPsf] 

5 . of] k|fjwfgn] To:tf bDklQaf6 hGd]sf afnaflnsfsf] 

gful/stfsf af/]df k|Zg k}bf x'g ;Sg] cfz+sf ul/Psf] 5 . 

(=%= df}lns clwsf/ / /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt 

o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z ePsf ;a} ;+:yf tyf ;d'bfon] 

df}lns xsnufot /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt;Fu ;DalGwt 

y'k|} ;'emfjx¿ ;Íng u/]sf 5g\ . sltko ;'emfjdf /fli6«o 

Pstf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ;fj{hlgs tyf /fli6«o ;DklQsf] 

;'/Iff, ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf, afnaflnsf, dlxnf, kfsf -h]i7_ 

gful/s, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf] ;Ddfg h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ 

gful/s st{Josf ¿kdf /fVg' kg]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . 

df}lns xscGtu{t k|:tfljt ;'emfjx¿ b'O{ lsl;dsf ePsf] 

kfOG5 . klxnf]df ;a} gful/snfO{ nfu" x'g] ljZjJofkL 

(Universal) dfGotf cg';f/ JolQmsf] :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfhGo 

11

Nepal 




xs clwsf/x¿ h:t} k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg] 

clwsf/Ù s'g} klg gful/snfO{ hfthflt, j+z, wd{, efiff, 

j0f{, ju{, lnË, ckfËtf, k]zf, Joj;fosf cfwf/df lje]b 

gul/g] clwsf/Ù ljrf/ cleJolQm, ;+3;+:yf vf]Ng], e]nf x'g], 

;Fu7g ug] { :jtGqtfÙ ;"rgfsf] xs, k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 

5fkfvfgf / k| ]; :jtGqtfÙ ;DklQ cfh{g, ef]urng tyf 

a]rljvg ug] { :jtGqtfÙ cfkm\gf] OR5fcg';f/ k]zf Joj;fo 

ug] { :jtGqtf / /f]huf/Lsf] xsÙ cfkm\gf] cf:yfcg';f/ 

wd{ tyf ;F:s[ltsf] cEof; Pj+ cg';/0f ug] { :jtGqtfÙ 

Ps k|b]zaf6 csf] { k|b]znufot d'n'se/ lgaf{w cfjfudg, 

k]zf Joj;fo tyf a;f]jf; ug] { :jtGqtfÙ lzIff, :jf:Yo, 

/f]huf/L, cfjf; / vfB ;'/Iff;lxt Go"gtd hLljsfsf] 

clwsf/Ù j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] ckx/0f gx'g] Uof/]G6LÙ sf/0f 

;lxtsf] ;"rgf ljgf s;}nfO{ y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg] / cfk"mn] 

/f]h]sf] sfg"gL Joj;foL;Fu ;Nnfx lng kfpg] clwsf/Ù 

oftgf lj?4sf] xs tyf oftgf kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] 

clwsf/Ù ;a}nfO{ clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns ljBfno tx;Ddsf] 

lzIffsf] xs -!@ sIff;Dd_Ù ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs, cflb . 

d'n's ;+3Lo x'g nfu]sf] ;Gbe{df d'n'sdf p7]sf ax; 

/ dfuk|lt ;r]t /xFb} Ps k|b]zaf6 csf]{ k|b]zdf lgjf{w 

cfjfudg ug{ kfpg] gful/ssf] xsnfO{ w]/} ;+:yfx¿sf] 

;Íngdf dxTjsf;fy ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . 

o;}u/L ;z:q åG¢sfndf ePsf g/;+xf/ / cdfgjLo 

36gfx¿sf] 5fgljg / bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo;lxt kLl8tnfO{ 

Ifltk"lt{sf] xs tyf /fHosf] ;a} gLlt lgdf{0f txdf 

o'jfx¿sf] k|lltgLwTj tyf ;xeflutf k|jw{g ug]{ 

s'/fnfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf /fVg' kg]{ ;'emfjx¿ klg 

ljz]if k|fyldstf;fy cfPsf 5g\ . 

w]/}h;f] ;'emfjx¿df df}lns xssf] k|fjwfg;Fu sfg"gdf 

Joj:yf ePcg';f/ jf sfg"g agfP/ eGg] h:tf jfSof+z x'g' 

gx'g] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} ;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/nfO{ 

s6f}lt ug]{ jf ;Lldt ug]{ k|of]hgn] t/ eg]/ k|ltjGwfTds 

k|fjwfg klg /fVg g'xg] s'/f ;'emfjdf cfPsf 5g\ . 

;fdfGotof, /fHon] ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfdf o:tf clwsf/ 

x¿nfO{ ;Lldt jf lgif]w ug]{ ub{5 . sltko cj:yfdf 

cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[t, k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfo ju{sf] ljsf; 

/ lxt /Iffsf nflu klg To:tf k|fjwfgx¿ cTofjZos 

dflgG5, h;n] tL ;d'bfosf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt 

canDjg ug{ /fHonfO{ af6f] lbG5 . 

(=^ ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] k|:tfj 

;+ljwfg;ef df}lns xs tyf lgb]{zs l;4fGt ;ldltn] oxfF 

p7fOPsf k|fo ;a}h;f] gful/s st{Ao tyf xs÷clwsf/ 

nfO{ cfkm\gf] k|:tfjdf ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . ;ldltn] /fi6«k|lt 

lgi7fjfg x'Fb} /fli6«o Pstf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / cv08tfsf] /Iff 

ug'{Ù ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kfngf ug'{Ù cfdf, afa', afnaflnsf, 

h]i7 gful/s, dlxnf czQm tyf c;xfo, ckfËtf ePsf 

JolQm tyf dfgj ;d'bfok|lt cfb/ ;Ddfg ug{nufotsf 

!) j6f df}lns xs k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . 

s'n #! k|sf/sf xs÷clwsf/sf zLif{sx¿df ;j{;fwf/0f 

cfd gful/snfO{ ;d]6\g] xs clwsf/nufot dlxnf, afnaflnsf, 

blnt, hghflt, dw];L, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, ;LdfGts[t tyf 

cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo, c;xfo, h]i7 gful/sx¿sf nflu ;d]t 

ljz]if clwsf/sf] df}lns xs cGtu{t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;a} 

gful/snfO{ ;d]6\g] xs÷clwsf/x¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M 

!= ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs -d[To' b08 lbg gkfOg]_ 

@= k|To]s gful/snfO{ ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] 

:jtGqtfÙ ljgf xltof/ zflGtk"j{s 

e]nf x'g] :jtGqtfÙ /fhgLlts bnnufot 

;+3 ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtfÙ g]kfnleq s'g} 

klg 7fpFdf cfjthfjt ug]{ / a;f]jf; ug] 

{ :jtGqtfÙ cfkm\gf] OR5f cg';f/ k]zf, 

/f]huf/, pBf]u, Joj;fo ug]{ :jtGqtfÙ ;DklQ 

cfh{g, ef]urng, a]rljvgsf] xsÙ cfkm\gf] 

cf:yfcg';f/ wd{ dfGg] jf gdfGg] :jtGqtfsf] 

xs 

#= ;a} gful/snfO{ sfg"gL ;dfgtf / sfg"gsf] 

;dfg ;+/If0f Pj+ nfe h;cGtu{t 

;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf wd{, j0f{, 

hft, hflt, lnË, ckfËtf, efiff jf If]q, 

j}rfl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo s'g} cfwf/df 

e]befj gul/g]Ù ;dfg sfdsf nflu n}lËs 

cfwf/df kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf s'g} 

e]befj gul/g]Ù k'Vof}{nL ;DklQdf ljgf 

n}lËs e]befj ;a} ;Gtfgsf] ;dfg xs 

$= cfd;~rf/ ;DaGwL xs cGtu{t ljB'tLo 

k|sfzg, k|zf/0f tyf 5fkfnufot h'g;'s} 

dfWodaf6 ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v, /rgf 

jf >Jo, >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg, k|zf/0f 

ug{ jf ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ /f]s gnufOg] 

%= Gofo;DaGwL xs M o; cGtu{t s'g} klg 

JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] sf/0f;lxtsf] ;"rgf 

12

{ 




Nepal 

glbO{ y'gfdf g/flvg]Ù kqmfp ePsf] JolQmnfO{ 

@$ 3G6fleq d'2f x]g] { clwsf/L ;dIf k]z 

ul/g]Ù cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu k/ 

fdz{ / k'k{If ug] { xsÙ lgikIf, :jtGq / ;Ifd 

cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'gjfOsf] 

xs tyf c;dy{ kIfnfO{ lgMz'Ns sfg"gL 

;xfotf kfpg] xs . o;}u/L ck/fwsf kLl8tnfO{ 

cfkm\gf] d'2fsf] hfgsf/L, sfg"gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ 

tyf k'g:yfkgfnufot oftgf lj?4 / lgjf/s 

gh/aGb lj?4sf] xs 

^= :jR5 jftfj/0f, dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns 

lzIff, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf, /f]huf/L, >d, 

cfjf;, vfBsf] xs, cflb 

k|:tfljt oL clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]udf s]xL k|ltjGwfTds 

Joj:yf klg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} ljrf/ / cleJolQm, 

zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g], ;+3 ;+:yf vf]Ng],nufotsf :jtGqtfsf] 

;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jfwLgtf, / 

cv08tfdf vnn kg]{ jf ;+3Lo PsfO{aLrsf] ;DaGwdf vnn 

kg]{ jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{, ;Dk|bfoaLrsf] ;DaGwdf 

vnn kg]{ jf hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5"tnfO{ b"?T;fxg 

ug]{ h:tf sfo{df /f]s nufpg] u/L /fHonfO{ sfg"g agfpg 

/f]s gnfUg] elgPsf] 5 . 

;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t of] ;ldltn] s'g} klg gful/snfO{ 

sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0f / nfeaf6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g eg]sf] 

5 . t/ æcfly{s, ;fdflhs, jf ;f“:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf 

dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L, ls;fg, dhb"/, 

pTkLl8t If]q, d'l:nd, lk58f juf{, cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[t, 

nf]kf]Gd"v;d'bfo jf ljkGg ju{, o'jf, afnaflnsf, jl/i7 

gful/s, n}l°s tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos, ckf·tf ePsf 

JolQm, c;Qm jf c;xfo gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f 

jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s 

nufPsf] dflgg] 5}gÆ eGg] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] /fHonfO{ 

;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt clVtof/ ug{ af6f] vf]lnlbPsf] 

klg 5 . 

t/ of] jfSof+z olt Jofks b]lvG5 ls o;df gkg] { eg]sf] 

;xl/of k|f}9 gful/s dfq xf]nfg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ls t ;a}sf] 

df}lns xsnfO{ ;Lldt ug{ ;lsG5 ls s;}sf nflu klg 

;sf/fTs lje]bsf] gllt lgn g;lsg] cj:yf cfO k5{ . o; 

;DaGwdf ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yf Ps k6s x]g' 

;fGble{s x'g]5 . 

ef/tsf] ;+ljwfg nfu' x'Fbf blntx¿sf nflu ul/Psf] z}lIfs 

cf/If0flj?4 Gofofnodf r'gf}tL x'g yfn]kl5 tTsfn} klxnf] 

;+zf]wg ul/of] . df}lns clwsf/cGtu{t ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ 

nfO{ k5fl8 k/]sf ju{ / hfltsf] kIfdf ;Lldt ul/of] . pQm 

;+zf]wgn] ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !% df pkwf/f -$_ yk 

ul/ o:tf] afSof+z n]lvPsf] 5, 

o; bkmfdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] /fHonfO{ 

;fdflhs / z}lIfs¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf gful/ 

ssf] ju{ / cg';"rLt hft tyf cg';"rLt 

hfltsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ 

lgif]w ug]{ 5}g (Constitution of India, 

Article 15 (4) . 4 

oxL ;+zf]wgkl5 ef/tdf blnt / hghflt (Schedule 

Caste and Schedule Tribes)sf nflu ;sf/fTds 

lje]bsf] gLlt cGtu{t lzIff / /f]huf/Ldf cf/If0f ;Dej 

eof] . 

cWoogdf ;dfj]z ePsf ;+:yfx¿n] ;Íng u/]sf 

;'emfjx¿sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf ;d"x / ;d'bfoljz]ifsf xs 

clwsf/x¿ h:t} dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, dw];L, cNk;+Vos 

tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] klxrfgsf] dfGotfÙ /fHo 

;+/rgfdf kx'Fr / k|lltgLwTj tyf pGglt / lxtsf nflu 

ljz]if clwsf/Ù hfthflt, a+z, wd{, efiff, ju{, lnË, 

ckfËtf, k]zf, Joj;fosf cfwf/df lje]b gul/g] clwsf/Ù 

k}t[s tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DklQdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg clwsf/Ù 

cfkm\gf] cf:yfcg';f/ wd{ tyf ;F:s[ltsf] cEof; Pj+ cg';/0f 

ug]{ :jtGqtf, cflb x'g\ . d'n'se/ lgjf{w cfjfudg, k]zf 

Joj;fo tyf a;f]jf; ug]{ :jtGqtfÙ lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, 

cfjf; / vfB ;'/Iff;lxt Go"gtd hLljsfsf] clwsf/x¿ 

;'emfj ul/Psf 5g\ . sltko ;'emfjx¿ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf 

Joj:yf ePsf clwsf/x¿sf cltl/Qm yk dfusf ¿kdf 

cfPsf 5g\ . oL ;'emfjx¿ vf;u/]/ cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[t 

;d'bfo;Fu hf]l8P/ ;d]t cfPsf 5g\ . oxfF To:tf ;d"x 

tyf ;d'bfo hlgt xs÷clwsf/sf] ;'emfj / ;+ljwfg;efsf] 

df}lns xs÷clwsf/ tyf /fHosf] lgb]{zs ;ldltn] k|:tfj 

u/]sf clwsf/x¿nfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf ljj]rgf ul/G5 . 

4 "Nothing in this article ... shall prevent the state from 

making any special provision for the advancement 

of any socially and educationally backward classes 

of citizens and for the Schedule Caste and Schedule 

Tribe" (Constitution of India, Article 15 (4)). 

13

Nepal 




(=&= dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt xs clwsf/ 

;+slnt ;'emfjx¿df dlxnf;DaGwL xs clwsf/x¿ klg 

k|fyldstf;fy k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . vf;u/]/ k|hgg\ tyf 

k|hgg\ :j:Yo, dlxnfdfly 3/]n' lx+;f cGTosf] k|Tofe"lt, 

;DaGw ljR5]bdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg xs, n}lËs 

lje]b / zf]if0fsf] cGTo, Psn dlxnfsf] ;Ddflgt hLjg afFRg 

kfpg] k|Tofe"lt, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, 

kf]if0fsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff h:tf s'/fx¿ dlxnfsf 

nflu ljz]if df}lns xssf ¿kdf ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/g' 

kg]{ ;'emfjx¿df a9L hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . 

cGo u};; cGtu{t vf;u/]/ k|f]–klAnsn] k|:tfj u/]sf] 

dlxnf ;DaGwL xs clwsf/x¿ a9L ljlzi6 (specific) 

5g\ . p;n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf ;d"x hgfpg] k|To]s xs 

clwsf/nfO{ dlxnfd}qL agfpg] u/L ;+ljwfgs} efiffdf ;'emfj 

/fv]sf] 5 . df}lns xs tyf /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt ;ldltn] 

tof/ u/]sf] k|:tfjdf oL ;'emfjx¿sf] k|ToIf k|ltljDjg 

b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;fy} of] ;ldltn] 5'§} dxndf dlxnfx¿sf 

nflu df}lns xssf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 h'g o; k|sf/ 5 M 

• k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ n}lËs lje]blagf ;dfg 

j+zLo xs x'g]5 

• dlxnf lj?4 s'g} lsl;dsf] n}lËs lje]b ul/g] 

5}g 

• k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg;DaGwL xs x'g]5 

• dlxnf lj?4 wfld{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts k/Dk/f, 

k|rng jf cGo s'g} cfwf/df zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, 

of}ghGo lx+;f jf zf]if0f ul/g] 5}g / To:tf] 

sfo{ sfg"g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g] / kLl8t 

JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 

• dlxnfnfO{ /fHo ;+oGqsf ;a} lgsfodf 

;dfj]zL cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf] 

xs x'g]5 

• k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, / 

;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] cfwf/ 

df ljz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 

14




Nepal 

(=*= afn clwsf/ 

;+slnt ;'emfjdf afn clwsf/x¿ klg k|d'vtfsf;fy 

;d]l6Psf 5g\ . k|d'v afn clwsf/x¿dWo] k|To]s 

afn–jflnsfnfO{ kfngkf]if0f, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo, lzIff 

/ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xsÙ afn >d zf]if0fsf] cGToÙ 

afn–jflnsfsf nflu zfGt jftfj/0f / lzIffsf] xsÙ ckfË 

/ åG¢kLl8t afn–aflnsfsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yfÙ vft], 

dfuL vfg], 6'x'/f afnaflnsfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] ;+/If0fÙ hfltut 

k/Dk/fsf] gfddf hGdb} aRrfnfO{ dfbs kbfy{sf] ;]jg 

ug]{ u/fpg] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo, cflb s'/fx¿ ;'emfjdf 

;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . 

o;}u/L cGo u};;sf] ;'emfjx¿dWo] afnaflnsf zflGtIf]q 

;~hfn -l;hf]k_n] % a'Fbfdf !% j6f afn clwsf/ k|:tfj 

u/]sf] 5 h'g tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . 

df}lns clwsf/ 

afn clwsf/ ;DaGwdf l;hf]ksf] k|:tfj 

!= k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ b]xfosf] clwsf/ x'g]5— 

s_ k"0f{ hLjg lhpg / ljsf;sf] clwsf/ 

v_ hGdbtf{ b]lv gfd / /fli6«otf;lxt klxrfgsf] clwsf/ 

u_ lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf, k]fif0f / cfjf;sf] clwsf/ 

3_ dfWolds tx;Dd ;'/lIft, lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ lzIff k|flKtsf] clwsf/ . o;df jfnljsf; 

lzIff / ;]jf ;d]t kb{5g\ . zf/Ll/s Pj+ dgf]j}1flgs b08 lgif]wsf] Uof/]06L 

ª_ 3/leq jf aflx/ afnaflnsf lj?4 x'g] b"/frf/, lx+;f, k|tf8gf, pk]Iff, zf]if0fnufot j]rljvg, 

jfnljjfx, wfld{s / ;fF:s[lts ¿kdf gf]S;fg k'Ug] sfo{af6 ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ 

r_ afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ lje]bsf/L >d jf 

snsf/vfgf, dfOG;nufotsf 3fts sfdaf6 ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ 

5_ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf åG¢jf /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu afnjflnsfnfO{ hah{:tL pkof]u, k|x/L, ;] 

gf tyf ;z:q ;d"xdf etL{ lgif]w tyf åGåsfndf pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ 

h_ Pp6f lglZrt pd]/ gk'u'~h]n;Dd lu/km\tf/L, gh/jGb cflbaf6 ;'/lIft x'g] clwsf/ . olb 

lu/km\tf/ clgjfo{ ePdf ;f] cToGt cNk cjlwsf] nflu x'g] / kl/jf/hg;Fusf] ;Dks{df /xg 

kfpg] clwsf/ / jGbL ;hfo tf]lsPsf] cGo jflnu jGbLaf6 cnu /flvg' kg]{ . 

em_ jfnssf] hGd, ln+u, hflt, efiff, wd{, ;F:s[lt, ckfËtf, cfly{s cj:yf tyf /fhgLlts ljrf/ 

sf cfwf/df e]befj gul/g] clwsf/ 

`_ cfk"mnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ;a} ljifodf ;xefuL x'g] / ljrf/ cleJoQm ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 

6_ cfkm\gf] pd]/ cg';f/sf] v]ns"b, dgf]/~hg Pj+ ;fF:s[lts s[ofsnfkdf :jtGq ¿kn] nfUg 

kfpg] clwsf/ 

@= 6'x"/f, dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf ePsf, åGå kLl8t, lj:yflkt, ;8s afnjflnsf, 

cNk;+Vos blnt, k5fl8 k/]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ljsf; / pGgltsf nflu 

/fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'/Iff / ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ 

#= afnjflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} ljifodf pgLx¿sf] lxtn] k|fyldstf kfpg] 

$= jfnclwsf/ k|of]hgsf lglDt !* jif{ d'lgsf ;a}nfO{ jfns dflgg] 

%= oL clwsf/x¿sf] k|flKtsf nflu afnjflnsfsf] kl/jf/ jf x]/rfxstf{sf] k|fylds lhDd]jf/L 

x'g]5 . /fHon] oL clwsf/x¿sf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu cfjZos sbd rfNg]5 . 

15

Nepal 




oL ;'emfjx¿ cToGt :ki6 / ;6Ls ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . 

/fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ / 

!* jif{ d'lgsfnfO{ afns dfGg] s'/fdf afx]s k|foh;f] ;a} 

;'emfjx¿n] ;ldltsf] k|:tfjdf 7fpF kfPsf] kfOG5 . df}lns 

clwsf/ ;ldltn] df}lns xssf ¿kdf afnaflnsf ;DaGwL 

xssf] d:of}bf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . tL o; k|sf/ 5g\ M 

• k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] klxrfg;lxt 

gfdfs/0f / hGdbtf{sf] xs x'g]5 

• kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfng 

kf]if0f, :ofxf/, v]ns"b, dgf]/~hg tyf JolQmTj 

ljsf;sf] xs x'g]5 

• dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 

• snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo hf]lvdk"0f{ 

sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g 

• afn ljjfx, u}/sfg"gL cf];f/k;f/ / ckx/0f 

jf aGws /fVg kfOg] 5}g 

• ;]gf, k|x/L jf ;z:q åGå jf ;d"xdf egf{ jf 

k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g 

• ;fF:s[lts jf wfld{s k|rngsf] gfddf b"Jo{jxf/, 

pk]Iff jf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, of}g hGo zf]if0f jf 

k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g 

• 3/, ljBfno jf cGo s'g} klg :yfg / cj:yfdf 

zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] oftgf 

lbg kfOg] 5}g 

• dfly pNn]lvt afnaflnsf lj?4sf s'g} 

klg sfo{ sfg"gbf/f b08gLo x'g]5 / kLl8t 

afnaflnsfnfO{ kL8saf6 plrt Ifltk"lt{sf] 

xs x'g] 5 

• afnd}qL Gofosf] xs x'g]5 

• c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:yltsf, ckfËtf 

ePsf, åGå kLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf 

k/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'/Iff 

;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 

(=(= blnt clwsf/ 

o:t} csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnsf ¿kdf blntx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ 

gofF ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t ug{' h?/L 5 . lxGb' ;dfhdf xhf/f}+ 

jif{b]lv rNb} cfPsf] j0f{ Joj:yfsf sf/0f 5'jf5'tnufot 

cToGt cdfgjLo lje]b / zf]if0fsf] df/df kb}{ cfPsf 

blnt ;d'bfo klg cflbjf;L hghflt h:t} aGg nfu]sf] 

;+ljwfgk|lt cToGt ;r]ttf / cfzfsf ;fy x]l//x]sf 5g\ . 

gofF ;+ljwfgaf6 pgLx¿n] ;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjg afFRg / Gofosf] 

cg'e"lt ug{ kfpg] 5g\ eGg] ;a}sf] ck]Iff 5 . pgLx¿sf 

k|d'v xs clwsf/x¿dWo] cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[tsf] kl/ 

efiff ubf{ ;a} ;d'bfosf] Psd'i6 Pp6} kl/efiff gu/L 

blntsf ;DaGwdf æhft, j+z / k]zfsf cfwf/df hj/h:tL 

kfgL grNg] agfOPsf ;d'bfo blnt x'g\Æ eGg] :ki6 kl/ 

efiff ug{' kg]{, 5'jf5't tyf hftLo lje]bsf] cGTo, Ifltk"lt{sf] 

Joj:yf;lxt j}1flgs cf/If0f, ljgf /f]stf]s dlGb/ 

k|j]z / k"hfcfhfsf] :jtGqtf, cflb 5g\ . ;+ljwfgdf /flvg' 

kg]{ blntsf xs clwsf/x¿ tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . 

5'jf5'tsf] lgif]w / 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/ ug]{nfO{ dfgjtf 

lj?4sf] ck/fwdf b08 ;hfo 

cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[tsf] kl/efiff ubf{ ;a} ;d'bfosf] 

Pp6} kl/efiff gu/L blntsf ;DaGwdf hft, j+z / 

k]zfsf cfwf/df hj/h:tL kfgL grNg] agfOPsf ;d'bfo 

blnt x'g\ eGg] :ki6 kl/efiff ug{' kg]{ 

5'jf5't tyf hftLo lje]b lj?4sf] xs 

Ifltk"lt{ tyf j}1flgs cf/If0f k|flKtsf] xs 

ljgf /f]stf]s dlGb/ k|j]z / k"hfcfhfsf] :jtGqtf 

blnt, sd}of, xlnof, sDn/L / jfbL ;d'bfodflysf] 

zf]if0fsf] cGTo 

e"ldxLg blntsf nflu e"ldsf] Joj:yf 

blntx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Lsf] xs 

/fhgLlts bnsf] ;Fu7g÷ ;+/rgfdf blntsf] ;xeflutf 

;'lglZrt x'g' kg]{ 

df}lns clwsf/ ;ldltn] blntsf ;DaGwdf k|:tfj u/]sf 

k|d'v clwsf/x¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M 

• blnt ;d'bfodfly hftkft / 5'jf5'tsf 

cfwf/df s'g} klg :yfgdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] 

lje]b, cjx]ngf, c;lxi0f' Jojxf/ jf e]befj 

ug{ kfOg] 5}g . To:tf] Jojxf/ ;fdflhs 

ck/fw dflgg] 5 / sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 / 

kLl8tnfO Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 

• blnt ;d'bfonfO{/fHo ;+oGqsf;a}cËu, lgsfo / 

If]qx¿df ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts cfwf/df 

Ifltk"lt{;lxt ;xeflutfsf] xs x'g]5 

• lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ;sf/ 

fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug] { xs 

x'g]5 . o; adf]lhd Joj:yf ubf{ ljkGg blntnfO{ 

k|fyldstf lbOg]5 

16




Nepal 

• /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ;ldltn] blntsf nflu 

/fHosf] ;a} txdf hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf 

;dfg'kflts / ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs ;+/ 

rgfdf qmdzM # / % k|ltzt yk -Ifltk"lt{_ 

k|lltgLwTjsf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . 

(=!)= cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf nflu ljz]if 

:jfefljs ¿kdf gofF ;+ljwfgn] gofF Joj:yf ug'{ kg{] 

Pp6f k|d'v ;jfn cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfosf] xf] . w]/} 

;'emfjx¿ o;};Fu ;DalGwt eP/ cfPsf klg 5g\ . oxfF 

df}lns xs cGtu{t /fVg k|:tfj ul/Psf ;'emfjx¿nfO{ 

;+If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tL x'g\ -s_ cfO{= Pn= cf]= 

dxf;lGw !^(, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkqnufot 

cGt/fli6«o sfg"gx¿df ePsf] xsnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf ;'lglZrt 

ul/g' kg]{Ù -v_ cfTdlg0fo{sf] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf 

dfGotf lbg' kg]{Ù -u_ pgLx¿n] ef]uL rrL{ cfPsf] hn, hldg, 

h+un cflb k|fs[lts ;|f]t dfly cu|flwsf/Ù -3_ dft[efiffdf 

pRRftx ;Ddsf] lzIff kfpg] clwsf/Ù -ª_ dft[efiffdf 

;"rgfsf] xsÙ -r_ hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf cf/If0fsf] xsÙ 

cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] klxrfgsf] dfGotfÙ cflb k|d'v 

5g\ . dlxnfsf nflu /fHo ;+/rgfdf ## k|ltzt :yfg 

;'/lIft ug]{ /fli6«o gLlt ag]kl5 k|To]s ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿ 

of] clwsf/nfO{ cfkm\gf] kIfdf ;'/lIft /fVg rfxG5g\ tfls 

of] Joj:yf km]l/ klxn]b]lv k|e"Tjdf /x]sf If]qL, afx'g, 7s'/L 

hfltsf dlxnfx¿df ;Lldt gxf];\ . To;}n] cflbjf;L dlxnf 

klg hftLo ;dfg'kft cg';f/ sf]6f lglZrt ug{ rfxG5g\ . 

cfO{= Pn= cf]= dxf;lGw !^(, cflbjf;L hghflt ;DaGwL 

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkqnufot cGt/fli6«o sfg"gdf ePsf 

xsnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf ;'lglZrt ul/g' kg]{ 

cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cfTdlg0fo{sf] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns 

xssf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg' kg]{ . 

cflbjf;L hghfltn] ef]uL rrL{ cfPsf] hn, hldg, h+un, 

r/g, vfgL cflb k|fs[lts ;|f]t dfly clwsf/ 

cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ dft[efiffdf pRRftx ;Ddsf] lzIff 

kfpg] clwsf/ 

cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ dft[efiffdf ;"rgfsf] xs 

cflbjf;L hghfltnufot cGo alxis/0fdf k/]sf 

;d'bfonfO{ cf/If0fsf] xs 

df}lns clwsf/ ;ldltn] cflbjf;L÷ hghfltsf nflu eg]/ 

dlxnf, blnt jf afnaflnsfsf nflu h:tf] 5'§} dxndf 

df}lns xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g t/ ;fdflhs GofocGtu{t 

cflbjf;L hghfltsf nflu s]xL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Tof] 

Joj:yf o; k|sf/ 5 M 

cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ cfkm\gf] klxrfg;lxt efiff 

tyf ;F:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g ljsf; ug]{ tyf 

;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu k|fyldstf;fy ljz]if 

cj;/ tyf nfe k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 . 

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf;DaGwL ;ldltn] k|d'v hghfltsf] 

klxrfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ !$ dWo] ( j6f k|b]zsf] k|:tfj 

u/]sf] 5, hftLo klxrfgsf cfwf/df @# j6f hghfltsf 

nflu …:jfoQ If]qÚ k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . klxrfgsf cfwf/df 

k|:tfj ul/Psf k|b]z / :jfoQ If]qx¿df b'O{ sfo{sfnsf nflu 

ToxfFsf] k|d'v hfltnfO{ /fhgLlts bnx?n] k|d'v sfo{sf/L 

kbdf pDd]bjf/ agfpg' kg]{ …/fhgLlts cu|flwsf/Ú ;d]t 

k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . of] ;ldltn] k|:tfj u/]sf hghflt;Fu 

;DalGwt clwsf/x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M 

hftLo÷;d'bfosf cfwf/df lgdf{0f x'g] k|b]zx¿ 

/ ljz]if ;+/rgfcGtu{ut lgdf{0f x'g] :jfoQ 

If]qdf /fhgLlts bnn] lgjf{rg / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ 

sf] lgdf{0fsf] qmddf ;DalGwt k|b]z tyf :jfoQ 

If]qdf afx'Nodf /x]sf] hflt÷;d'bfosf] ;b:onfO{ 

b'O{ sfo{sfn;Dd d'Vo g]t[Tj txdf k|fyldstf lbg' 

kg]{ /fhgLlts cu|flwsf/ x'g]5 . 

cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];LnfO{ cfGtl/s 

/ :yfgLo ¿kdf /fhgLlt, ;F:s[lt, wd{, efiff, lzIff, 

;"rgf ;~rf/, :jf:Yo, a;f]jf;, /f]huf/, ;fdflhs 

;'/Iff, cfly{s lqmofsnfk, jfl0fHo, e"ld, ;|f]t 

;fwgsf] kl/rfng tyf jftfj/0f ;DaGwL clwsf/ 

sf ¿kdf cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . 

o;}u/L dlxnf, blnt / dw];L ;d'bfonfO{ 

hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf /fHosf] ljleGg tx, 

k|zf;gnufotdf k|lltgLwTj / ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ 

x'g]5 . 

;ldltn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;fdflhs Gofosf] j]Unfa]Un} 

clwsf/ cGtu{t ljkGg ju{, czQm, c;xfo, c;xfo cj:yfdf 

/x]sf Psn dlxnf, h]i7 gful/s tyf ;fdflhs¿kn] 

k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, dw]zL, cflbjf;L, hghflt, 

cNk+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t, d'l:nd, n}lËs tyf of}lgs 

cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, o'jf, lk58f ju{, 

ls;fg / dhb"/ ju{ tyf pTkLl8t If]qnfO{ ;dfg'kflts / 

17

Nepal 




;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgf tyf ;fj{hlgs 

;]jfdf ;xeflutfsf] xs k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm 

oL ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿n] cfkm\gf] pTyfg, ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf 

nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L, vfBfGg / ;fdflhs 

;'/Iffdf ljz]if cj;/ tyf nfe k|fKt ug]{5g\ . o;}u/L 

ls;fgx¿n] e"lddflysf] xsnufot s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu 

ljz]if cj;/ tyf nfe kfpg]5g\ eg] o'jfx¿sf] zQmLs/0f 

/ ljsf;sf] nflu lzIff, :jf:y, /f]huf/Lnufotsf If]qdf 

ljz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ xs k|bfg ug]{ k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . 

(=!!= ckf·tf ePsf JolQm ljz]ifsf] 

;+slnt ;'emfjx¿df ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] 

xs÷clwsf/;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿ klg k|d'v ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ 

. tL o;k|sf/ 5g\ M -s_ ckfËutfsf] cfwf/df ul/g] s'g} 

klg lsl;dsf] lje]bsf] cGTo tyf To:tf lje]b u}/sfg"gL 

Pj+ b08gLo x'g' kg]{, -v_ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmn] k|of]u 

ug]{ ;xof]uL ;fdu|L, j|]n, ;fª\s]lts efiffnfO{ cfwf/e"t 

clwsf/sf] ¿kdf /fHon] ;+/If0f tyf ;f]sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ 

kg]{, -u_ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, 

dgf]/~hg ;DaGwL clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g' kg]{, cflb . 

df}lns clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ldltn] o; ;DaGwdf æckfËtf 

ePsf JolQmnfO{ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg;lxt dof{bf / 

cfTd;Ddfgk"j{s hLjg ofkg ug{ kfpg] / ;fj{hlgs 

;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf ;dfg kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5Æ eGg] k|:tfj 

u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} cNk;+Vos / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo;Fu} 

vf;u/]/ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] ;Gbe{df 

ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf] klg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . 

(= !@= o'jf ;d'bfo ;DaGwL 

o'jf ;d'bfon] ;+ljwfgn] ug] { Joj:yfdf k|fyldstf kfpg' 

k5{ eGg] s'/f k|fo ;a} ;+:yfn] ;Íng u/]sf ;'emfjx?df 

kfOG5 . tyflk g]kfn o'jf ;+:yf ;Ghfn -cfof]g_n] o'jfs]lGb|t 

eP/ ;+ljwfg;DaGwL ;'emfjx? ;Íng u/]sf] 5 . tL ;'emfjx?df 

df}lns xsnufot ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t ljifox?df o'jf 

;d'bfosf] xs lxtn] k|fyldstf kfpg' kg] { s'/f 5g\ . 

b08xLgtfsf] cGTo u/L o'jf ju{nfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt, 

/fHo;+/rgfdf o'jf ju{sf] kx' Fr, o'jf ;zQmLs/0f, cflb 

5g\ . o'jf;Fu ;DaGwL clwsf+z ;'emfjx? ;/sf/sf] gLlt / 

sfo{qmdd"vL 5g\ . ltgnfO{ /fHosf] lgb] {zs l;4fGtdf /fVg 

;lsG5 . 

18 

(=!#= cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] xs 

clwsf/ 

cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] xs clwsf/;DaGwdf 

;jf{lws ;'emfjx¿ s]lGb|t ePsf] kfOG5, h'g :jfefljs 

xf] . To; ;DaGwdf k|d'v ;'emfjx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ — 

• ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] kl/efiff wfld{s, eflifs, 

n}lËs, juL{o, If]qLotfsf cfwf/df jlxis/0f 

jf lje]b / c;dfgtfdf k/]sf ;d'bfox¿sf] 

cfwf/df ul/g' kg]{ . 

• cNk;+Vos hflt, efiff, wd{, lnË cflbsf] 

clwsf/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] k|bfg u/]sf] 

cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/ adf]lhd ;'lglZrt x'g' 

kg]{ . 

• /fHo aGg' cufl8sf klxnf] afl;Gbfsf 

;Gtfgsf ¿kdf cflbjf;L÷hghfltnfO{ 

;+ljwfgdf klxrfg tyf dfGotf lbg' kg]{ . 

• cflbjf;L hghflt k|efljt x'g] gLlt, sfo{qmd 

agfpFbf pgLx¿;Fu k"j{ ;xdlt lng' kg]{ . 

o;}u/L d'l:nd, dw];L, cflb ;d'bfosf] cflbjf;L÷hghflt;/x 

klxrfg, ;sf/fTds gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] :ki6 ls6fg, cflb 

s'/fx¿ klg ;'emfjdf JoQm ePsf 5g\ . ckfËtf ePsf 

JolQmnfO{ klg ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] ¿kdf /fVg' kg] { ;'emfj 5 . 

blnt ;d'bfon] blntsf] 5'§} kl/efiff vf]h]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] 

;'emfj 5 , æcNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[tsf] kl/efiff ubf{ ;a} 

;d'bfosf] Pp6} kl/efiff gu/L blntsf ;DaGwdf hft, j+z 

/ k]zfsf cfwf/df hj/h:tL kfgL grNg] agfOPsf ;d'bfo 

blnt x'g\ eGg] :ki6 kl/efiff ug{' k5{ .Æ 

(=!$= ;fdflhs Gofo, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, cf/If0f tyf 

;sf/fTds lje]b ;DaGwL 

df}lns xs, cNk;+Vos / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo÷ju{sf 

nflu ;fdflhs Gofo, ;'/Iff tyf ljz]if Joj:yf;DaGwL 

s'/fx¿ w]/} 7fpFdf bf]xf]l/Psf 5g . o:tf] x'g' c:jefljs eg] 

xf]Og . df}lns xsdf z'? Joj:yf u/]kl5 / /fHosf lgb]{zs 

l;4fGtdf klg To;nfO{ dfu{bz{s gLltsf ¿kdf :yflkt 

u/]kl5 pgLx¿sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ 9f]sf v'N5 . 

;fdflhs Gofo, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, cf/If0f tyf ;sf/fTds 

lje]b;DaGwL k|d'v ;'emfjx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ 

• cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfx¿sf] /fhgLlts, 

cfly{s, ;fdflhs, eflifs, ;fF:s[lts, 

z}lIfs, /f]huf/L, :jf:Yo cflb ljifodf 

ljz]if Joj:yf x'g' kg]{




Nepal 

• dlxnf, hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, k5fl8 

k/]sf] If]q, ckfË o'jf, Pr= cfO{= eL= kLl8t, 

clt;LdfGts[t, ;d'bfo, Psn dlxnf, t];|f] 

lnËLsf nflu cf/If0f;lxt ;sf/fTds 

lje]bsf] 5'§} Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ . 

• clt ;LdfGts[t, ;LdfGts[t, nf]kf]Gd"v 

cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s, / 

fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs, :jf:Yo tyf 

;fF:s[lts ljsf;sf nflu /fHosf tkm{af6 

ljz]if Joj:yf 

• cNk;+Vos, jlxis/0fdf k/]sf / ;LdfGts[t 

;d'bfosf nflu ljz]if sf]6f / ;+/If0fsf] 

Joj:yf 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f 

/f]huf/Lsf] Uof/]06L ug{ /fHon] ;sf/fTds 

lje]bsf] gLlt cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{ 

(=!%= ;+ljwfg;ef ;ldltsf] k|:tfj 

cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] xs clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;ldltsf] 

k|ltj]bgn] g]kfndf cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ju{ / 

;'dbfosf] lj:t[t ljj]rgf u/]sf] 5 / ;f] cg';f/ ;+ljwfgdf 

/fVg] ljifoj:t'x¿ klg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . k|:tfjcg';f/ 

cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[t tyf alxis/0fdf k/]sf ;d'bfosf] 

kl/efiff lgDgfg';f/ 5 M— 

-s_ cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo eGgfn] /fHoåf/f ;a} vfn] 

lje]b / pTkL8gdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfonfO{ ;Demg' 

kb{5 . ;f] zJbn] o:tf] lje]b / pTkL8g ef]Ub} 

cfPsf sd hg;+Vof ePsf] hftLo, wfld{s jf 

eflifs ;d'bfo ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 . 

-v_ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo eGgfn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, 

z}lIfs, :jf:Yo, /fhgLlts, hftLo, wfld{s, 

eflifs jf n}lËs jf of}lgs ¿kdf k5fl8 

kfl/Psf ;d'bfonfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 / ;f] zJbn] 

clt;LdfGts[t Pj+ nf]kf]Gd"v ;d'bfo ;d]tnfO{ 

hgfpg]5 . 

-u_ alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf] ;d'bfo eGgfn] hftLo lje]b 

/ 5'jf5'tdf kfl/Psf], eflifs, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, 

wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts, n}lËs jf of}lgs jf If]qLo 

lje]b / pTkL8gdf k/L jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s 

czQmtf jf ckfËtfsf sf/0f /fHo;Qfdf 

;dfj]z x'g gkfPsf ;d'bfonfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 . 

;ldltn] cfkm\gf] sfo{If]q;Fu ;DaGw /fVg] /fi6«sf] 

kl/efiffb]lv efiff, cNk;+Vos ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf 

xs÷clwsf/ tyf /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLlt;Ddsf 

ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;n] /fi6«sf] kl/efiffdf 

æg]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';fF:s[lts 

;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / Gofodf cfwfl/t==== hftLo 

lje]b / 5'jf5'td'Qm eflifs / wfld{s e]befj/lxt=====;+3Lo, 

nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds, wd{lg/k]If, k"0f{ ;dfg'kfltstf ;lxt 

;dfj]zL /fHoÆ x'g'kg]{ egL k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . efiffsf af/]df 

g]kfnLnfO{ s]Gb|df æ;/sf/L sfdsfh / k|fGtLo /fHo jLrsf] 

;Dks{ efiffÆ tyf æg]kfnsf ljleGg efudf dft[efiffsf ¿kdf 

af]lng] ;a} efiffx¿ /fi6« efiff / /fHon] ;a} 

dft[efiffnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{5Æ egL k|:tfj u/]sf] 

5 . k|fGtdf ax';+Vos hgtfn] af]Ng] Ps jf PseGbf a9L 

efiffnfO{ sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g ;Sg] klg k|:tfj u/]sf] 

5 . alx/f gful/ssf nflu ;f+s]lts efiff k|of]u / b[li6lalxg 

gful/ssf nflu a|]n lnlk k|of]u ug]{ xs k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . 

o;}u/L /fHon] gful/stfsf] k|flKt, k|of]u / ;dflKtdf hflt, 

cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, t/fO{jf;L, dw]zL, d'l:nd, wd{, 

j0f{, efiff, lnË, of}lgs tyf n}+lËs klxrfg, /fhgLlts 

jf cGo ljrf/wf/f, ;DklQ, hGd jf If]q jf zf/Ll/s jf 

dfgl;s ¿kdf czQm jf ckfË cj:yf h:tf s'g} klg 

cfwf/df gful/s dfly s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befj ug]{ 

5}g . t]>f] lnËL gful/snfO{ n}lËs klxrfg ;lxt 

gful/stf k|flKtsf] ;d]t k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . 

sfg"gsf] k|of]udf /fHon] s'g} klg gful/sdfly 

hflt÷hghflt, j0f{, lnË, efiff, hGd, If]q jf zf/Ll/s 

jf dfgl;s ¿kdf czQm jf ckfË cj:yfh:tf s'g} klg 

cfwf/df e]befj gug]{ t/, æcfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, 

z}lIfs / :jf:Yodf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfo jf ju{sf] klxrfg 

u/L pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu 

/fHon] ljutsf] pTkL8gsf] Ifltk"lt{ ;lxt ;sf/fTds 

lje]bsf cfwf/df sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{]Æ k|:tfj u/]sf] 

5 . hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't lj?4sf] xs, pRr tx;Ddsf] 

lgMz'Ns lzIff k|fKt ug]{ xs, ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu 

/fHosf] x/]s txdf k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts k|lltgLwTj ;lxt 

/fHon] sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ s'/f klg ;ldltsf] 

k|:tfjdf 5 . æhftLo lje]b / 5'jf5'tsf] b'Jo{jxf/ Pj+ 

wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts pTkL8g ef]Ug] ;d'bfonfO{ /fHon] ;f] 

lje]b, b'Jo{jxf/ jf pTkL8gsf] Ifltk"lt{ afkt ;dfg'kfltstf 

dfly yk clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{Æ ;d]t 

o;df k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . 

tyflk ;ldltsf] d:of}bf k|:tfjdf bnx¿sf] ;xdlt aGg 

;s]g . g]kfn hghflt dxf;+3n] klg k|:tfjk|lt c;Gt'i6L 

hgfpFb} k'gn]{vgsf nflu 1fkgkq a'emfPsf] 5 . 

19

Nepal 




cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf 5l/Psf oL 

k|:tfjx¿nfO{ df}lns clwsf/ tyf /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt 

;ldltn] Ps xb;Dd PsLs[t u/L df}lns xs tyf /fHosf] 

lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 h;sf] pNn]v dfly 

ul/;lsPsf] 5 . 

(=!^= /fHosf] k'g;{ +/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] af“8kmf“8 ;DaGwL 

/fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ljifonfO{ ;a}n] Jofks dxTjsf ;fy 

a'em]sf] kfOG5 . ;+3Lo /fHo;+/rgf, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, 

:jfoQtf, cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/, k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] 

clwsf/, cflb ljifox¿ k|d'vtf;fy ;'emfjdf cPsf 5g\ . 

;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf af/]df vf;} s;}sf] klg ljdlt b]lvGg . t/ 

k|b]z /rgf, gfdfs/0f / efiffsf af/]df eg] k|z:t dte] 

bx¿ ljBdfg b]lvG5g\ . oL dte]bx¿ ;d'bfout, kf6L{ut 

/ If]qut cfwf/x¿ klg k|i6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;'emfjdf cfPsf 

s]xL k|d'v s'/fx¿nfO{ oxfF ;+If]kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

c?0f k"j{ ( lhNnf cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxt lnDa'jfg 

:jfoQ k|b]zsf] :yfkgf 

k"j{df b"wsf]zLb]lv klZrddf a'9Lu08sL / gf/fo0fL, 

blIf0fdf k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{, lrtjgsf] ;a}efu tyf pQ/ 

df rLgsf] :jzfl;t ltAatsf] ;Ldf;Dd xfnsf !) lhNnf 

ldnfP/ tfD;flnª k|b]z 3f]if0ff ul/g' kg]{ 

afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s+rgk'/ / bfË lhNnfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L 

y?x6 k|b]zsf] lgdf{0f 

l;/fxf ;Kt/LnfO{ s]Gb| dfgL slknj:t';Dd ;n]; k|b]z, 

jfUn'ªnfO{ s]Gb|dfgL cf;kf;sf If]qx¿ ldnfP/ ;j{lht 

k|b]z / ;Nofgb]lv ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn;Dd e'n k|b]z u7g 

x'g' kg]{ 

cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfosf k|d'v ;'emfjx¿df d'n'ssf] 

;+3Los/0f ubf{ cflbjf;L hghfltsf] hftLo, eflifs, 

tyf P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df k|b]zsf] l;dfª\sg 

tyf gfdfs/0f x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf ljz]if hf]8 5 . o;sf 

cfwf/df lnDa'jfg, v'Da'jfg, tfD;flnª, g]jf, du/ft, 

td'jfg, y?x6, cflb k|b]z aGg' kg]{ pgLx¿sf] dfu 5 . 

emfkfb]lv s~rgk'/;Ddsf] …Ps dw]; Ps k|b]zÚsf] dfun] 

t/fO{–dw];sf ljleGg hflt / ;d'bfonfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] 

5 . vf;u/]/ kmf]/d, tdnf]kf, ;b\efjgf h:tf dw];jfbL 

bn, k"jL t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿ / lxGb" j0f{Joj:yfsf dw];L 

hft ;d"xdf (Caste Group) Ps dw];–Ps k|b]zn] a9L 

k|fyldstf kfPsf] kfOG5 . tyflk o; ;DaGwdf dw];L 

;d'bfod} klg leGg leGg dt b]lvPsf] 5 / of] dfun] 

t/fO{d} klg vf;} ;xdlt h'6fpg ;s]sf] b]lvGg . 

20 

u}/ hghflt ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ a9L ;xeflutf 

ePsf ;'emfjx¿df hftLo cfwf/df k|b]z agfpg' x'Fb}g, 

k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f ubf{ s'g} Psn hfltnfO{ dfq hgfpg] 

u/L ul/g' x'Gg eGg] ;'emfjx? a9L k|fyldstf ;fy cfPsf] 

kfOG5 . To;}u/L blntx¿n] u}/–ef}uflns PsfO (Nonterritorial 

unit) jf pgLx¿sf] ;3g a;f]jf; ePsf] 

7fpFnfO{ s]Gb| dfgL s]xL blnt k|b]z aGg' kg]{ ;'emfj / 

fv]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf blntsf nflu u}/–ef}uf]lns PsfO 

(Non-territorial unit) sf] ljsNk ljrf/0fLo klg 5 . o; 

;DaGwL s]xL k|d'v ;'emfjx¿ ;Fu}sf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . 

(=!&= /fHozlQmsf] af“8kmf“8 

;+3Lo Joj:yfcGtu{t s]Gb| / k|b]zsf aLr /fHo zlQmsf] 

afF8kmfF8sf af/]df klg ;'emfjx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . tL ;'emfjx¿ 

d'VotM /Iff, d'b|f / k//fi6«, b'/;+rf/, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, Ps 

eGbf a9L k|b]z ;+nUg x'g] ljsf; lgdf0f{ cfof]hgf h:tf 

ljifox¿dfq s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /xg' kg]{, cjlzi6 

clwsf/ k|b]zdf /xg' kg]{, ;a} k|b]znfO{ ;dfg clwsf/, 

k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, ljB't;DaGwL 

clwsf/ x'g' kg]{, ;a} k|b]znfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ x'g' kg]{, 

k|b]znfO{ k|x/Lnufot cfˆgf] ;'/Iffy{ ;'/Iff jnx¿ Joj:yf 

ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g' kg]{ s]Gb| / k|b]z tyf k|b]z k|b]z 

aLr x'g] åG¢ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfof]u tyf ;dGjsf/L 

OsfO{sf] Joj:yf cflb s'/fx¿ 5g\ . 

(=!*= ;ldltsf] k|:tfj 

;+ljwfg;efsf ljifout ;ldltx¿dWo] ;a}eGbfkl5 

k|ltj]bg a'emfpg] ;ldlt /fHosf] k"g;{+/rgf tyf 

/fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldlt xf] . :jfefljs ¿kdf of] 

;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg / k|:tfj ;fj{lws rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] 

/ o;sf] lhDd]jf/L klg t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9L r'gf}tLk"0f{ 

/Xof] . ;ldltn] d"ntM ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLou/L tLg txsf] 

/fHo;+/rgf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5, h'g s'/f clwsf+z ;'emfjx¿df 

klg cfPsf] 5 . of] ;ldltn] ;+3Lo PsfO{sf ¿kdf klxrfg 

/ ;fdYo{nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ !$ k|b]z, gfdsf/0f / ltgsf] 

/fhwfgL /xg] 7fpF ;d]t k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . oL !$ k|b]zdWo] 

( j6f k|b]z hftLo klxrfgdf cfwfl/t 5g\ eg] afFsL % 

k|b]z u}/hftLo klxrfgsf 5g\ . ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf 

afx'Nodf /x]sf] hflt / ef}uflns lg/Gt/tfsf] cfwf/df 

k|b]zsf] l;dfÍg ul/Psf] 5 . 

of] ;ldltsf] k|:tfjcg';f/ k|b]zsf cltl/Qm :yfgLo tx 

/ :jfoQIf]qnfO{ klg ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;"rL leq 

ljwflosL clwsf/ x'g]5 . :yfgLo tx / :jfoQIf]qdf 

lgjf{lrt ljwflosL ;ef /xg]5 / ;f] ;efn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ 

If]qleq sfg"g agfpg ;Sg]5 .




Nepal 

klxrfgnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfP/ @# j6f hftLo ;d"xsf nflu 

:jfoQ If]q klg k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . t/ bg'jf/ :jfoQIf]q b'O{ 

7fpFdf pNn]v ul/Psf]n] @@ j6f dfq :jfoQ If]q xf] ls 

jf csf]{ s'g} hghfltsf nflu :jfoQ If]q xf] :ki6 5}g . 

k|:tfljt :jfoQ If]qx? tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ 

5g\ . 

:jfoQ If]qsf ?kdf tf]lsPsf hghfltx¿ 

!= sf]lrnf 

@= emfFu8÷p/fp 

#= lwdfn 

$= d]r] 

%= ;Gyfn 

^= n]Krf 

&= ofSvf 

*= r]kfª 

(= b"/f 

!)= s'dfn 

!!= bg'jf/ 

!@= kx/L 

!#= yfdL 

!$= dfemL 

!%= a/fd 

!^= ysfnL 

!&= 5GTofn 

!*= ;'g'jf/ 

!(= bg'jf/ -

Nepal 




(=!(= clwsf/sf] af“8kmf“8 

;ldltn] ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs, :yfgLo, :jfoQ If]q / ;femf 

u/L % j6f a]Unfa]Un} clwsf/sf] ;"rL klg k|:tfj u/]sf] 

5 . o;cg';f/ /Iff, ;]gf, k//fi6«, s]Gb|Lo k|x/L, s]Gb|Lo 

a}+s, ljQLo gLltnufot #) sfo{If]qnfO{ ;+3Lo ;"rLdf 

/fv]sf] 5 . k|x/L, k|zf;g / zflGt;'/Iff, lzIff, :jf:Yo, 

s[lif, efiff, ;F:s[lt, wd{, lnlknufot @* j6f ljifonfO{ k|b] 

zsf] ;"rLdf /fv]sf] 5 . @& ljifonfO{ ;emf ;"rLdf /fv]sf] 

5 . gu/÷;fd'bflos k|x/L, ;xsf/L, :yfgLo s/, :yfgLo 

ahf/ Jo:yfkgnufotsf @) j6f ljifonfO{ :yfgLo ;"rLdf 

/fv]sf] 5 . o;}u/L @) ljifonfO{ :jfoQ If]qdf /fv]sf] 

5 . ;"rLdf pNn]v gePsf ljifo cyf{t\ cjlzi6 (residual) 

clwsf/ eg] ;+3Lo txdf ;'/lIft /fv]sf] 5 . 

k|fs[lts ;|f]t pkof]usf] afF8kmfF8df cfpg] cfly{s nfef+; 

#) k|ltzt s]Gb|df / &) k|ltzt k|b]zdf /xg' kg]{ 

hn, hldg, h+un, h8La'6L, h}ljs ljljwtf, vfgL tyf cGo 

k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] :jfldTj, ;+rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] k|fylds 

xs Pj+ bfloTj k|b]z / ToxfFsf :yfGfLo ufpF, gu/ / lhNnf 

;/sf/x¿df x'g'kg]{ 

/fli6«o gbLnfO{ s]Gb| cGtu{t /fVg' kg]{ 

k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j afF8kmfF8 

;ldltsf] sfo{If]q klg /fHosf ljleGg txaLr clwsf/sf] 

afF8kmfF8;Fu w]/} ;DalGwt ePsfn] To;sf af/]df klg oxfF 

pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 . of] ;ldltn] gful/ssf cfly{s 

clwsf/;Fu hf]l8Psf ljifox?, /fHosf] bloTj, gful/s 

st{Ao tyf cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnLsf af/]df lj:t[t d:of}bf 

tof/ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf sltko ljifox? k|fljlws k|s[ltsf 

5g\ . tyflk k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] :jfldTj, kl/rfng / k|of]usf 

af/]df hg;/f]sf/ klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . 

o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] ;+sng u/]sf 

;'emfjx?df k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf af/]df k|z:t rf;f] /x]sf] 

5 . vf;u/]/ cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?n] cfO{=Pn=cf]= 

!^( sf] ;Gbe{ lb+b} k|fs[lts ;|f]t — hn, hldg, hËndfly 

pgLx?sf] :jfldTj x'g' kg]{, /fHon] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u 

ubf{ pgLx?;Fu k"j{k/fdz{ tyf ;Ddlt lng' kg]{ / k|fs[lts 

;|f]tsf] pkof]u ubf{ k|fKt x'g] nfesf] pgLx?n] plrt c+z 

kfpg' kg]{ s'/fx?df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . 

k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] 

cfkm\gf] d:of}bf k|:tfjdf cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d'bfosf] 

;d"xut dfusf] s'/fnfO{ vf;} ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5}g . tyflk 

/fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt cGtu{t cGo s'/fx?sf cltl/Qm 

22 

lgDg k|fjwfgsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . 

-!_ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;Daw{g Pj+ lbuf] 

pkof]u ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfnfO{ 

k|fyldstf lb+b} To;af6 k|fKt nfesf] 

;dGoflos ljt/0f ug]{, 

of] ;ldltn] klg k|fs[lts ;|f]tnufot /fh:jsf ;|f]t tyf 

nfesf] ljt/0fsf nlfu ;+3Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLgj6f 

;"rL k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . jg, hldg, vfgL tyf vlgh, l;+rfO{, 

hn ljB't h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]thGo sfdx? cfotg / 

kl/df0fsf cfwf/df ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo tLg} txn] 

ug{ ;Sg] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . ;+3Lo txnfO{ /fli6«o gLlt, 

dfgs lgwf{/0f / 7"nf kl/of]hgfx? 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 eg] 

k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf nflu d‰mf}nf tyf ;fgf kl/of]hgfx? 

5g\ . /fh:j afF8kmfF8sf nflu ljQLo cfof]u / k|fs[lts 

;|f]t ;DaGwdf cfpg ;Sg] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu k|fs[lts 

;|f]t cfof]u /xg] k|fjwfg klg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . 

(=@)= Joj:yflksf :j¿k lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL 

Joj:yflksf;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿df /fhgLlts bnx?n] 

lnPsf] gLltsf] k|efj k|i6 k/]sf] kfOG5 . ;'emfj 

;Íngsf] cjlw;Dd PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] Ps 

;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] k|:tfj ul/;s]sf] lyPg . 

To;}n] clwsf+z ;'emfjx¿df s]Gb|df b'O{;bgfTds / 

k|b]zdf Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] kIfdf ;'emfj u/]sf] 

kfOG5 . s0ff{nLIf]qaf6 cfPsf ;'emfjdf oftfoft tyf ;+rf/ 

;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt lhNnfsf nflu ;f+;b ;+Vof j[l4 ul/g' 

kg]{ s'/f klg 5 . clwsf+z ;'emfjx?df Joj:ylksfsf] nflu 

ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ;'emfOPsf] 5 . 

s]Gb|df b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf 

k|b]zdf Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf 

oftfoft tyf ;+rf/ ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt lhNnfsf] ;f+;b 

;+Vof j[l4 ul/g' kg]{ 

s]Gb| tyf k|b]zsf] Joj:yflksfdf cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, 

dw];L ;d'bfosf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg'kflts k|lltgLw 

;'lglZrt x'g' kg]{ 

k|ToIf lgjf{rg If]qdf klg dlxnf, cflbjf;L, blntsf nflu 

cf/lIft If]qsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ 

dtbftfsf] pd]/ !^ jif{ sfod ug'{ kg]{ 

;f+;bx¿sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ls6fg ul/g'kg]{ 

lgjf{lrt k|lltgLwnfO{ k|TofXjfg ug{ kfpg' kg]{ 

;fy} a9L dt Nofpg]n] lhTg] (First-Past-the-Post) k|0ffnLdf




Nepal 

dlxnfnufot cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] 

k|lltgLwTjnfO{ klg k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ dfu cfPsf] 5 . sltko 

;+:yfsf ;'emfjx¿df ;f+;b x'gsf nflu Gogtd z}lIfs of]Uotf 

tf]lsg' kg]{ elgPsf] 5 . o;}u/L hgck]Iff ljkl/t e|i6frf/, 

;+;bLo ljrng, cflbdf ;+nUg x'g] ;f+;bnfO{ hgtfn] lkmtf{ 

af]nfpg kfpg] k|TofXjfgsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ ;'emfj klg 

cfPsf] 5 . w]/} ;'emfjx?df dtbftfsf] pd]/ !^ jif{ sfod 

ul/g' k5{ eGg] 5 . 

(=@!= ;ldltsf] k|:tfj 

;+ljwfg;ef Joj:ylklso cËsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] 

a]nfotL 9fFrf (Westminster Model)sf] Joj:yflksfsf] 

;+/rgf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o;cg';f/ ;+3Lo txsf] 

Joj:yflksf cyf{t\ ;+;bdf /fi6«k|d'v;lxt b'O{ ;bg 

x'g]5g\ . tNnf] ;bg cyf{t\ k|lltgLw;efdf df !%! / dflyNnf] 

;bg — /fli6«o;efdf %! ;b:o x'g]5g\ . k|lltgLw;efsf &^ 

;b:osf] r'gfj klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] (First-Past-the-Post) 

k|0ffnLcg';f/ x'g]5 . &% ;b:osf] r'gfj ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL 

cg';f/ x'g]5 . o;sf nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf 

h:t} hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf dlxnf, dw];L, pTkLl8t hflt, 

blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, lk5l8Psf] ju{, If]q, / cGo 

;d'bfo ;d]taf6 k|fb]lzs aGb;"rLsf cfwf/df k|lltgLwTj 

u/fpg] Joj:yf k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o;efdf 

k|To]s k|b]zaf6 a/fa/L k|lltgLwTj x'g] u/L #* hgf, k|lltgLw 

;efdf k|lltgLwTj x'g g;s]sf ;d'bfo ju{sf ;fy} /fli6«o 

hLjgsf Vofltk|fKt JolQmTj / ljz]if1x¿af6 ;dfg'kflts 

k|0ffnLcGtu{t Psn ;+qmd0fLo dtsf] cfwf/df k|lltgLw 

;efåf/f lgjf{lrt x'g] !# ;b:ox¿ x'g]5g\ . ;b:osf] 

pDd]bjf/ aGg k|lltgLw;efsf nflu @% / /fli6«o;efsf 

nflu #% jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePsf] x'g' kg]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf]5 . 

/fli6«o ;ef :yfoL ;bg x'g] / o;sf ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw 

^ jif{sf] x'g] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|lltgLw;efsf] sfo{sfn 

% jif{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . t/ k|lltgLw;ef sfo{sfn k"/f x'g' 

cufj} lj36g ug{ ;lsg] tyf ;+s6sfnsf] a]nfdf o;sf] 

cjlw a9Ldf Ps jif{ yk ;lsg] klg k|:tfljt 5 . k|lltgLw 

;efsf] ;efd'v jf pk;efd'v / /fli6«o;efsf] cWoIf 

jf pkfWoIf dWo] Ps÷Ps kbdf dlxnf x'g' kg]{ k|:tfj 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

k|b]zdf Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf — k|b]z;ef k|:tfj 

ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]z;efdf a9Ldf #% ;b:o x'g] h;dWo] 

k|ToIf cyf{t\ klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 !* / 

;dfg'kfltsaf6 !& ;b:o x'g]5g\ . lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ;+3Lo 

k|lltgLw;efsf] h:t} k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]z;efsf cjlw 

klg ;+3Lo k|lltgLw;efsf] h:t} % jif{sf] x'g], ;+s6sfndf 

a9Ldf Ps jif{ yKg ;lsg] / cjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} lj36g 

ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]z;efdf klg 

;efd'v jf pk;efd'vdWo] Ps hgf dlxnf x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf 

5 . ;+3Lo tyf k|fb]lzs b'j} txsf] Joj:yflksfdf slDtdf 

## k|ltzt dlxnf ;b:o x'g'kg]{ klg ;ldltn] k|:tfj u/]sf] 

5 / ;b:ox¿nfO{ bn kl/jt{g lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . 

;ldltn] :yfgLo :jfoQ PsfOsf] u7g ul/g] s'/f pNn] 

v u/] klg ;+ljwfgdf o;sf] s'g} ;+/rgfut k|:tfj u/]sf] 

5}g . k|b]z ;ef cGtu{tsf :yfgLo :jfoQ PsfOx¿sf] 

:j¿k / u7g k|s[ofdf ;dfgtf / sfd sf/jfxLdf Ps¿ktf 

/xg] u/L sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf ul/g] eGg] pNn]v 5 . 

of] ;ldltsf] k|:tfjdf PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] 

cfwf/e"t¿kdf leGg x'g] u/L km/s dt /fv]sf] 5 . ;f] 

kf6L{sf] k|:tfjcg';f/ ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf Ps ;bgfTds x'g' 

kg]{ / To;nfO{ hgk|lltgLw;ef eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ 

pNn]v 5 . o;df @$% ;b:o /xg] / o;sf] r'gfj 

jx'–;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q k|0ffnLcg';f/ hg;+Vof / e"uf]nsf] 

cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L–hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd 

cflb ;d'bfox¿sf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|lltgLwTj x'g]u/L 

k|ToIf (FPTP) k|0ffnLåf/f ul/g] s'/f pNn]v 5 . ;b:osf] 

pDd]bjf/ aGg @# jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf] x'g' kg]{ / dtbftf 

x'gsf] nflu !^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf] x'g' kg]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 

5 . hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf k|lltgLwTj ug{ cfjZos Go"gtd 

;+Vof gk'Ug] hflt, cflbjf;L hghflt, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf 

nflu lglZrt ;+Vofdf ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfåf/f dgf]gog ug]{ 

klg o;sf] k|:tfj 5 . ;fy} ;b:onfO{ k|TofXjfg ug{ ;lsg] 

Joj:yf klg o;n] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . k|b]zsf nflu klg 

;f]xL adf]lhd x'g] o;sf] k|:tfj 5 . 

Joj:yflksf ;j{zlQmdfg x'g], o;n] /fHosf cGo 

c+ux¿sf] lgdf{0f, lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f Pj+ cg'udg cfkm} jf 

cfˆgf] dftxtsf ;+oGqsf dfWoaf6 ug{ ;Sg] s'/f k|:tfj 

ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu clwj]zg ga;]sf] a]nf 

Joj:yflksfsf] ;a} sfd ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/;DkGg Ps 

:yfoL ;ldlt u7gsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] ;ldltdf 

k|To]s k|b]zaf6 Ps hgf k|lltgLw kg]{ u/L hgk|lltgLw;efsf 

;b:ox¿dWo]af6 a9Ldf @! ;b:o x'g]5g\ . 

o;}u/L k|b]zsf] Joj:ylksfsf] u7g tyf lgjf{rgsf 

;Gbe{df klg PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] km/s dt ;+3Lo 

Joj:yflksfsf] :j¿k;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . k|b]z;efsf nflu 

o;n] @% b]lv $% hgf;Dd ;b:o /xg] / ltgsf] lgjf{rg 

klg ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] h:t} ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg 

23

Nepal 




If]qaf6 hftLo ;dfg'kftsf] cfwf/df ug]{ elgPsf] 5 . 

cGo s]xL ;b:ox¿ vf;u/]/ s]xL dlxnf ;ef;b\x?n] 

dlxnf k|lltgLwTj hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf %) k|ltzteGbf 

sd x'g gx'g] km/s dt /fv]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L s0f{fnL If]qsf 

Ps hgf ;f+;bn] ;f] If]qsf nflu k|lgltlwTjsf] Joj:yf 

ubf{ ef}uf]lns cfsf/nfO{ klg cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{ km/s dt 

/fv]sf 5g\ . 

(=@@= zf;gk|0ffnL ;DaGwL 

zf;g k|0ffnLsf] :j¿k;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿ klg :jfefljs 

?kn] bnLo cfwf/df k|efljt ePsf] kfOG5 . k|d'v 

/fhgLts bnx¿n] k|:tfj u/]sf ;a} k|sf/sf zf;g k|0ffnL 

oL ;'emfjx¿df s'g} g s'g} ¿kn] k|ltljlDjt ePsf 5g\ . 

;fy} hftLo d'2fdf ;Ful7t ePsf bnx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f lgs6 

;'emfjx? klg cfPsf 5g\ . hftLo d'2fdf ;Ful7t bnx?n] 

sfo{kflnsf u7g ubf{ /fi6«klt jf k|wfgdGqL hf] sfo{sf/L 

k|d'v eP klg hftLo rqm k|0ffnLcg';f/ kfn}kfnf] x'g' 

kg]{ k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ . ;f]xLcg';f/sf ;'emfjx? klg oxfF 

cfPsf 5g\ . 

cfPsf ;'emfjx?df u0ftGq x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf s;}sf] ladlt 

b]lvGg t/ sfo{kflnsfsf] :j¿ksf af/]df eg] k|z:t 

ljljwtf kfOG5 . w]/}h;f] ;'emfjx¿df …/fi6«kltÚ zJbsf] 

k|of]u gug{ ;'emfOPsf] 5 . k|e'v ;'emfjx¿df /fi6«klt 

/ pk/fi6«kltdWo] Ps dlxnf x'g kg]{, sfo{kflnsf cyf{t\ 

dlGqkl/ifb ;fgf] cfsf/sf] t/ ;dfj]zL x'g' kg]{, /fi6«klt 

tyf k|wfgdGqL kbdf Ps} JolQm b'O{ sfo{sfn eGbf a9L x'g 

gkfpg], k|b]zsf] d'Vo dGqL ToxLFsf] k|d'v hflt÷hghfltaf6 

x'g' kg]{, ;f+;b dGqL x'g gx'g] ePdf ;f+;b kb 

:jtM l/Qm x'g' kg]{, cflb s'/fx¿ 5g\ . s]xL ;'emfjdf 

/fi6«klt /fhgLlts bnaf6 geO gful/s ;dfhsf JolQmdWo] 

af6 x'g' kg]{ eGg] klg 5 . ;Fu}sf] tflnsfn] o;nfO{ c? 

:ki6 kfg]{5 . 

cflbjf;L hghflt, If]qL÷afx'g, blnt, nf]kf]Gd"v hflt / 

dlxnfaf6 !–! hgf kfn}kfnf] Ps–Ps jif{sf nflu /fi6«klt 

jf sfo{sf/L k|d'v x'g kfpg] u/L /fi6«klt d08n jf ;+;bLo 

d08nsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ 

dGqLx¿ ;+;b aflx/af6 x'g] / olb s'g} ;f+;b dGqL ePdf 

p;sf] ;f+;b kb :jtM l/Qm x'g] . 

k|To]s k|b]zaf6 Ps Ps hgf, u}/–ef}uf]lns ;d'bfo 

/ cNk;+Vos hfltaf6 slDtdf Ps Ps hgf s]Gb|Lo 

dlGqd08ndf /xg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ 

/fi6klt gful/s ;dfhsf] JolQmaf6 5flgg' kg]{ 

dGqL, k|wfgdGqL, /fi6«klt tyf ;+;bx¿sf] eQf ;Lldt 

ul/g' kg]{ 

sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwdf ;'emfjx¿ j}slNks k|s[ltsf klg 

5g\ . ;+;bLo jf /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnL s] ckgfpg] xf] To;sf 

cfwf/df klg zf;g ;+/rgfsf] af/]df ;'emfjx¿ cfPsf 

5g\ . h:t} ;+;bLo Joj:yf ckgfpg] xf] eg] /fi6«kltsf] r'gfj 

s]Gb|Lo / k|fb]lzs Joj:yflksfsf ;b:ox¿n] ug]{ / /fi6«klt 

kfn}kfnf] ljleGg hftLo, eflifs, ;fF:s[lts tyf If]qLo 

;d'bfoaf6 r'lgg] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ ;'emfj cfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} 

;+;bLo Joj:yfnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbg] xf] eg] k|wfgdGqLsf] 

aflnu dtsf cfwf/df hgtfn] k|ToIf r'gfj ug{ kfpg' 

kg]{ / dGqLx¿ ;+;baflx/af6 of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df 

Nofpg' kg]{ ljrf/ clwsf+z ;'emfjdf JoQm ePsf] kfOG5 . 

/fi6«klt k|0ffnL sfod ug]{ xf] eg] /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg 

aflnu dftflwsf/sf] cfwf/df ul/g' k5{ / lgjf{lrt x'g k"0f{ 

ax'dt k|fKt ug'{ k5{ eGg] 5 . 

k|b]zsf ;Gbe{df klg o;};Fu ldNbf] h'Nbf] ;'emfjx¿ cfPsf 

5g\ . t/ cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfoaf6 cfPsf k|fo ;a} 

h;f] ;'emfjx¿df k|b]z ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ToxfFsf] k|d'v 

hftLo ;d'bfon] ug{ kfpg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] kIfdf 

hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . hghflt ;d'bfox¿n] o;nfO{ /fhgLlts 

cu|flwsf/sf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . 

zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] s'g} klg k|:tfjsf kIfdf 

ax'dt h'6fpg ;s]g . t/ cfZro{hgs s] 5 eg] k|b]z 

/ :yfgLo zf;gsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;+/rgfdf s;}sf] ljdlt 

b]lvGg . k|b]zdf sfFu|];÷Pdfn]sf] k|:tfj lgs6 df]8]n / 

:yfgLo txdf dfcf]jfbL lgs6 df]8]nn] :yfg kfPsf 5g\ . 

;+3Lo sfo{sfl/0fLsf ;Gbe{df dtbfgdf cfPsf tLgj6} 

k|:tfjnfO{ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf /fv]/ o;n] cfkm\gf] 

k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] 5 . PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] k|:tfj 

u/]sf] aflnu dtflwsf/df cfwfl/t sfo{sf/L /fi6«ktLo 

k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf ;ldltsf !* ;ef;b\n] dtbfg u/]sf 

5g\ . of] k|0ffnL cg';f/ /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg b]ze/ aflnu 

dtbftfn] ug]{5g\ / lgjf{lrt x'g v;]sf] ;b/ dtsf] k"0f{ 

ax'dt -%)± k|ltzt_ Nofpg' kg]{5 . klxnf] r/0fdf s'g} 

klg pDd]bjf/n] Tolt dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df ;a}eGbf a9L 

dt Nofpg] b'O{ pDd]bjf/aLr k|lt:kwf{ x'g]5 . of] k|0ffnL 

cd]l/sf;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] b]lvP klg /fi6«kltn] ;/sf/sf] 

u7g ubf{ Joj:yflksfdf slDtdf % k|ltzt :yfg kfPsf 

bnx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 . of] k|0ffnL cg';f/ 

;+;bdf ljkIfL bnsf] :yfg x'Fb}g . 

24




Nepal 

sfFu|];÷Pdfn]n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf …;'wfl/Psf]Ú ;+;bLo k|0ffnL 

k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ . ;ldltdf !^ dt k|fKt of] k|:tfj 

d"ntM a]nfotL 9fFrfsf] ;+;bLo k|0ffnL g} xf] . o;df 

/fi6«klt cfnÍfl/s x'g] / k|wfgdGqL sfo{sf/L k|d'v x'G5 . 

k|wfgdGqLsf] lgo'lQm ;+;bLo ax'dtsf cfwf/df /fi6«kltn] 

u5{g\ . t/ ;+;b lj36gsf ;Gbe{df s]xL gofF k|fjwfg 

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ lgjf{lrt ePsf] klxnf] Ps 

jif{ / Ps k6s cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj c;kmn ePkl5 Ps jif{ 

k"/f gx'Fb} ;/sf/sf lj?4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj /fVg kfOg] 

5}g . ;ldltdf Pdfn]sf ;ef;b\x?n] of] k|:tfjsf] kIfdf 

dt xfn] klg ;f] bndf o;k|lt ;xdlt aGg ;s]sf] 5}g 

/ sltko ;ef;b\x¿ cem} klg ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfjsf a]nf 

k|:tfj ul/Psf] k|ToIf lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL;lxtsf] ;+;bLo 

k|0ffnLsf kIfdf 5g\ . 

# dt k|fKt cjwf/0ff d"nt sfo{sf/L /fi6«klt k|0ffnL cg';f/ 

s} xf] . t/ /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg eg] ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] 

tNnf] ;bgsf ;b:ox¿n] b'O{–ltxfO{ ax'dtsf cfwf/df ug'{ 

kg]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . 

of] ;ldltdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf Ps hgf ;ef;b\n] k|wfgdGqLsf] 

k|ToIf lgjf{rg x'g] u/L ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf kIfdf 

km/s dt /fv]sf 5g\ . 

(=@#= Gofok|0ffnL ;DaGwL 

;+slnt ;'emfjx? Gofokflnsfsf] ;+/rgf / Gofok|0ffnLsf 

af/]df klg 5g\ . k|fo ;a} ;'emfjx?df tLg — ;+3Lo, 

k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo txsf] Gofokflnsf ;+/rgf x'g' 

kg]{, o;sf] :jtGqtf cIf'00f /xg' kg]{, s'/fx?sf 

cltl/Qm :yfgLo lgsfodf dlxnfx?sf] nflu 5'§} cbfnt x'g' 

kg]{, cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] df}lns tyf 

k/Dk/fut Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ dfGotf lbg] vfnsf] ;+o'Qm 

Gofo k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{, cflb 5g\ . GofofwLzsf] 

lgo'lQmsf ;DaGwdf eg] km/s km/s dt cfPsf 

5g\ . lgjf{rg, ;+;bLo cg'df]bg, ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO, 

;+j}wflgs÷Gofo kl/ifsf] l;kmfl/;nufot rrf{df 

/x]sf ;a} k|lqmofx? ;'emfjdf k/]sf 5g\ . 

Gofokflnsf :jtGq /xg' kg]{ 

k|b]zdf cfˆg} Gofo k|0ffnL x'g'kg]{ 

ufpF :t/sf] Gofonosf] Joj:yf 

:yfgLo lgsfodf dlxnfsf nflu 5'§} Gofokflnsf 

cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] df}lns tyf k/Dk/fut Gofo 

k|0ffnLnfO{ dfGotf 

ckfËsf nflu Gofodf ;xh / k|efjsf/L kx'Fr 

5'jf5'thGo d'2f x]g{sf nflu ljz]if cbfnt 

(=@$= ;ldltsf] k|:tfj 

Gofo k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ;ldltn] 

d"n¿kdf — ;+3Lo, k|b]z / lhNnf÷:yfgLo u/L tLg 

txsf] cbfntL ;+/rgf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;a} 

gful/ssf] Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr k'¥ofpgsf nflu Onfsf, gu/ 

jf ufpF :t/Lo cbfnt u7g ug{ ;lsg] s'/f k|:tfjdf 5 . 

k|:tfjdf cbfnt u7g ubf{ kfl/jfl/s ljjfb, dlxnfdflysf] 

3/]n' lx+;f;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfb, afn clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 

ljjfb, blntsf] 5'jf5't ;DaGwL ljjfb tyf cflbaf;L, 

hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:ndnufotsf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] 

;fF:s[lts, wfld{s Pj+ k/Dk/fut sfg"g / k|yfåf/f pTkGg 

x'g] ljjfbx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ k|fb]lzs sfg"g adf]lhd 

lhNnf÷:yfgLo cbfntdf 5'§} Ohnf; jf To;sf] dftxtdf 

5'§} cbfnt u7g ug{ ;lsg] s'/f klg ;dfj]z 5 . 

;}lgs cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Ggsf] nflu 

;+3Lo ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] cWoIftfdf Ps 

;}lgs ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g ul/g] / o; cbfntn] u/]sf] 

lg0f{opk/ ;+3Lo ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf 

klg k|:tfjdf 5 . 

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz tyf cGo GofofwLzsf] 

lgo'lQmsf nflu Joj:yflksfn] ljz]if Goflos ;ldlt u7g 

ug]{ / To;sf] l;kmfl/;df Joj:yflksfdf sfod /x]sf 

ax'dt ;b:osf] cg'df]bg ePsf JolQmnfO{ ;+3Lo ;jf{]Rr 

cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLzdf lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . 

GofofwLz kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu of]Uo x'g slDtdf sfg"gdf 

:gfts pQL0f{ eO k|b]zsf] pRr cbfntdf d'Vo GofofwLz 

jf GofofwLzsf] kbdf ;ft jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf !% jif{ 

lg/Gt/ jsfnt u/]sf] jf !% jif{;Dd Gofo jf sfg"gsf] 

If]qdf lg/Gt/ sfd u/]sf] jf Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd 

>]0fL jf dflyNnf] kbdf sDtLdf !@ jif{ sfd u/]sf] g]kfnL 

gful/s x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} sfo{Ifdtfsf] 

cefj, v/fa cfr/0fsf sf/0f GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] kbLo 

st{Josf] kfng gu/]sf] jf ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] cfwf/df 

;+3Lo Joj:yflksfdf dxfcleof]u k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] 

/ ;f] k|:tfj sfod /x]sf ;b:osf] b'O{–ltxfO ax'dtaf6 

kfl/t ePdf kbd'Qm x'g] Joj:yf k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . 

k|b]zsf] pRr cbfntsf nflu klg ;+3Lotxdf h:tf} 

k|b]z Joj:yflksfsf] ljz]if Goflos ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; 

/ Joj:yflksfaf6 a'xdtsf] cg'df]bg rflxg] k|:tfj 

25

Nepal 




ul/Psf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] kbd'lQmsf nflu klg ;+3Lo ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntsf nflu ul/Psf] Joj:yf ;/x x'g] s'/f 5 . lhNnf / 

:yfgLo txdf klg GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQmdf klg :yfgLo 

hg k|lltgLw;efsf] ljz]if Goflos ;ldltsf] dfWodaf6 

dflysf] h:t} k|lqmofcg';f/ x'g] s'/f k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . 

;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] ljz]if Goflos ;ldltsf] sfd 

Gofoflwzx¿sf] lgo'lQm / jvf{:tLsf nflu l;kmfl/; 

ug]{ s'/fdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . of] ;ldltdf Joj:yflksfsf] 

pkfWoIfsf] cWoIf x'g] / ;b:ox¿df ;+3Lo sfg"g tyf 

Gofo dGqL, ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL ¿kn] k|lltgLwTj x'g] 

u/L ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfaf6 lgjf{lrt a9Ldf ( hgf /xg] 

Joj:yf k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . 

o; ;ldltnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL /fli6«o dxTjsf] kb 

-/fi6«fWoIf jf Joj:yflksfåf/f lgjf{lrt cGo kbflwsf/L_ 

/ clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt tyf /fhg}lts ljifo;Fu k|ToIf 

;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo / ;+ljwfg;Fu sfg"g aflemPsf ljifodf 

;+ljwfg / ;+3Lo sfg"gsf] JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg 

ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] km};nf clGtd x'g] / To;pk/ s'g} 

cbfntdf ph'/L, k'g/fj]bg Pj+ l/6 lgj]bg nfUg] 5}g . 

o;}u/L k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf klg ljz]if Goflos ;ldlt 

u7g / sfd, st{Jo clwsf/ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . 

of] ;ldltsf] k|:tfjdf klg Jofks c;xdlt cfPsf] 5 . 

of] k|:tfj d"nt PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLsf] nfOgcg';f/ ePsf] 

/ Gofofkflnsfsf] :jtGqtfdfly Joj:yflksfsf] k|ToIf 

lgoGq0f /xg] ePsfn] nf]stGqsf] d"Nok|lt gsf/fTds k|efj 

kfg]{ eGb} g]kfnL sfFu|];, g]skf -Pdfn]_ / cGo bnx¿n] 

c;xdlt hgfPsf 5g\ . 

(=@%= ;+j}wflgs lgsfo ;DaGwL 

:jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfo tyf cfof]ux?sf af/]df klg 

;'emfjx? cfPsf 5g\ . k|d'v ;'emfjx?df xfn ePsfnfO{ 

lg/Gt/tf lb+b} cflbjf;L÷hghflt, nf]kf]Gd"v ;d'bfo, afn 

sd}of tyf sDnx/L, zflGt tyf d]nldnfk, kz'k+IfL tyf 

jGohGt'nufot ckfË, a[4, j]/f]huf/ cflbsf nflu klg 5'§} 

cfof]ux? aGg' kg]{ 5g\ . cfof]ux? u7g ubf{ hflt, efiff / 

lnËsf] cfwf/df ;dfj]zL x'g' kg]{ tyf ;LdfGts[t ju{x¿sf] 

clgjfo{ k|lltgLwTj x'g' k5{ eGg] klg 5 . 

of] ;ldltn] klg cfkm\gf] d:of}bf k|:tfj k|:tfjgfb]lv 

g} ;'? u/]sf]5 . ;ldltsf] k|d'v k|:tfjdf cGtl/d 

;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ — clVtof/ 

b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]u, nf]s ;]jf 

cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ oyfjt 

lg/Gt/tf lb+b} dlxnf cfof]u, blnt cfof]u, cflbjf;L÷hghflt 

cfof]u, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, cNk;+Vos Pj+ ;LdfGts[t 

;d'bfo, tyf lk5l8Psf] ju{ / If]qsf] lxt ;+/If0f 

cfof]u, dw]zL cfof]u, d'l:nd cfof]u;lxt !! j6f cfof]u 

:yfkgfsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . 

xfn ePsfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} gofF aGg' kg]{ cfof]ux¿ 

cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u 

cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf cfof]u 

nf]kf]Gd"v hflt, efiff, ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g cfof]u 

afn sd}of, tyf sDnx/L k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u 

zflGt tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf 

kz'k+IfL / jGohGt' cfof]u 

ckfË, j[4, j]/f]huf/, dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, s[lif tyf 

e"ld;'wf/ h:tf ljifox¿df cnu cnu cfof]u 

cfof]udf ;dfg'kflts k|lltgLwTj / ;dfj]zLtfsf cfwf/df 

Ps cWoIf / @ ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]zdf klg 

;f]xL adf]lhd cof]ux¿ x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

(=@%= ;fdflhs ;f“:s[lts P]Soa4tf ;DaGwL 

cWoogdf ;dfj]z ePsf k|fo ;a} ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] ;fdflhs 

;fF:s[lts P]Soa4tf ;DaGwdf klg ;'emfjx? ;d]6]sf 

5g\ . ;'emfjx? hflt / ;d'bfo cg';f/ km/s km/s klg 

5g\ . hghfltsf ;'emfjx?df k|rlnt /fli6«o em08f, 

/fli6«o ufg tyf /fli6«o lrXgdf ;a} hflt ;d'bfosf] 

;fF:s[lts ljljwtf emNsg] u/L kl/jt{gÙ cNk;+Vos 

tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] klxrfgsf nflu k|To]s 

;d'bfonfO{ ;dfg Pj+ :jfoQ ¿kdf cfkm\gf] efiff, wd{, 

lnlk, ;F:s[lt, k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug]{ clwsf/Ù 

;a} wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts kj{df ;fj{hlgs ljbfÙ 

g]kfnL, c+u|hL tyf lxGbL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] 

efiff dfGg' kg]{Ù a|]n lnlk tyf ;f+s]lts efiffn] /fli6«o 

dfGotf kpg' kg]{, cflb 5g\ . cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] 

nf]k x'g glbg logLx?nfO{ ax'ljjfx ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL 

Joj:yf;Ddsf ;'emfjx? cfPsf 5g\ . 

(=@^= ;ldltsf] k|:tfj 

of] ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q / cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] 

xs clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;ldltsf] ljifo w]/} g} ldNbfh'Nbf 

5g\ . To;}n] oxfF sltko s'/fx¿ b]xf]l/P/ cfPsf klg 

5g\ . oxfF cGo ;ldltx?sf] ljifodf gk/]sf k|:tfjx?sf] 

;ª\lIfKt rrf{ ul/G5 . of] ;ldltn] klg k|:tfjgfb]lv 

26




Nepal 

g} cfk\mgf] k|:tfj cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . k|:tfjgfdf elgPsf] 

5 , æ======= ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cGtu{t ljleGg OsfO{x¿sf] 

/fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts / eflifs clwsf/sf] 

;'lglZrttf ub}{ cfk;L ;b\efj, ljZjf; / ;Ddfg dfkm{t 

;fdflhs P]Soa4tfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ s'/fdf b[9 ;+sNk ub}{Æ 

eGg] s'/f /fVg o;sf] k|:tfj 5 . 

o;sf] k|:tfjsf k|d'v s'/fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ . 

• ;F:s[lt, efiff tyf lnlksf] ;+/If0f, ;Djw{g 

/ ljsf; cGtu{t k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] 

efiff, lnlk tyf ;F:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f, ;Djw{g / 

cjnDjg ug]{ xs 

• g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6«efiff x'g] . 

• b[li6ljxLg tyf cfjfh ljxLgx¿sf nflu j|]n 

lnlk tyf ;f+s]lts efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] 

clwsf/ 

• s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff 

b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff x'g]5 

• efiff cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df lglZrt 

dfkb08 k'u]sf] s'g} efiffnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] 

;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf 

dfGotf lbg] u/L s]Gb|Lo ljwflosfaf6 

kfl/t ePdf To:tf] efiffn] 

s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] 

dfGotf kfpg]5 

• s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] 

efiff;lxt k|fGtLo ljwflosfn] sfg"gåf/f 

lgwf{/0f u/] adf]hd k|fGt leq af]lng] Ps jf 

Ps eGbf a9L /fi6«efiff k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] ;/ 

sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 . 

• k|fGtLo ljwflosfn] sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f u/] 

adf]hdsf] cGo efiff :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;/ 

sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 . 

(=@^= /fli6«o lxt ;+/If0f ;DaGwL 

/fli6«o lxt ;+/If0f ;DaGwL k|d'v ;'emfjx¿df /fli6«o lxtsf] 

kl/efiff ubf{ /fli6«o ;Ddfgsf] clej[l4, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, 

;fdflhs ;b\efj, /fhgLlts :yfloTj, ljZj zflGt, ul/aL 

lgjf/0f / lje]b d'Qm ;dfhnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{ . zflGt 

k|lqmofnfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'¥ofpg dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿sf] 

;dfof]hg Jojl:yt u/L g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L / g]kfn 

k|x/Ldf ;a}sf] ;dfj]zL k|j]z Pj+ ;]gfsf] nf]stflGqs/0f 

ul/g' kg]{ . !*–@) jif{ leqsf ;a}nfO{ ;}lgs tflndsf] 

Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ . ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ Joj:yflksfaf6 

cg'df]bg ul/g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, cflb 5g\ . 

(=@&= ;ldltsf] k|:tfj 

of] ;ldltsf] k|:tfjdf k|:tfjgfb]lv, ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] 

k|of]u, df}lns clwsf/ st{Jo, cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/, / 

fhgLlts bn, hgdt ;Fu|x ;Ddsf ljifox¿ k/]sf 5g\ . 

tyflk ltgnfO{ /fli6«o lxtsf] ljifo;Fu hf]8\g] k|of; ul/ 

Psf] 5 . klxnf] k6s /fli6«o lxtsf] ljifonfO{ Jofks cy{df 

;+ljwfgdf /fVg] k|:tfj ePsf] 5 . ;ldltn] /fli6«o lxtnfO{ 

o;/L k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 — 

;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fli6«o cv08tfsf] /Iff, 

/fi6«sf] :jtGqtf / klxrfg, ;xdlt / ;xsfo{sf] 

cfwf/df /fli6«o Pstf, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts 

;fd~h:otf, ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL jx'bnLo nf] 

stflGqs ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fhg}lts Joj:yf, 

cfly{s ;d'Gglt / ;Dj[l4, oftfoft, ;"rgf / 

k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, ljleGg hft hflt, ju{ / ;d"xsf 

jLrdf ;fdflhs ;befj sfod /fvL lje]b/lxt, 

;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o 

lxtsf cfwf/e"t ljifox¿ x'g]5g\ . 

gful/ssf st{Jo cGtu{t æb]zsf] /Iffsf nflu 

;/sf/n] cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf gful/ 

snfO{ ;}lgs tflndsf] nflu cfxjfg ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;f] 

adf]lhd tflnddf efu lnO{ /fi6«nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ k|To]s 

gful/ssf] st{Jo x'g]5 .Æ eGg] ;ldltn] k|:tfj u/]sf] 

5 . o;}u/L g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt / ;DaGwnfO{ /fHosf] 

lgb]{zs l;4fGt cGtu{t /fVb} æ;a} /fi6«x¿sf] :jtGqtf 

/ ;fj{ef}lds ;dfgtfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ Pp6f :jtGq 

/fi6«n] csf]{ :jtGq /fi6«sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k 

gug]{, /fi6«x¿ jLrsf] cfGtl/s ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{ 

;dfwfg ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] 

j8fkqdf pNn]lvt l;4fGt / dfGotfx¿ k|lt k"0f{ 

k|lta4 /xFb} g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ;~rfng 

x'g]5Æ elgPsf] 5 . 

g]kfnsf] l;dfgf ;+s'rg x'g], k|fb]lzs cv08tfdf 

k|lts"n c;/ kg]{, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fli6«o Pstfdf 

vnn kg]{, g]kfnsf] clxt x'g] ;lGw ;Demf}tf ug{ lgi]fw 

u/]sf] 5 . zflGt / d}qLÙ ;'/Iff Pj+ ;fdl/s ;DaGwÙ 

g]kfn /fHosf] l;dfgfÙ / k|fs[lts >f]t tyf To;sf] 

pkof]usf] afF8kmfF8 ;DjGwL ;lGw s]Gb|Lo Joj:yflksfsf] 

27

Nepal 




b'O{ ltxfO{ jx'dtn] / cGo ;lGw ;Demf}tf ;fdfGo 

ax'dtn] cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . 

/fli6«o lxt, ;'/Iff / k|lt/Iff;DaGwL gLlt th'{df ug{ 

tyf g]kfnL /fli6«o ;]gfsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{sf 

nflu dlGqkl/ifb\ jf sfo{sfl/0fL k|d'vnfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ 

sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf /Iff dGqL;lxt ;ft 

hgfsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ /xg] k|:tfj 5 . 

;]gfnufot ;'/Iffsf ;a} cË ;/sf/k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g' 

kg]{ . ;}lgs ;]jf cfof]u, k|x/L ;]jf cfof]u, cw};}lgs 

an ;]jf cfof]u /fi6«k|d'v g]kfnL /fli6«o ;]gfsf] 

k/dflwklt x'g]5 . ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm dlGqkl/ifbsf] 

l;kmfl/;df /fi6«k|d'vn] ug]{ /fhgLlts bnn] b]zsf] 

;fj{ef}d;Qf cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] 

u/L cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ gkfpg] . ;f] 

ljkl/t ul/g] lqmofsnfk sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 . 

hn>f]t pkof]usf ;DaGwdf :jb]zL JolQm jf ;+:yf 

afx]ssf cGo JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ nufgL ug{ lbg] 

;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ug'{ cl3 s]Gb|Lo Joj:yflksfsf] 

a}7ssf] jx'dtaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt ug'{ kg]{5 . 

(=@*= ljljw 

cGo ;ldltx?sf] ljifoleq gk/]sf s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ 

;+j}wflgs ;ldltn] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . 

tL ljifox?df g]kfn /fi6«, em08f, ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg, 

/fhgLlts bn, ;Ís6sfnLg clwsf/, ;+qmd0fsfnLg 

Joj:yf, cflb kb{5g\ . 

g]kfn /fi6« / /fHosf af/]df ;ldltn] o; k|sf/ k|:tfj 

u/]sf] 5 M 

ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';fF:s[lts 

ljz]iftfo'Qm, ;dfg cfsfª\Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o 

:jtGqtf, cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt 

cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfj4 ;a} g]kfnL 

hgtf ;dli6 ?kdf /fi6« xf] 

o;}u/L g]kfnL /fHonfO{ æ:jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf 

;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, ;dfhjfbpGd"v, u0ftGqfTds, 

ax'/fli6«o /fHo xf]Æ elgPsf] 5 . /fli6«o em08f, /fli6«o ufg 

/ lg;fgf 5fk clxn]sf]nfO{ g} sfod /flvPsf] 5 . 

;+ljwfgsf] Pp6f ckl/xfo{ kIf ;+zf]wgsf] ljlw / 

k|lqmof klg xf] . of] ljifodf ;ldltn] …hgtfdf lglxt 

;fj{ef}d;Qf, u0ftGq, ljlwsf] zf;g, ljlwsf] zf;g, df}lns 

clwsf/, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, ax'njfb, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{ 

nflu dtflwsf/ / cfjlws lgjf{rgÚnufotsf nf]stflGqs 

d"Nox¿nfO{ c;+zf]wgLo dfg]sf] 5 . pko'{Qm s'/fx?sf] 

k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ;+ljwfgsf cGo wf/f ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h 

ug{ ;lsG5 . ;ldltn] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/f ;+zf]wgsf] nflu 

ljleGg k|lqmof / ljlw k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ — -s_ 

;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj ;+3Lo Joj:yflkssf] ax'dt ;b:osf] 

:jls[ltdf hgdt ;Fu|xdf klg n}hfg ;lsg]5, -v_ hgdt 

;Fu|xdf s"n ;b/ dtsf] ax'dtaf6 ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj 

cg'df]bg ePdf Tof] wf/f :jtM ;+zf]wg ePsf] dflgg]5, -u_ 

;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj ljw]ossf ?kdf ;+3Lo Joj:yflkssf] 

s'g} klg ;bg jf s'g} ;+3Lo PsfO{ Joj:yflksfdf k|:t't 

ug{ ;lsg]5, -3_ o:tf] k|:tfj olb k|b]zsf] l;dfgf 

kl/jt{g jf If]qflwsf/sf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ePdf ax'dt 

k|b]zsf] Joj:yflksfsf] ax'dt ;b:osf] :jLs[lt cfjZos 

x'G5, -ª_ ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj olb s'g} Ps k|b]zsf] ljifo;Fu 

dfq ;DalGwt eP To; k|b]zsf] Joj:yflksfsf] ax'dt 

;b:osf] :jLs[lt eP k'U5, -r_ k|b]zsf] Joj:yflksfaf6 

:jLs[lt;lxt k|fKt ePsf] ;+zf]wg ljw]os ;+3Lo 

Joj:yflksfsf] b'O{–ltxfO{ ;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf 

/fi6«kltsf] :jLs[ltsf nflu k7fOG5, -5_ /fi6«kltn] ;f] 

ljw]os !% lbgleq :jLs[t ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . 

;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo k|flKtnfO{ ;xh / ;dofg's"n agfpg 

o;sf s'g} efu / wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug{ ;lsg] 

k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] . s'g} klg ;+ljwfg s;/L ljsl;t x'G5 

jf x'Fb}g eGg] /fhgLlt;fk]If s'/f xf] . c;+zf]wgLo eg]/ 

;+ljwfgdf n]lv+b}df Tof] :yfoL / zfZjt x'Fb}g . 

;+zf]wgsf nflu hgdt ;Fu|xdf hfg] k|lqmof dxTjk"0f{ 

k|:tfj xf] . o;df c;xdt x'g' kb}{g . t/ To:tf] k|:tfj 

ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;b:o ;+Vof ;+ljwfgdf g} tf]lsg' k5{ 

. @% k|ltzt ;b:o ljZjJofkL dfGotf xf] . ;fy} ;/sf/n] 

klg hgdtdf hfg ;Sg] s'/f pNn]v x'g' h?/L 5 . 

;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df of] k|:tfj dggLo 5 . ;+3Lo 

l;4fGtcg';f/ ;+3 / PsfO{sf] ;DaGw Ps kIfLo ¿kdf s]Gb| 

jf k|b]zn] kl/jt{g ul/Gg, b'j} kIfsf] ;xdlt / ;xeflutf 

cfjZos dflgG5 . t;y{ of] k|:tfjn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] 

ljifodf ;+3Lo l;4fGtnfO{ cËLsf/ ug]{ vf]h]sf] k|i6 

b]lvG5 . 

28




Nepal 

;+j}wflgs ;ldltn] /fhgLlts bnsf] ;DaGwdf klg k|:tfj 

u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ æ;dfg /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g 

/ sfo{qmddf k|ltj4 JolQmx¿n] sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL bn 

vf]Ng, ;~rfng ug{ tyf hg ;dy{g / ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ 

;Sg]5g\Æ elgPsf] 5 . ;fy} bnx¿ ;dfj]zL / nf]stflGqs x'g' 

kg]{ s'/f klg k|:tfljt 5 . bndfly s'g} k|ltaGw gnufOg] 

t/ Ps} ljrf/wf/f, bz{g jf sfo{qmdsf cfwf/df bn vf]Ng 

gkfOg] s'/f klg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . 

bn btf{ ;DaGwdf lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf nflu dfq lgjf{rg 

cfof]udf btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lgjf{rg gn8\g] 

t/ ;Ful7t x'g] tyf hg kl/rfng ug]{ bnx¿sf] x}l;ot 

s] x'g] o;n] k|i6 ub}{g . r'gjf n8\g] jf gn8\g] bnsf] 

:j]lR5s s'/f xf] t/ hgtfdf hfg p;sf] sfg"gL j}wflgs 

x}l;ot cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] bnx¿nfO{ hgtfk|lt a9L 

lhDd]jf/ / ;+j]bgzLn x'g ;xof]u k'U5 . t;y{ r'gfj 

gn8] klg bnsf ¿kdf sfd ug{ / ;Ful7t x'gsf nflu 

k|To]s bnn] sfg"gL ¿kdf btf{ x'g' kg]{ / btf{ gePsf 

bnsf lqmofsnfk sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] / cj}w dflgg] Joj:yf 

ck]lIft 5 . bnx¿sf] cfly{s kf/blz{tfsf af/]df of] 

k|ltj]bg df}g 5 . xfdLsxfF bnx¿sf] vr{ ;b:osf] n] 

eL / gful/ssf cg'bfgdf lge{/ 5 . t/ of] k|lqmof Tolt 

kf/bzL{ 5}g . ;+ljwfgn] bnx¿sf] cfly{s kf/bzL{tf, 

cfGtl/s nf]stGqsf s'/fx¿nfO{ klg pNn]v ug{ ;s] 

bnx¿sf] hgpQ/bfoL bnLo k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u 

k'Ug] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . 

cg'ejx?sf] v'nf ;+kl/If0f (scrutiny) u/L gofF ;+/rgf 

/ dfGotfx?nfO{ clxn] aGb} u/]sf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfkgf ug'{ 

cfjZos 5 . 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf Pp6f k|tLsfTds 

sfd klg xf] h;af6 aGg nfu]sf] ;+ljwfgsfk|lt gful/s 

ckgTj (citizens' ownership) :yflkt x'G5 / :jzf;gsf 

;+:yf, d"No / k|lqmofn] hg;Ddlt -peoples' consent_ 

k|fKt ub{5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf gful/s kx'FrnfO{ 

;xh agfpg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nufot g]kfn l:yt ljleGg 

bft[;+:yfx¿n] ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . 

g]kfnL gful/s hLjgsf ljleGg tx / tKsfnfO{ k|lltgLwTj 

ug]{ ;+3÷;+:yfx¿n] clxn] aGb} u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf af/]df 

JolQmut Pj+ ;d"xut ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf 5g\ . 

;+s6sfnLg clwsf/sf] k|:tfj / k|fjwfgx¿ klg clxn] 

h:t} o'4, jfXo cfqmd0f, ;z:q ljb|f]x, r/d cfly{s 

ljz[ª\vntf, k|fs[ltas ljklQ, cflbsf sf/0f uDeL/ 

;Í6 pTkGg ePdf g]kfn /fHoe/ jf s'g} vf; If]qdf 

nfu" x'g] u/L dlGqkl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] ;Í6sfn 

3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;f] 3f]if0ff ;+;bsf] b'O{–ltxfO{ ax'dtn] 

cg'df]bg ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . ;Í6sfnsf] 

cjlw tLg dlxgfsf] x'g] / ;+;bsf] cg'df]bgdf csf]{ tLg 

dlxgf yKg ;lsg]5 . 

!)= lgisif{ tyf ;'emfj 

g]kfn oltv]/ Oltxf;s} cToGt uDeL/ /fhgLlts 

;+qmd0fsfndf 5 . zflGt k|lqmofsf] tfls{s lgisif{ / 

;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f o; ;+qmd0fsf k|d'v 

lhDd]jf/L x'g\ . /fHo ;~rfngsf af/]df lxhf];Dd :yflkt 

ePsf ;+/rgf / dfGotfx? ;a}dfly k|Zg v8f ePsf] dfq 

xf]Og, wdfwd elTsFb} uPsf 5g\ . t;y{ ljutsf k|of]u / 

29

Nepal 




30




Nepal 

;f/f+z 

of] cWoogdf d'Vot "Pg8Llk÷P;kL;LaLPn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf 

nf]stflGqs ;Djfb cGtu{t ;xof]u u/]sf !& j6f ;+:yfx?n] 

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljleGg kIfx?nfO{ nlIft u/]/ ;Íng 

u/]sf ;+ljwfg;DaGwL ;'emfjx?nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf 

ljifout ;ldltx?n] tof/ u/]sf cjwf/0ff;lxtsf] k|f/lDes 

d:of}bf;Fu t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . 

;fy} o; qmddf o'lgkm]d, o'lg;]km, l;8fnufotsf 

bft[;+:yfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L ;dfg k|s[ltsf cGo 

s]xL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfn — sf]sf;, u};; dxf;+3, 

l;hf]k, k|f]–klJns, ld/]i6 g]kfnn] tof/ u/]sf ;+ljwfg 

;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿nfO{ klg ;Gbe{df lng] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . 

cWoogdf ;dfj]z ePsf ;+:yfx? leGg leGg k[i7e"ldsf 

5g\ h;n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljljwtfnfO{ ;d]t k|lltgLwTj 

ub{5g\ . tL ;+:yfx?n] cGo ;+:yfx?;Fu ;~hfn lgdf{0f 

u/L cfkm\gf] ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf aGg nfu]sf] ;+ljwfgn] 

;Daf]wg / Jojl:yt ug{'[ kg]{ nfdf] km]xl/:t tof/ u/]sf 

5g\ . ltgnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf ljifout ;ldltx? ;dIf 

k]z ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . 

;du|df tL ;'emfjx?n] efjL ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf 

b]lv ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf;Ddsf s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 

kfOG5 . tyflk clwsf+z ;'emfjx? P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv 

;LdfGtdf k/]sf ;d'bfox?sf] clwsf/, /fHo;+/rgfdf 

kx'Fr / k|lltgLwTj, lje]bsf] cGTo, hftLo÷eflifs tyf 

;fF:s[lts ljljwtfsf] dfGotf, cflb s'/fx?df ljz]if 

hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;'emfjdf ;d]l6Psf k|d'v a'Fbfx? o; 

k|sf/ 5g\ – 

-!_ zflGt / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+:yfut 

;'b[9Ls/0f, 

-@_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, hghLljsfsf] Go"gtd 

Uof/]G6L;lxt ljZj;Ddt dfgj clwsf/ 

cg';f/ df}lns clwsf/sf] k|i6 k|Tofe"lt, 

-#_ hftLo, eflifs, ;fF:s[lts tyf If]qLo ljljwtfsf] 

/fHo ;+/rgfdf ;xL k|ltljDjg, 

-$_ lje]bsf] cGTo vf;u/]/ dlxnf, blnt, dw];L, 

hghfltnufotsf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] 

pGgltsf nflu ;fdflhs Gofo tyf 

;sf/fTds lje]bsf] /fHo gLlt;lxtsf] ljz]if 

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, 

-%_ /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;a} hflt / ;d'bfosf] 

;dfg'kflts ;fd]nLs/0f 

-^_ ;a} hflt / ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]6\g] ;+3Lo 

nf]stflGqs /fHosf] vfsf 

-&_ k"0f{ nf]stflGqs, hglgjf{lrt, ;dfj]zL, 

Gofok"0f{ Pj+ pQ/bfoL zf;g Joj:yf 

oL s'/fx?nfO{ k|foM ;a} ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] k|:tfjdf 

;d]6]sf 5g\ / o;df vf;} c;xdlt 5}g . /fHo ;+/rgfdf 

;a}sf] kx'Fr / k|lltgLwTj x'g] u/L ;ldltsf k|:tfjx? 

cfPsf 5g\ . hghflt, dw];L, blnt, dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf 

JolQmnufot ;LdfGts[t dflgPsf ;a}sf nflu ljz]if 

Joj:yf k|fo ;a} ;ldltx?sf] k|ltj]bgdf k/]sf] 5 . sltko 

;ldltx?sf] ljifo ldNbfh'Nbf, bf]xf]l/Psf / k|fo ;a} ;ldlt 

oL d'2fx?k|lt a9L ;+j]bgzLn Pj+ cfsfª\IfL ePsfn] ;a} 

lt/ 5l/Psf 5g\ . PsLs[t d:of}bfdf oL ;a} s'/fx? ;';Ët 

(consistent) eP/ cfpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . 

sltko d'2fx? dw];L ;d'bfo / hghfltsf ljz]if 

cfsfª\Iff / k|fyldstf;Fu ufFl;P/ cfPsf 5g\ / ljjflbt klg 

5g\ . tL o; k|sf/ 5g\ M 

-!_ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ 

-@_ cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf] P]ltxfl;s yft\ 

ynf]sf cfwf/df ;+3Lo k|b]zsf] lgdf{0f 

-#_ k|b]zsf] d'Vo sfo{sf/L kbdf ToxfFsf] k|d'v 

hfltnfO{ cu|flwsf/ 

-$_ k"j{ emfkfb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd t/fO{sf 

lhNnfx?sf] Ps dw]; k|b]z 

;+ljwfg ;efsf !! j6} ;ldltsf cjwf/0ff;lxtsf] 

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgx?df …;du| dw]; Ps k|b]zÚ 

afx]s oL dfux?nfO{ k|foM ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . 

o"Pg8LkL÷P;kL;LaLPsf] nf]stflGqs ;+jfb sfo{qmd cGtu{t 

;+slnt ;'emfjx¿ ;ldltsf] cjwf/0ff / d:of}bfdf /fd|f];Fu 

k|ltljDjg ePsf] k|i6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;fy} !& j6f ;+:yfn] 

cf–cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 ;+ljwfg;ef ;ldltx¿df ;'emfj 

a'emfPsf] s'/f klg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf /]s8{ ePsf] 

5 . t/ o;sf] cy{ of] xf]Og ls ;ldltsf k|ltj]bg / 

d:of}bf oL !& j6f ;+:yfsf] ;'emfjs} cfwf/df tof/ ePsf 

x'g\ . ltgn] ;du|df /fhgLlts bn, ;/f]sf/ ;d"x, ljifout 

lj1tf / cfd gful/ssf ;'emfj / rfxgfnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; 

u/]sf 5g\ . 

31

Nepal 




t/ ;ldltsf k|:tfjx? cfkm}+df ck"0f{, lj/f]wfef;o'Qm, 

Jofks bnLo dte]bk"0f{, sltko ;Gbe{df nf]stGqsf] 

d"No / dfGotfk|lt c;Fut klg b]lvG5g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ 

;+a}wflgs ;+/rgf / k|lqmofdf 9fNg] ljlw / k|fyldstf eg] 

/fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh tyf ljleGg ;d'bfox?aLr 

km/s km/s /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

;ldltsf oL k|f/lDes d:of}bfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] klxnf] 

d:of}bfsf] ?kdf tof/ ug{ /fhgLlts bnx?sf aLr 

Jofks ;xdlt aGg' cfjZos 5 . clxn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] 

Pp6f cgf}krfl/s ;ldltn] oL k|ltj]bgx?sf] cWoog 

u/L ;xdlt lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts 

;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ / /fh:j afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf] k|:tfjdf 

;xdlt;lxt kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfd ;lsPsf] klg 5 . o:t} c? 

Psfw ;ldltsf k|ltj]bgx?df oxL txaf6 klg ;xdlt aGg 

;Snf . t/ ;+3Lo PsfO{ lgwf{/0f, zf;g k|0ffnL — -sfo{kflnsf, 

Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf_, lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnufot 

cGo sltko cToGt /fhgLlts dxTjsf ljifox?df 

g]t[Tjsf] zLif{ txdf ;xdlt ckl/xfo{ 5 . 

c;xdlt / ljjfb ePsf ljifox? M 

;+ljwfg ;efsf ljifout ;ldltx?n] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ 

r/0fdf k'Ubf d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts ;dLs/0fdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g 

cfof] . PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ ;/sf/af6 aflxl/of] . 

p;sf clwsf+z sfo{qmd ;8s ljb|f]xd"vL x'g yfn] . o;sf] 

k|efj ;ldltsf sfddf kg'{ :jfefljs lyof] / k¥of] klg . 

kl/0ffd:j?k ;ldltx?n] cfkm\gf k|:tfjdf ;xdlt lgdf{0f 

ug{ ;s]gg\ . zJb zJbdf dt ljefhg eof] . k|fo ;a} 

ljjflbt ljifox? ax'dtsf] lg0f{osf cfwf/df ug'{ k¥of] . 

z'?sf b'O{j6f /fli6«o lxtsf] ;+/If0f / cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] 

xs clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ldltx?df ax'dtaf6 lg0fo{ 

e};s]kl5 …km/s dtÚ n]vPsf] lyPg . t/ To; kl5sf ;a} 

;ldltx?sf] k|ltj]bgdf …km/s dtÚ n]Vg] >[ª\vnf g} aGof] . 

sltko km/s dtx? bnsf zJb k|lti7f h:t} — …hg o'4Ú, 

…dw]; cfGbf]ngÚ, …hg u0ftGqÚ, cflb;Fu dfq ;Lldt 5g\ 

eg] sltko df}lns k|s[ltsf h:t} — zf;g k|0ffnL, lgjf{rg 

k|0ffnL, k|b]z /rgf, cflb 5g\ . 

k|d'v bnx?aLr df}lns k|s[ltsf km/s dtx? o; k|sf/ 

b]lvG5g\ M 

32 

• sfo{kflnsfsf] ;+/rgf M PsLs[t g]skf 

-dfcf]jfbL_ jflnu dtflwsf/ cg';f/ lgjf{lrt 

sfo{sf/L /fi6«klt ePsf] zf;g k|0ffnLsf] 

kIfdf 5 eg] sfFu|]; / Pdfn] ;+;bLo k|0ffnL 

cg';f/ k|wfgdGqL k|d'v sfo{sf/L x'g' k5{ eGg] 

kIfdf 5g\ . s]xL dw];jfbL bnx? ;+;baf6 

lgjf{lrt /fi6«klt sfo{sf/L k|d'v x'g' k5{ eGg] 

kIfdf 5g\ . 

• Joj:yflksfsf] :j?k M g]kfnL sfFu]|;, g] 

skf Pdfn]nufot w]/} bnx? lå–;bgfTds 

Joj:yflksfsf] kIfdf 5g\ eg] dfcf]jfbL 

Ps–;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf] 

kIfdf 5 . Joj:yflkssf] lgjf{rgsf af/]df 

klg dfcf]jfbL / cGo bnx?aLr cfwf/e"t 

c;xdlt 5 . dfcf]jfbL hftLo sf]6f;lxt 

ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qaf6 klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] 

(FPTP) lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf 5 eg] cGo 

bnx? k|fo ;dfg'kflts k|lltgLwTj;lxtsf] 

ldl>t k|0ffnLsf kIfdf 5g\ . 

• Gofokflnsf M o;}u/L cGo bnx? ;+ljwfgsf] 

clGtd JofVof ug]{ clwsf/;lxt :jtGq 

Gofokflnsfsf] kIfdf 5g\ eg] dfcf]jfbL ;+;b 

lgolGqt Gofokflnsfsf] kIfdf 5 . GofofwLzsf] 

lgo'lQm k|lqmofnufot Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL 

cGo w]/} s'/fdf dte]b 5 . 

• k|b]z /rgf M ;+3Lo PsfO{sf ?kdf !$ 

k|b]zsf] vfsf ;ldltn] dfcf]jfbL / 

Pdfn];lxtsf] ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o u/] 

klg Pdfn] :jo+ o;df k'glj{rf/ ug'{ 

kg]{ kIfdf b]lvG5 . k|b]zsf] k|:tfljt gfd, 

l;dfÍg / ;+Vofsf af/]df d'n'se/ hftLo 

/ ;fF:s[lts lx;fan] k|ltlqmof pTkGg u/] 

sf] 5 . vf;u/]/ cu|flwsf/sf] k|:tfjn] 

nf]stGq / lgjf{rgsf] ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ 

;Lldt cy{df ;fF3'/f] agfOlbPsf] 5 . 

• efiff gLlt M g]kfn ax'eflifs /fHo 

xf] eGg] s'/fdf vf;} s;}sf] ljdlt 5} 

g / k|:tfljt d:of}bfn] klg of] s'/fnfO{ 

cËLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df 

k|b]zx?n] /fli6«o :t/sf] ;Dks{ efiffsf] 

cltl/Qm ToxfFsf] k|d'v efiffnfO{ klg ;/sf/L 

sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ?kdf ckgfpg ;Sg] s'/f 

;ldltn] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . t/ s]Gb|df ;Dks{ 

/ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf af/]df vf;u/]/ 

dw];L bnx?sf] g]kfnLsf;fy} lxGbL efiff klg 

x'g' kg]{ km/s dt 5 . 

• ax'njfb M ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{nfO{ dfg] tfklg 

dfcf]jfbLn] …ax'njfbÚnfO{ ;}4flGts ?kd} 

c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;k|lt cGo bn a9L




Nepal 

;zlÍt b]lvG5g\ . nf]stGqnfO{ dflg ;s]kl5 

;+ljwfgdf s'g zAb k¥of] k/]g eg]/ c8\lsg' 

kb}{g . 

• e"ld ;'wf/ M e"ld ;'wf/ ubf{ xbaGbL eGbf 

a9L hUufsf] sfg"g adf]lhd clws/0f ubf{ 

Ifltk"lt{ lbg] glbg] eGg] zAbsf] ljjfb klg … 

sfg"g adf]lhdÚ elg;s] kl5 vf;} 7"nf] ;jfn 

xf]Og . 

• clgjfo{ ;}lgs tflnd M /fli6«o lxtsf] ;+/If0f 

;ldltn] PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;lxtsf] 

ax'dtaf6 !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf ;a} 

g]kfnL gful/sn] ;}lgs tflnd lng' df}lns 

st{Josf ?kdf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o;df 

g]kfnL sfFu|];nufotsf cGo bnx?sf] 

c;xdlt 5 . 

oL km/s dtx? ;xdltdf abNg g;lsg] k|s[ltsf 5}gg\ . 

zf;g k|0ffnLsf] tLgj6}ljsNk nf]stflGqs cEof;leq s} 

s'/f x'g\ . of] a9L nf]stflGqs jf of] a9L hgjfbL eg]/ 6Ss/ 

lng'sf] vf;} t's 5}g . /fi6«klt k|0ffnLdf 7"nfbnx? s'g}nfO{ 

klg ;Qfdf k'Ug ;xh x'G5, ;fgf bnx?n] lgjf{rgsf z]nf 

k|d'v k|lt:kwL{;Fu ;f}bfjfhL ug{ ;S5g\ . kof{Kt hg;dy{g 

/ g]t[Tjsf] s'zntf eP s'g} klg k|0ffnLn] ck]lIft kl/0ffd 

lbg ;S5 . 

/fhgLlts cu|lwsf/sf] s'/f nf]stflGqs xf]Og . s'g} hfltsf] 

/fhgLlts cfsfª\Iff ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg aGg ;Qm}g / aGg' 

klg x'Fb}g . olb cd"s k|b]zdf cd"s hfltsf] g]t[Tj :yflkt ug'{ 

5 eg] bnx?n] lgjf{rgsf a]nf /f]Hg] s'/f xf] . a9Ldf of] s'/f 

lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf /fVg ;lsG5 . 

efiff ;+j]bgzLn d'2f xf] . of] clwsf/ / cj;/ b'j};Fu 

hf]l8Psf] 5 . t/ /fHosf] sfdsfh Ps};fy w]/} efiffdf ;xh 

x'Gg . s]Gb|df Ps / k|b]zdf b'O{ jf tLg ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] 

efiff aGg ;S5 . s'g} klg bnn] lglZrt efiffdf cfkm\gf] 

;Dk"0f{ k|lti7f / klxrfg ufF:g] xf] eg] lgsf; sl7g x'G5 . 

;}lgs tflnd vf;} 7"nf] d'2f xf]Og t/ of] gful/ssf nflu 

P]lR5s x'g' k5{ . o;}u/L e"ld ;'wf/sf] ljifo hUufsf] 

xbaGbLdf ;Lldt ug'{eGbf e"ld pkof]usf] k|efjsf/L gLlt 

vf]Hg'df a9L ;fy{s x'g ;S5 . ;+ljwfgdf ax'njfb zAb 

/fVg] g/fVg]df w]/} c8fg lng' h?/L 5}g . ;+ljwfgsf 

af/]df ;ldltx?n] clxn];Dd k|:tfj u/]sf k|fjwfgx?n] 

ax'njfbnfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] kfOGg . zJb gn]lv+b}df o;sf] 

cf;o / dxTj sd x'Fb}g . 

d'n's ;+3Lo x'g nfu]sf] ;Gbe{df Ps–;bgfTds 

Joj:yflksfeGbf lå–;bgfTds Joj:yflksf a9L pko'Qm 

x'G5 . of] s'/f ;+3Lo d'n'sx?sf] cg'ej klg xf] . o;} 

u/L Jo:yflksfsf] ;j{bnLo :yfoL ;ldltsf] ;jf]{Rrtf 

nf]stflGqs d"No;Fu d]n vfg] b]lvGg . of] eGbf pko'Qm 

;+/rgf lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] xf] . 

GofofwLzx?sf] rog k|lqmof d'n's cg';f/ km/s km/s klg 

5g\ . Joj:yflksfn] lgjf{rg klg ug{ ;S5 t/ Ps k6s 

lgo'Qm eO{ ;s]kl5 Gofo ;Dkfbgdf pgLx?nfO{ :jtGq 

5f]8\g' k5{ . pgLx?sf] cfr/0f / sfo{ Ifdtf lgu/fgL 

ug]{ ;+oGq rflxG5 t/ af/Daf/ ablng] /fhgLts 

;dLs/0faf6 of] d'Qm x'g' k5{ . 

k|b]z /rgfn] klxrfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg} x'b}g eGg] 

xf]Og . ;fdfGotof s'g} klg gfd hflt÷;F:s[lt ;fk]If g} 

x'G5 . t/ o;sf] cy{ of] xf]Og ls Pp6f gfdn] csf]{nfO{ 

k/fof dfG5 / lgif]w u5{ . ;+ej eP;Dd gfd ;a}nfO{ 

:jLsfo{ x'g' /fd|f] t/ gfd cfkm"n] rfx]h:tf] ePg eg] 

;a} u'Dof] eGg] dfgl;stfaf6 dfly p7\g' h?/L 5 . t/ 

33

Nepal 




34




Nepal 

;'emfjx? 

;+ljwfg ;efsf ;ldltx?n] cf–cfkm\gf] ljifodf tof/ u/]sf 

k|ltj]bgx?df aGg nfu]sf] ;+ljwfgsf ljljw ljifox?nfO{ 

Jofkstfsf ;fy ;d]6]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] ljifosf ;}4flGts 

s'/fx?b]lv ;f] ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o cEof;, g]kfndf 

ePsf k|of]unufotsf ljifosf] ;Gbe{ lbOPsf] kfOG5 . 

;fy} ;ef;b\x? :jod\n] ;+sng u/]sf k|ZgfjnL dfkm{t\ 

g]kfnL hgtfn] lbPsf ;'emfj, ljleGg ;+3÷;+:yf tyf 

;/f]sf/ ;d'x÷;d'bfon] k|:t't u/]sf ;'emfj / ;ldlt 

:jod\n] cfdGq0f u/]sf lj1 tyf lghL kxndf ;'emfj 

k]z ug]{ ;a}sf] ;'emfj / ljrf/nfO{ ;ldltn] ;Gbe{sf ?kdf 

lnPsf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf ug]{ qmddf 

To;sf] pkof]u ug]{ k|of; klg ePsf] 5 . t/ To; ;DaGwdf 

/fhgLlts bnx?sf] b[li6sf]0f, dfGotf / k|fyldstf km/s 

eP kl5 ;ldltsf k|:tfjx? kf6L{ nfOgdf ljefhg x'g 

k'u]sf] 5 . k|To]s ljjflbt ljifo lemgf] ax'dtaf6 kfl/t 

ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg kfl/t ug{ ;xdlt jf slDtdf klg 

b'O{–ltxfO{ ax'dt cfjZos 5 . oyfl:yltdf Tof] k|fKt x'g] 

cj:Yff b]lvGg . bf];|f] s'/f k|:tfljt k|f/lDes d:of}bfsf 

sltko k|fjwfgx?df bnx? aLr ;}4flGts tyf k|fyldstf 

cg';f/ uDeL/ dte]bx? 5g\ ltgnfO{ g;N6\ofO{ ;+ljwfg 

aGg ;Qm}g . t];|f], d:of}bfx? cgk]lIft ?kdf nfdf 5g\ 

sltko ;Gbe{df c;ËtLk"0f{ klg 5g\ . ltgnfO{ hgtfn] 

lbPsf ;'emfjx?;Fu ;Dej ePsf 7fpFdf k|ToIf / ;f] 

geP pgLx?sf] efjgfnfO{ lgs6 ?kdf ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L 

kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf 5 . 

pko'{'Qm ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh, ;/f]sf/ 

;d"x÷;d'bfo, af}l4s÷Jofj;flos lj1 tyf cGt/f{li6«o 

;d'bfo ;d]tn] k/:k/ ;xsfo{ u/L k|:tfljt d:of}bfx?sf] 

ljljw kIfdf kl/dfh{g Pj+ ;xdlt agfpg' h?/L 5 . o; 

cWoogsf cfwf/df b]vf k/]sf To:tf s]xL ljifox?nfO{ oxfF 

;'emfjsf ?kdf ;ª\lIfKt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

/fhgLlts bn M /fhgLlts bnsf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf x'G5 . 

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{ clxn] Pp6f s'g} bn dfq lg0ff{os x'g ;Sg] 

l:ylt 5}g . ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bn eP/ klg 

PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ ;Fu s"n $) k|ltzt dfq l;6 

5 h'g c? bnnfO{ ;+ljwfg kfl/t ug{af6 /f]Sg k'U5 t/ 

cfkm}+n] ;+ljwfg kfl/t ug{ eg] w]/} sd 5 . of] s'/fnfO{ dgg\ 

ub} dfcf]jfbLn] cfkm\gf /fhgLlts k|fyldstf dfGg c?nfO{ 

afWo agfpg] eGbf ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t s'/fdf ;xdlt 

;xh agfpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng' k5{ . o;af6} p;n] 

hgtfdf ;sf/Tds /fhgLlts k|efj kg{ ;S5 . 

g]kfnL sfFu|]; / Pdfn]n] v'Nnf nf]stflGqs /fhgLltsf 

:yflkt bnx? x'g\ . ;xdlt lgdf{0fsf nflu pgLx?sf] 

e"ldsf ;jf{lws dxTjsf] 5 . pgLx?sf] e"ldsf nf]stGqsf] 

d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;'/lIft ub}{ /fhgLlts tyf zf;sLo 

;+/rgfsf s'/fdf nrstf ck]lIft 5 . 

dfcf]jfbL, sfFu|]; / Pdfn]n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] s"n &% 

k|ltzteGbf a9L :yfg lnPsf 5g\ t/ oL tLg bnsf] lg0f{o 

c?nfO{ yf]kl/g] dgf]lj1fg h'g clxn] JofKt 5 Tof] klg 

plrt xf]Og . dw];L bnx?sf] ;+ljwfg;efdf ;+VofTds 

pkl:ylt d'l:snn] !$ k|ltzt 5 t/ p;sf] dw];–t/fO{sf] 

/fhgLltdf k|ToIf k|efj 5 . cGo ;;fgf bnx? klg 5g\ . 

t;y{ bnx/aLr Jofks ;xdlt clxn]sf] klxnf] cfjZostf 

xf] . o;sf] kxn c? bnx?nfO{ klg ljZjf;df lnP/ 

dfcf]jfbL, sfFu|]; / Pdfn]n] ug{ ;S5g\ / ug'{ h?/L klg 5 . 

;/f]sf/ ;d"x;Fu k/fdz{ M ;+ljwfg;efsf ;ldltx?n] 

;/f]sf/ ;d"x÷;d'bfo;Fu v'nf ;'emfj t lnPsf 5g\ t/ 

k/fdz{ eg] u/]sf] b]lvGg . of] cfjZos 5 . clxn] ;d"xut 

d'2fdf ;d'bfox? kl/rflnt 5g\ / cfGbf]ng k|To]ssf] 

;lhnf] /f0fgLlt ag]sf] 5 . tL ;a}df /fhglts bnsf] 

ck]lIft lgoGq0f / k|efj 5 eGg ;lsGg . pgLx?;Fu 

cf}krfl/s÷cgf}krfl/s k/fdz{ cfjZos 5 . ;+j}wlgs 

;ldltn] o;sf] kxn ug{ ;S5 . vf;u/]/ ;+3Lotfsf] 

;Gbe{df oL ;d"xx?nfO{ ljZjf;df lng' cfjZos 

x'G5 . o;n] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw / ljZjf; a9fpg] dfq xf]Og 

;+ljwfgsf k|lt ;xdlt h'6fpg klg ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . 

ljifo lj1;Fu k/fdz{ M ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf kl/dfh{g / 

ljifout :ki6tfsf] nflu ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1x?;Fusf] 

k/fdz{ klg plQs} h?/L 5 . o:tf] k/fdz{nfO{ s'g} vf; 

k|:tfjsf] kIf / ljkIfdf ;Lldt gu/L ljsNkx? km/flsnf] 

agfpg] p2]Zosf nflu x'g' k5{ . cfjZos k/] cGt/f{li6«o 

:t/sf] ljifo lj1x?;Fu klg k/fdz{ ug{ ;lsG5 . 

gful/s ;dfh M g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng / zflGt 

k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf lg;Gb]x ;jf{lws 

dxTjsf] 5 . t/ cfGbf]gkl5sf lbgx/df pgLx/sf] e"ldsf 

;Lldt ePsf] 5 . bn / ;/f]sf/ ;d"xx?sf c8fg 

cf–cfkm\gf x'G5g\ . nrstfsf] ;d:of x'g ;S5 . gful/s 

;dfhn] nrstf / ;dembf/L lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg 

;S5 . ;+j}wflgs ;ldlt / /fhgLlts bnx?n] gful/s 

;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ ;S5g\ . oltv]/ pgLx?n] 

35

Nepal 




klg ;xdltsf nflu k|f]PlS6e e"ldsf v]Ng' h?/L 5 . 

cGt/fli6«o ;d'bfo M g]kfnsf] nf]stGq, zflGt k|lqmof / 

;d'Ggltdf cGt/fli6«o ;d'bfosf] klg 7"nf] :6]s 5 . zflGt 

k|lqmofsf] tfls{s lgisif{ / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;kmntf 

pgLx?sf] e"ldsfsf] klg k/LIff xf] . cgldg, ;+o'Qm 

/fi6« ;+3Lo sfo{qmd tyf g]kfndf lqmofzLn b'O{kIfLo 

tyf ax'kIfLo lgof]ux? s'g} g} g s'g} ?kdf g]kfnsf] 

zflGt k|lqmof / jt{dfg /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f;Fu hf]l8Psf 

5g\ . zflGt k|lqmof / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fnfO{ ;kmn agfpg 

pgLx?n] tLg rf/ lsl;daf6 ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ — 

-s_ /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ ;xdltdf k'Ug k:o'{ / k|];/ 

(pursue and pressure) lbP/, -v_ ;/f]sf/ ;d"x, gful/s 

;dfh tyf ljifo lj1x?;Fu d'2fut / ljifout ;xhLs/0f 

tyf ;xsfo{ u/]/, -u_ cfkm\gf] :6]snfO{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf 

;fj{hlgs u/]/ . 

cGTodf, zflGt / nf]stGqsf nflu g]kfndf eO/x]sf] of] k|oTg 

/fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o dxTjsf] 5 . o;sf] ;kmntfaf6 g] 

kfnL hgtf nfeflGjt x'g] s'/f klxnf] xf] tyflk o;n] 

;z:q åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlts ?kfGt/0f / nf]stGqsf] 

;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fdf c?sf nflu klg pbfx/0fLo aGg 

;Sg] k|z:t ;Defjgf af]ssf] 5 . ;DalGwt ;a}df ck]lIft 

r]tgf / lhDd]jf/L af]w ePdf of] sfo{nfO{ ;kmntfsf] gd"gf 

agfpg ;lsG5 . 

36




Nepal 

kl/lzi6 — ! 

;'emfjx¿sf] PsLs[t tflnsf 

qmd=;+= ljifo ;'emfj 

! df}lns clwsf/ tyf lgb]{zs l;4fGt;Fu ;DjlGwt 

;a}nfO{ nfu" x'g] cfwf/e"t • k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg] clwsf/ 

df}lns /fhgLlts tyf gful/s • s'g} klg gful/snfO{ hfthflt, j+z, wd{, efiff, ju{, lnË, ckfËtf, 

xs;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿ 

k]zf, Joj;fosf cfwf/df lje]b gul/g] clwsf/ 

• ljrf/ cleJolQm, ;+3;+:yf vf]Ng], e]nf x'g], ;Fu7g ug]{ :jtGqtf 

• ;"rgfsf] xs, k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf / k|]; :jtGqtf 

• ;DklQ cfh{g, ef]urng tyf a]rljvg ug]{ :jtGqtf 

• cfkm\gf] OR5fcg';f/ k]zf Joj;fo ug]{ :jtGqtf / /f]huf/Lsf] xs, 

• k}t[s tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DklQdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg clwsf/ 

• ;a} gful/s sfg"gL ¿kdf ;dfg x'g] clwsf/ 

• cfkm\gf] cf:yfcg';f/ wd{ tyf ;F:s[ltsf] cEof; Pj+ cg';/0f 

ug]{ :jtGqtf 

• ;a} wd{k|lt /fHosf] ;dfg Jojxf/ 

• jn jf k|nf]egaf6 wd{ kl/jt{gdf lgif]w 

• Ps k|b]zaf6 csf]{ k|b]znufot d'n'se/ lgaf{w cfjfudg, k]zf 

Joj;fo tyf a;f]jf; ug]{ :jtGqtf 

• lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, cfjf; / vfB ;'/Iff;lxt Go"gtd 

hLljsfsf] clwsf/ 

• j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] ckx/0f gx'g] Uof/]G6L 

• sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf ljgf s;}nfO{ y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg] / cfk"mn] 

/f]h]sf] sfg"gL Joj;foL;Fu ;Nnfx lng kfpg] clwsf/ 

• oftgf lj?4sf] xs tyf oftgf kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] clwsf/ 

• ;a}nfO{ clgjfo{ / ljBfno tx -!@ sIff;Dd_ ;Ddsf] lgMz'Ns 

lzIffsf] xs 

• ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs 

• dgf]/~hg clwsf/ 

• >lds >d ;Fu7gsf] clwsf/, 

• ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds 

• :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg] xs, 

dlxnfsf nflu ljz]if 

• k|hgg\ tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/ 

• dlxnf dfly x'g] 3/]n' / of}ghGo lx+;f cGTosf] k|Tofe"lt 

• ;DaGw ljR5]b d'2fdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg clwsf/ 

• dlxnf lj?4sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] lje]b / zf]if0fsf] cGTo 

37

Nepal 




afn clwsf/ • k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kfngkf]if0f, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo, lzIff / 

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs 

• k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] 

zf]if0f ug{ gx'g] / zf]if0f ug]{nfO{ b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf 

cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf nflu 

ljz]if 

cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] 

ljz]if 

blnt clwsf/ 

ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf] ljz]if 

• cfO{= Pn= cf]= dxf;lGw !^(, cflbjf;L hghflt ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm 

/fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkqnufot cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gx¿df ePsf] 

;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xsx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf df}lns xssf] ¿kdf 

;'lglZrt ul/g' kg]{ 

• cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cfTdlg0fo{sf] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf 

dfGotf lbg' kg]{ . 

• cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ pgLx¿n] ef]uL rrL{ cfPsf] hn, hldg, h+un 

cflb k|fs[lts ;|f]t dfly cuf|lwsf/ 

• cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ dft[efiffdf pRRftx ;Ddsf] lzIff kfpg] 

clwsf/ 

• cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ dft[efiffdf ;"rgfsf] xs 

• dft[efiffdf Goflos jsfnt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 

• cflbjf;L hghfltnufot cGo alxis/0fdf k/]sf ;d'bfonfO{ 

cf/If0fsf] xs 

• cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] klxrfgsf] dfGotf 

• cflbjf;L dlxnfsf] j}olQms / ;fd"lxs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt 

• g]kfn kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, cle;lGw tyf sfg"g cg';f/ 

cflbjf;L dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g' kg]{ 

• cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] xs 

• ;"rgf / ;+rf/df cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] kx'Frsf ;fy} 

dft[efiffdf ;"rgfsf] xs 

• 5'jf5't tyf hftLo lje]b lj?4sf] xs 

• 5'jf5't lgif]w / 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/ ug]{nfO{ dfgjtf lj/f]wsf] 

ck/fwdf b08 ;hfo 

• ljgf /f]stf]s blntnfO{ dlGb/ k|j]z / k"hfcfhfsf] :jtGqtf . 

• Ifltk"lt{ tyf j}1flgs cf/If0f k|flKtsf] xs 

• ckfËtfsf] cfwf/df ul/g] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lje]bsf] cGTo tyf 

To:tf lje]b u}/sfg"gL Pj+ b08gLo x'g' kg]{ 

• ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, dgf]/~hg 

;DaGwL clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g' kg]{ . 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmn] k|of]u ug]{ ;xof]uL ;fdu|L, j|]n, ;fª\s]lts 

efiffnfO{ cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] ¿kdf /fHon] ;+/If0f tyf ;f]sf] 

;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ . 

• clt c;Qm ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu /fHon] cfwf/e"t 

df}lns xssf] ¿kdf ;xof]uL pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ . 

38




Nepal 

cGo xs 

• ;z:q åG¢ sfndf ePsf g/;+xf/ / cdfgjLo 36gfx¿sf] 5fgljg 

/ bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo;lxt kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] xs 

• pkef]Qmf clwsf/, 

• h]ndf a;]sf s}bLsf] clwsf/ pNn]v x'g'kg]{ 

• jftfj/0fLo Gofosf] xs 

• :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] xs 

• e"ld clwsf/ 

• phf{sf] xs 

lgb]{zs l;4fGt;Fu ;DalGwt • /fHosf] ;a} gLlt lgdf{0f txdf o'jfx¿sf] k|lltgLwTj tyf ;xeflutf 

k|jw{g ug]{ 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Lsf] /fHon] ljz]if 

Joj:yf;lxt /fli6«o ljsf;df ;dfg ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ 

• ;a} lsl;dsf] ef}lts ;+/rgf ckfË d}qL agfpg] /fHosf] Uof/]06L 

• cgfy, j];xf/f jf sf]xL klg ;+/Ifs gePsf ckfËx¿sf nflu 

/fHon] ;'/lIft cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug]{ 

• ;a} ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ /fHon] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]06L 

ug{ /fHon] hLjg wfGg] u/L ckfËtf eQf lbg] 

gful/stf ;DaGwL 

• gful/stfdf ;dfgtfsf] k|Tofe"lt 

• gful/stf k|df0f kqdf cfdf / a'af b'j}sf] gfd pNn]v x'g' kg]{ 

• gful/stfsf cfwf/x¿ 

• j+zh 

• hGd 

• cfdf jf a'afsf] hUufwgL k"hf{ 

• cfdf jf a'jfsf] gful/stf 

• 5f]/Lsf nflu hGd3/sf] y/ 

• gful/stf k|df0fkqdf dw]zL ;d'bfosf] e]iffe"iff -wf]tL, uDrf 

;lxtsf] kmf]6f]_ /fVg kfpg' kg]{ 

• ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx ePsf] dlxnfn] gful/stfdf >Ldfgsf] 

gfdy/ /fVg kfpg' kg]{ 

• s]Gb| / k|b]zsf] bf]xf]/f] gful/stf . 

• ;/n tyf ;lhnf] k|lqmofaf6 gful/stf k|flKt . 

• @) jif{ j;f]jf; u/]kl5 ljb]zLn] gful/stf kfpg' kg]{ 

39

Nepal 




@ 

cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t 

;d'bfosf] xs÷ clwsf/ 

;DjGwL ;'emfj 

• cNk;+Vossf] kl/efiff cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, z}lIfs ;|f]t / 

cj;/x¿df ckx'Fr jf ;Lldt kx'Frsf cfwf/df ul/g' kg]{ . 

• ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] kl/efiff wfld{s, eflifs, n}lËs, juL{o, 

If]qLotfsf cfwf/df jlxis/0f jf lje]b / c;dfgtfdf k/]sf 

;d'bfox¿sf] cfwf/df ul/g' kg]{ . 

• ul/aL /]vf d'gLsf dflg;x¿nfO{ clt ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf 

kl/eflift ul/g' kg]{ . 

• cNk;+Vos hflt, efiff, wd{, ln+u cflbsf] clwsf/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] 

k|bfg u/]sf] cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/ adf]lhd ;'lglZrt x'g' kg]{ . 

• blnt, hghflt, dw]zL, ;LdfGts[tsf nflu 5'§} cg';"rL agfpg' 

kg]{ . 

• cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfoaf6 slDtdf Ps hgf k|lltgLw 

/fHo ;+/rgfdf x'g' kg]{ . 

40




Nepal 

cflbjf;L hghflt;Fu 

;DalGwt 

• /fHo aGg' cufl8sf klxnf] afl;Gbfsf ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf 

cflbjf;L÷hghfltnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf klxrfg tyf dfGotf lbg' kg]{ . 

• cflbjf;L gful/ssf] d"n jf;:yfg / To; If]qsf] If]qkmn ;d]t 

;+ljwfgdf ls6fg x'g'kg]{ 

• cfTdlg0fo{sf] clwsf/cGt{ut cflbjf;L hghfltn] cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts, 

cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;fF:s[lts ljsf; :jtGqtfk"'j{s ug{ kfpg] 

Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ . 

• cflbjf;Lx¿sf] :jzf;gsf] clwsf/ sfof{Gjog ug{' kg]{ 

• /fHosf k|To]s txsf] ;+/rgfdf cflbjf;L dlxnfsf] :jtGq ;dfj]zL, 

;dfj]zL k|lltgLwTjsf] ;fy} g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf ;'lglZrt ug{'kg]{ 

• cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] k/Dk/fut d"No / dfGotfsf] cfwf/df 

Gofo k|0ffnLsf] k'g;+/rgf 

• Joj:yflksf–;+;b, sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / /fHosf] x/]s gLlt 

lgdf0f{ / sfo{fGjog ug]{ txdf cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] 

hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k"[0f{ ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL k|lltgLwTj x'g'kg]{ . 

• cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfosf dlxnf, j[4, afnjflnsf, tyf zf/Ll/s 

¿kdf ckfË jf leGg leGg Ifdtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] laz]if clwsf/ 

;'lglZrt ug'{ kg]{ . 

• cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfx¿sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, 

eflifs, ;fF:s[lts, z}lIfs, /f]huf/L, :jf:Yo cflb ljifodf ljz]if 


• cflbjf;L dlxnf k|efljt x'g] gLlt, sfo{qmd agfpFbf pgLx¿;Fu 

clu|d k"j{ ;xdlt lng' kg]{ . 

• åG¢ kLl8t / lj:yflkt cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfx¿sf nflu 

hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf xg' kg]{ . 

• /fHosf ;]jf ;'ljwf sfo{qmddf cflbjf;L dlxnfsf] kx'Fr, ;xeflutf 

/ lgoGq0fsf] :ki6 ls6fgLsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ 

• clt ;LdfGts[t, ;LdfGts[t, nf]kf]Gd"v cflbjf;L hghflt 

dlxnfnffO{ cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs, :jf:Yo tyf 

;fF:s[lts ljsf;sf nflu /fHosf tkm{af6 ljz]if Joj:yf 

• cflbjf;L hghfltn] dft[efiffdf ;/sf/L sfo{nodf jf cbfntdf 

bf]efif]sf] dfWodaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ . 

• k|zf;g, ;'/Iff, lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L tyf lglhIf]qdf cflbjf;L 

hghfltx¿sf] kx'Fr / k|lltgLwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfg'kflts sf]6f 

k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . 

• cNk;+Vos / hghfltsf efiff, lnlk, wd{ / ;F:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ 

ljsf; . 

• hftLo ¿kdf /fhg}lts ;Fu7g vf]Ng] :jtGqtf 

41

Nepal 




dw]zL ;d'bfo ;DaGwL 

d'l:nd ;d'bfo;DaGwL 

dlxnf tyf n}lËs ljifox¿ 

• hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf a/fa/L clwsf/ 

• ;a} If]qdf ;dfj]zLs/0f 

• dft[efiffdf lzIff 

• ;du| dw];Lsf] nflu %) k|ltzt cf/If0f 

• ;du| dw]; Ps k|b]z 

• cGo hghflt, dw];L, blnt h:t} d'l:nd klg k[ys ;d'bfo ePsfn] 

To;sf] ;+j}wflgs dfGotf x'g' kg]{ 

• d'l:nd ;d'bfodf ljxfjf/L, kf/kfr's], ;DklQdfly pQ/flwsf/sf] 

cEof; d'l:nd k/Dk/f cg';f/ ug{ d'l:nd k;{gn nsf] ;+j}wflgs 

Uof/]G6L x'g' kg]{ 

• /fli6«o d'l:nd cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ 

• :yfoL xh sldl6sf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ 

• ;fy} d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] xslxtsf lglDt jfskm af]8{, lxnfnL sldl6 

u7g ug]{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg x'g' kg]{ . 

• cGo ;LdfGts[t tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf nflu ljz]if Kofs]h 

agfpFbf d'lZnd ;d'bfonfO{ 5'6fpg gx'g] 

• dlxnfsf nflu cf/lIft sf]6fdf d'l:nd dlxnfn] ;dfg'kflts lx:;f 

kfpg' kg]{ 

• d'l:nd 5fqf jf d'l:nd dlxnf sd{rf/LnfO{ O:nfd;Fu d]n gvfg] 

:s"n 8«]; jf cGo cf}krfls kf]zfs nufpg afWo kfl/g' gx'g] . 

• pb"{ efiffnfO{ dfGotf 

• db/;fdf cfw'lgs lzIffsf] Joj:yf / db/;f af]8{sf] u7g 

• db/;fdf lzIfssf] Joj:yf / lgMz'Ns Joj:yf 

• aflnsfsf nflu 5'§} ljBfno 

• /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ / cf/If0f 

• /fHosf] ;a} txdf k|lltgLwTj 

• Psn dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u 

• Psn dlxnfn] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] Joj:yf 

• ;'Ts]/L dlxnfnfO{ ;'Ts]/L eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• ljwjfnfO{ pd]/sf] lje]b ljgf eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• bfOhf], r]nLsf] wgvfg], hf/L / afnljjfx h:tf s'k|yfsf] cGTo 

• ax'ljjfx, af]S;L, wfldemf+s|L h:tf s'/Llt / cGwljZjf;sf] cGTo 

• n}lËs ;fdflhs lje]bsf] cGTo 

• dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf]if0fsf nflu ;fdflhs 

;'/Iff 

42




Nepal 

blnt;Fu ;DalGwt 

afnaflnsf ;DaGwL 

• cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[tsf] kl/efiff ubf{ blntsf ;DaGwdf hft, j+z 

/ k]zfsf cfwf/df hj/h:tL kfgL grNg] agfOPsf ;d'bfo blnt 

x'g\ eGg] :ki6 kl/efiff ug{' kg]{ 

• dw]zL blnt dlxnfsf] nflu 5'§} sf]6f 

• e"ldxLg blntsf nflu e"ldsf] Joj:yf 

• lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Lsf] xs – blntx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIff k|fKt 

ug]{ xs 

• blnt, sd}of, xlnof, sDn/L / jfbL ;d'bfodflysf] zf]if0fsf] cGTo 

• kLl8t afnaflnsfnfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf 

• vft], dfuL vfg], 6'x'/f afnaflnsfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] ;+/If0f 

• c+kfË / åG¢kLl8t afnaflnsfsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf 

• åG¢kLl8t ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ufF;, af;, skf;sf] Joj:yf 

• afn >d zf]if0fsf] cGTo 

• afnaflnsfsf nflu zfGt jftj/0f / lzIff 

43

Nepal 




ckfËtf ePsf JolQm;Fu 

;DalGwt 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] Uof/]06L ug{ /fHon] 

;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{ 

• /f]huf/L ug{ g;Sg], j]/f]huf/ ckfË JolQmx¿nfO{ hLjg ofkg ug{ 

;Sg] u/L eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] ¿kdf /fVg' kg]{ 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] klxrfgsf] nflu lgoldt tYof+s ;Íng 

u/L cBfjlws ug]{ 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ /fHon] ;sf/fTds 

lje]bsf] gLlt cjnDjg ug]{ 

• /fHosf] k|To]s lgsfodf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] ;jfn;Fu 

;DalGwt zfvfsf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ 

• :yfgLo lgsfodf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clgjfo{ ;xeflutfsf] 

Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• ckfËnfO{ k7g kf7gdf ;x'lnot 

• ckfËnfO{ ;a} vfn] :jf:Yof]krf/sf] Joj:yf 

• ckfË tyf zf/Ll/s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsfsf nflu eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf] cfly{s clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ /fHon] gLlt 

agfO{ Ifdtf ljsf; u/L of]Uotf, Ifdtf / ckfËtf cg';f/sf] cj;/ 

k|bfg ug{' kg]{ 

• ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|flKtsf nflu 

k|j4{g ug{'kg]{ 

• k/Dk/fut ;Lk, 1fgsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{gsf] nflu /fHon] ljz]if 

Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ . 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ j|]n lnkL, :kz{ efiff, cf]7 

cWoog / ;f+s]lts efiffnfO{ hLjgsf] Ps c+usf] ¿kdf :jLsfl/g] 

5 

• hgo'4af6 ckfË ePsf nufot ;a} ckfËnfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIff, 

:jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB tyf eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• ckfËsf] Ifdtf / cj:yf cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ 

• ckfËsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ hLjgsf] Uof/]06L 

44




Nepal 

;fdflhs Gofo, ;fdflhs ;'/ 

Iff cf/If0f tyf ;sf/fTds 

lje]b ;DaGwL 

• j[4 eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• ;a}sf nflu /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf / ;f] geP;Dd j]/f]huf/L eQf 

• cgfy, ckfË, b[li6ljxLg / Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ lhpg] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf 

cfly{s Joj:yf 

• cNk;+Vos jlxis/0fdf k/]sf / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf nflu ljz]if 

sf]6f / ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf 

• !) jif{sf] nflu cf/If0f 

• dlxnf, hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, k5fl8 k/]sf] If]q, ckfË o'jf, Pr= 

cfO{= eL= kLl8t, clt;LdfGts[t, ;d'bfo, Psn dlxnf, t];|f] lnËLsf 

nflu cf/If0f;lxt ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] 5'§} Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ . 

• ;LdfGts[t ju{sf nflu sIff !@ ;Dd lgMz'Ns x'g' kg]{ 

• ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] :jf:Yo / lzIffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf 

• Psn dlxnf, k'?if, czQm / ckfËx¿nfO{ cj:yf cg';f/ juL{s/0f 

u/L plrt ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf 

• ^) jif{ k'u]kl5 ;a}sf nflu j[4 eQf 

• ;LdfGts[t tyf u/La ju{sf nflu /fzg sf8{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ 

45

Nepal 




# /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf • /fHosf] ;+/rgf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq x'g'kg]{ 

• wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g'kg]{ 

• tLg txsf] -;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo_ zf;g ;+/rgf x'g' kg]{ 

• ax'bnLo k|ltk:wf{Tds Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• k|b]zn] klg ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg' kg]{ 

• d'b|fdf k|b]zsf] lrXg x'g'kg]{ 

• PsfO{sf] gfdfs/0f ubf{ k|frLg ;Eotf tyf ;fF:s[lts klxrfgsf] 

cfwf/df x'g'kg]{ 

• xfnsf] /fli6«o em08fdf k|b]zsf] pkl:ylt emlNsg] u/L k'g /rgf 

ul/g' kg]{ 

• cflbjf;Lx¿sf] e"ufu;Fusf] P]ltxfl;s ;DaGw tyf To; e"efudf 

pgLx¿n] :yfkgf u/]sf P]ltxfl;s /fHosf cfwf/df cfTdlg0f{o 

;lxtsf] hftLo :jfoQ /fHo :yfkgf 

• efiff, hflt e"uf]n ;fF:s[lts klxrfgsf] cfwf/df ;+3Lo PsfO{sf] 

lgdf{0f tyf gfdfs/0f x'g'kg]{ 

• hftLo, ef}uf]lns, ;f:s[lts / ljsf;sf] ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df k|b] 

zsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ 

• blntx¿sf] nflu u}/–ef}uf]lns PsfO{sf] u7g 

• k|b]zsf] gfd wfld{s If]q, ;fF:s[lts / If]qLo klxrfg, P]ltxfl;s 

dxTj, lxdfn, kj{t / gbLsf cfwf/df /fVg' kg]{ 

• k|b]zx¿ cfTdlg0fo{sf] clwsf/ ;lxtsf] x'g' kg]{ 

• k|b]zleqsf vf; hft hflt, efiff jf wd{sf] afx'No / ;3g pkl:ylt 

ePsf ufpF gu/ jf lhNNff txdf pgLx¿sf lglDt laz]if :jfoQ tyf 

:jzfl;t If]q / PsfOx¿ x'g'kg]{ 

• hftLo :jzfl;t\ /fHo If]qx¿sf] lgwf{/0f / ;Ldf+sg ;DalGwt 

hfltx¿sf] Oltxf;, k/Dk/fut a;f]jf; / ;fF:s[lts ljlzi6tfsf] 

cfwf/df ul/g' kg]{ 

• e"uf]n / hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k|b]zsf] ;+/rgf tof/ ug{' kg]{ 

• Ps dw]z Ps k|b]z x'g' kg]{ 

/fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfaf/] blnt 

;d'bfosf] k|:tfj 

• l;/fxf ;Kt/LnfO{ s]Gb| dfgL slknj:t';Dd ;n];k|b]z, jfUn'ªnfO{ s] 

Gb|dfgL cf;kf;sf If]qx¿ ldnfP/ ;j{lht k|b]z / ;Nofgb]lv ;'b"/ 

klZrdf~rn;Dd e'n k|b]z u7g x'g' kg]{ 

• ;dfg'kflts cf/If0f ;lxtsf] ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug'{ 

kg]{ . 

• k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL sfod /x]df slDtdf klg @) k|ltzt lgjf{rg 

I]fq blntsf nflu cf/lIft ul/g' kg]{ 

• ;+3Lo k|b]zdf blntx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ s6f}tL ug{ gkfpg] t/ a9fpg 

;lsg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ 

46




Nepal 

/fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 

yf? ;d'bfo s]lGb|t ;'emfj 

• /Iff, d'b|f / k//fi6«, b'/;+rf/, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, Ps eGbf a9L 

k|b]z ;+nUg x'g] ljsf; lgdf0f{ cfof]hgf h:tf ljifox¿dfq s]GbLo 

;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /xg] 

• k|b]zx¿sf] cGt/ ;DaGw /fd|f] x'g' kg]{ / j:t'x¿sf] cfoft–lgof{tdf 

s'g} /f]sfj6 x'g gx'g] 

• cjlzi6 clwsf/ ;lxt cGo clwsf/x¿ k|b]zdf /flvg' kg]{ . 

• k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, ljB't, df}lns xs / 

clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ 

• ;a} k|b]znfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ 

• k|b]znfO{ cfˆgf] ;'/Iffy{ ;'/Iff jnx¿ Joj:yf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g' 

kg]{ . 

• s]Gb| / k|b]z tyf k|b]z–k|b]z aLr x'g] åG¢ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu 

cfof]u tyf ;dGjosf/L OsfO{sf] Joj:yf 

• Pp6f k|b]zdf ePsf] cfDbfgL ToxL+ k|of]u ul/g' kg]{ 

• s]Gb|sf] /fh:j, hg;+Vof, ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, k5f}6]kg / cGo cfly{s 

;"rsf+ssf cfwf/df ljt/0f ul/g'kg]{ 

• /fh:j afF8kmfF8sf] nflu ;+j}wflgs ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g' kg{] 

• hnljB't / l;+rfO{ s]Gb|n] x]g]{ 

• h+un / gbL :yfgLon] x]g]{ 

• afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s+rgk'/ / bfË lhNnfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L y?x6 

k|b]zsf] lgdf{0f 

• ;+3Lo /fHosf] /fhwfgL g]kfnu+h, afFs]df x'g'kg]{ 

• yf? hfltdf k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf] a93/ k|yfnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf 

k|bfg 

• hn, hldg, h+undf yf?sf] cu|flwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g'kg]{ . 

• d'Qm sd}ofx¿sf nflu Ps kl/jf/ Ps /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf 

• d'Qm sd}ofsf] nflu lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf 

• yf? efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] ¿kdf dfGotf 

• yf? ;d'bfosf rf8kj{df ljbfsf] Joj:yf 

• ^) jif{ eGbf a9L pd]/ k'u]sf yf?nfO{ j[4 eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• yf?x¿nfO{ t/fO{sf] e"ld k'q ;+ljwfgdf 3f]if0ff x'g' kg]{ 

47

Nepal 




$ Joj:yflksLo cËsf] :j¿k 

lgwf{/0f ;ldlt 

• s]Gb|df b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf 

• k|b]zdf Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf 

• dflyNnf] ;bgsf] lgjf{rg ldl>t k|0ffnLaf6 

• tNnf] ;bgsf] lgjf{rg ;dfg'kflts k|lltgLwTjsf] cfwf/df 

• s]Gb|Lo ljwflosf–;+;bdf x/]s /fhgLlts bnx¿n] cflbjf;L hghflt, 

dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg'kflts k|lltgLwTj ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L k|lltgLw 

u/fpg'kg]{ 

• s]Gb|Lo pkNnf] ;bgnfO{ hftLo ;efsf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ . ;f] 

;efdf g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hghflt tyf cGo ;Dk'0f{ hflt, If]q, lnË, 

efiff, wd{ cflbsf] clgjfo{ k|lltgLwTj x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf 

• Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf ;+;b 

k|b]zsf] Joj:yflksf ;DjGwL • x/]s ;+3Lo PsfOdf b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . :jfoQ k|b]zdf 

cfkm\g} lgjf{lrt ;+;b, ;+;baf6 lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ / pkNnf] ;bgsf] 

Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• x/]s ;+3Lo /fHosf Joj:ylksf–;+;b, sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf, tyf 

cGo If]qdf ;dfg'kflts k|lltgLwTjsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] k|yfhlgt sfg"gnfO{ dfGotf lbg]u/L 

k|b]zx¿sf] cfkm\g} :yfgLo lgod sfg"g x'g'kg]{ 

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ;DjGwL ;'emfj 

• s]Gb|Lo tyf k|fGtLo Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rgdf cflbjf;L hghflt 

dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg'kflts k|lltgLwTj ;'lglZrt x'g'kg]{ . ;a} 

cflbjf;L hghfltx¿nfO{ /fhlglts d'nwf/df Nofpg ;+3 / 

k|b]z jf k|fGt txdf k|fb]lzs ;'rLdf cfwfl/t afWosf/L sfg"gL 

Joj:yf ;lxtsf] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . 

• clt ;LdfGts[t, nf]kf]Gd"v hfltsf] nflu lgjf{rgsf] nflu sf]6fsf] 

Joj:yf 

• ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL -%) k|ltzt k|ToIf lgjf{rg / %) k|ltzt 

;dfg'kflts_ 

• dtbftfsf] pd]/ !^ jif{ x'g'kg]{, 

• k|To]s k|0ffnL $ jif{sf] sfo{sfn x'g' kg]{, 

• dtbfgsf] nflu gful/stf x'g'kg]{ 

• ;a} 7fpFdf ;dfg'kflts k|lltgLwTjsf] Joj:yf 

• ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL h;df &) k|ltzt ;dfg'kflts / #) 

k|ltzt klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL 

• hftLo k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL 

• ;f+;bx¿sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ls6fg ul/g'kg]{ 

48




Nepal 

% /fHosf] zf;sLo 

:j¿k lgwf{/0f 

/ /fHozlQmsf] 

afF8kmfF8 ;DjGwL 

;'emfj 

• ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftfGqfTds Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• zf;g k|0ffnLdf cflbjf;L hghfltaf6 !, If]qL–afx'gaf6 !, blntaf6 !, 

nf]kf]Gd"v hfltaf6 ! / dlxnfaf6 ! u/L kfn}kfnf] Ps Ps jif{sf nflu 

/fi6«÷sfo{sf/L k|d'v x'g kfpg] u/L /fi6«klt d08n jf ;+;bLo d08nsf] 

Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ 

• k|fb]lzs rqmLo cfwf/df dlxnf / k'?if kfn}kfnf] /fi6«kltdf lgo'lQm x'g' kg] { . 

• dGqLx¿ ;+;b aflx/af6 x'g] / olb s'g} ;f+;b dGqL ePdf p;sf] ;f+;b kb 

:jtM l/Qm x'g] . 

• k|To]s k|b]zaf6 Ps Ps hgf, u}/–ef}uf]lns ;d'bfo / cNk;+Vos hfltaf6 slDtdf 

Ps Ps hgf s]Gb|Lo dlGqd08ndf /xg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ 

• ;fgf] dlGqd08n x'g'kg]{ 

• k|b]zsf] d'VodGqLdf ToxL+sf] hghflt x'g'kg]{ 

• ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿df zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] ;fy} ;Gt'ng / ;dGjosf] 

Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ 

• /fi6«kltsf] ;§f /fi6« k|d'v eg]/ ;Daf]wg x'g'kg]{ 

• /fi6« k|d'vsf] lgjfr{g k|ToIf lgjfr{gaf6 x'g'kg{] 

• cn+sfl/s /fi6«klt 

• /fi6«klt gful/s ;dfhsf] JolQmaf6 5flgg' kg]{ Joj:yf 

• /fi6«klt kbdf a9Ldf b'O{ sfo{sfn;Dd /xg] Joj:yf 

• sfo{sf/L k|wfgdGqLsf] Joj:yf 

• ;+;bdf k|ltkIfsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• dGqL, k|wfgdGqL, /fi6«klt tyf ;+;bx¿sf] eQf ;Lldt 

• b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g' kg]{ 

• k|f8]lzs Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL klg v'nf ;'rLk|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 

k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL sf]6f ;lxtsf] x'g' kg]{ 

• ;+3Lo sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, tyf Gofokflnsf / k|fGtLo sfo{kflnsf, 

Joj:yflksf, tyf Gofokflnsf ;fy} :yfgLo lgsfox¿df cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] 

;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ laz]if ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] x'g' kg]{ 

• cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] lgldQ ;+3Lo tyf k|fGtLo lghfdlt sd{rf/L k|zf;g, 

;'/Iff tyf cGo lgsfox¿df afWofTds cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• ;+3Lo tyf k|flGto txsf 5'6\6f 5'6\6} lghfdlt sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yf 

• o'jf ;ef;b\x¿sf] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df dlGqd08ndf ltgLx¿sf] k|lltgLwTj 

• k|zf;lgs, cfly{s, Goflos, z}lIfs, :jf:Yosf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf %) k|ltzt 

o'jfx¿sf] ;xeflutf 

• uflj;nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ 

• ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLs[t dfgj clwsf/, jx'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs 

zf;g k|0ffnL 

• hgtf g} ;fj{ef}d;Qf / hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf 

• ;+j}wflgs ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f 

• sfg"gsf] zf;g 

• /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ lgsfodf dlxnf k'?if tyf hftLo hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df 

;dfg'kflts cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttf 

• hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/ / zf;g x'g'kg]{ 

• ;/sf/sf] sfdsf/jfxL kf/bzL{ x'g' kg]{ 

• lgjf{lrt k|lltgLwnfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfpg ;lsg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• ;/sf/ ;+rfng ;a} hflt, ju{, ;d'bfosf gful/sx¿sf] ;dfg kx' Frsf] k|Tofe"lt 

• /fhgLlts bnleq hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg' kg] { 

49

Nepal 




;+;bLo k|0ffnL sfod u/]df 

/fi6«ktLo k|0ffnL sfod u/]df 

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL 

• ;a} sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|wfgdGqLnfO{ / ;+j}wflgs /fi6«k|d'vsf ¿kdf 

/fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• /fi6«kltsf] ;+3Lo tyf k|fb]lzs Joj:yflksfaf6 lgjf{rg 

• k|wfgdGqLsf] jflnu dtlwsf/sf] cfwf/df k|ToIf lgjf{rg 

• k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rg k|fb]lzs ljwfg ;ef / s]Gb|sf] ;+o'Qm ;bgaf6 

lgjf{rg ug'{ kg{] . Joj:yf ul/of];\ 

• Ps sfo{sfn dfq sfd ug{ kfpg] 

• jflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df /fi6«kltsf] k|ToIf lgjf{rg 

• $ jif{sf] sfo{sfn 

• Ps JolQm b'O{ sfo{sfneGbf a9L gkfpg] 

• v'nf ;'rL k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL sf]6f 

;lxtsf] x'g' kg]{ 

• o'jfx¿sf] nflu cf/lIft lgjf{rg If]q 

• o'jfx¿sf] nflu cf/lIft lgjf{lrt If]q 

• clgjfo{ dtbftf kl/ro kqsf] Joj:yf 

• dtbftf kl/ro kqsf] Joj:yf 

50




Nepal 

^ Gofo k|0ffnL;DjGwL ;ldlt • Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf cIf'00f /xg' kg]{ . k|b]zdf cfˆg} Gofo 

k|0ffnL x'g'kg]{ / To;dfly s;}n] x:tIf]k ug{ gkfpg] 

• ufpF :t/sf] Gofofnosf] Joj:yf 

• :yfgLo lgsfodf dlxnfsf] nflu 5'§} Gofokflnsf 

• ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs, ljz]if :jfoQ If]qLo / :jzfl;t Onfsf u/L rf/ 

txsf] Gofofnosf] Joj:yf 

• k|To]s k|fGtdf pRr Gofofnosf] Joj:yf 

• GofowLz lgo'lQmsf] nflu s]Gb|df dflyNnf] ;bg / s]Gb|df ToxL+sf] 

Joj:yflksfsf] cg'df]bg 

• ;DalGwt Joj:yflksfsf] ;fdfGo ax'dtåf/f GofowLznfO{ cjsf; 

lbg ;lsg] 

• GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfOsf] cfwf/df x'g' kg]{ 

• GofofwLzx¿ lgjf{lrt x'g'kg]{ 

• dft[efiffdf Goflos jsfnt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 

• cflbjf;L hghfltx¿n] dft[efiffdf ;/sf/L sfo{nodf jf 

cbfntx¿df bf]efif]sf] dfWodaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 

• cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] df}lns tyf k/Dk/fut Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ 

dfGotf lbg] vfnsf] ;+o'Qm Gofo k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ 

• cfflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] k/Dk/fut ;+:yfnfO{ cf}krfl/s sfg"gL 

dfGotf k|bfg ug{'kg]{ 

• Gofokflnsfsf] k|To]s txdf ;dfj]zL k|lltgLwTjsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kg]{ 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] Gofo, sfg"gL pkrf/;DaGwL Joj:yf / 

;a} d'2f ;/sf/LjfbL x'g'kg]{ 

• ckfËsf nflu Gofodf ;xh / k|efjsf/L kx'Fr x'g] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ 

• df}lns xs, clwsf/;Fu ufFl;Psf d'2fx¿sf nflu cnUu} a]~rsf] 

Joj:yf 

• ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fx¿sf] km};nf ug]{ ;dofjlw tf]lsg' kg]{ 

• :yfgLo :t/df d]nldnfk s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ 

• >d cbfntaf6 ;fdGtL e"pTkfbg;Fu hf]l8Psf 36gfx¿sf] 

lz3|fltlz3| Gofo lbnfpg] Joj:yf 

• ;]gfaf6 x'g] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf d'2fx¿ b]jfgL cbfntaf6 

x]g{ kfpg' kg]{ 

• 5'jf5't hGo d'2f x]g{sf] nflu ljz]if cbfntsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ 

51

Nepal 




& 

;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ;+/rgf 

lgwf{/0f ;ldlt 

• xfn ePsfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} gofF aGg' kg]{ cfof]ux¿M 

• cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u 

• cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf cfof]u 

• zflGt tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u 

• afn sd}of, tyf sDnx/L k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u 

• kz'k+IfL / jGohGt' cfof]u 

• nf]kf]Gd"v hflt, efiff, ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g cfof]u 

• ckfË, j[4, j]/f]huf/, dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, s[lif tyf e"ld;'wf/ 

h:tf ljifox¿df cnu cnu cfof]u 

• hflt, efiff / lnËsf] cfwf/df cfof]ux¿sf] ;dfj]zL u7g÷sfd, 

st{Jo 

• cfof]ux¿df ;LdfGts[t ju{x¿sf] clgjfo{ k|lltgLwTj x'g'kg]{ 

* k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ 

tyf /fh:j afF8kmfF8;DjGwL 

• k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] /fh:j :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ p7fpg] / :yfgLo txdf 

g} k|of]u ug{ kfpg' kg{] 

• ;a} k|fs[lts ;|f]t k|b]z cGtu{t /fVg] 

• k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]usf] afF8kmfF8df cfpg] cfly{s nfef+z 

#) k|ltzt s]Gb|n] kfpg] / afFsL &) k|ltzt k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] g} 

pkef]u ug{ kfpg] 

• k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f / ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f / k|of]usf] 

dfGotf 

• ;+3Lo /fHox¿sf] hn, hldg, h+un tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ 

dfly kx+'r tyf lgoGq0f x'g' kg]{ 

• hn, hldg, h+un, h8La'6L, h}ljs ljljwtf, vfgL tyf cGo k|fs[lts 

;|f]tsf] :jfldTj, ;+rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] k|fylds xs Pj+ bfloTj 

k|b]z / ToxfFsf :yfGfLo ufpF, gu/ / lhNnf ;/sf/x¿df x'g'kg]{ 

• /fli6«o gbLnfO{ s]Gb| cGtu{t /fVg' kg]{ 

• k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 p7]sf] /fh:j ;a} txdf ;dfg ljt/0f x'g' kg]{ 

• k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgdf ;dfg xssf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ . 

• k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] pkef]u ubf{ efjL k':tfsf] >f]t dflysf] clwsf/ 

nfO{ c;/ gkg]{ u/L pkof]u ug]{ . 

• :yfgLo :t/df ePsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] /]vb]v ;+/If0f ;Dj4{g 

tyf k|j{4g ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ lbOg'kg]{ 

• hnfwf/ If]qdflysf] xs 

• pkNnf] tyf tNnf] t6Lo If]qsf] xs 

• l;rfO{ / l;d;f/ If]q dflysf] xs 

• hnjfo' kl/jt{g jf k|sf]k, jftfj/0fLo ljgf;sf] k|efjaf6 ;'/Iff 

• tnaf6 p7fpg] tn} vr{ ug]{ l;4fGt cjnDag ul/g' kg]{ 

52




Nepal 

( ;fF:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs 

P]Soj4tf === 

• wfld{s u'7Lx¿nfO{ /fHosf] bfloTjaf6 aflx/ /flvg' kg]{ . 

• lglZrt /fli6«o kj{x¿ afx]s cGo kj{x¿nfO{ k|b]zsf] If]qflwsf/df 

/flvg' kg]{ . 

• :yfgLo kj{x¿nfO{ :jzfl;t tyf :jfoQ If]qsf] kj{sf ¿kdf 

/flvg' kg]{ . 

• ;a} ;fF:s[lts kj{x¿nfO{ /fHon] ;dfg x}l;ot lbg] gLlt cjnDag 

ul/g' kg]{ . 

• /fli6«o em08f, /fli6«o ufg tyf /fli6«o lrXgdf ;a} hflt ;d'bfosf] 

;fF:s[lts ljljwtf emNsg] u/L kl/jt{g ul/g' kg]{ 

• k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] ;F:s[ltdf tyf j}1flgs, ;fF:s[lts Pj+, 

snfTds k|ultsf nflu ;xefuL x'g kfpg] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ . 

• cNk;+VosnfO{ ax'ljjfx ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 

• cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] klxrfg :yfgLo :t/af6 

ug]{ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfg Pj+ :jfoQ ¿kdf cfkm\gf] efiff, wd{, 

lnlk, ;F:s[lt, k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug{ clwsf/ x'g' kg]{ 

• /fHosf] k|To]s c+udf x/]s hflt ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfg 9+uaf6 ;xeflu 

u/fO{ ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts P]Soj4tfsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ 

• ;a} wd{nfO{ /fli6«o wd{sf] dfGotf 

• wd{, ;F:s[lt, efiffsf cfwf/df ul/g] e]befj, 3[0ff / cjx]ngf 

b08gLo agfOg' kg]{ . 

• ;a} wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts kj{df ;fj{hlgs ljbf 

• Ps csf{sf] cl:tTj :jLsf/ ub}{ klxrfg ;xLtsf] ;fdflhs tyf 

;fF:s[lts P]Soj4tfsf] cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg] . 

• ;a} ;LdfGts[t ju{nfO{ k|rlnt ;fdflhs Pj+ k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf /fvL 

k/fk"j{sfnb]lv rlncfPsf] cfkm\gf] wd{sf] cjnDjg, cEof; / 

;+/If0f ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 

• cflbjf;L, hghfltsf] df}lns e]ife"iff, afhf, gfrufg cflbnfO{ 

hLjGt /fVg /fHon] ljz]if gLlt lng'kg]{ 

• ;]gf / ;/sf/L ;]jfdf nf]kf]Gd"v, clt ;LdfGts[t, hghfltsf] nflu 

ljz]if cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf xf];\ 

• g]kfnL, c+u|]hL tyf lxGbL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff dfGg' 

kg]{ 

• j|]n lnlk ;a} ljBfnox¿df Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g] efiff / Jojxf/ 

;Ddfghgs x'g' kg]{ 

53

Nepal 




efiff;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿ 

• Ps k|ltzt eGbf a9L hg;+Vofn] af]Ng] efiff ;+3Lo tyf k|fb]lzs 

sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] ;"rLdf /flvg' kg]{ . 

• ;f] eGbf sd eP klg alHhsf / sf]r÷/fhj+zL / ef]6] efiffnfO{ 

;/sf/L efiffsf] ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ . 

• k|b]zn] cfkm\gf] k|b]zleqsf] efiffsf] ;"rL agfpg' kg]{ / ;f] ;"rL leq 

k/]sf ;a} efiffnfO{ :jfoQ tyf :jzfl;t If]qdf klxnf] efiffsf] 

clwsf/ lbg' kg]{ . 

• ;Dks{ efiff, dfWod efiff jf sfdsfhL efiffsf] gfddf Ps efiffnfO{ 

dfq dfGotf lbg gx'g] . 

• lnlk / ;flxTo lgdf{0f geO{ ;s]sf] / nf]kf]Gd"v ¿kdf /x]sf] 

efiffx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] nflu /fHon] ljz]if 

gLlt agfpg' kg]{ 

• cNk;+Vos efiffx¿sf] ;Dj4{gsf] nflu efiff k|lti7fg, efiff tflnd 

ljBfno tyf efiff ljZjljBfnosf] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ . 

• cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf] ;"rLdf c+u|]hL, lxGbL / ltAatL÷ lrlgofF efiff 

/flvg' kg]{ . 

• ;a}eGbf a9L hg;+Vofn] af]Ng] efiff s]Gb| / ;DalGwt k|b]zsf] 

;/sf/L efiff x'g'kg]{ 

• :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfgLo efiffsf] k|of]u 

• :jfoQ /fHox¿df af]lng] ;Dk'0f{ efiffx¿nfO{ k|fGtLo jf k|fb]lzs / 

:yfgLo ;/sf/x¿n] cfkm\gf] txdf sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] ¿kdf dfGotf 

k|bfg ug'{kg]{ 

• s'g s'g efiffnfO{ clwsf/Ls ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff, ;Dks{ efiff, 

/ laBfonosf] k7gkf7gsf] efiff agfpg] eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ 

:jfoQ /fHox¿ / ToxfFsf ;+;b / ;/sf/nfO{ x'g'kg]{ 

• ljleGg txsf ;+3Lo OsfO{x¿df ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff lgwf{/0f 

ubf{ To; ;+3Lo OsfO{df afx'Notf ePsf] efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] 

efiff agfpg' kb{5 . ;fy} To:tf ;+3Lo OsfO{x¿df ax'eflifs gLlt 

nfu' ug'{ kb{5 . 

• ;a} dft[efiff /fi6« efiff 

• ;a} k|b]zdf bf];|f] efiff g]kfnL /xg' kg]{ 

• o; d'n'sdf pTklQ ePsf ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6«efiff x'g' kb{5 . o; 

d'n'sdf pTklQ ePsf ;a}vfn] ;F:s[ltx¿ /fli6«o ;F:s[lt x'g' kb{5 . 

• g]kfnsf ;a} ;F:s[lt ;+:sf/x¿nfO{ ;"rLs[t ul/g' kb{5 . 

• nf]kf]Gd'v efiffx¿sf] nflu efiff lj1, a'l4hLjL / eflifs ;d'bfosf] 

ljrdf ;+/If0f Joj:yfsf] lgsfo u7g ug'{ kb{5 . -s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ 

k|d'vsf] xsdf lqeflifs Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 

• k|b]zdf ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] nflu k|fGt leqsf] jfx'No hfltsf] 

dft[efiff / /fli6«o efiff -g]kfnL_ x'g'kg]{ 

• k|fGtdf c+u|]hL / k|d'v hfltsf] efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff 

agfpg'kg]{ 

54




Nepal 

cf/If0f tyf ;sf/fTds 

lje]b;Fu ;DalGwt 

lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt 

• ;LdfGts[t ju{df k/]sf ljz]if ju{sf nflu cf/If0fsf] ;fy} 

;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Joj:yf 

• ;LdfGts[t ju{sf nflu sIff !@ ;Dd lgMz'Ns 

• k|fljlws lzIffdf ;dfg'kflts sf]6f 

• lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf dfgjLo cfwf/x¿df ;LdfGts[t ju{x¿sf] ;xh 

kx'Frsf] Joj:yf 

• vfg]kfgL, ;+rf/, :jf:Yo, ljB't cflbsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f 

• ei6frf/sf] cGTo 

• of}g b'/frf/ / oftgfsf] cGTo 

• k|lt:kwf{sf] l:yltdf gk'u'~h]n cNk;+Vos hfltnfO{ x/]s If]qdf 

sf]6f cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf clzlIft, ;LdfGts[t, cflbjf;L, hghfltsf] 

nflu ;Lkd"ns tflnd / /f]huf/Lsf] Uof/]06L 

• wgL / u/Lasf 5f]/f5f]/L aLr e]befj gx'g] ljBfnosf] :yfkgf 

• lk5l8Psf], blnt–hghflt, ckfË tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xnfO{ jflif{s 

5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf 

• hghflt, dlxnf, blnt, ckfËx¿nfO{ ljz]if lzIff / /f]huf/Lsf] 

cj;/ 

• pRr lzIff;Dd dft[efiffsf] dfWodaf6 lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfpg' 

kg]{ Joj:yf 

• dft[efiffdf k|fylds lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf 

• bf]xf]/f] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cGTo 

• lgDg dfWolds tx;Dd dft[efiffdf lzIff 

• j}1flgs tyf k|fljlws / Joj;flos lzIffsf] Joj:yf 

• k/Dk/fut ljifo, cEof;x¿, cg';Gwfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf] 

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 

55

Nepal 




!) /fi6«o lxtsf] ;+/If0f ;ldlt • /fli6«o lxtsf] kl/efiff ubf{ /fli6«o ;Ddfgsf] clej[l4, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, 

;fdflhs ;b\efj, /fhgLlts :yfloTj, ljZj zflGt, ul/aL lgjf/0f 

/ lje]b d'Qm ;dfhnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{ 

• /fli6«o lxtsf] ;Dj4{g ;/sf/sf ;a} txsf] lhDd]jf/L dfGg' kg]{ 

• zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'¥ofpg dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿sf] 

;dfof]hg Jojl:yt u/L g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L / g]kfn k|x/Ldf 

;dfj]zL l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t nf]stfGqLs/0f ul/g' kg]{ . 

• ;]gfsf] ;+Vof 36fpg' kg]{ . 

• !*–@) jif{ leqsf ;a}nfO{ ;}lgs tflndsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ . 

• ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ Joj:yflksfaf6 cg'df]bg ul/g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• ;]gf, k|x/Ldf etL{ ;dfg'kflts tyf ;dfj]zL cfwf/df x'g'kg]{ 

• ;}Go ;+Vof 36fpg] / zflGt If]qsf] 3f]if0ff 

• cGt/f{li6«o zflGt ;Demf}tf, k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] ;xdltdf s]Gb|Lo 

;/sf/n] ug]{ 

• c;dfg tyf lje]bk"0f{ ;GwL ;Demf}tfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L 

l;dfgfx¿sf] ;'/Iff Jojl:yt ul/g' kg]{ 

• ;a} ljb]zLnfO{ g]kfn k|j]zdf le;fsf] Joj:yf 

• xfn;Dd ePsf l;df;DaGwL ;lGwsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cGt/fli6«o 

l;df ;DalGwsf] lgod cg';f/ g]kfnsf] cGt/fli6«o l;dfÍg ul/g' kg]{ 

• ef/t;Fusf] c;dfg ;lGw vf/]h x'g' kg]{ . 

• ltAat;Fusf] ;Ldf ;'/Iff / gfsfsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ . 

• k|b]zn] cw{;}lgs ;'/Iff an tyf k|x/L /fVg kfpg' kg]{ 

• ;]gfdf ;a}sf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f x'g'kg]{ 

• /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] nflu j}slNks o'jf ;'/Iff an u7g ul/g' kg]{ 

56

{ 




Nepal 

k|:tfjgf 

Joj:yflksfaf6 agfOg] sfg"g;Fu ;DjlGwt 

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg;DjGwL 

;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd / ;'zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ;'emfjx¿ 

• ljljwtfdf Pstfsf] cjwf/0ff emlNsg] / g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ 

;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg agfpg], Gofo, eft[Tj, ;dfgtf, ;dfg cj;/ / 

Pstfk"0f{ ;dfhsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{ 

• ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ef}uf]lns ljljwtf ;DkGg g]kfnsf 

;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg gful/sx¿ ;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t\ hgrfxgf adf] 

lhd ;fdflhs, cfly{s, z}lIfs, /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;dfg cj;/ 

k|fKt ub}{, zflGt ;Dj[l4 tyf cu|ufdL cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;tkm{ 

pGd'v x'Fb} gful/s clwsf/ :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu ;a} hfthflt, ju{, 

;Dk|bfo aLr Pstf, eft[Tj / Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ h:tf 

s'/f n]lvg' kg]{ 

• d'n'sdf ljBdfg hftLo, juL{o, If]qLo, n}lËs ;d:of / lje]bk|lt 

kZrftfk ub} { hftLo lje]bnufotsf ;a} lsl;dsf lje]bx¿sf] pGd"ng 

u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfj]zL /fHo :yfkgf ug{ eg]/ pNn]v x'g' kg] { . 

• g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cleefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, wd{ lg/k]If / 5'jf5't 

d'Qm ;dfj]zL ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs /fHo eg]/ n]lvg' kg] { . 

• g]kfndf j;f]jf; ug]{ cflbjf;L, hghflt, lk5l8Psf] ju{, dlxnf / 

blntnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ;+jf]wg ug{' kg]{ 

• /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, cv08tf, ax'njfbL l;4fGt, d'n'ssf ;a} 

hfthflt, wd{ ;F:s[lt, efiff, e]ife"iff, ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / 

ljlzi6tfnfO{ c+uLsf/ ub}{ /fli6«o nf]uf], em08f cflbdf gful/ssf] 

ckgTj emNsfpg] x'g'kg]{ 

• blnt 5'jf5't d'Qm /fi6«sf] 3f]if0ff x'g'kg]{ 

• wd{ lg/k]If, hftLo :jzf;g ;lxtsf] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq pNn]v x'g'kg] 

• cjsf] g]kfn ;Dk"0f{ lsl;dsf] e]befj, lx+;f, c;dfgtfaf6 d'Qm 

3f]lift ul/g' kg]{ 

• n}lËs e]befjsf] cGTo 3f]if0ff ul/g' kg]{ 

• ;fdflhs ¿kn] lje]bdf k/]sf efiff tyf ;F:s[ltsf] /fHoaf6 ;+/If0f 

/ ;Dj4{gsf] s'g} Joj:yf gePsf] hflt lk5l8Psf] hflt dfGg' kg]{ 

• ;+ljwfgnfO{ …hgtfsf] sfg"gÆ sf] gfd lbg] 

• hftLo e]befj/lxt /fHo eg]/ ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf n]lvg' kg]{ 

• ;dfhdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf u/L clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Dj4{g 

ug{' kg]{ 

• g]kfnL qmflGtdf g]kfnL bfh' efO{sf] alnbfg ;Fu} lnDa'x¿n] klg 

/ut / kl/>dsf] jlnbfg lbb} cfPsf] x'Fbf ;f] sf] pNn]v x'g' kg]{ 

• ;+3Lo u0ftGq x'g' kg]{ 

• ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:ox¿af6 ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] 

k|fjwfg 

57

Nepal 




lzIff;DjGwL 

ls;fgsf] xslxt;DjGwL 

cGo 

• lzIff k|0ffnLdf nfO;]G; k|yfsf] cGTo 

• kf7\oqmddf ;a} vfn] ;F:s[ltsf] klxrfg tyf cl:tTjsf] dxTj 

emlNsg' kg]{ 

• ;'b[9 tyf k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff Joj:yf 

• k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos lzIffdf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf nflu 

lgMz'Ns / sf]6fsf] Joj:yf 

• j}1flgs hLjg pkof]uL / Jojxfl/s lzIff nfu" ug'{kg]{ 

• k|To]s k|b]zdf Ps ljZjljBfno 

• k|To]s uf=lj=;=df pRr dfWolds ljBfnosf] :yfkgf 

• gLlh tyf ;/sf/L ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf Ps¿ktf 

• ljBfno lzIffdf k|fylds b]lv pRr dfWolds txsf] lzIffdf g}lts 

lzIff /fli6«o txsf] ljifo ;d]6\g' kg]{ 

• s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f 

• s[lif afnLsf] nflu lap, dn nufot u|fdL0f If]qdf e08f/0fsf] 

Joj:yf 

• s[lifdf s'g} lsl;dsf] s/ vf/]h 

• s[lif C0f ;:tf] / sd Jofhdf lbnfpg] Joj:yf 

• dn, lapsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf cg';f/ l8kf]sf] Joj:yf 

• s[lif jhf/sf] Joj:yf / s[lif pTkfbgsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ;/sf/n] 

ul/lbg' kg]{ 

• s[lif af6f]sf] plrt Joj:yf 

• rSnfaGbL v]tLsf] Joj:yf 

• l;FrfO{sf] Joj:yf 

• s[lif k|fljlws tflndsf] Joj:yf 

• hUuf ljlxg clwof v]tL ls;fgnfO{ ljgf lwtf] s[lif C0f k|jfx 

• j}1flgs e"ld ;'wf/ 

• a;f]jf; tyf ef]urngsf] cfwf/df nfnk"hf{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ 

• Hofg ;DaGwL ck/fwdf ;hfo 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yfsf] cGTo x'g' kg]{ 

• bfOhf] k|yf k"0f{ ¿kdf pGd"ng ug'{ kg]{ 

• :jf:Yo, lzIff, oftfoft, vfg]kfgL, ljB't, ;+rf/ ;'ljwf ;j{;'ne 

tl/sfaf6 pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ 

• ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ ;d'bfonfO{ 

• /fli6«o lgs'~h;Fu hf]l8Psf If]qdf jGohGt'n] s'g} lsl;dsf] xfgL 

gf]S;fgL u/]df Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ 

58




Nepal 

dlxnf;DjGwL 

• /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf slDtdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf sfod 

ul/g' kg]{ . 

• dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;a} txdf %) k|ltzt hftLo cfwf/df cf/If0f 

ul/g' kg]{ . 

• dlxnf lx+;fsf] cGTo 

• dlxnfsf] nflu ue{b]lv aRrf hlGdbf ;Dd k|;'tL eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• lgMz'Ns k|;'lt ;]jf 

• k|;'lt ;]jf ufpF ufpFdf pknAwtf 

• dlxnf ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf 

• 5f]/LnfO{ lzIffdf ljz]if cj;/ 

• dlxnfnfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;Lkd"ns tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ 

• kLl8t dlxnfsf nflu kfos kg]{ Gofonosf] k|fjwfg / pgLx¿sf] 

nflu l56f]5l/tf] Goflos k|lqmof 

• dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfod"ns sfddf ;+nUg u/fpg' kg]{ 

• dlxnfx¿sf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] clwsf/ 

59

Nepal 




o'jf;DaGwL 

• !^ b]lv #%jif{ pd]/;Ddsf JolQmnfO{ o'jfsf ¿kdf klxrfg 

ul/g' kg]{ 

• o'jf dGqfno, o'jf cfof]u / o'jf ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf 

• /fhgLlts nIo k|flKtdf ;+nUg o'jfnfO{ nIo k|flKt kl5 /fHo 

;+/rgfdf plrt k|lltgLwTj u/fOg' kg]{ 

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/ pGd'v P]g, lgoddf ;+zf]wg u/L o'jfnfO{ :jb]zd} 

/f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ 

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] ;'/Iffdf ljz]if ;'/Iff gLlt ckgfpg' kg]{ / 

c;'/lIft /fi6«df /f]huf/L vf/]h ug{' kg]{ 

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] o'jfx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]06L lbg ;DalGwt 

b]zdf Ps÷Ps sfof{no vf]lng] 

• o'jfsf] nflu /fHon] ladf÷aLdfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ 

• ;dfhsf cw{ bIf, bIf, j]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ pBf]u wGbfdf #) 

k|ltzt ;xefuL u/fpg' kg]{ 

• ;'b"/ klZrdsf o'jf snfsf/x¿sf] snf / ;F:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ 

;Dj4{g ug{ s]Gb|Lo :t/df pgLx¿sf] k|lltgLwTjsf] Joj:yf 

• bnut tyf JolQmut :jfy{ k"lt{sf nflu o'jfx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug{ 

gkfpg] Joj:yf 

• ufpF ufpFdf o'jf ;"rgf s]Gb| h:tf ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf 

• v]ns"bsf] dfWodaf6 o'jfx¿nfO{ cGt/fli6«o klxrfg lbnfpg] 

vfnsf] Joj:yf 

• j]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• /fHosf] ;+/rgf /fhgLlts bn / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf o'jfx¿sf] 

nflu %) k|ltzt k|lltgLwTj 

• o'jf /f]huf/Lsf] nflu :jb]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] >[hgf 

• o'jfx¿nfO{ z}lIfs k|df0f kq lwtf] /fvL C0f k|jfx ug]{ Joj:yf 

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿sf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f 

• ljb]z hfg] hgzlQmsf nflu >dsf] plrt ;Demf}tf 

afnaflnsf;DaGwL • gfjfnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgfdf hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf, ;]gf, k|x/L / 

åG¢df k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf 

• c;fxo, ;':t, åG¢kLl8t, lj:yflkt / hf]lvddf k/]sf 

afnaflnsfnfO{ eljiosf nflu /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf 

• hfltut k/Dk/fsf] cfwf/df hGdb} aRrfnfO{ dfbs kbfy{sf] ;]jg 

ug]{ u/fpg] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo 

• c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:ylt, åG¢kLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf 

k/]sf afnaflnsfsf nflu /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf x'g'kg]{ 

• * jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] nflu vfhfsf] Joj:yf 

60




Nepal 

;'zf;g;DaGwL 

• ;fdflhs b'Jo{jxf/ / 3/fo;L lx+;f, h'jftf;, nfu"kbfy{ ;]jgsf] 

cGTo 

• cfw'lgs s[lif k|0ffnL / l;rfO{sf] ljsf; 

• s[ifsnfO{ ljgf lwtf] C0f 

• ;Lk cg';f/sf] sfdsf] cj;/ 

• pBf]uwGbfdf :yfgLo JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf 

• ;a}sf nflu ljB'tsf] clwsf/ 

• s[ifssf] nflu kz' hLjgsf] jLdf 

• Joj;flos / ;Lkd"ns tflnd / /f]huf/sf] Joj:yf 

• b]zdf /f]huf/sf] >[hgf / ljb]z knfognfO{ lg?T;fx 

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿sf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f 

• ljb]z hfg] hgzlQmsf nflu >dsf] plrt ;Demf}tf 

• bfOhf], ax'ljjfxnfO{ b08gLo agfpg' kg]{ 

• blnt ;d:of / u'gf;f] x]g{] sfof{nosf] Joj:yf 

• :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ cfkm\gf] If]qdf of]Uotf cg'¿k /f]huf/Lsf] 

ljz]if xs 

61

Nepal 




blnt 

• hftsf cfwf/df ul/g] e]befj / 5'jf5't lj?4 s8f ;hfosf] :ki6 

ls6fgL x'g'kg]{, To;nfO{ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw dfGg' kg]{ / To:tf 

ck/fwaf6 kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ 

• hn, hldg, hËn nufotsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t dfly blntx¿sf] kx'Fr 

• >d zf]if0fsf ¿kx¿ h:t} xlnof, sd}of, x¿jf, r?jf, afln3/], 

8f]nL, e"F8, l;gf] vfg] tyf km\FofSg], a]7j]uf/L, sDn/L k|yf / 

dw]zdf /x]sf] rf}sLbf/ k|yf nufot ;a} afFwf >d k|yfsf] 

pGd"ngsf] Uof/]06L 

• P;Pn;L pQL0f{ u/]sf blnt dlxnfsf nflu z}lIfs C0fsf] Joj:yf 

• /f;g sf8{sf] Joj:yf 

• Psn blnt dlxnfx¿sf] nflu ljz]if /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf 

• ;]gf, k|x/L, lghfdlt tyf lzIff ;]jf tyf ;+:yfg nufotsf If]qdf 

blntx¿sf] pDd]bjf/sf] xs cGo ;d'bfoeGbf % aif{ a9L sfod 

ug{'kg]{ 

• blnt ;d'bfonfO{ k|To]s /fhgLlts bndf slDtdf @) k|ltzt 

cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v x'g'kg]{ 

• Ps blnt kl/jf/ Ps /f]huf/ 

• blntx¿nfO{ x/]s If]qdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• blntx¿nfO{ pRr lzIff;Dd lgMz'Nssf] Joj:yf 

• dlxnf leq klg blnt dlxnfsf] ljz]if klxrfg ul/g' kg]{ . 

• blnt dlxnfx¿nfO{ /fHosf] c+ux¿df ;dfg ;xeflutf 

• blnt dlxnfdf lqkIfLo lje]bx¿ cGTo x'g' kg]{ 

• blnt dGqfnosf] Joj:yf 

• blnt ckfËsf] nflu eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• lghfdlt ;]jf, ;]gf, k|x/L nufot ;/sf/L ;]jfdf @) k|ltzt 

cf/If0f 

• lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] k"0f{ Uof/]06L 

• dGqLd08df blntsf] clgjfo{ ;xeflutf 

• 5'jf5't d'Qm /fi6« 3f]if0ff 

• 5l/P/ /x]sf j:tL PsLs[t u/L cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf 

• blntx¿sf nflu %) jif{b]lv g} j[4 eQf 

• gful/stfdf blnt gegL pgLx¿sf] y/ n]Vg kfpg' kg]{ 

• e"ldxLgsf blntsf nflu nfnk"hf{;lxtsf] e"ld 

• ufpF ufpFdf g} 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxfl/s ¿kdf cGTo x'g'kg]{ 

• cGt/hftLo ljjfxsf] k|f]T;fxg / ;+/If0f 

62




Nepal 

d]r] • d]r] hfltnfO{ clt ;LdfGts[t hfltsf] ¿kdf ;+ljwfgdf ;'lrs[t 

ul/of];\ 

• pgLx¿sf] efiff, ;F:s[lt, k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f ul/of];\ 

/fhj+zL • emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/LnfO{ ldnfP/ sf]lrnf jf lj/f6 k|b]zsf] :yfkgf 

ul/of];\ 

• t/fO{sf /fhj+zL nufot t/fO{sf cflbjf;Lx¿nfO{ !@ sIff;Dd 

lzIffdf lgMz'Nssf] Joj:yf xf];\ 

• hUufsf] dfq geO{ ;DklQsf] xbjGbL sfod ul/of];\ 

• v'Nnf l;dfgf aGb ul/of];\ 

tfhk'/Lof 

• sf]lrnf /fHosf] :yfkgf ul/of];\ 

• Joj:yflksf, dGqLkl/ifb, nufot /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfodf tfhk'/Lof 

;d'bfonfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/of];\ 

• tfhk'l/of nufot ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf 

xf];\ 

d'l:nd 

• d'l:nd cfof]usf] u7g xf];\ 

• Ob, jqmOb, df]x/ddf ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] Joj:yf xf];\ 

• d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] wd{ / k|rng cg';f/ tnfssf] dfGotf xf];\ 

• d'l:nd ;d'bfosf nflu cfkm\g} wd{ cg';f/sf] sfg"g dfGg kfpg] 

Joj:yf xf];\ 

• pb"{nfO{ /fli6«o efiffdf ;dfj]z ul/of];\ 

• d'l:ndnfO{ dlw;] xf]Og t/fO{ jf;L eg]/ ;Daf]wg ul/of];\ 

• /fHosf] ;a} c+udf logLx¿sf] k|lltgLwTjsf] nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf 

xf];\ 

• lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/sf If]qdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf xf];\ 

63

Nepal 




s0ff{nL If]q ;DalGwt • s0ff{nLnfO{ Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] :jfoQ k|b]z 3f]if0ff ug{' kg]{ 

• b'u{d tyf ;LdfGts[t If]q ljsf; cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs cfof]u 

agfpg' kg]{ . 

• ;+j}wflgs cfof]ux¿df s0ff{nLaf6 slDtdf !÷! hgf ;b:o /xg] 


• oftfoft tyf ;+rf/ ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt lhNnfsf] ;f+;b ;+Vof j[l4 

ul/g' kg]{ 

• s0ff{nLsf hgtfsf nflu lzIff, /f]huf/L, :jf:Yosf] clwsf/ 

• s0ff{nLsf nflu @% k|ltzt yk jh]6sf] Joj:yf ug{' kg]{ 

• s0ff{nL k|fb]lzs ljsf; cfof]u u7g ug{' kg]{ 

• s0ff{nL ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf 

• h'Dnf lhNnfnfO{ g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ud :ynsf]¿kdf klxrfg 

u/fpg] Joj:yf 

• l;+hf EofnLsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] Joj:yf 

• v; hfltnfO{ cflbjf;Lsf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/g'kg]{ 

• 5'jf5't, 5fpk8L, af]S;L h:tf ;fdflhs cGwljZjf;sf] cGTo 

ul/g'kg]{ 

• P]ltxfl;s l;+hf EofnL, dfg;/f]j/, s}nf;dfu{, /f/f tfn, kmf]S;f]08f] 

tfn / s0ff{nL If]qsf] ko{6sLo k|j4{gnfO{ ljsf; ug{' kg]{ 

• g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{df s0ff{nLsf] k|lltgLwTjsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• hl8j'6L hGo k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] hu]{gf / ljsf;sf] nflu pRr 

:t/Lo lgsfo s0ff{nL If]qdf :yfkgf ug{' kg]{ . 

• s0ff{nL If]qnfO{ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] If]qsf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ 

• /fhgLlts bnn] s0ff{nLsf hgtfnfO{ ljz]if sf]6f Joj:yf nfu" ug{' 

kg]{ 

ljljw • r]lnj]6L j]rljvg ug]{nfO{ d[To'b08sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ 

• ei6frf/ / kbsf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ cfhGd s}b 

• s[kfjfb, gftfjfb h:tf sfo{ ug]{nfO{ s8f ;hfo x'g'kg]{ 

• zx/L If]q eGbf u|fdL0f If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ 

• dflg; j]rljvg ug]{, bf; jf aGws agfpg]nfO{ s8f ;hfosf] 

Joj:yf 

• ei6frf/d'Qm /fi6« 

• lx+;f, xTof / cft+ssf] cGTo 

• kfFr jif{leq g]kfnsf ;a} uf=lj=;= j8fdf ljh'nL, ;8s k'¥ofpg] 

;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg 

• lg/If/tfd'Qm g]kfn 

64




Nepal 

cGo 

• ;f/Iftf cleofg 

• nf]8 ;]l8ª aGb x'g'kg]{ 

• P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ u/]sf ;a}nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf 

• b]zdf c/fhstf, aGb, x8tfn, b08lxgtf d+xuL h:tf ls|ofsnfksf] 

cGTo 

• u|fdL0f e]udf ljB'tLs/0f 

• Ps kl/jf/ Ps /f]huf/ 

• lj/f]wsf] ¿kdf aGb, x8tfn ug{ gkfpg] 

• zlxb kl/jf/nfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIff 

• /fHosf x/]s c+udf %) k|ltzt dlxnf k|lltgLwTj 

• 7"nf kf6L{sf eft[;Fu7gx¿sf] lj36g 

• @)^& ;fn h]7 !% ut];Dd gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eO;Sg' kg]{ 

• ljb]zLnfO{ g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug{ glbg] Joj:yf 

• jfnclwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt / afn dGqfnosf] :yfkgf 

• dhb"/x¿sf] >d zf]if0fsf] cGTo / pgLx¿sf kl/jf/nfO{ lzIff, 

:jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ 

• dhb"/L Hofnf b]ze/L g} ;dfg 

• clgjfo{ jfNo eQf 

• $) jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf Psn dlxnf jf k'?ifnfO{ eQfsf] Joj:yf 

• ljwjf, ljw'/ b'j}nfO{ eQf 

• x[bo3ft, SofG;/ nufot k|f0f3ft /f]usf] lgMz'Ns pkrf/ 

• # ;Gtfg eGbf a9L hGddf /f]s 

• e"ld dflysf] xbaGbL / k'glj{t/0f 

• lgMz'Ns ljh'nL 

• u/La hgtfx¿sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] :ki6 gLlt ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v 

x'g'kg]{ 

• r]nLj]6L j]rljvg, nfu" kbfy{ cf];f/–k;f/ ug]{nfO{ kmfF;L 

• anfTsf/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ d[To' b08sf] ;hfo 

• Hofg dfg]{nfO{ kmfF;Lsf] ;hfo 

65

Nepal 




66




Nepal 

g]kfnL 

;Gbe{;"rL 

vgfn, s[i0f -@)^$_, æ;ª\3Lo /fHo;+/rgf M dfGotf / cEof;Æ /fli6«o zflGt cleofgåf/f cfof]lht 

cGt/lqmofTds sfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kq . 

vgfn, s[i0f / s[i0f xf5]y' -@)^#_, nf]stGqsf] alnof] hgfwf/sf nflu ;+ljwfg;ef – Ps ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L, nlntk'/ M 

g]kfn ;d;fdlos cWoog s]Gb| . 

hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f]–klJns_, ;+ljwfg;efåf/f lgdf{0f ul/g] ;+ljwfgdf dlxnf xs clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu 

;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿sf nflu ;'emfjx¿, @)^% kmfu'g . 

lgjf{rg cfof]u -@)^$_, ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$, lgjf{rg cfof]usf] j]j;fO6 . 

g]kfn ckfË ;dfh, gofF ;+ljwfgsf nflu ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf] cfjfh, sf7df8f}+, @)^% . 

——————————— ægofF ;+ljwfgdf clgjfo{ n]lvg'kg]{ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf] ;jfnÆ 

g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)^#_, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}+M sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dGqfno, sfg'g lstfa 

Joj:yf ;ldlt . 

dL/]i6 g]kfn, dL/]i6 k|sfzg >[+vnf !( / @) hgtfsf] OR5fkq -b]zJofkL¿kdf ;+slnt hgtfsf ;'emfjdf cfwfl/t_, 

nlntk'/ . 

zflGt ;ldlt ;lrjfno -@)^#_, g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ePsf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Dwmf}tf 

@)^# -cg';"rLx¿;lxt_, sf7df8f}+ . 

zflGt ;lrjfno -@)^#), g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ePsf] xltof/ ;]gf Joj:yfkgsf] 

cg'udg ;Demf}tf @)^#, sf7df8f}+ . 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] nflu gful/s cleofg, g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgsf nflu ;'emfjx¿ -gful/s ;dfh tyf ljeGg ;+:yfx¿åf/f 

;+slnt_, sf7df8f}+M u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3sf] sfof{no -ldlt gv'n]sf]_ 

;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno, ;+ljwfg;ef lgofdfjnL, @)^% . 

;+ljwfg;ef ;xof]u ;~hfn -sf]sf;_, æ/fli6«o 3f]if0ff–kq ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf ju{sf clwsf/ / ;/f]sf/;DaGwL 

;jfnx¿Æ ldlt gv'n]sf] ck|sflzt k|lt . 

67

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c+u|]hL 

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