A Glossary of Constitutional Terms: English / Nepali

A Glossary ofConstitutional TermsLead Authors:Jill Cottrell (English) &Surya Dhungel (Nepali)Special Task Force:Kedar BhattaraiK.B. MaharjanPramilla GurungSristi VaidyaRam P. Humagai

PrefaceNew Approaches to Constitution DraftingNepal is at a critical juncture and is poised to debate about and drafta new constitution through a constituent assembly and to strengthenthe nation's commitment to the rule of law. While debating andconstitution making amount to political action, drafting a constitutionand its supporting laws are more technical processes, which are no lessimportant. So care must be taken while drafting a new constitution.Constitutions are legal texts and must be written in a style that isobjective, clear and precise. To reflect the intentions of the law makers,drafters of constitutions and other laws must understand the fullmeaning of legal terms and the implications that the words used will

AcknowledgementsThe International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance(International IDEA) is grateful to Yash Ghai, the inspiration behind theGlossary, for providing his expertise and for emphasizing the importance ofcreating accurate and standardized translations of constitutional terms.We are also grateful to Mohan Banjade, Secretary of the Nepal LawCommission, for the advice he gave us in the course of developing thisGlossary.Thanks are due to Ganesh Bhurtel, Manju Rana, Shiva Acharya, UshaTitikshu, Guna Raj Luintel, Badri Bishal Bhattarai, Puskar Mathema,Loknath Sangraula, Mukti Rijal, Sunil B. Pant, Khushee P. Tharu, MitraPariyar, Dip Magar, Manoj Karki, Shaligram Subedi, Basanta Subba,Bidhya Nath Bhurtel, Surendra Nepali, Hari Prasad Sitaula, Kedar Bhattari,Pramilla Gurung, Sristi Vaidya, K.B. Maharjan and Ram P. Humagai. Theircontribution to the making of the Glossary has been invaluable.

IntroductionThe Peculiarities of English Constitutional LanguageTranslators wrestling with the mysteries of English constitutionallanguage are unlikely to find their task much lightened by explanationson why some of the peculiarities exist, but explanations like thefollowing might at least help them better understand the rationalefor the use of such language.The Force of TraditionThere are a number of traditional approaches to drafting any legaldocuments, especially laws, which continue to affect the form oflaws. Some of the most pervasive influences are the avoidance ofpunctuation, the use of long sentences, the use of sexist language,the use of conservative and cautious language, the use of preciselanguage, the use of archaic language and the use of Latinateterms.IA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

Avoidance of PunctuationDrafters of legal texts often avoid relying on punctuation to get theirmessage across, and this practice sometimes extends to avoidingvirtually all punctuation except the full stop. One reason for this wasthat earlier, there were no specific rules of grammar, spelling andpunctuation. The other reason was that printers were unreliable, aswas their equipment in some cases. Even today, there are reasonsfor not relying too heavily on punctuation to convey meaning.First, even with rules about punctuation, modern standards ofpunctuation are not good and are, perhaps, getting worse, thanks toa general lack of rigour in thinking. Second, if someone has to gettheir meaning across without relying on punctuation they will haveto think, and think clearly, about what they want to say.We find this propensity for drafting without the aid of punctuationamong legal experts even today. For example, the Arizona LegislativeBill Drafting Manual, 2006 version 1 , says, 'A properly drafted billrequires little punctuation.' Nowadays, legal writers prefer, instead,the use of short sentences—not the long sentences withoutpunctuation, so often found in the past.The Use of Long SentencesIIAnother custom is to have only one sentence in a section, clause orsubsection. The custom of using long sentences was prevalent incountries that opted for 'common law' (the system which originatedin England and came to Nepal partly through India) but not incountries like France, which follow the 'civil law' tradition. Today,however, even in countries that follow the legislative tradition ofthe Common Law, this custom is breaking down.A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

Although enormously long sentences are hard to understand, evenif properly punctuated, it is not always possible to use very shortsentences. In order to aid comprehension, constitutions have startedusing sections or articles with many levels of subdivision. Here isan example (from the Constitution of Papua New Guinea):2. If—a. there is a vacancy in the office of Governor-General; orb. the Governor-General is suspended from office; orc. the Governor-General is—i. on leave of absence; orii. absent from the country; oriii. out of speedy and effective communication; oriv. otherwise unable to perform, or is not readily availableto perform, the duties of his office,the Speaker is, subject to Subsection (3), the Acting Governor-General.This is the work of a great drafter, Jo Lynch. Although the sentenceis long, and may put off the ordinary reader, the text is very clear,These days, drafters might even go so far as to invert the entirearticle so that the point of the thing is clear at the beginning of thearticle:(1) In the circumstances listed in clause (2) the Speakeracts as Governor-GeneralIII(2) The circumstances referred to in clause (1) are…A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

The Use of Sexist LanguageAnother aspect of legal writing, influenced by the drafting tradition,might lead readers to wonder whether the law has anything to sayabout women. In most legal documents, one finds only 'man', 'he','him' and 'his.' The reason for this preponderance of male-centricwords is probably that (apart from the fact that all laws were madeby men) women had effectively no legal rights when early lawswere drafted, and they had fewer opportunities to benefit from, orto infringe on, the law. Early laws dealt with protecting the king'sforests and game against poachers (probably men), with property(owned by men) and so on. Sexism in the English language is amuch noticed phenomenon—even today, it is common to hearpeople assume that a lawyer or a doctor will be a man, and oneroutinely hears people say 'boys' when referring to a class of lawstudents, even if quite a lot of them are women!—so maybe legallanguage is also one more manifestation of that inherent sexismin the language. To remedy the situation in legal texts, drafterseventually used the statutes themselves to clarify that 'man' includes'woman' (giving rise to what would probably now be considered apolitically incorrect joke told to all incoming law students: 'man'embraces 'woman').Conservative and Cautious LanguageIVLawyers are rarely among the more radical members of society,and drafters are probably among the more conservative of lawyers(there are always exceptions, of course). So lawyers tend to err onthe side of caution—caution in terms of innovation and caution interms of trying to make sure that nothing is left out. We even haveA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

a phrase in Latin about being overcautious: 'ex abundanti cautela'or 'out of an abundance of caution'—used when a court feels theneed to say that a word or phrase adds nothing (which goes againsta basic principle of statutory interpretation that meaning must begiven to each word or phrase).But one should not assume too easily that the seeming verbosity inlegal texts is the result of drafters being too cautious. Look at this(also from the Constitution of Papua New Guinea): 'the privileges,powers, functions, duties and responsibilities of the Head ofState may be had, exercised and performed through a Governor-General.' If one analyzes the import carried by the apparentlysynonymous words used here—privilege, power, function, dutyand responsibility—one will realize that these words have differentshades of meaning; Lynch was acting out of caution, not out of anexcess of caution.ArchaismLegal language can also seem odd to many readers because draftersreuse old words. Archaic words live on in statutes. There are allsorts of old-fashioned turns of phrase that survive in law, and inlaws, that one will not find anywhere else:the said Council;pursuant to an order;gross misconduct;as soon as may be;effluxion of time, etc.VA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

Another is the word 'deemed': for example, 'a person shall not bedeemed to hold an office of profit in the service of the republic byreason only that he is a president' means that something is treatedfor legal purposes as having a certain quality, even though thismay not in fact be the case; in this example it means that althoughthe president holds an office, and receives an income, he or sheis not to be treated as holding 'an office of profit' (which wouldhave certain constitutional consequences). A fictitious judge in thebook written in the1930s said, 'There is too much of this damneddeeming.' Unfortunately, this ridicule has had little effect.PrecisionVIPrecision in drafting, which, as Yash Ghai has said, requiresconsistency in translation, is extremely crucial. Among those wordsthat are very important are 'shall' and 'may.' 'Shall' is the correctfirst person singular or plural of the verb 'to be', which impliessimple prediction ('Tomorrow I/we shall go to the market'). Thesecond or third person equivalent is 'will' (He will go to the market).Laws speak only in the third person; if they say 'He shall…' it isan instruction. 'The government shall' means 'The governmentmust' or a little less abruptly 'the government has an obligation to.''May' implies a choice or discretion. Unfortunately, because of theimprecise use of words by some legal drafters, courts have beencompelled to decide in some cases that 'shall' means 'may' or 'may'means 'shall' !Sometimes lawyers or non-lawyers become over-enthusiastic aboutlegal language. For example, in Johannesburg Airport (I think)there is a sign that says if passengers break some rule 'they shall beA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

prosecuted'! That suggests that the perpetrators have a duty to beprosecuted. That sign should actually say, 'They will be prosecuted'.The importance of words like 'shall' can also be illustrated by thisstory about the Kenyan Constitution. The Kenyan ConstituentAssembly members, charged with drafting a new Constitution,had the difference between 'shall' and 'may' drilled into them bylegal advisers but rejected 'must' as not being legal enough. Havingaccepted that 'may' implies that someone has a choice, they wouldnot accept 'no person may' (which means that no one has anyoption to; in other words, they must not) and insisted on 'no personshall.'What is a translator working on the new Nepali Constitutionto do about 'shall'? It is not for the translator to make decisionsabout the legal meaning of something. There being no distinctionin Nepali similar to that between 'the government will' and 'thegovernment shall' in English, it would be best to use whatever hasbecome customary in Nepali legal language to reflect 'shall' whenthat is found in English. 'May' should be translated by a word thatindicates a choice or discretion.Other examples of slightly—but perhaps importantly—differentphrases are:In consultation with;After consultation with;On the recommendation of;With, and in accordance with, the advice, as in 'The head ofstate shall act only with, and in accordance with, the adviceof the National Executive Council' (from the Papua NewGuinea Constitution again).VIIA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

Drafters usually stick with the older phrases and words like thoseabove because if a word in a statute has been interpreted by a court,drafters and lawyers will assume that the word will be given thesame meaning by a later court, at least when dealing with a statuteon a similar topic. This practice of using old language tends toperpetuate somewhat out of date English.LatinismEnglish law is not much based on Roman law, but because of Englishhistory rather a lot of Latin phrases (and occasionally mediaevalFrench phrases) appear in law, though less often in statutes. Amongthese are:ad hoc (which means literally 'to that' and refers to a body or a rulefor a particular occasion, like an ad hoc committee set up for aparticular matter);habeas corpus (which means 'may you have the body' and refers to aspecific legal procedure to investigate a suggestion that a person isdetained against the law);nolle prosequi (which means 'do not prosecute' and is a special processin some countries under which prosecutions for criminal cases arestopped);VIIIquo warranto (which means 'by what warrant or permission' andrefers to a specific legal procedure in the Supreme Court broughtinto Nepal from India, a procedure abolished in the mid-twentiethcentury in England).A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

Fortunately for translators, no new Latin phrases of this sort are verylikely to come into Nepali law, as no new Latin phrases are beingcoined in English law and the use of Latin is being reduced. So, ifneed be, they can refer to well-established existing translations.However, translators should be aware that there are certain phrasesroutinely used in English legal language with a technical depth ofmeaning that is not overtly obvious, and they should thus translateaccordingly:For example, 'The Supreme Court shall be a court ofrecord' should not be translated literally (it's meaninglessanyway). Nor should it be translated as 'the Supreme Courtshould keep records.' This is a technical phrase and careshould be taken to find the most appropriate translation.'If a senator becomes subject to any of the disabilitiesmentioned in the last preceding section' does not mean ifthe senator breaks a leg ! The disabilities are legal disabilities(probably like being bankrupt or convicted of a criminaloffence).Light at the End of the Tunnel?Modern trends are, encouragingly, towards greater simplicity. Thereis a movement for clear and straightforward use of English inlegal and public contexts. (See, for example, the website of Clarityand 'Fight the Fog' campaign—http://www.clarity-international.net/—and that of the European Union Translators 'Fight theFog' campaign—http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/clear_writing/fight_the_fog_en.pdf 2 .)IXA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

Various courses in simple legal language are being offered anddrafting traditions are beginning to change. 'Must' (not 'shall') isbeing used. Drafters avoid saying 'he' or even 'he or she' and use aplural pronoun 'they' instead. Sentences are becoming shorter. See,for example, the Constitution of South Africa:1. The Republic of South Africa is one, sovereign,democratic state founded on the following values:Human dignity, the achievement of equality and theadvancement of human rights and freedoms.Non-racialism and non-sexism.Supremacy of the Constitution and the rule of law.Universal adult suffrage, a national common voters' roll,regular elections and a multiparty system of democraticgovernment, to ensure accountability, responsivenessand openness.3… (3) National legislation must provide for theacquisition, loss and restoration of citizenship.It even says 'women and men' when talking of office holders, ratherthan 'persons' or 'citizens'; it certainly never uses 'he' to include'she'!XOf course, these developments are of little help to the translator,who must either use the words/phrases traditionally used totranslate particular usages or must choose words whose meaningsare as close as possible to that of the original. Translators should notA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

e tempted to use 'differently-abled' if the original says 'disabled' or'he and she' if the original says 'he,' or even 'women and men' if theoriginal says 'men and women.' And care must be taken to translatethe same word or phrase in the same way every time; especially ifit is already used in the same document. It may be poor literarystyle to repeat oneself, but in law it is a virtue to use the same wordif one means the same thing (and a different word if one meanssomething different!).In conclusion, this article does not claim to have even begun to findall the words that one needs to translate from English to Nepali (orvice versa). Explanations for other phrases in English can be foundon the net at sites like the Lawyers.com website http://reseach.lawyers. com/glossary/. The findings should be used with care,though. This is an American site, and the same word may havedifferent meanings in English and American law.Jill Cottrell1Available on the Internet at http://www.azleg.state.az.us/alisPDFs/council/bdmwog2006.pdf2I particularly liked p. 11 of this document, which suggests alternatives to variousAnglo/French words that Eurocrats and other people in love with the EU seemunable to avoid.XIA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

Constitutional Terms*Signifies that the word or phrase occurs in the official translation of the NepaliConstitution, 1990; n. = noun; conj. = conjunction; adj. = adjective; adv. = adverb;vi. = intransitive verb; vt. = transitive verb; L = Latin; C = Constitution.An underlined word or phrase indicates a synonym or something close to asynonym.Prepositions in square brackets must accompany the English word.A word or phrase in round brackets in column 2 is an explanation or furtherexplanation.A word or phrase in quotation marks indicates a concrete illustration of usage.English Example/explanation g]kfnL1. abolish vt. Do away with (usually in a legal sense,one would abolish an institution, not abuilding or a law)pGd"ng1A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

A2. abrogate vt. Bring to an end (usually a law) vf/]h ug'{ -jf /2ug'{, k|foM sfg'gLcy{df_3. acquisition n. Getting possession or ownership ofsomething (e.g. citizenship or propertyor a skill, etc.)4. accede [to] vt. Agree to (a request); become party toa treatyk|flKt5. accession [to]* n. The act of becoming party to ;lDDfng;lDdng ug'{-;lGw cg'df]bgsf];Gbe{df_26. [in] accordance[with] n.'In accordance with' (law or view, etc.)means in compliance with7. according [to] In C, used like 'in accordance with';in other contexts it can mean 'it or hestates…'8. accordingly adv. 'The text has been amendedaccordingly' means because of and inaccordance with9. accountability n. A requirement to offer explanationfor an action; responsibility for one'saction (implies there is someone towhom one is responsible)s'g} lrhåf/fclwsf/ ;DkGg ug'{-cg'?k_cg';f/To;/L g}, adf]lhdhjfkmb]xLA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

10. accountable [to]adj.A slightly imprecise word implyingthat a person/body must report to,and may even be penalized by anotherperson/body: 'Members of theCabinet are accountable to Parliament'hjfkmb]xL-JolQmut_,pQ/bfoL -;+:yfut_A11. accuse vt.(accusation n.)To state that a person has donesomething wrong or unlawful (not atechnical or legal word)cf/f]k nufpg'-lqm=_,bf]iff/f]k0f -gf=_12. achievement n. Something achieved; the process ofachievement13. Act n. Statutes (used in the UK and manyother countries 'Citizenship Act', etc.)and also 'an Act'14. Act of God n.phraseA natural and unavoidable event thatis beyond human control15. ad hoc* L For particular purpose only: 'an adhoc committee'16. administration n. In the abstract sense, the process ofrunning a system; an organization;a structure for running something:'administration of justice'; 'nationaland provincial state administrations';'experience of administration'pknlAwP]geljtJoc:yfoL -;+ljwfgsf]k|of]u_, tby{-;fdfGo cy{df_k|zf;g3A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

A17. administration,public n.Either sense of 'administration' usedin relation to running public affairsand institutions18. administrator n. A person involved in administration;a specific office title; in a narrowlegal sense (less likely in C), a persondealing with the property of a personwho died without leaving a will19. admission n. The act of agreeing that one hasdone something (usually somethingnot good); (more likely in C) allowingevidence to be used in a case20. admonish vt. Warn (often used in the senseof warning a person about theirbehaviour)hgk|zf;gk|zf;s:jLsf/f]lQmgl;xt421. adopt vt. 'Adopt a child' means to legallybecome a parent of the child; 'adoptpolicy, etc.' means agree to and act inaccordance with22. adoptive adj. 'Adoptive parent ' (contrast with'adopted child')u|x0f -wd{k'q÷k'qLu|x0f ug]{cy{df_, :jLsf/-gLlt÷sfo{qmdsfof{Gjogsf nflu_wd{dftf÷lktf23. adult n. and adj. Grown up AfflnuA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

24. advance vi. and vt. Make progress, move forward orcause to move forward: 'advance theinterests of…'25. advancement n. Improvement, progress, promotionin life or causing to move forward:'advancement of the interests ofmarginalized communities'k]ZsL, k|ult -gf=_,k]ZsL lbg' -jf cufl8a9\g'_ -lqm=_;d'GgltA26. adversely adv. Unfavourably or negatively: 'adverselyaffected by…'27. advice n. An opinion offered in relation to whatanother person ought to dok|lts"n¿kn] -jfgsf/fTds¿kn]_;Nnfx28. advise vt. To give or offer advice ;Nnfx lbg'29. advocacy n. Providing support for a cause;the profession or work of an advocate(lawyer)30. advocate vt. and n. (v.) A person speaking or advocating infavour of a cause; (n.) a lawyer qualifiedto plead cases before higher courts31. affairs n. Business of any kind (commercial,professional or governmental): 'localgovernment affairs'; 'foreign affairs'32. affirmation n. Asserting something strongly; (morelikely in C) the equivalent of an oathbut involving no religious elementjsfnts'g} ljifoj:t'jf d'2fsf kIfw/,clwjQmfdfldnfclek'li65A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

A33. agency n. An entity or organization providingspecified service or having certainresponsibilities: 'government agency';(less likely in C) used as an abstractnoun: 'through the agency of'34. agent n. A technical, legal word for a personacting on behalf of another; nontechnicalsense: 'agent of a foreignpower'; used of a thing or abstraction:'agent of change'35. aggregation n. The act of gathering together (e.g.the act of states gathering to make afederation)36. allegation n. Statement that someone has donesomething (usually a wrongful act)lgsfo -jf ;+:yf_clestf{;di6Ls/0fcf/f]k37. allege vt. To make an allegation cf/f]k nufpg'38. allegedly adv. Refers to the person or the act: 'Xallegedly committed an offence'cf/f]k0f639. allegiance n. The loyalty that citizens owe to cf:yftheir country (or subjects to theirsovereign)40. allow vt. Permit cg'dlt lbg'41. allowance n. A sum paid (usually to coverexpenses)kfl/>lds -jf eQf_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

42. alter vt. Make changes; modify abNg'43. amend vt. To change (a legal document,including a constitution)44. amendment* n. Change or addition to a documentor legal provisions: 'constitutionalamendment';+zf]wg ug'{;+zf]wgA45. amenities n. Things or facilities that add to physicalor material comfort46. amnesty n. An official act of forgiving convicts orsuspects (used when forgiving a grouprather than an individual)47. ancestral adj. Relating to ancestors (family forbears):'ancestral home'48. annexure n. An extra part of a document (addedafter the main part)49. apparent adj. Clear or obvious (a secondarymeaning suggests superficialappearance; something that may notbe real). 'Heir apparent' means theobvious heir (to the throne);'v;'ljwfsf ;fwgcfddfkmLk}t[scg';"rL:ki6tM750. apparently adv. Unmistakably; plainly :ki6¿kn]A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

A51. appeal n. and vi. (n.) A call for help; (more likely) moveto reverse a court's decision; (vi.)'appeal' [to] could mean to seek helpor to take a case to a higher court52. appellate adj. Pertaining to appeal (in a high levelcourt)53. Appellate Court*n. phraseIn Nepal, the court between DistrictCourts and the Supreme Court.Elsewhere, and with no initial capitals,it would mean simply a court whichhears appeal casesk'g/fj]bg -gf=_,k'g/fj]bg ug'{-lqm=_k'g/fj]bg -dflyNnf]cbfntsf] ;Gbe{df_k'g/fj]bg cbfnt54. applicable adj. Capable of being applied; relevant to k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]855. applicant n. Those who have applied (for certainposts); (more likely in C) those whoapply for a legal remedy in the court56. application n. Action of applying (usually in thecourt for a remedy)57. appoint vt. To designate a person to carry out atask or hold a position58. appointed adj. Designated for a task or post;'appointed day' means day fixed for apurposelgj]bs-jf cfj]bs_lgj]bg-jf cfj]bgkq_lgo'Qm ug'{-jf ;do÷:yfglgwf{/0f ug'{_lgo'Qm-jf :yfg÷;dolgwf{l/t_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

59. appointment n. An act of nominating or appointingfor a post, etc.60. appropriate vt. To allocate money or goods to apurpose or to take for one's own use(suggesting improperly) (unlikely)61. appropriation n. (Most likely) the act of allocatingpublic money to a purposelgo'lQm -jf ;dojf :yfgsf] lgwf{/0fug]{ sfd_ljlgof]hg ug'{-ah]6 afF8kmfF8sf];Gbe{df_ljlgof]hgA62. AppropriationAct* n. phraseAn Act that allocates public money(as part of the annual governmentbudgeting process)ljlgof]hg P]g63. approval n. The act of approving cg'df]bg-jf :jLs[lt_64. approve vt. To permit or endorse authoritatively:'approve an appointment'65. arbitrary adj. At one's own will or pleasure; with nogood reason66. arrest n. and vt. (n.) Restraint on a person's liberty (bythe police or a person with authorityor even a private citizen, usually fora crime or suspected crime). Literalmeaning is 'stop'cg'df]bg ug'{-jf :jLs[t ug'{_:j]R5frf/Llu/k\mtf/L -gf=_,kqmg' -lqm=_9A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

A67. article n. The main element of a constitution(equivalent to a section in an ordinarystatute. See appendix)68. ascend vi. 'Ascend to the throne' means becomethe monarch69. assent* vi. and n. To agree; (n) the expression ofagreement; in C, often used in thesense of approval of legislation by thehead of state70. association n. An organization (usually nongovernmental)or being associatedwith71. attainment n. Achievement (referring either toachievement of a goal or generallyto abilities); 'attainment of majority'become an adult (Note: in this usage,achievement would not be a synonym,as achievement suggests one's ownefforts)wf/f -;+ljwfgsf]_u2L cf/f]x0f:jLs[lt -gf=_,:jLs[lt k|bfg ug'{-lqm=_;+:yfk|flKt-jf jo:stfdfk|j]z_1072. attend adj. To present oneself; to be there:'attend Parliament'pkl:yt x'g'-jf ;xefuL x'g'_73. attendance n. The act of attending pkl:ylt -jf;xeflutf_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

74. Attorney-General*n. phraseThe chief legal adviser of the statedxfGofoflwjQmfA75. Attorney n. A practising lawyer; a legalprofessional of a particular type76. audit* n. and vt. (n) The act of examining, etc.; (vt.) toexamine and verify accountssfg'g Joj;foL -jfjlsn_n]vfk/LIf0f -gf=_,n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{-lqm=_77. audited vt. Accounts officially examined n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf]78. Auditor-General*n. phrase79. autonomousregion n. phraseThe chief auditing authority of a stateA region having certain independentgoverning powersdxfn]vf k/LIfs:jfoQ If]q80. autonomy n. A situation of having certainindependent powers (in the case of agovernment or region):jfoQtf81. authenticated* vt. Officially validated (of document) cflwsfl/s -jfk|dfl0fs_82. authorize vt. To permit or to give the right to takeactionclwsf/ k|bfg ug'{1183. authorities n. Officials or bodies with official powers clwsf/Lx¿A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

B84. authority n. A person with official power;legally obtained power to act;(unlikely in C) person with influence,especially by virtue of knowledge: 'heis an authority on constitutional law'85. bad faith* n. Opposite of good faith; not honest(used in reference to specifictransaction): 'acted in bad faith'86. ballot n. Electoral procedure of secret voting;the actual voteclwsf/ablgotdtbfg87. ballot paper n.phraseA formal paper prepared forexercising voting rightsdtkq88. behalf [of] n. In place of… (as representative of …) tkm{af689. beneficial adj. Advantageous; having a useful effect;'beneficial ownership' (technical, legalterm) means ownership90. benefit n. Advantage: 'benefits of office';'benefits of citizenship'nfebfoLnfe1291. bicameral adj. Consisting of two chambers (referring b'O{;bgfTdsto the legislature)92. Bill* n. Draft law presented to the legislature ljw]osfor enactment93. binding* adj. Placing a legal obligation on afWosf/L -;fdfGocy{df_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

94. board n. A group of people controlling acompany or organization95. bodies n. Legal or constitutional entities createdfor a specified purpose96. boundaries n. Dividing lines; lines that markthe limits (in C, usually relates toboundaries of a country, state,election district, etc.)97. breach vt. Breaking an understanding, agreementor law98. breach ofprivilege* n. phraseBreaking of special protection (forparliamentarians or others);ldlt -;~rfns;ldlt_lgsfo -jfcfof]u÷;ldlt_l;dfgfeª\u ug'{ljz]ifflwsf/ xggB99. budgetary adj. Pertaining to income and expenditure ah]6;DaGwL100. budgeting vt. Providing money for a purpose lgwf{l/t sfdsfnflu /sd jf ah]65'6\ofpg'101. budget n. Plans and estimates of income andexpenditure102. by-law n. Rule made by a local body or council(or possibly a public corporation)under authority of a statute103. cabinet n. Used in some countries to mean'Council of Ministers'ah]6 -;/sf/sf]cfoJoosf] cg'dfg_ljlgoddlGqkl/ifb\ -jfdlGqd08n_13A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

C104. calling n. A strong urge to a particularprofession. Often used simply tomean occupation. In the SouthAfrican Constitution, used in the oath:'high calling of President…'(Present participle of 'call' and can beused simply: 'calling an election')105. campaign n. A series of planned activities (oftenfor winning support in elections)106. candidate n. A person offering themselves for aposition by election/appointment107. capital punishmentn. phraseThe punishment of killing a guiltyperson; death penalty108. casting vote* vt. Decisive vote cast by a chairperson(used in case of a tie)109. castes n. Social divisions of a rigid kind (inC would refer to the Hindu varnasystem)k]zf -jf Joj;fo_cleofgpDd]bjf/d[To'b08lg0ff{os dthft14110. censored* vt. Critically examined (with theimplication that something, speech orwriting, etc. has not been permitted)111. censorship n. The act of censoring k|ltaGwk|ltalGwt-k"j{k|ltaGwsf];Gbe{df ;+ljwfgsf]k|of]u_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

112. censure vt. and n. Reprimand bf]if nufpg'-jf lgGbf ug'{_113. Chairman* n. A person heading (chairing) acommittee or body; but nowconsidered sexist and thus usuallyavoided114. Chairperson n. A person (man or woman) chairing afunction or body115. chapter n. Division of a book or constitution(see appendix)116. charge vt. An allegation of unacceptableconduct; allegation of (technical, legalterm) commission of crime117. Chief Justice* n.phrase118. Chief Secretary* n.phraseThe head of the judiciaryThe chief of the executive secretariesor government secretariat119. citizen* n. A person possessing citizenship/nationality120. citizenship n. Nationality; the state of being acitizen121. civil adj. (In relation to law) not criminal;relating to civiliancWoIf -jf ;efklt_;efgfos-jf cWoIf_cWofocleof]u -jf cf/f]k_k|wfg GofofwLzd'Vo ;lrjgful/sgful/stfgful/s -jflghfdtL_15CA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

C122. civilian n. A person not serving in the armed orpolice forces123. civil society n. Members of a community organizedfor non-official purposes, into clubs,societies and less formal groupsu}/;}lgs-jf ;j{;fwf/0f_gful/s ;dfh124. coat-of-arms n.phraseSymbols of the state, families, etc.;design depicted on a shieldlgzfgf 5fk125. coexistence n. Existing peacefully together ;xcl:tTj126. collective n. andadj.(n.) Organization for work, etc. basedon common ownership by the workers;(adj.) of all ( e.g. 'collective will');fd"lxs127. collective bargainingn. phraseNegotiation between employer andtrade union;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL128. come [into force]*vi.Become legally effective (used of lawor C)nfu' x'g] jf sfof{Gjogx'g] ;do jf ldlt-;+ljwfgsf] k|of]u…k|f/De x'g]Ú_16129. command* n. andvt.An authoritative order; mandate;control over the military or police;(vt.) to exercise control; to issue anorderlgoGq0f -jf cfb]z_-gf=_,k|fKt ug'{ -ax'dtk|fKt ug]{ ;Gbe{df;+ljwfgsf] k|of]u_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

130. Commander-in-Chief* n. phrase131. commands amajority* vt.The chief of the armed forcesA political leader or a person whois supported by the majority (oflegislature or other group)k|wfg ;]gfkltax'dtsf] ;dy{gk|fKtC132. commencement n. Beginning or coming into legal effect(of a law or provision)133. commission n. Authority to perform an actor exercise powers: 'a militarycommission' means conferring therank of an officer; a body of personscharged with some specific functions;positive act (as opposed to not doingsomething, which would be an act ofomission)k|f/De -jf ;'?cft_cfof]u, s'g} sfdul/lbPjfkt kfpg]/sd -sld;g_134. Commission forthe Investigationof Abuse ofAuthority* n.phraseA constitutional body created toinquire into and investigate improperconduct or corruption by publicofficialsclVtof/ b'¿kof]ucg';Gwfg cfof]u135. commissioner* n. An official member duly appointed toa commission (often a constitutionalbody)cfo'Qm17A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

C18136. committee* n. A body of persons appointed orelected for performing specified tasks;may be a small group within a largerbody137. communal adj. Of a group/community: 'communalsentiments'138. community n. A group of people living in aparticular local area; a group ofpeople having common ethnic orcultural or religious characteristics.Can be used to refer to a nationas a whole; 'the community'; the'international community'; a formalgrouping of nations: the 'EuropeanCommunity'139. commute* vt. Change (a sentence for a crime to alesser sentence. The change is carriedout by the administrative authority,not a court)140. compensation n. The act of compensating for loss orinjuries141. complainant n. A person who makes a formalaccusation in a court of law (usuallyof a crime by another);ldlt;fDk|bflos;d'bfo-jf ;Dk|bfo_kl/jt{g -;hfo36fpg] ;Gbe{df_Ifltk"lt{ph'/jfnf -jf jfbL_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

142. comply vt. Act in accordance with a request orrule143. compulsoryservice* n. phraseService that must be peformed (oftenrefers to military service)144. concurrence n. Agreement: 'with the concurrenceof …'145. concurrent adj. At the same time as; 'concurrentsentences' means sentences imposedfor more than one offence are to beserved at the same time146. concurrent powern.Power given to governments of boththe national and constituent units in afederation147. confer [on] vt. To give a degree, title or privilege: 'anhonour was conferred on…'; 'X wasconferred with a degree…'148. confederation n. A union of states that are under lesscontrol from the national governmentthan a federation would be149. confidential adj. Refers to information or documentswhich should not be divulgedkfngf ug'{ -jfcg'¿k sfo{ ug'{'_clgjfo{ ;]jf;xdlt;djtL{-jf ;Fu;Fu}_;dfgfGt/ clwsf/pkflw jf ;'ljwfk|bfg ug'{;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdfcfj4 :jtGq PsfOuf]Ko -jf uf]kgLo_19C150. consensus n. A general agreement about something ;xdltA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

C151. consent n. and vi. (n) Permission to do something; (vi)permit or agree that something shouldhappen: 'consent to son's marriage'152. consideration n. Giving thought to: 'consideration ofissues' (singular only); factor(s) takenaccount of: 'policy consideration(s)':something given by each side to acontract in return for what the otherside gives or does (technical, legal useunlikely in C);DdltWofg -jf ljrf/_,;DalGwt s'/fnfO{Wofgdf /flvPsf]-jf ljrf/fwLg_153. considered (pastparticiple ofconsider)Carefully taken into account or basedon careful consideration: 'consideredopinion'Wofg jf ljrf/k'¥ofOPsf]154. considering Taking something into account ljrf/ ub}{20155. consider vt. Think about; take a view: 'any otherperson … whom the national directorconsiders to be relevant'156. consist [in] or [of]vt.Presence of a thing as a dominantfeature; to be composed of157. consistency n. In harmony; with the samebehavioural pattern (another meaning,which refers to quality of a liquid orsoft substance, is unlikely in C)Wofg jf ljrf/k'¥ofpg'lglxtldn]/ ag]sf]Ps¿ktfA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

158. consistent [with]adj.Conforming to a law or pattern, etc.159. consolidated vt. Brought together (bodies or lawsmerged)160. consolidated fund*n. phraseThe main fund into whichgovernment money is placed andfrom which expenditure is met161. constituency* n. A unit (geographical or otherwise)that elects one or more members tothe legislature or other bodies162. ConstituencyDelimitationCommission* n.phraseThe commission created to delimitboundaries for electoral purposesKffngf -jf ;Ddt_;anLs[t -jf;'b[9Ls[t_;l~rt sf]iflgjf{rg If]qlgjf{rg If]qlgwf{/0f cfof]uC163. constituentassembly n. phraseAn entity created for preparing aconstitution (properly used, it shouldrefer to a body with 'constituentpower');+ljwfg ;ef164. constituent powern. phraseRefers to the legal power to create aconstitution and enact it;+ljwfg agfpg]clwsf/165. constituent unit n.phraseRefers to a geographical unit that ispart of a federation (not a 'term ofart');ª\3Lo PsfO-jf ;ª\3Lo;/sf/sf] PsfO_21A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

C166. constitution n. A supreme law of the landpromulgated to exercise sovereignty167. constitutional adj. Power or action in compliance withthe provision of the constitution;related to the constitution;+ljwfg;+j}wflgs -jf;+ljwfg cg's"n_168. ConstitutionalBodies* n. phraseEntities created by the constitutionfor specified tasks;+j}wflgs cª\u-jf lgsfo_169. ConstitutionalCouncil* n. phraseA special body of persons created bythe constitution for the appointmentof authorities; constitutional bodies;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\170. constitutionalmonarchy* n.phraseMonarchy which derives its powersfrom the constitution and not fromdivine right (also implies that thepower of the monarchy is limited);+j}wflgs /fhtGq171. constitutionalremedy n. phraseRemedy (compensation or courtorder, etc.) available to a personwhose constitutional rights have beenviolated;+j}wflgs pkrf/22172. constitutionalismn.A practice or philosophy ofadherence to constitutional principlesinvolving limits on the powerof the government put by thoseconstitutional principles and words ofthe constitution;+ljwfgjfbA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

173. constitutionality n. Acting in accordance with theprovisions or principles of aconstitution174. construe vt. To adduce or explain the meaning of;interpret175. consul n. An official appointed by agovernment to reside in a foreigncountry and represent his or hergovernment's commercial interestsand assist its citizens there;+j}wflgstfcy{ nufPsf] -jfJofVof ul/Psf]_jfl0fHob"tC176. consult vt. To seek advice or information k/fdz{ ug'{177. consultation n. Process of consulting ('in consultationwith' may be defined as meaning alargely joint act, as opposed to 'afterconsultation with')178. consumer n. A person who buys goods or usesservices (implies the individual inrelation to market suppliers)179. contemplated vt. Considered (refers to thinking aboutthe future): 'consequences were notcontemplated'180. contempt ofcourt* n. phraseA wilful disrespect of the courtk/fdz{pkef]Qmf;f]Rg' -jf ljrf/ug'{_cbfntsf] cjx]ngf23A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

C181. contempt ofParliament* n.phraseA wilful disrespect of Parliament;+;b\sf] dfgxfgL182. contract n. and vi. (n.) A legally binding agreementbetween two or more parties;(vi.) to make such an agreement183. convenience n. A situation that is useful or suitable:'at the convenience of…a person'184. convicted vt.. A person found guilty of an offenceby a court185. conviction n. The act of being found guiltyof a crime: 'he has no criminalconvictions'; belief: 'religiousconviction'186. corporate adj. 'Corporate body': a group of peoplewith the legal characteristic of being acorporations/f/, ;Demf}tf;'ljwfhgs -jfcg's"n_bf]ifL -jf ck/fwL_bf]ifLnfO{ sfjf{xLug]{, b[9 ljZjf;;+:yfut24187. corresponding adj. Matching: 'Article 31 or thecorresponding provision in theprevious constitution'188. corruption Use of bribery and other practicesthat tend to pervert behaviour,especially of officials;DalGwte|i6frf/189. cost-effective adj. Giving more benefit than the cost nfut k|efjsf/LA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

190. costs n. When used in plural in legaldocuments, it most likely refers to aparty's expenses in taking legal action191. council n. A body of people to manage affairs(often used to refer to elected localgovernment bodies)nfut -jf d"No jfvr{_;ef -jf kl/ifb\_C192. Council ofMinisters* n.phraseA collective of government ministers('Cabinet' in some systems)dlGqkl/ifb\193. court n. A judicial entity created for deliveringjusticecbfnt194. Court of Appeal n.phrase195. Court of Record*n. phraseA higher court whose jurisdiction isto review decisions of lower courtsor agencies; the technical name ofcertain courts in some countriesCourt, the records of which havevalue as evidence of facts (highercourt) (technical term)k'g/fj]bg cbfntclen]v cbfnt196. cruel adj. Lacking kindness, compassion ormercy (of person or of treatment):'cruel and unusual punishment' usedin the US Constitutionlgd{d25A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

D197. custom n. Practices that have been traditionallyaccepted as binding; fees paid onimport/export of goods; the body('customs authority') that collects thefees198. currency n. Metal or paper money d'b|f199. damages n. Sum awarded by a court incompensation for loss or injuries200. decent adj. Socially or conventionally correct;refined or virtuous201. declaration n. Formal statement: 'declaration ofwar'; (technical) a particular courtorder which states a legal position202. decentralization n. The devolution of power awayfrom the centre to local branchesor governments; could be used oforganizations: 'government agenciesmust be decentralized'k|yf -jf k/Dk/f,/Lltl/jfh_, eG;f/Iflt -jf xfgL_lzi6 -jf eb|_3f]if0ff -jf syg_ljs]Gb|Ls/0f26203. decorations* n. A medal or other badge conferred asa mark of honour (specially militaryhonours)204. deem vt. To hold a view; to treat somethingas being what it is not (for legalpurposes)lje'if0f7fGg'A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

205. defamation* n. The act of defaming (making astatement that lowers someone'sreputation)206. de facto adj. Existing in fact whether with lawfulauthority or not207. defend vt. Protect (the constitution, etc.);be the defence counsel for someonein a trial (narrow meaning)208. defence (USspelling is defense)n.Military action or resources forprotecting a country against potentialenemies209. degrading adj. Humiliating; lowering of a person'sdignity:'degrading punishment'.210. de jure adj. and By the impact of lawadv.211. delegate vt. and n. (vt.) Pass one's authority to dosomething to another; (n.) a personto whom such authority is passed;in political discourse it is used todistinguish from a representative: 'anMP is a representative not a delegate'means the latter would have a duty tocarry out precisely what constituentsdirect, not exercising any judgment;'delegated legislation' meanssubordinate legislationufnL, a]OHhtLjf:tljs, tYoutKf'k{Ifk|lt/Iffckdfghgssfg'gtMclwsf/ k|Tofof]hgug'{ -lqm=_, k|ltlglw-gf=_27DA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

D212. deliberative adj. The process of decision involvingthought, etc.: 'deliberative vote'; in theSouth African Constitution, oppositeof casting vote (qv);'deliberative democracy': politicalscience term referring to democracycharacterized by uses of reason indecision makinghfgLa'emL ul/g]lg0f{o k|lqmof213. delimitation n. Fixing boundaries If]q lgwf{/0f28214. delimited* adj. Fixed (used of electoral constituencyboundaries)215. democracy adj. A system of government by and forthe people. Literally means 'rule bypeople'216. democratic * adj. Based on the principles of democracy:'political parties must have democraticconstitutions'217. demolished vt. Destroyed or knocked down (usuallybuildings)218. department n. A separate division (of governmentadministration): 'department ofagriculture'219. deprive [of] vt. Keep or take away from: 'deprived ofhis rights'lgwf{l/t -lgjf{rgIf]q_nf]stGq, k|hftGqnf]stflGqs,k|hftflGqs-;+ljwfgsf] k|of]u_lj3l6t -jfeTsfOPsf]_ljefual~rt ug'{A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

220. derogate [from] vt. To lessen the extent of: 'derogatefrom a right'221. derogation n. The act of derogation: 'in derogationof'cjd"Nog ug'{ -jfckdfg ug'{_ckdfg -jf s6f}tLjf cjd"Nog_222. derogatory adj. Insulting: 'derogatory remarks' ckdfghgs-jf abgfd ug]{ jfckdfg ug]{_223. descent n. The act or an instance of descending;used in relationship to ancestors(citizen by descent would mean citizenby virtue of parent/ancestor)j+zhD224. designate vt. andadj.(vt.) Appoint for a job; (adj.) 'primeminister designate' means a personidentified as prime minister but yet toofficially take officelgo'Qm225. detainee n. A person detained or kept in custody y'g'jf226. detention n. Keeping in confinement gh/aGb -jf y'gf_227. determination n. The process of fixing somethingexactly: 'determine the time'; caninvolve application of law and fact:'determine that he is guilty'lgwf{/0f -jf b[9lgZro_228. determine vt. To find out or fix something exactly lgwf{/0f ug'{ -jf;'lglZrt ug'{+_29A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

D229. devolve n. To pass on or delegate (state power)to another (usually lower levels ofgovernment): 'devolve power'230. devolution n. Situation in which some governmentalpower is passed over from the centreto lower levels of government:'Scottish devolution'231. dignity n. The quality of being worthyof esteem or respect; a mannersuggesting confidence in such esteem:'he has great dignity'; suggests selfrespectand is a core idea of humanrightslgIf]k0f ug'{lgIf]k0f:jfledfg232. directiveprinciples* n.phrasePrinciples and policies formulatedas guidelines for the state (usedin various constitutions includingNepal's)233. directives* n. Official instructions lgb]{zglgb]{zs l;4fGt30234. disability n. The state of being physically ormentally disabled (lack of ability towork, etc.); absence of legal capacityto perform certain acts: child is underlegal disability235. disadvantaged adj.sometimes used asa nounDeprived of social and economicopportunitiesckfª\utf-jf c;dy{tf_cj;/ jf;'ljwfljxLgA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

236. discretion n. The power or freedom to decide atone's will237. discriminate* vi. To make distinctions on the basisof class or category without regardto individual merit; show preferenceor prejudice (often used to suggestunfairness)238. disqualification n. The act of rendering unqualified orunfit; the act of preventing someonefrom participating by finding him/herunqualified239. dissolution* n. In C, usually refers to the breaking upof Parliament before elections; canrefer to the end of marriage or of aregistered company:jljj]se]befj ug'{cof]Uotflj36gD240. distinguishedperson* n. phraseA person recognized as prominent oreminent in a societyljlzi6 JolQm241. diversity n. The state of being varied (in C, mayrefer to cultural, ethnic, religious,gender variety)242. domicile* n. The place where one has a permanentresidence (very specific legal concept)243. drawing lots* n.phraseMaking a chance decision by usinglots (straws, pebbles, slips of paper,etc.) that are thrown or drawnljljwtf:yfoL a;f]af;uf]nfk|yfåf/f31A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

244. ecological adj. Relating to the natural environment kof{j/0fLoE245. effective adj. Having a desired effect or result k|efjsf/L -jfk|efjzfnL_246. efficient adj. Able to work well and without wasting bIf -jf Ifdtfjfg_time and resources; adequately activeand skilled247. elderly adj. Older (of people) Ho]i7248. election n. The process of selecting a person ofchoice through votinglgjf{rg249. ElectionCommission* n.phrase250. election petition*n. phraseA constitutional body withresponsibility for conductingelectionsA petition (complaint) concerningelections; questions on the validityof elections, presented to a court/tribunallgjf{rg cfof]ulgjf{rg;DaGwLph'/L251. electoral adj. Pertaining to elections or electors lgjf{rg;DaGwL32252. electoral college*n.A body of persons entitled to vote atan election (e.g. the Indian Parliamentvotes together as an electoral collegeto elect a president)lgjf{rg d08n253. electoral rolls* n. An official list of voters at an election dtbftf gfdfjnL254. electoral system n. The method of converting votes into lgjf{rg k|0ffnLphraseseats in an elected bodyA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

255. emblem n. A special design or visual objectused to signify a country, group, etc.(smaller than a coat of arms)256. employment n. The state of being employed orhaving a job257. empowerment n. Giving someone power; mayrefer to legal power: 'the officer isempowered…' but modern usagerefers to giving weaker groups abilityto take initiative by means of creatingawareness, training, etc.lrXg/f]huf/L;zQmLs/0fE258. enact vt. To make or pass a law sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{259. enactment n. The process or act of passing sfg'g lgdf{0flegislation260. encumbrance n. Any obstruction that impedes oris burdensome; a charge againstproperty (technical, legal meaning)261. enemy state n. A state with which another is at warphrase262. enforce vt. To cause a law to take effect by useor threat of legitimate force (notnecessarily physical force)afwfc8\rgzq' /fHonfu' ug'{ -jfsfof{Gjog ug'{_263. enforceable* adj. Capable of being enforced nfu' ug{ ;lsg]33264. enforcement n. The action of enforcing sfof{GjogA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

E265. enjoy vt. Special legal meaning: to have thebenefit of legal rights or otherbenefits266. enjoyment n. Possession and use of available legalrights or other benefits: 'enjoyment ofculture'clwsf/ pkef]u ug'{clwsf/sf] pkef]u267. enshrined vt. Written into a document, including lglxta constitution: 'freedom of speech isenshrined in the constitution'268. entitled* vt. Having a right to: 'entitled to vote' clwsf/ k|fKt269. entity n. Something that has a real existence (abody, organization, etc.)270. entrenched adj. Guaranteed in the constitution (moredifficult to change than other parts)lgsfok|Tofe"t271. entries n. Items in a record, register or list k|j]z -jf btf{_272. entrusted vt. Given responsibility for carrying outa task or to take care of something:'entrusted with money'273. envisage vt. Imagine something as a possibility k"jf{g'dfglhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug'{34274. envoy n. A diplomat; ambassador b"t275. equal adj. Having the same status, dignity andrespect;dfg -jf a/fa/_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

276. equal protection ofthe laws* n. phraseBeing treated in the same wayas others in a legal sense; nondiscrimination277. equality n. The state of being equal in status andrights;dfg sfg'gL ;+/If0f;dfgtf278. equitable adj. Fair and just; reasonable ;dof]Uo279. equitably adv. The most equitable solution to a ;dfgtfk"0f{dispute280. equity n. Balanced fairness (also has a technical ;dGofomeaning that might appear in someconstitutions in the English tradition,meaning a certain body of judgementmade law)281. essential adj. Important; absolutely necessary dxTjk"0f{ -jfcTofjZos_282. establish vt. To set up a school, association, etc.;to give reason (proof or argument); toaccept a belief/assertion as true:yfkgf ug'{-;+:yf_ jf k|:t'tug'{ -tYo_283. establishment n. In C, refers to the act of setting up ;+:yfkg284. estimate* vt. and n. (vt.) To form a rough idea ofsomething (may relate specificallyto likely cost); (n.) act of estimating;'annual estimates' refers togovernment budget of anticipatedexpenditurecg'dfg35EA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

E285. ethics n. A system of moral principles or moralbehaviour286. ethnic adj. Of or involving a nation, race or tribethat has a common cultural tradition287. ethnicity n. A cultural term used to identifyspecific communities on the basis ofrace, culture or language288. exile n. and vt. (n) A person staying in anothercountry by choice or out of fear ofthe consequences of returning home;(vt.) to expel people from their nativeland;bfrf/hghflt-jf hghflt;DaGwL_hfltut klxrfg -jfljz]if nIf0f÷u'0f_b]z lgsfnf36289. ex officio* adj. By virtue of an office: 'the minister isex officio a member of the DefenceCouncil'290. explanation n. A statement that makes somethingcomprehensible; (specific use in a law)relates to a statement that elucidatesor defines a particular provision orphrase291. exploitation n. An act that exploits or victimizessomeone (usually by making themdo something against their will orinterest)kb]g:ki6Ls/0fzf]if0fA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

292. executive n. In C, likely refers to the government(prime minister, ministers, etc.)collectively, distinguished from thelegislature, judiciarysfo{sfl/0fL-jf sfo{sf/L_E293. executive power*n. phraseHaving power to put decisions, laws,etc. into effect (power conferred onthe executive)sfo{sf/L-jf sfo{sfl/0fLclwsf/_294. exercise n. and vi. (n.) The use (of power, etc.); (vi.) touse power, etc.295. expire vi. Finish or come to an end; to be nolonger valid ( e.g. term of office); (oforganisms) to die (unlikely in C)296. expropriated vt. Property, etc. taken away from itsowner for public use with or withoutpayment297. extradition n. The surrender of an accused orconvicted person by one country toanother (usually under the provisionof a statute or treaty)298. facilitate vt. To make something, especially anaction or process, easycEof; -jf k|of;_Dofb ;lsg'-jf dg'{_hkmt, x/0f jfsAhf ul/Psf];'k'b{uL;xh t'Nofpg' -jf;lhnf] kfg'_37A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

299. fair adj. Treating each person, side equally andaccording to the rules or lawlg:kIfF300. favour vt. and n. (vt.) To prefer somebody/something;(n.) preference for somebody, etc.301. federal adj. A system of government in which acountry is divided into several states/units, which have certain powers tomake laws and govern a territorykIfdf nfUg' -jf;xof]u ug'{_ -gf=_;ª\3Lo302. federation n. A country which is so divided ;ª\3303. fee n. An amount of money paid forprofessional advice or services304. feudalism n. The social system that developed inEurope in the 8th century, involvinghierarchical relationships of serviceand servitude. Often used, as in theInterim Constitution, to refer tooppressive hierarchical and outmodedregimes of other sorts305. Finance Bill* n.phraseA legislative bill concerning taxes,public funds, loans or expenditurez'Ns -jfkfl/>lds_;fdGtjfbcfly{s ljw]os38306. first-past-the-postsystem n. phraseAn electoral system in which the onewho receives more votes than anyother candidate gets electedklxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrtx'g] -lgjf{rgk|0ffnL_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

307. fiscal adj. Relating to public money, especiallytaxes308. forced labour* n. Compulsory (physical work), usuallyunder hard conditions; not used ofofficially required labour309. force majeure n. Unexpected and overwhelmingcircumstances because of which itis not possible to fulfil a promise orcontract310. foreign affairs n.phraseMatters related to official businessbetween two or more countries311. forfeited vt. (A thing) paid or given up as penaltyor punishmentcfly{s -jf ljQLo_OR5flj?4 sfdank"j{s -jfafWofTds_k//fi6« dfldnfhkmt ul/Psf]312. franchise n. The right to vote dtflwsf/313. freedom n. The power or right to act, speak, etc.as one wants:jtGqtfF314. freedom ofopinion andexpression n.phraseRight of the people to express theirideas315. functional adj. Practical and useful; having orproviding little or no decoration;working or able to work; relating tofunctionsljrf/ / cleJolQm:jtGqtfJojxfl/s -jfsfo{d"ns_39A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

316. functionaries n. People with official duties sd{rf/LG40317. function* n. An important social event or officialceremony; (more likely in C) thingsthat organizations and governmentbodies are assigned to do318. fundamental* adj. A basic rule or principle; an essentialpart319. gazette n. An official journal with public noticesand lists of official appointments,laws, etc.320. gender n. The condition of being male orfemale (originally a linguistic term, butnow extended to cover aspects of sex,especially socially defined sex roles)321. good governancen. phraseThe act of governing well; exercisingauthority according to the rule of law322. governance n. The act of governing; exercisingauthority (always used in context ofevaluation)323. government n. A group of people governing acountry or state; often same as the'executive' but also used to coverthe legislature and judiciary; 'threebranches of government'sfo{, sfddf}lns-jf cfwf/e"t_/fhkqlnª\u;'zf;gzf;g;/sf/A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

{324. government, cooperativen.325. government, localn.Used in the South AfricanConstitution to refer to the nature ofrelationship between different organsor levels of governmentA system of government administeredby locally elected bodies; governmentat the local level; not used ofgovernment at level of units in afederation326. grievance n. A real or imagined cause forcomplaining or protesting aboutsomething, especially unfair treatment327. habeas corpus* L Refers to a specific legal procedure toensure the release of a person illegallydetained (not literally translated fromLatin)328. hierarchy* n. Any system with grades of authorityor status from the lowest to thehighest: 'hierarchy of courts'329. High Court n.phraseFormal name of a court (in India itis the lowest level court of unlimitedjurisdiction; in Australia it is thehighest federal appellate court);xof]ufTds ;/sf/-ljleGg txsf_:yfgLo lgsfo -jf:yfgLo ;/sf/_c;Gt'li6-jf u'gf;f]_aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fdflyNnf] tx-;+ljwfgsf] k|of]u_dof{bfqmd -csf]cy{_pRr cbfnt41GA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

330. hinder vt. Create an obstacle afwf k'¥ofpg'H42331. honorarycitizenship* n.phraseCitizenship given as an honour,without the usual qualifications beingrequired332. honours* n. Award from the state in recognitionof contribution to public or nationallife, usually carrying no financialbenefit333. House ofRepresentatives* n.phrase334. human resourcesn.Used of mainly (or only) directlyelected house of a national legislature.In other systems, may be House ofCommonsThe available source of humancapacity or human power335. immigration n. The flow of people coming into acountry; the act of coming into acountry (to take up residence, not justas temporary visitors)336. immunities n. Protection from liabilities imposed bylaw337. impart vt. In C, usually means to makeinformation known to somebody;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf;Ddfgk|ltlglw ;efhgzlQmcWofudgljz]if pGd'lQm-bfloTjaf6_, k|lt/If0f;'lrt ug' { -cjutu/fpg' jf hfgsf/Llbg'_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

338. impartial adj. Not favouring one person or thingmore than another; fair and neutral339. impeachment* adj. Process under which charges arebrought in Parliament against a highconstitutional authority, public officialor judge340. impede vt. To delay or stop the progress ormovement of somebody/something341. implement* vt. To put something into effect; to carrysomething out342. implicit adj. Implied, though not directlyexpressed; inherent in the nature ofsomething343. impose vt. Place a burden on: 'impose taxes';'impose punishment'lg:kIf-jf e]befj/lxt_dxfleof]uafwf Jojwfg v8fug'{ -jf /f]Sg'_sfof{Gjog ug'{ -jfnfu' ug'{_cJoQm -jf ;ª\s]tul/Psf]_nufpg'-jf Nffu' ug'{_I{344. imposition n. The act of imposing something nufpg] sfd, yf]kg]sfd345. impunity n. Exemption from punishment whichought to be imposed, often used torefer to the failure of government totake serious steps against crimeb08xLgtf43A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

I346. incitement* n. The act that encourages aggressive orillegal behaviour347. include vt. To have or to make somebody/something a part of a whole; (whenused in C will very often be part of adefinition, with a sense that the part isnot the totality)348. inclusive adj. 'Is inclusive of' would mean 'includes'.In Nepal, now has sense of involvingall parts of a community349. independence n. Freedom from control or others'influence350. independent* adj. Not dependent on other people orthings; not controlled by other peopleor things351. indigenous adj. Originating where found: 'indigenouspeople'b'?T;fxg -jfv/fa sfd ug{pS;fx6_;dfj]z ug'{;dfj]zL:jtGqtf:jtGqcflbaf;L352. indigent adj. Poor ul/a353. indivisible* adj. That cannot be divided cljefHo44354. inherent adj. Existing as a natural or permanentfeature or quality of something/somebodyhGdl;4-jf cGtlg{lxt_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

355. inhuman adj. Lacking normal human qualities ofkindness, pity, etc.; extremely cruel356. initiate vt. To put a scheme into operation; tocause something to begin357. initiatedproceedings* n.phraseLegal actions or proceedings that havebegun358. initiative n. 'An initiative' would mean doingsomething concrete; 'the initiative'would mean having capacity andimagination to realize what needs tobe done, together with courage andwillingness to take the first steps359. injunction n. A court order prohibiting a partyfrom a specific course of action360. instigate vt. Provoke or stir up (usually crime orunrest)361. Inspector General The chief officer of the police forceof Police* n. phrase362. institute n. and vt. (n.) An organization created fora special, usually, professional,research or educational purpose;(vt.) establishing or setting up ofan organization; (vt) to establish,organize and set in operationcdfgjLok|of; ug'{ -jfyfngL ug'{_rfn' sf/afxLcu|;/tf -jf k|of;_lgif]wf1fb'?T;fxg ug'{k|x/L dxflg/LIfs;+:yf -jf k|lti7fg_-gf=_, :yfkgf ug'{,yfngL ug'{ -lqm=_45IA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

I363. institution n. An organization established for social,educational, religious or governmentalpurposes, etc.364. integrity* n. Literally—wholeness. 'Person ofintegrity' would mean the quality ofbeing honest and having strong moralprinciples; 'territorial integrity' wouldrefer to the preservation of land frominvasion, etc.365. intelligence n. The power of learning, understandingand reasoning; mental ability or (mostlikely in C) information probablygathered by means of spying,surveillance, etc.366. interest n. A state of wanting to learn orknow about somebody/something;curiosity; concern; something ofconcern or importance to a person orgroups: 'the interest of the state';+:yf, s'g} gofFsfd Joj:yf jfsfg'g nfu' ug]{ jfyfNg] sfdcv08tf-;+ljwfgsf] k|of]u_,Odfgbf/L -JolQmsf];Gbe{df_u'Ktr/ -jftLI0f÷s'zfu|_Rfxfgf -jf rf;f]_46367. international adj. Relating to more than one state cGt/f{li6«o368. internationalrelations* n. phraseRelationship between statescGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

369. interpretation n. The act of explaining something,especially (in C), a law or theconstitution, including by a court370. intervention n. The act of stepping in or interferingin any affair371. invalid adj. Not legally or factually valid; nolonger valid; contrary to lawJofVofx:tIf]kcdfGo -jf /2_J372. inviolable* adj. That cannot be violated cgltqmDo373. ipso facto* L By that very fact: 'a person who isconvicted is ipso facto disqualified…':jtM374. jeopardize vt. Pose a threat to; present a danger to vnn kfg'{375. judge n. An officer with authority to decidecases in a law courtGofofwLz376. judgment n. Decision delivered by the court cbfntL lg0f{o jfkm};nf377. judicial adj. Of a judge or judgment Goflos378. judiciary* n. The judges of a court considered as agroup379. jurisdiction n. The limits within which legal authorityexists (very often of a court); may begeographical or may refer to otherlimitsGofokflnsfIf]qflwsf/47A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

JK48{380. juristic adj. Relating to law/justice; but in C, Goflosprobably refers to a company or aninstitution that handles legal affairs381. just adj. Reasonable and fair ;xL382. justice n. A public official authorized to decide GofofwLz -jf Gofo_questions brought before a court ofjustice; the quality of being just orfair; what courts, etc. dispense: 'theadministration of justice'383. justiciable adj. Something which can be taken to Gofoof]Uocourt for legal ruling384. justifiable adj. Has a basis in law or reason Gofo;ª\ut385. justify vt. Show that something is reasonable orjustk'li6 ug' -jf cf}lrTol;4 jf :yflkt ug' {_386. kingdom n. The domain over which a king orqueen reigns387. law n. All the rules established by authorityor customs for regulating behaviouror actions; sometimes refers to aspecific enacted law or a specific areasof law: 'law of contract'388. law and order n.phraseThe state of being under legal order; apopular phrase that often connotates'tough' policy, with perhaps right-winginclinationsclw/fHosfg'gzflGt / ;'Joj:yfA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

389. lawful adj. Allowed by law; legal sfg'g ;Ddt390. leader of theopposition* n.phraseA person who leads the oppositionparty or group in the legislature391. leave* n. Permission; in C, probably used aspermission granted by a court to bringa case on appeal (also permissionto be absent from work or duty,as granted to military or corporatepersonnel)392. legacy n. (In law) a gift of personal property bywillljkIfL bnsf] g]tfcg'dlt -jflabf÷5'§L_lj/f;tL393. legalrepresentation* n.phraseThe act of speaking for another in alegal context, usually in court: 'a rightto legal representation'j}wflgs k|ltlglwTj-jf jf/];_394. legally adv. In a legal manner sfg'gL¿kdf -jfsfg'g ;Ddt_395. legislation n. The process of making enacted law;the body of enacted laws (note: anindividual law is not 'a legislation' but'a piece of legislation' or 'a statute')P]g jf sfg'glgdf{0f k|lqmof396. legislative adj. Pertaining to legislation ljwflosf397. legislative The internal procedure or rules for Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlwprocedure n. phrase regulating parliamentary business49A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

398. legislature* n. A body of people with the power tomake and change laws399. Legislature-Parliament n.Expression unique to Nepal in theInterim Constitution400. legitimacy n. Valid by virtue of being authorized orin accordance with law; (in politicalscience) have political acceptanceljwflosfJoj:yflksf–;+;b\j}wtfL401. levy vt. Collect a payment or tax by authority z'Ns jf s/50402. liability n. Legal responsibility (may be general orspecific)403. liable adj. Subject to an obligation (usually legal);'liable to be prosecuted' means has alegal obligations which may lead toprosecution404. licence n. Permission from an authority to dosomething405. licensing vt. The process or responsibility forgranting licences406. limitation n. Restriction or curtailment ofsomething, e.g. on a right or a timelimit on when a legal action can bebroughtbfloTjafWo -jf lhDd]jf/_cg'dltkqcg'dlt lbg] sfo{;LldttfA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

407. magistrates n. Members of the judiciary in thelower level courts, sometimes withadministrative responsibilities; notnecessarily a lawyer. (Not used inNepal)408. maintain vt. Support, continue or keep upsomething or even persons:'maintain a building' refers to aphysical condition; 'maintain support'means to continue it: 'maintaindivorced spouse' means to supportfinancially, etc.409. majority n. Either 'more than half' or'the largest number' (as in votingin Nepal where the person withthe largest number of votes wins aparliamentary seat even if the numberof votes he/she got is less than fiftypercent of the votes cast); the numberby which votes for one are more thanthose for another; 'a majority of 3'410. majority, absoluten.Complete majority—(that is of morethan half, not just the largest numberof votes)kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf]klxnf] r/0fdf5fgljg ug]{If]qflwsf/ k|fKtlghfdtL sd{rf/L-g]kfnL ;Gbe{dfk|d'v lhNnfclwsf/L_sfod ug'{ -jfcBfjlws ug'{_ax'dtk"0f{ ax'dt51MA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

M52411. majority of morethan fifty percent ofits sitting members*n. phraseVoted in favour by more then half ofthe sitting members412. marginalized adj. Relegated to a lower or outer edge, asof specific groups of people413. material n. and adj. (n.) (Less likely in C) substance usedfor something: 'building material';(adj.) relevant: 'material fact'414. matrimonialrelationship* n.phraseRelationship pertaining to marriage/married couple415. may* v. aux Have a choice/discretion about doingsomething: 'the minister may…'means he may choose not to416. measure v. and n. In C, probably used as a noun to referto the government's steps: 'state musttake practical and positive measures,which may include legislation'417. mechanism n. A machine or an institution for doingsomething: 'an act…must providefor appropriate mechanisms andprocedures to facilitate settlement ofdisputes';fdfGo ax'dt-pkl:yt ;b:o;+Vofsf] ax'dt_;LdfGtLs[t -jfjl~rt jf pk]lIft_-clwsf/xLgsf] cy{df_;fdu|L -jf kbfy{_a}aflxs ;DaGwug{ ;Sg] -jf;DejtM_dfkg ug'{ -lqm=_,dfkg -gf=_;+oGqA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

418. media n. Pl. of medium; in C, will usually referto the press, broadcasting, etc.419. mentally orphysicallyincapacitated* adj.Somebody mentally or physically notable to do something420. military adj. and n. Relating to soldiers; often used as anoun to mean military forces;~rf/ dfWoddfgl;s tyfzfl/l/s¿kn] czQm;]gf421. minister n. A person at the head of department/ dGqLministry422. ministerial adj. Something relating to a minister: dGqL:t/Lo'ministerial powers'423. minor* n. Legally not adult Gffafns424. minority n. The state of being a minor; being lessthan a majority: 'ethnic minority' or'minority parties'cNk;+Vos425. Mixed ElectoralSystem n. phraseA combined electoral system of firstpast-the-postand the proportional listsystem (not a term of art)426. monitor vt. To watch and check something over aperiod of time427. monitoring v. The act of observing something (andusually keeping a record)428. morality n. Concern with the distinction betweengood and evil or right and wrong;right or good conductldl>t lgjf{rgk|0ffnLcg'udg ug'{ -jflgu/fgL ug'{_cg'udgg}ltstf53MA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

429. mother tongue* n. One's native language dft[efiffM54430. movement n. Any form of physical moving; alsorefers to a series of actions by peopleadvancing a principle or tendingtoward a particular end, usually oftennot by an organized entity: 'womensmovement'; 'people's movement'431. multiethnic* adj. (Country or society) characterized byhaving many ethnic groups432. multilingual* adj. (Country or society) speaking or usingmany languages433. multiparty adj. (Political system or state) having morethan one party434. municipal adj. Of a town or city with its own localgovernment435. municipality n. A town or city with its own localgovernment436. must vi. To be obliged or required by morality,law or custom (note: this verb has noinfinitive form in English—it is notpossible to say 'to must')cfGbf]ngax'hftLoax'eflifsax'bnLodxfgu/;DaGwLdxfgu/kflnsfafWo x'g' -jfclgjfo{_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

437. nation n. A large community of people livingin a particular territory under onegovernment: 'the nation of Nepal';a group, usually sharing a commonhistory, culture and language, whoidentify themselves as such: the 'Arabnation'; the 'Sioux nation'438. national n. and adj. (n.) A citizen of a particular nation;(adj.) relating to a nation/fi6« -jf d'n's_/fli6«o -jf gful/s_439. national anthem n.phraseThe officially adopted song of anation/fli6«o ufgN440. NationalAssembly* n.phraseIn Nepal, it was the upper houseof the bicameral Parliament; butelsewhere is used of the lower or onlyhouse of a national Parliament/fli6«o ;ef441. National DefenceCouncil* n. phraseAn official body under theConstitution of Nepal withthe responsibility of makingrecommendations on the mobilizationof the army/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\442. national language*n.Sometimes used to mean the'official language'; sometimes just arecognition that other languages are assignificant to the country/fi6«efiff55A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

N56443. nationality n. Membership of a particular nation;(rare) similar to second meaning of'nation'444. naturalizedcitizenship* n.phraseA citizen originally of anothernationality but made a citizen bya specified legal process whichrequires the person to make achoice/application and may wellinvolve a discretion on the part of theauthorities445. necessary adj. Needed (slightly less strong than'essential')446. neutrality n. Position of not supporting either sidein dispute or war447. nominate* vt. Put a person forward for a position,an honour or a prize448. non-alignment n. The state of not being allied toother groups of people or countries;refers to countries supporting nonalignment449. non-derogable adj. That cannot be detracted from (usedespecially in connection with humanrights)/fli6«otfcª\uLs[t gful/stfcfjZoslg:kIftfdgf]lgt ug'{c;+nUgvf]:g jf xgg ug{g;lsg]A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

450. non-discriminationn.Treating persons equally withouttaking account of irrelevantdifferences451. norms n. Standards and patterns of socialbehaviour of a group; in C, morelikely to refer to standards laid downby international laws as somethingthat ought to be obeyed rather than amere description452. notwithstanding*adv.In spite of something:'notwithstanding the previous clause'453. oath* n. Official promise to do something;declaration that something is true(involves religious element—contrastwith affirmation)454. objective n. andadj.(n.) Thing aimed at or wished for;(adj.) uninfluenced by irrelevantconsiderations455. objects n. pl. In C, usually refers essentiallyto objectives: 'objects of localgovernment'lagf e]befjdfGotfeP tfklg -dflyh];'s} n]lvPsf] ePtfklg_zkyp2]Zoj:t' -jf tTj_N456. obligation n. A duty—legal or other st{Jo -jf jfWotf_457. observance [of] n. Obeying a law or keeping custom:'religious observance' means religiouspracticelgod kfngf57A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

458. offence n. A criminal act ck/fw459. offender n. A person who breaks the law ck/fwL460. office n. In C, refers to an official position:'office of president'sfof{no461. office of profit n.phraseTerm of art; in the Nepali C, meansany position paid out through agovernment fundnfesf] kbO58462. official adj. and n. (adj.) Relating to a position ofauthority; (n.) a person in such aposition463. official language*n. phraseLanguage used in government,business and communication. InNepal, Nepali is the official language464. ombudsman n. A Swedish word meaning'spokesperson' but referring to anofficial receiving complaints fromthe public and able to inquire intothem, usually relating to behaviourof officials. Has entered the Englishlanguage465. opposition n. The state or act of opposing; (morelikely in C), the members of the mainhouse of the legislature who are notsupporting the governmentcflwsfl/s -lj=_,sd{rf/L -gf=_sfdsfhL efiff -jfsfof{no k|of]hgsf]efiff_u'gf;f] ;'Gg] /To;sf] 5fgljg ug]{clwsf/LljkIfA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

466. ordinance* n. Lesser law than an act, but madeunder authority of the constitutionand not of another statute; in Indiaand Nepal, used of law issued bythe government at a time whenParliament is in recessioncWofb]z467. organ n. A functioning part—of the human cª\u -jf lgsfo_body; (more likely in C) of the statemachinery468. organization n. An organized group of people ;ª\3–;+:yf-jf ;ª\u7g_469. origin n. The place where something begins, pTklQ -jf pb\ud_where it springs into being; 'place oforigin' of a person might mean theplace of his birth or the place wherehis ancestors come from470. oversight n. Failure to notice or to do something; 5'6]sf], e'nr's(more likely in C) activity ofoverseeing or supervising: 'oversightof security services'471. paragraph n. In C, usually refers to a part of theconstitution or a schedule (see theappendix for parts of a constitution)cg'R5]b472. pardon* v. and n. (vt.) To forgive or excuse somebodyfor an offence; (n.) the act offorgivingdfkmL59PA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

473. Parliament n. Body of people responsible for ;+;b\making and changing laws; legislature474. Parliamentary adj. Relating to Parliament ;+;bLo475. part n. Division of a statute or constitution, efuusually including a number of articlesor sections (see the appendix)476. participate vi. Take part or become involved in an activity ;xefuL x'g'P60477. participation* n. The act of taking part in something(sometimes carrying overtone/implication of popular participation)478. participatory adj. Providing an opportunity forindividual participation479. particular n. andadj.(n) An item or detail: 'in anyparticular'. Often used in theplural 'particulars of the proposedlegislation'; (adj.) a specific 'personadhering to a particular religion'480. partisan adj. and n. Showing too much support for oneperson, group or cause481. partner n. A person who takes part in an activitywith another, including business partner(which may be used in a technical,legal sense); life partner—functionalequivalent of spouse not necessarily of theopposite sex;xeflutf;xeflutfd"nsljj/0f -jf Joxf]/f_ljefhg;fe]mbf/ -jfdltof/ jf ;xof]uL_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

482. part-time adj. For less than the standard number ofhours: 'part-time appointment'483. party n. A political organization whosemembers have the same aim andbelief; side in an argument or courtcasecf+lzs ;dobn jf kf6L{ -jfkIf_484. penalty n. Punishment ;hfo -jf b08_485. pending* adj. Waiting to be decided or settled:'pending case'486. people n. Plural of person; 'all the people';'people of Nepal'; a group sharingethnic/linguistic affinity and a senseof shared identity: 'the peoples ofEthiopia'487. permit v. and n. (v.) To give permission; to allow(n.) such a permission488. person n. Human being as an individual; (inlegal terms) may include organizationssuch as companies489. personal adj. Belonging to a particular personrather than a group; 'personal law'means a law that applies to persons asmembers of group within a society,e.g. Muslim Law in Indialjrf/fwLg jfd'NtjL -d'2fsf];Gbe{df_hgtfcg'dlt lbg' -lqm=_,cg'dltkq -gf=_JolQmJolQmut61PA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

P490. personnel n. The people employed in anorganization; staff491. petition n. A formal written request appealing tosomebody in authority ( sometimesspecifically to Parliament); a formalapplication made to a court of law492. plead vt. Apart from its ordinary meaning, maymean to put forward argument in acourt; a person accused of offencepleads guilty or not guilty493. pleader n. Used in some countries as the nameof a certain type of legal practitioner494. police n., vt. (n.) Official organization whoseresponsibility is to keep public order;(v. rare in C) carrying out policingfunction495. policing n. and adj. (n.) Keeping order, activities of police;(adj.) in C, is likely to mean 'policingpolicy'. Used in popular speech496. policy n. A plan of action, statement of ideas,etc. proposed or adoptedsd{rf/Llgj]bg -jf oflrsf_ax; -jf k}/jL_ax;stf{ -jf k}/jLug]{ JolQm_k|x/LzflGt ;'/Iff sfodug'{gLlt62497. political adj. Relating to politic: 'political rights' /fhgLlts498. political bargainingn.Political negotiation or agreement/fhgLlts;f}bfjfhL -jftf{_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

499. polling n. Conducting of public opinion polls dtbfg500. polling booth n. A small area enclosed within a pollingstation, within which voters markballot papers or otherwise cast votedtbfg s]Gb|501. polling station n. A place where voters cast votes dtbfg s]Gb|502. pollutant n. A substance or matter which makesphysical environment unclean(extended to noise)503. portfolio n. The package of responsibilities of agovernment minister504. power n. In C, probably refers to legal capacityto do something: 'legislative power'means power to make laws505. practicable adj. That can be put into practiceeffectively in a common sense way506. practical adj. Concerned with reality and actionrather than theory and ideas507. practice n. The doing of something regularly orthe exercise of a certain profession:'legal practice'k|b'if0fsfo{ef/zlQm -jf clwsf/_Jojxf/f]kof]uLJojxfl/sJojxf/ -jfcEof;÷k|yf_63PA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

508. practise vt. To do something repeatedly orregularly (in ordinary speech itmay mean to keep trying to getbetter but this is unlikely to be theconstitutional usage); most likely torefer to practising a profession; (n.)in American documents could meanpracticecEof; ug'{P64509. preamble n. A recital at the beginning of manyconstitutions, treaties and some actsto explain the mind of the makers ofthe documents510. preliminary adj. or(in plural) n.(adj.) Beginning or preparatory:'preliminary meetings' (pl. n.);things done at the begining: 'thepreliminaries'511. prejudicial* adj. Affecting somebody unfavourably:'prejudicial publicity'512. premier n. The head of government, especially ata level below the national government(in a federation, such as in Canada—though India uses 'chief minister')k|:tfjgfk|f/lDeslxtsf] k|lts"n -jfk"jf{u|xL_k|wfgdGqL513. premier adj. Of the highest position or importance ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{514. prescribed* adj. Authoritatively required: 'prescribedby law' means law requires that it bedonetf]lsPsf]A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

515. present adj. and v. (adj.) (Of a person) in a particularplace at a particular time (not absent);(vt.) put forward: 'present a proposal'516. president n. The head of state in some countriesor of some other body (e.g. of auniversity or corporation)517. presides vi. Leads or is in charge of a conference,meeting, etc.518. presumption n. Law assumes something withoutits being proved: 'presumption ofinnocence means that the law assumesa person is innocent unless provenguilty519. prevail vi. To take priority (in case there is aconflict of rules)520. preventivedetention* n.phraseImprisonment (in situations wherethere may be no trial)521. Prime Minister* n. The head of government chairingthe council of ministers (usedin the parliamentary system ofgovernment)—and in federalparliamentary systems to refer to thehead of government at the nationallevelpkl:yt;efklt jf /fi6«kltcWoIftf ug'{cg'dfg-jf c8\sn_k|an x'g' -jfk|rngdf /xg'_lgjf/s gh/aGbk|wfgdGqL65PA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

P66522. principles n. Guiding rules or a system of moralbehaviour523. privilege n. A special right or immunity granted;sometimes means protection fromlegal consequences of action thatwould apply in other circumstances orto other people524. privileges of thespeaker* n. phraseImmunities or special rights legallygranted to the speaker525. procedure n. The rules and methods of a legalprocess or those of Parliament orother body526. proceedings n. On-going activity of a body such as acourt, legislature or conference527. process n. A particular course of actionintended to achieve a result (maybe a prosecution process, legislativeprocess, budgetary process, etc.)528. proclamation* n. A formal public statement (sometimeshas legal force)529. procurement n. The act of getting possession ofsomething (in C, usually the processby which the government decides onand acquires services, goods, etc.)l;4fGtljz]ifflwsf/ jf;'ljwf;efd'vsf]ljz]ifflwsf/sf/afxL -jf k|lqmofjf k4lt_sf/afxLk|lqmof3f]if0ffvl/bA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

530. progressive adj. Moving forward: 'progressiverealization of rights'; 'progressivetaxation' (means the rate increases onhigher incomes); 'progressive person'(having modern ideas)531. promote vt. To further (progress or interests, etc.):'promote the language'; 'promoterights'532. promulgate* vt. Put a law into effect by a formalproclamation533. property n. A tangible or intangible thing that isowned by someone; (less likely in C)a quality of something534. proportionalelectoral system n.phrase535. proportionalrepresentation* n.phraseA family of electoral systems basedon the principle that the proportionof seats won by a party shouldcorrespond to its share of the overallvotesThe representation of all parties ina legislature in proportion to theirpopular vote. Used in Nepal also torefer to representation proportionateto ethnic and other make-up of thewhole nation536. prorogation n. Discontinuing meetings (of alegislative body) without dissolving itk|ultzLnk|j4{g ug'{ -jfa9'jf ug'{_-;+ljwfg_ nfu' ug'{;DklQ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgk|0ffnL;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTjcGTo ug]{ sfd67PA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

537. prorogue* vt. To discontinue a session of (usuallyParliament)538. prosecute vt. To initiate a criminal court actionagainst; (less likely in C) carry forwardsome course of action 'prosecute awar'.cGTo -jf :yug_d'2f rnfpg' -jfph'/L lbg'_P539. prosecution n. The act of prosecuting d'2f rnfpg] sfd-jf ph'/L jfgfln; ug]{ sfd_540. prosecutor n. A person who brings prosecution;person whose profession is to bringprosecutions;/sf/L jlsn541. prospective(ly) adj.and adv.(adj.) 'Prospective' means concernedwith or related to the future., (adv.)'prospectively' means in the future; 'astate of emergency may be effectiveonly prospectively';Defljt542. provide vt. orprovide [for ] vi.(vt.) 'Provide' means make available:'provide services, etc.'; (vi.) 'providefor' refers to rule or law: 'legislationmust provide for…'pknAw u/fpg' -jfk|bfg ug'{_68543. provided that*conj.Subject to the condition that; on thefulfilment of the condition thatt/ -;+ljwfgsf]k|of]u_, ;zt{-;fdfGo cy{df_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

544. province n. A territory governed as anadministrative or political unit of acountry, whether federal or not545. provincial adj. Characteristic of a province or theirpeople: 'provincial legislative power'546. provision n. (seeprovide)A stipulation or qualification,especially a clause in a documentor agreement: 'the provisions ofthis constitution'; 'the provision ofservices'547. public adj. and n. (adj.) Not private; open to; (n.)concerning the people as a whole548. Public ServiceCommission* n.phraseIn Nepal, a constitutional bodycreated for regulating the appointmentof civil servants549. punishable adj. Liable to or deserving punishment:'punishable behaviour'550. purport n. and vi. (n) 'Purport and objects of the Bill ofRights'; (vi.) to mean; to intend (usedof document or person)551. purpose n. An anticipated outcome that isintended or that guides actionsk|fGtk|fGtLok|fjwfg-jf Joj:yf_;fj{hlgs-jf ;/sf/L_nf]s;]jf cfof]ub08gLoclek|fop2]Zo69P552. pursuant [to] adj. In conformance to or agreement with adf]lhdA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

553. pursue vt. Carry further or advance cjnDag ug'{554. quorate adj. Having a quorum present u0fk"/s ;+Vof/x]sf]QR70555. quorum n. The minimum number of membersof an organization ( e.g. Parliament)needed to conduct business556. race n. People who belong to the samegenetic stock557. racial adj. Of or related to geneticallydistinguished groups of people558. ratification* n. Making something valid by formallyapproving or confirming it: 'areferendum may ratify a constitution';'Parliament may ratify a treaty'559. reasonable adj. Showing reason or sound judgment;meeting generally acceptablestandards: 'reasonable measures' (note:latter does not necessarily say anythingabout a person's state of mind)560. recess n. A temporary cessation of thecustomary activities of a body likeParliament561. recognize vt. Accept (someone) to be what isclaimed; accept (his/her) power andauthorityu0fk"/s ;+Vofj0f{hftLocg'df]bgts{;ª\ut-jf cf}lrTok"0f{ jfdfGo_lj>fd -;+;b\ jfcbftnt cflbsf]lj>fd_dfGotf lbg'-jf :jLsf/ ug'{_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

562. reconciliation n. Re-establishing cordial relations d]nldnfk563. re-enact vt. In C, probably means to repeat theprocess of turning a document intolaw (because it has expired [see 'enact'])564. referendum n. A popular vote by the electorate todecide an issue, not to choose people565. referred v. (vt.) To submit (a matter in dispute) toan authority for arbitration, decisionor examination; (vi.) 'referred to'means mentioned566. reflect vt. Mirror (e.g. 'proportional representation'means that the number of seats reflectsthe voters' preference)k'gMsfo{;Dkfbg ug'{hgdt ;ª\u|xlg0f{ofy{ k]z ug'{-jf ;Gbe{ k|:'ttug'{_,l;kmfl/; ul/Psf]k|ltlalDat ug'{ -jfb]lvg'_R567. regard In C, usually in phrases like 'havingregard to means taking account of568. regarded vt. Looked upon or considered in aparticular way: 'regarded as valid'Wofgdf /fVb}-;+ljwfgsf] ;Gbe{df_,cfb/ -jf :g]x_-;fdfGo cy{df_Wofg jf dxTjlbOPsf]569. regarding prep. Concerning; with regard to ;DaGwdf570. region n. In C, usually means a geographicalarea (the region may have specificpowers)If]q71A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

571. register* n., vi. andvt.(n.) An official written record of names orevents or transactions: 'register of electors';'land register' (vt.) to cause oneself orsomething else to be registeredbtf{ vftf jfk'l:tsf -gf=_,btf{ ug'{ -lqm=_572. registered adj. Officially listed in a register btf{ ePsf] -jfbtf{jfn jf k~hLs[t_573. registrar n. An officer of a corporation or stateresponsible for maintaining records (e.g.of ownership, marriages, voters, etc.)kl~hsflwsf/L -jf/lhi6«f/_R72574. regular adj. In accordance with fixed order orprocedure, time or principle575. regulate vt. To control or direct according torules, principles or laws576. regulation n. Rule; may be used (in singular orplural) technically to refer to a set ofrules passed under the authority ofthe legislature577. relieved of office * Dismissed from officen. phrase578. religion n. Belief in and reverence for asupernatural power or powersregarded as creator and governor ofthe universe; a particular system offaith and worship based on religiousbelieflgoldtlgoldt ug'{ -jfJojl:yt ug'{_lgod jf Joj:yfkbaf6 x6fOPsf]wd{A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

579. religiousdenomination n.phraseA group of religious congregationshaving its own name and somedistinctive practices within areligion (e.g. Baptists are a Christiandenomination)580. remit* vt. Refer (a matter or legal case) toanother committee or authority orcourt for decisionwfld{s ;Dk|bfo581. remuneration* n Pay for services or work kfl/>ldssd ug'{ -;hfosd ug]{ ;Gbe{df;+ljwfgsf] k|of]u_,ljrf/fy{ jf lg0f{ofy{k|:t't ug'{582. render vt. Carry out services or make somethingdifferent: render a trial unfair583. renounce* vt. Give up (e.g. a title or citizenship),especially by formal announcement584. repeal n. A legislative act that removes anenactment from the body of laws585. report n. and v. (n.) A written document usuallydescribing the findings of someindividual or group; (v.) to formallytell somebody something586. representation n. Acting on behalf of another (e.g.legal representation): 'the functionof a member of Parliament is therepresentation of his constituency'k|efljt ug'{ -jfc;/ ug'{_Tofu]sf]vf/]h jf /2 ug'{-jf vf/]hL_k|ltj]bg -gf=_,hfgsf/L lbg' jfu/fpg' -lqm=_k|ltlglwTj73RA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

587. representative n.and adj.(n.) An advocate or person whorepresents someone else's policy orpurpose (in a court, Parliament orelsewhere); in a political context,distinguished from delegates; (adj.)'representative government'k|ltlglw -gf=_,k|ltlglwd"nsR74588. reproductive adj. Producing new life or offspring;'reproductive health' means a person'shealth in relation to functions ofproducing children589. republic n. A political system in which thesupreme power lies not with themonarchy but with citizens590. repugnant adj. In C, probably means 'inconsistentwith' (law or with morality or advice)591. require vt. To call for as obligatory orappropriate; demand592. requisition n. The act of requiring; an authoritativerequest or demand, especially by amilitary or public authority who takesover something (usually temporarily)for military or public usek|hggu0ftGqaflemPsf]cfjZos x'g'-jf cfjZos kg'{_clwu|x0fA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

593. reservations n. In India, the act of reserving acertain number of positions forspecific groups: 'reservations of seatsfor minorities in Parliament'; in Celsewhere, more likely means doubts:'if the president has reservationsabout a bill…'594. reside vi. In C, usually means to live: 'reside inthe country'595. residual power n.phrasePower (usually to make laws, etc.) leftafter others have been allocated596. resignation* n. The act of resigning (from a post orposition)597. resolution n. A formal decision made by a body likeParliament; determining a matter ofdispute: 'resolution of a dispute'598. resolve vt. Reach a conclusion after a discussionor deliberation599. respect n. and vt. (n.) 'Respect for human rights, etc.'means observance of and regard for;'in respect of' means in relation to; (vt)to honour (e.g. rights)cf/If0f -jf z+sf_a;f]af; ug'{cjlzi6 clwsf//flhgfdflg0f{o jf cfb]z,;ª\sNklg0f{o ug'{ -jf;dfwfg ug'{_cfb/ -jf ;Ddfg_-gf=_, cfb/ ug'{ -jf;Ddfg ug'{_ -lqm=_75RA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

600. responsible adj. Liable to be required to give account,as of one's actions or of thedischarge of a duty or trust; similarto accountable or having a duty:'responsible for the administration ofjustice'lhDd]jf/R601. responsibility n See responsible pQ/bfloTj-;+:yfut_,lhDd]jf/L -JolQmut_602. retroactive adj. Having an effect on something thathappened in the past—used of law603. retrospective adj. Concerned with or related to the past:'retrospective effect'klxn]b]lv g} nfu'x'g]Ef"k|efjL -ljutsf];/f]sf/ jfljut';Fu ;DalGwt_76604. revenue n. Government income from taxation orfees605. revolution n. A far-reaching and rapid changein ways of thinking and behaving;the overthrow of a government byunconstitutional means606. right adj. (Of behaviour, actions, etc.) requiredby law or duty607. right to privacy n.phraseThe right to keep certain things tooneself/fh:jqmflGtclwsf/ -jf 7Ls_uf]kgLotfsf] xsA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

608. rule of law* n.phraseThe condition in which every memberof society, including its ruler, acceptsthe authority of the law; carriesimplication that this applies equally togovernmentsfg'gL zf;g609. rule n. A statement of what can or should bedone in particular circumstances (alsosometimes narrowly refers to rules ofcourt—to procedural rules)610. schedule* n. A programme of work to be done ora programme of planned events; anappendix to a statute or constitution(see the appendix)611. seat n. A place in the membership of alaw-making assembly, a council or acommittee612. secret ballot n.phraseA system of voting in which one'schoice of candidate is kept secret613. section n. A department of an organization,institution, etc. or part of legislationor a constitution (see the appendix)614. secular adj. Not religious: 'secular state' means astate that does not have a state religion(may have other implications too)lgodcg';"rL -jfsfo{tflnsf_cfzg -jf lgo'Qmug'{_uf]Ko dtbfgZffvf -jf kmf“6_wd{ lg/k]If77SA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

S615. security n. and adj. (n.) Safety of citizens; things of valueused as guarantee that one will paymoney owed; (adj.) 'security forces'describes forces with the responsibilityto ensure the safety of people616. sedition* n. A criminal offence—through wordsor actions—intended to make peopleoppose the authority of the state617. seditious adj. Having the intent that would amountto the offence618. self-determination(right of) n.The right of a nation, country orpeople to decide what form ofgovernment it will have or decide itsfuture619. self-executing adj. Used of treaty that has legal effectwithout any need for nationallegislation (literally means it needsnothing else to be legally effective);'/Iff/fhb|f]x/fhb|f]xL -jf kL8s_cfTdlg0f{o-jf :jlg0f{o_:jtM sfof{Gjog x'g]78620. self-government n. The act of governing oneself (entirelyor to some extent) as a people orcountry621. self-governing adj. Describes a territory that governsitself622. self-incriminatingadj.Suggesting by own statement or actthat one is guilty of crime, etc.: 'selfincriminatingevidence':jfoQ zf;g:jzf;gck/fw :jLsf/f]lQmA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

623. self-incriminationn.The act of incriminating oneself:'privilege against self-incrimination'ck/fw :jLsf/624. senate n. The upper house of the law-makingassembly in some countries such asFrance, USA, Australia, etc.l;g]6-cd]l/sf, k|mfG;,c:6«]lnofnufotsfs]xL d'n'sx¿df;+;b\sf] dflyNnf];bg_625. senator n. A member of the senate l;g]6sf] ;b:o626. sentence n. The punishment given by a law courtafter it finds someone guilty of anoffence627. serfdom* n. The social and economic systemunder which land is cultivated byserfs; state of being serf (littledifferent from slave)628. service n. Employment in duties or work foranother, especially for a government;a government branch or departmentand its employees: 'civil service'; an actperformed629. servitude n. The state of being forced to work forothers and having no freedomb08, ;hfoafFwf agfpg-aFw'jfsf] cy{df_;]jfk/flwgtf79SA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

S80630. session n. A meeting for the execution of agroup's functions: 'parliamentarysession'631. sexual orientationn. phrasePreference in sexual relations;attraction to people of the oppositesex, same sex or both632. sexuality n. Sexual behaviour. Now often used tomean the way a person reacts sexuallyto others (in all its implications); thusincludes, but not limited to, issues ofsexual preference633. shall* v. aux Indicating obligation to act (cf 'may')(Note: in law, it has many shades ofmeaning)634. single transferablevote* n. phraseA method of voting where votersrank candidates in order, andunneeded or unused votes aretransferred according to voters' statedpreferences (a proportional electoralsystem)635. sitting n. A period during which a law court,Parliament, etc. conducts its normalbusinessclwj]zgn}ª\luscled'vLs/0fn}ª\lustf -jf of}gcfr/0f_ug]{ -jf ul/g]_Psn ;ª\qmd0fLodta}7s636. slavery* n. The practice of having slaves bf;Tj -jf bf;k|yf_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

637. society n. The totality of social relationshipsamong humans; a group ofhumans broadly distinguished fromother groups by mutual interests,participation in characteristicrelationships, shared institutions and acommon culture;dfh638. sovereign* n. andadj.(n.) A person with the highest powerin a country, especially a king or aqueen; (adj.) having no limit on power(sovereign state, etc.) other than in theconstitution (not being a colony, etc.);fj{ef}d639. Speaker* n. The person who holds the office withthe responsibility for chairing a lawmakingassembly640. sphere n. A range or extent of interest, activity,influence, etc.;efd'v -;+ljwfgsf]k|of]u_, jQmf-;fdfGo cy{df_If]q -k|efj, clwsf/cflbsf]_S641. StandingCommittee* n.phraseRemaining in force (permanent; onethat meets regularly):yfoL ;ldlt642. Standing Orders n.phraseA set of rules that remain in forceuntil the rules are specifically changedor withdrawn, especially relating toparliamentary procedure:yfoL cfb]z81A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

643. state n. An organized political communitywith its government in a sovereignstate or a constituent unit of afederation/fHo644. state ofemergency* n.phraseSituation officially declared in acountry due to certain conditionswhereby certain extra powers aregiven to the executive;ª\s6sfnS645. statute n. Usually refers to enactment(sometimes the rules governing somebody such as a university)646. structured adj. The state of being well planned ororganized647. structure n. A particular system, pattern,procedure or institution (e.g. ofgovernment); a man-made object suchas building, shelter, etc.ljwfgJojl:yt;+/rgf -jf 9fFrf_82648. subject n. and adj. (n.) Any member of a state apart fromits supreme ruler; 'subject of' meansdealt with by (of law, etc.); (adj.) undersome person, authority or power:'subject people'/}tL jf k|hf-s;}sf] cwLgdf/x]sf] cy{df_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

649. subject to* vt. andn.(vt.) Required to obey something orsomebody; (n.) under the authorityof something or somebody;sometimes introduces qualification toa statement: 'subject to the followingarticle…'cGtu{t /xL-;+ljwfgsf] k|of]u_,afWo u/fpg'-;fdfGo cy{df_650. subjected [to] vt. Made the subject of somethingunpleasant: 'subjected to forcedexperiments'651. submissions n. Documents/arguments formallypresentedOR5flj?4 jfank"j{s sfddfnufpg'btf{ jf k|:t'tL652. submit [to] vt. andvi.(vt.)To suggest or argue; (vi.) (lesslikely) to recognize superiority of:'submit to authority'k|:t't ug'{S653. subordinate* n.and adj.(adj.) Lower in rank or position:'subordinate legislation' meanslegislation (rules regulatios, etc.) madeunder authority of a statute but not byParliamentdftxt -jf ;xfos_654. subparagraph n. A part of a paragraph (see theappendix)655. subsection n. A part of a statutory section (see theappendix)cg'R5]bsf] efupkbkmf83A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

656. subsidiarity n. The principle that powers shouldbe exercised at the lowest levelof government at which they caneffectively be exercised (EuropeanUnion principles adopted in somecountries with devolution)kl/k"/stf -jf;lGgs6tf_657. subsidiary n. andadj.(n.) A company owned by another;(adj.) lower 'subsidiary legislation'means subordinate legislation;xfos -jfkl/k"/s÷;lGgs6_658. summoning vt. Calling another in an official matter,such as to attend a court hearingcfXjfgST659. supplementaryestimate* n. phraseAdditional sum estimated and forwhich authorization is sought fromthe legislatureKf"/s cg'dfg660. supreme adj. Highest (of courts, commanders, etc.) ;jf]{Rr84661. supremecommander* n.phraseThe supreme above the commanderin-chiefof the army/military (used inNepal for the position of the king, andin some countries for the commanderof combined forces: 'SupremeCommander of Allied Forces'k/dflwklt662. Supreme Court n.phraseThe highest court (formal title inmany countries);jf]{Rr cbfntA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

663. tax* n. and vt. Levy or money to be legally paid tothe government not in return forservices; (v) to impose taxs/664. taxation n. Raising money by taxes s/ k|0ffnL665. tenure n. A legally prescribed period forholding a public position; (rare)system of land holdingsfo{sfn -jfkbfjlw_666. tenure of office*n. phraseA legally prescribed period forholding an officeKfbfjlw667. term n. A period of time; provision ofagreementcjlw -jf Dofb_T668. term of office* n.phrase669. terms (in terms of)n.A fixed period of time for holding anofficeUsed in South Africa to mean'according to or under' a law or CKfbfjlwcg';f/ -jfk|fjwfg_670. terminate vt. In C, would be transitive verbmeaning to bring to an end: 'terminatean appointment'671. termination n. The act of ending something ;dflKt;dfKt ug'{ -jfcGTo ug'{_85A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

672. territory n. The geographical area (e.g. under thejurisdiction of a sovereign state): 'theterritory of Nepal comprises…'; apart of a federal system with limitedpowers (as in Canada and Australia)If]qT673. tie* n. Equality of votes dt a/fa/ x'g'-jf ;fdflhs;DaGw, ;fdfGocy{df_674. tier of governmentn. phraseLevel of government675. title* n. A formal appellation attached to thename of a person or family by virtueof office, rank, hereditary privilege,noble birth or attainment, or used asa mark of respect; the heading thatnames a document or statute;/sf/L txpkflw, zLif{s,kbjL676. torture vt. and n. Physical/mental treatment of anextreme kind: 'right not to be tortured'oftgf86677. traffic (in humanbeings*) n., vi. andvt.Implies illegal trade (in drugs, animalsor human beings)a]rlavg -dfgj_,cf];f/k;f/ -nfu'kbfy{_678. transformation n. A major qualitative change ¿kfGt/0fA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

679. transition n. The process or period of changingfrom one state or condition toanother ('transitional provisions' in aconstitution cover the move from oneconstitution to another)680. transparency n. The state or quality of beingtransparent; in C, usually used ofgovernment processes being open topublic scrutiny681. treaty* n. An agreement between countriesand international bodies, binding ininternational law682. trial n. Legal proceedings consisting of thejudicial examination of issues by acompetent tribunal683. tribe n. A group of people related by blood ormarriage (larger than a clan)684. tribunal* n. A decision making body, similar toa court, sometimes for a specificpurpose, perhaps unofficial or at alower level: 'legislation must providefor the review of administrative actionby a court or an impartial tribunal'685. ultra vires L Beyond the legal power or authorityof a person or official or body, etc.;ª\qmd0fkf/blz{tf;lGw–;Demf}tf;'g'jfOhfltcbfnt -jf vf;s'/fsf] lg0f{osfnflu agfOPsf]cfof]u_clwsf/ aflx/sf]s'/f87UA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

686. unanimous adj. Sharing the same opinions or views ;j{;DdtV88687. unconstitutionaladj.Contrary to the provisions of theconstitution688. unfairly adv. Not rightly or justly (suggests lack ofbalance)c;+j}wflgscGofok"0f{689. unicameral adj. (Legislature) composed of one Ps;bgfTdschamber690. union n. Unit formed from others, or of ;+3people: 'Union of India'; 'trade union'691. unity n. The quality of being united into one Pstf692. unitary adj. Characterized by or constituting aform of government in which poweris held by one central authority (notfederal)PsfTds693. unreasonable adj. Not fair to others; what anyreasonable person would not do694. untouchable Defiling to the touch; especially used c5'tin traditional Hindu belief to refer tothe lowest caste or castes695. uphold vt. Support—traditions, laws, etc. Kffngf696. vacant adj. Without an occupant or incumbent l/Qm697. valid adj. Probably in C, means not conflictingwith law; well based or logical; soundTfs{;ª\ut gePsf],a]d'gfl;adfGo -jf j}w÷sfg'gLdfGotf k|fKt_A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

698. verdict n. The decision of a court (or in somecountries a jury). Used of criminal cases699. vest vt. To place legal power or right in a personor body (e.g. Parliament is vested withthe power of making laws, or property isvested in a person, or 'executive power isvested in the head of state', etc.). Note:most often seen in the form 'vested'700. veto n. Valid power that one can exercise toblock a decision (e.g. the power that ahead of state has to reject a bill passedby the legislature)701. victim n. A person who suffers from someadverse circumstance: 'victim ofcrime'; 'victim of injustice'702. violate vt. To fail to respect something; to breakthe rule703. vote vi and n. (vi.) To formally indicate one's choicein an election or a referendum; (vi.)to officially allocate money (thelegislature votes money); (n.) a headof money so allocated704. Vote of Credit* n. Technical term (including in the Indianand Nepali Constitutions) meaningmoney voted to government on creditor trust, with few details givenKfm};nfclwsf/ k|fKt -jflglxt_ljz]ifflwsf/kLl8txgg x'g', pNnª\3gug'{dt lbg' -lqm=_, dt-gf=_pwf/f] -k]ZsL vr{_89WA Glossary of Constitutional Terms

705. voters n. People who vote or have the right tovoteDftbftf706. voting vi. Casting one's vote Dftbfg707. warrant* n. A written order from some authority(the king, a judge, etc.)708. weaker sections n.phraseUsed in the Indian Constitution torefer to disadvantaged groupscfb]z k'hL{sdhf]/ jf;'ljwfljxLg ju{W709. well-being adj. A state of being happy, healthy:'economic/psychological well-being'710. withoutprejudicing* adv.phrase711. without prejudice[to] adv. phraseWithout adversely influencing orpredetermining consequencesWithout affecting ( e.g. another'sright)712. witness n. Someone who sees an event andreports what happened, especially incourt proceedings.;DkGgtfk|lts"n gx'g] u/Lk|lts"n gx'g];fIfL90A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

Appendix: Names of Parts ofLegislation in English• An ordinary statute in many systems (UK, India, etc.) is dividedinto sections, which can be divided into sub-sections, sub-subsectionsand paragraphs. Even the shortest statute must have atleast one section.• Sections may be grouped into parts.• Constitutions in some countries is treated the same way asan ordinary statute; in other countries the main elements aretermed 'articles' not sections; an article is divided into clauses,sub-clauses and paragraphs. A constitution may sometimes bedivided into chapters (an expression not used for statutes in theUK because each statute is a chapter).• A statute or a constitution may have appendices usually calledschedules; these are divided into paragraphs, sub-paragraphs.• Preamble—used in treaties and constitutions but rarely now instatutes (but still used in Nepal).• Terminology is not uniform.91A Glossary of Constitutional Terms

The purposes of this Glossaryof Constitutional Terms are toestablish Nepali equivalents ofEnglish constitutional terms, tostandardize Nepali terminologiesrelevant to constitutions and tocontribute to the development ofplain language drafting.ISBN: 978-91-85724-20-8International IDEA/NepalJhamsikhel-3, Lalitpur, NepalTel: 977-1-5535252Fax: 977-1-5535252E-mail: info-nepal@idea.intWebsite: www.idea.int/asia_pacific/nepal