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45 dj.kkÚ;k O;fDrl rks cjkscjp vkgs vls okVr vlrs] o 

nxyckthP;k Ádj.kkr fo/kku dj.kkÚ;k O;fDrl rks pwd 

vkgs gs ekghr vlrs- 

50 mnkgj.k% v] ,d ?kjekyd] c yk lkaxrks] dh R;k ?kjkyk 

! 

Eg.kwu okijko;kP;k yk;d uOgrk- v yk gs ekghr 

uOgrs dh R;krhy ,d csM#e Eg.kwu okijko;kP;k 5 

yk;d ukgh- ;sFks c rQZs djkj foi;kZlP;k 

Ádj.kkeqGs vekU; dsyk tkÅ 'kdrks- "vYyk c['k 

[kku fo- vkj b cWjks] ,;j 1917 ,y,,p 173# 

oS/k djkjklkBhP;k xjtk % 

i{kdkjkaph djkjklkBhph ;ksX;rk 

[kkyhy Js.khrhy O;fDr djkjklkBh ;ksX; ekuys tkr 

ukgh- -"djkj vf/kfu;e vuqHkkx 11# 

Û xkS.k O;fDr 15 

Û fody eukso`RrhP;k O;fDr 

Û dqBY;kgh dk;|kUo;s R;k lacaf/kr fo"k;klkBh 

djkj dj.;kP;k gDdkiklwu fu"dflr O;fDr 

20 

xkS.k O;fDr 

xkS.k O;fDrcjkscj dsysyk djkj gk okWbZM 

vWc bfuf’kvks "vekU;# vlrks- 

mnkgj.k% ,d xkS.k] v us] ,dk lkodkjk’kh] c 'kh 25 

xgk.k Bso.;kps djkji= dsys- rs gks.;kvk/kh] c yk 

v P;k vkbZP;k orhus c yk ,d uksVhl fnyh xsyh] 

T;kr v gk xkS.k vlY;kps dGoys xsys- rls d#ugh] 30 

c us v dMwu vls ?kks"k.kki= lgh d#u ?ksrys 

dh rks lKku vkgs] o djkjkpk moZfjr Hkkx iw.kZ dsyk- 35 

v us xgk.k Bso.;kps djkji= jíhdj.kklkBh vtZ 

dsyk- c us vls vkokgu dsys dh "v# v ,d 

lKku vkgs "c# dh v yk ?kks"k.kki= lgh dsY;kus 40 

xkS.kRo fl/n dj.;kl Áfrca/k dsyk tkok "d# dh 

tj v gk xkS.k vlY;kl] djkj vekU; gksÅ 'kdrks% 

vekU; dsyk tkÅ u;s% o 'ksoVh "M# tj U;k;ky; 

xgk.k Bso.;kps djkji= jíhdj.kkpk fu.kZ; nsr 

vlY;kl] R;kl ifgyh fnY;k xsysY;k iS’kkpk ijrkok 

d¢yk tkok- U;k;ky;kus xgk.k Bso.;kps djkji= 

jíhdj.kkpk fu.kZ; nsr] R;kl ifgyh fnY;k xsysY;k 

iS’kkpk ijrkok ÁkIr dj.;kpkgh gDd ukdkjyk- 

5 

xkS.k O;fDr] dherh ÁfrQyklkBh] R;kaP;k Qk;|kps 45 

djkj djko;kl lK vlrkr dkj.k tjh rs nkf;Ro 

?ksÅ 'kdr ulys rjh R;kauk dkgh ekSY;oku 

oLrwP;k 'kh"kZdLFkGh vkiys uko ?kky.;kiklwu jks[kys 

tkÅ 'kdr ukgh- "QeZ Hkksykjke gjcalyky fo- 

Hkxr jke] ,;j 1927 ,y , ,p 24# 

50 

rhu csM#e vkgsr] tsOgk dh] R;krhy ,d csM#e 

xkS.k O;fDraps dk;ns’khj ikyd R;kaP;k orhus o R;kaP;k 

Qk;|klkBh djkjkr lkehy gksÅ 'kdrkr- 




djkj vf/kfu;e vuqHkkx 68 ;sFks egRoiw.kZ vkgs% 

5 

!tj ,[kknh O;fDr djkjkr lkehy gks.;kl v{ke vlY;kl] 

ok dq.kklgh vk/kkj ?ks.;kl dk;|kus ck/; vlY;kl] o 

vk;q";kr ,[kk|k O;fDrl R;kP;k fLFkrhlkBh twMwu jgkos 

10 ykxys vlY;kl rh O;fDr v’kk vleFkZ O;fDrP;k 

ekyeRrsrwu vkiyk gDd ekxw 'kdrs-ß 

15 

;k xks"Vhph uksan ?;koh ts ^t#jh^ vkgs rks ,d lacaf/kr nqok 

vkgs] T;kps fu/kkZj.k ,[kk+|k fof’k"V v{ke O;fDrP;k 

oLrqfLFkrhaoj lanHkkZus dsys tkos- 

mnkgj.k% v] ,d xkS.k o O;kolkf;d ckWDljus cksMZ vkWQ 

daVªksydMs vtZ d#u rlk ijokukgh feGoykijokU;kvarxZr 

v us cksMkZps fu;e dkVsdksji.ks]dqBysgh cny 

20 u djrk ikGko;kl gos v’kh lwpuk fnyh gksrh- v dMwu 

cksMkZus £ 3000 ph jDde ;k dkj.kkus Bsowu ?ksryh] dh rks 

,dk Li/kZsrwu csYVP;k [kkyh Bksls yxko.;kus ckn dsyk xsyk 

gksrk- vls ekuys xsys dh djkj gk v P;k fojks/kh dykus 

gksrk] tjh v gk ,d dk;+|kus vKku gksrk] i.k lcG 

dkj.k gs gksrs dh v yk R;kP;k O;olkf;d {ks=kr fuiq.krk 

25 feGkoh a;klkBh gs t#jh gksrs- "MkW;y fo- OgkbZV flVh 

LVsfM;e fy- "1935#1 ds ch 110# 

30 fody eukso`RrhP;k O;fDr 

fody eukso`RrhP;k O;fDrha’kh djkj gk vxnhp vekU; 

vlrks- djkj vf/kfu;e vuqHkkx 12] djkjkr lkehy 

35 gks.;klkBh ykx.kkÚ;k fudksi eukph O;k[;k letkors % 

tj] djkj djrs osGsl] ,[kk|k O;fDrl rs vkdyu 

dj.;kph 'kfDr vlrs] o vkiY;k vkoMhauqlkj fu.kZ; ?ksÅ 

40 'kdrs] v’kh O;fDr djkjkr lkehy gks.;klkBh ykx.kkÚ;k 

fudksi eukph vkgs vls Eg.kw 'kdrksdjkj 

vf/kfu;e vuqHkkx 68] pk laca/k djkjkr lkehy 

gks.;klkBh v{ke rlsp fody eukso`RrhP;k O;fDraalkBhP;k 

45 xjt vl.kkÚ;k Áca/kuka’kh vlrks- 

50 

! 

dkgh fof’k"V Ádj.kkar] dkgh O;fDrauk fof’k"V 

ÁdkjkP;k djkjkar lkehy gks.;kiklwu] R;kaoj ykxw 5 

gks.kkÚ;k dk;|kUo;s Áfrcaf/kr dsysys vlrs- v’kk 

Ádj.kkar] vls djkj vekU; ekuys tkrkr- mnk-] 

egkeaMGs R;kaps lkeF;Z gs lunh] LFkkfir dk;ns] 

vf/kfu;e a;k R;kauk ?kMo.kkÚ;k ?kVdkarwup ÁkIr 10 

djrs- tj ,[kkns egkeaMG lunh] LFkkfir 

dk;ns] vf/kfu;ekaP;k PkkSdVhckgsj tkÅu T;k 

djkjkr lkehy gksrkr vls djkj vekU; ekuys tkrkr- 

oS/k djkjklkBhP;k xjtk % dk;|kuq#i 

fopkjkgZrk 

6 

15 

djkj vf/kfu;e vuqHkkx 2"M#] djkjkr lkehy 

gks.;klkBh ykx.kkÚ;k fopkjkgZrsph O;k[;k letkors- 

O;k[;k lqpors dh ÁFke LFkkuh] vk’okluklkBh 

xjt vlysY;k Lo&vuq’kkluph o dk;Zi/nrhph] 20 

vk’oklu ns.kkÚ;kP;k eukÁek.ks fopkjkgZrk nk[kokohf}rh; 

eqÌk vlk dh] rs vk’oklu ns.kkÚ;kus ok 

nqlÚ;k O;fDrus djkos% o 'ksoVpk eqÌk Eg.kts] 

vk’okluklkBh xjt vlysY;k Lo&vuq’kkluph 

o dk;Zi/nrhph fopkjkgZrk tj vxksnj fl/n dsyh 25 

vlsy ok djk;yk osG vlsy] "Hkfo";kr dj.kkj vlsy# 

vk’oklukalkBh fopkjkgZrk jkLr] ok leku eqY;kph 

vl.ks xjtsps ulrs% ,o


lkoZtfud drZO; fuHko.ks] tls dh lk{khnkj Eg.kwu 

U;k;ky;kP;k cksyko.;ko#u lquko.khr gtj jkg.ks] gh ckc 

oS/k Eg.kwu fopkjkgZ ukgh- lkoZtfudrsus nqlÚ;k dq.kklkBh ok 

5 lektklkBh ,[kkns iwoZfu/kkZfjr drZO; ikj ikM.;kl R;k 

djkjklkBh fopkjkgZrk fnyh tkr ukgh- 

10 vk’okldkP;k eukÁek.ks u dsysy] i.k LosPNsus dsysy 

dkghgh oS/k fopkjkgZrsl ik= Bjr ukgh- 

fÁfoVhpk fla/nkar 

,[kknk djkj R;kP;krhy lekfo"V O;frfjDr dqBY;kgh 

O;fDroj R;kP;k vfLrRokus ok dyekUo;s ÁHkko Vkdw 'kdr 

ukgh- r`rh; O;fDrl djkjkP;k ykHkkaph ekx.kh dj.;kph 

20 eqHkk feGw 'kdr ukgh- 

mnkgj.k% xgk.k Bsohpk djkj d#u] v #- 40000@& c 

dMwu ?ksrks- uarj] v rh ekyeRrk d yk #-44000@& yk 

fodrks o c P;k xgk.k jdespk mrkjk dj.;klkBh d ik’khp 

25 #- 40000 @& ph jDde Bsok;kl lkaxrks- xgk.k Bsohpk 

LohdkjdrkZ c] ex d dMwu xgk.k olwyhlkBh U;k;ky;kph 

ik;jh pkyk ukgh dkj.k v o d P;k 

djkjkr c lkehy uOgrk- !teuknkl fo- jke vorkj ikaMs 

30 !1911" 30 vk; , 7" 

fÁfoVhP;k fu;ekal dkgh fof’k"V viokngh vkgsr% 

35 Û tfeuhlkscr pkyr vlysys djkj% ,d O;fDr tks tehu 

fodr ?ksrks] ;k lwpusoj dh tehuhpk ekyd fof’k"V 

laerhi=kUo;s BjoysY;k drZO;kauh ok djkjkauh ck/; vlkok] 

40 tjh vlk fodr ?ks.kkjk R;k laerhi=kpk Hkkx ulyk rjhgh- 

Û fo’oklkpk rkck% ,d O;fDr T;kP;kdMs dqBY;kgh fof’k"V 

45 ekyeRrspk rkck ok dkgh gDd fnysys vlrkr] rksgh r’kk 

ekx.khus f’kjdko d# 'kdrks] tjh rks R;k djkjk Hkkx ulyk 

rjhgh- 

50 Û Áfrca/kkph ikspikorh% tsFks] djkjkUo;s] ,[kk|k i{kkyk 

frlÚ;k O;fDryk QsM djk;ph vlrs] o rks i{k R;k 

! 

frlÚ;k O;fDryk rls dGors] rsOgk R;k frlÚ;k O;fDrP;k 

i{kkr rs ck/; drZO; ?kMrs- 

djkjkP;k fÁfoVhP;k fla?nkrkr o fopkjkgZrsP;k 

fÁfoVhP;k fla?nkrkr xQyr d# u;s- tls ,[kknk 5 

djkj R;kP;krhy lekfo"V O;frfjDr dqBY;kgh 

O;fDroj R;kP;k vfLrRokus ok dyekUo;s ÁHkko Vkdw 

'kdr ukgh] rsFksp vuqHkkx 2!M"] gs lqporks dh 

,[kk|k vk’okluklkBh fopkjkgZrk vkgs] rs tjh r`rh; 10 

i{kkus fnysys vlY;klgh dkghp Qjd iMr ukgh- 

mnkgj.k% vkiY;k eqyhP;k yXukpk [kpZ Hkkxo.;klkBh] 

v us ,dk ykdMkP;k rqdMîkP;k foØhpk fu.kZ; 

?ksryk- v P;k eqykus] c us vls vk’oklu fnys dh 15 

tj v us vkiY;k ykdMkP;k rqdMîkP;k foØhpk 

fu.kZ; ekx¢ ?ksryk rj rks R;kaP;k eqyhyk £1000 

ph QsM djsy- v us rls dsys] ijarq] c us dkgh 

QsM dsyh ukgh- eqyhus o frP;k uoÚ;kus U 

;k;ky;kr jdeslkBh c yk vkokgu fnys- vls 

ekuys xsys dh] frP;k fopkjkgZrspk laca/k ulwugh] 20 

fryk QsM dsyh xsyh dkj.k ;sFks v’kh fopkjkgZrk 

gksrh th frP;k oMhykaUOk;s ÁkIr >kyh gksrh- 

!MVu fo- iwys] 1 osaVªhl 318" 

vk’oklfud eukgh 25 

lk/kkj.k Ádj.kkar vk’oklukaP;k vknku 

Ánkukph xjt vlrs- dk;nk ;qfuysVjy 

vk’oklukaukgh ikj[krks- v’kk ekeY;kar] 

vk’oklu iw.kZ dj.kkjk djkjk’kh lacaf/kr ulrks] 30 

i.k vk’oklu iw.kZ dj.kkÚ;kus tj vk’okldkP;k 

xjtsÁek.ks dk;Z iw.kZ dsY;kl] vk’oklu iw.Kz 

dj.kkjk vk’okldkl vk’oklu iw.kZ dj.;kl 35 

lkaxw 'kdrks- vkrk vk’okldkyk vkiY;k 

fo/kkukiklwu cny.;kl vk’oklfud eukgh 

ykxw gksrs- gsp vk’oklfud eukghps fla/nkar vkgs- 

7 

mnkgj.k% VkÅu gkWyP;k cka/kdkeklkBh] gkoMk 

E;qfuflifyVh vk;qDrkauh lkekU; tursdMwu ns.kxhph 40 

ekx.kh dsyh- v us QaMklkBh #- 100@& ns.;kps 

vk’oklu fnys- tsOgk iqjs’kk ns.kX;k ÁkIr >kY;koj] 45 

vkiys vk’oklu dk;e Bsor] E;qfuflifyVhus VkÅu 

gkWyP;k cka/kdkeklkBhP;k djkjkr Áos’k dsyk- rsOgk] 

v us QaMklkBhps #- 100@& ns.;kps ukdkjys- v 

yk ;k Ádj.kkr QsM djkoh ykxyh- vk’oklu vls 

gksrs dh VkÅu gkWyP;k cka/kdkeklkBhP;k djkjkr 

lkehy gks.;kP;k rqeP;k fu.kZ;kyk fopkjkr ?ksr] 

eh vls vk’oklu nsrks dh eh R;klkBh Bjoysyh 50 

jDde vnk djsu- !dsnkjukFk Hkêkpk;Z foxksjh 

egen !1887" vk;,yvkj14 dWy 64" 




;qfuysVjy vk’oklu] ;k fo’oklkoj dh fnysys opu ikGys 

tkbZy ;koj fuHkZj dkghgh gjdr dj.;kiwohZ dqBY;kgh {k.kh 

5 ijr ?ksrys tkÅ 'kdrs] i.k R;kuarj ek= ukgh 

10 

oS/k djkjklkBhP;k xjtk % dk;|kuq#i /;s; 

vuqHkkx 23 fopkjkgZrk o /;s;s dk;ns’khj vkgsr o dqByh 

ukghr gs lqpors% 

dqBY;kgh djkjkph fopkjkgZrk o /;s;s dk;ns’khj vkgsr 

tksi;Zar & 

15 

rks dk;|k}kjs Áfrcaf/kr dsyk tkr ukgh% ok 

rks v’kk /kkj.kspk vlsy] dh tj ijokfur dsyk 

xsyk] rj dqBY;kgh dk;|kaP;k Áca/kukauk eksMw 'kdrks] 

fdaok fn[kkoVh vlY;kl] ok nqlÚ;k O;fDrl ok 

20 ekyeRrsl btk ikspo.kkj vlsy] fdaok U;k;ky; R;kl 

vÁkekf.kd ?kksf"kr djr vlY;kl] ok loZlkekU; furhP;k 

fo#/n dk;Zjr vlsy- 

25 ;k foHkkxklkBhph mnkgj.ks R;kpk vFkZ let.;klkBh 

enriw.kZ vkgsr] o ,[kk|kyk rh okp.;kpk lYyk t#j 

fnyk tkrks- 

,d csdk;ns’khj djkj vftckr yknyk tkÅ 'kdr ukgh- 

,d Eg.k ^,Dl rqjih dkWlk ukWu vksjhrqj vWfD’kvks^ Eg.ktsp 

30 êqG dkj.kkrqu] dkghp d`rh ?kMr ukgh^- tulkekU; furhps 

/;s; vkgs ^,Dl Mksyks eWyks ukWu vksjhrqj vWfD’kvks^ !vkiY;k 

d`rh vfurhor ok csdk;ns’khj dkekar 'kks/kr vlysY;k 

O;fDrl dqBysgh U;k;ky; enr nsr ukgh" 

35 

yksdl iks,uk;VsUVk, Eg.ktsp nq[koVîklkBhph tkxk] 

nqlÚ;kps eu oGo.;kph ,d la/kh] ,[kk|kus dsysys dkgh 

iqlwu Vkd.;kph la/kh] cqpdGîkr Vkd.kkÚ;k ?kklk?khlhrwu 

40 ok djkjkrwu Ckkgsj iM.;kph la/kh] ;kiwohZ dh R;kps #ikarj.k 

,dk fof’k"B djkjkRed tckcnkjhr gksbZy] ,d gDd 

T;kUo;s ,[kk|k viw.kZ nso?ksohr vax dkkys gksrs] dtZnkj] gs letwu dh v 

P;k n`’; laiRrhpk eksBk Hkkx gk eky u dkkysyk vkgs] o dnkfpr dk;|kP;k i?nrhus 

rso


vk’okldkyk Lor%ph use.kwd rsFks djrk ;sbZy! "gwMs 

osadVje.k fo] ts ,e ykscks] ,;j 1953 eWM 506! 

5 Û dk;ns’khj lquokbZyk pqdhps oG.k ns.kkjs djkj] tls dh 

vk’okldkrQZs fnok.kh lquokbZr Xokgh ns.;klkBh iS’kkpk 

ÁLrko ns.ks- "’kgkcqÌhu lkfgc fo] VksVk osadVje.k psÍh;kj] 

,;j 1938 eWM 911! 

10 Û vuqj{k.k o iksVxh % ,d O;fDr th dkj.k ulrkuk] 

oknkyk vk/kkj ns.;kpk Á;Ru djrs T;kr frpk dkgh laca/k 

ulrks] rls dj.;klkBh vijk/kh vlrks- gs] ij ls ukgh] 

loZlkekU; furhP;k myV gs dk;Z ukgh] tksi;Zar djkjkps 

/;s; pqdhps vlrs] tls dh [kVY;kaP;k lquokbZr csdk;ns’khj 

pqdhph enr ok oknkoknhr tqxkjh o`Rrh voyac.ks- iksVxh gk 

15 vuqj{k.kkpk fodksfir Lo#i vlrs] o rs loZlkekU; furhP;k 

myV vkgs- ;sFks fookfnr ekyeRrsP;k lquokbZrhy 

vuqj{k.knkrk FkksMÓk Hkkxkar pky


10 

Û Hkkxhnkjh vf/kfu;e % O;kikjkoj fucZa/k ?kky.kkÚ;k djkjkyk 

ekU;rk ulrs ;k lk/kkj.k fu;kekyk Hkkxhnkjh vf/kfu;e 

viokn iqjors- mnkgj.kkFkZ] vuqHkkx 11 vls lqporks dh 

5 daiuhP;k lafØ;kdkyknjE;ku R;kaph ijLij Lora=rk vadq’k 

dj.;kP;k gsrqus v’kh lgefr ?ksryh tkrs dh nks?kkaiSdh 

dq.khgh daiuhP;k O;olk;kf’kok; nqljk O;olk; d# u;s- 

10 Û U;kf;di.ks ekU;rkÁkIr viokn % ;k fu;ekyk U;kf;d 

fudkykar fof’k"V viokn iqjoysys vlrkr- mnkgj.kkFkZ] 

O;kikj djkj] o fo’ks"krsus gkrkGY;k tk.kkÚ;k djkjkauk dkgh 

fo’ks"k fLFkrhaxZr ekU; dsys tkrs- lsok djkjkaxZr ,d deZpkjh 

dkgh Bjkfod dkyko/khlkBh nqlÚ;k dq.kklgh lsok Ánku u 

dj.;kps opu nsrks] gk ,d oS/k djkj vkgs- ijarq] ,dk 

15 uksdjnkjkyk R;kpk lsokdky laiY;koj ekydk’kh py nhu] 

!1962" 108 lh,yvkj391-" 35 

v/kZoV djkj 

dk;|kr o U;k;kr dkgh fLFkrhae/;s] v’kh xjt 40 

iMrs dh ,[kk|k O;fDrl dkgh ca/ku ikGkos ykxrs] 

rsgh djkjkrhy ,dgh dyekyk u rksMrk ok 

dqBykgh fnok.kh vijk/k u djrk- ;kaukp djkjkrhy 

folxZ ca/kus Eg.krkr] dkj.k rh dqBY;kgh 45 

okLrfod djkjkrwu ;sr ulrkr- i{kdkjkaP;k 

vuqefroj gh voyacwu ulrkr- o R;kaps folxZ ca/kus 

Eg.kwups oxhZdj.k] djkjkP;k okLro ladYiukis{kk 50 

nwjorhZ vls n’kZors- 




djkj folxZ ca/kus ;k fl/nkarkoj fuHkZj vlrkr dh dk;nk 

o U;k;kus Á;RukUo;s] vleFkZuh; o`/nhaxrhyk vkGk 

5 ?kkyko;kl gok] ok ,[kk|k O;fDryk iSlk ckGx.;kiklwu 

Fkkaco.;klkBh] ok feG.kkÚ;k Qk;|kpk Hkkx Bso.;kiklwu] ts 

R;k O;fDrus Bso.ks u iV.;klkj[ks vlrs- 

10 vleFkZuh; o`/nhaxrhlkBhP;k d`rhyk lkfcr dj.;kl 

[kkyhy xks"Vh nk[kowu ns.ks xjtsps vkgs% 

Û Áfroknhyk Qk;nk ÁkIr >kY;kus o`/nhaxrh >kyh% 

Û dh gh o`/nhaxrh rØkjdR;kZP;k laiRrhoj >kyh% o 

Û vls dh o`/nhaxrhyk ckGx.ks vleFkZuh; vlrs- 

15 !egkchj fd’kksj fo ,e ih jkT;],;j 1990 ,llh 313" 

djkj vf/kfu;e] dkgh djkj folxZ ca/kukaP;k Lo#ikaps o.kZu 

20 vuqHkkx 68&72 e/;s n’kZors- mnkgj.kkFkZ] vuqHkkx 71 vls 

lqpors dh% 

ß,d O;fDr T;kyk nqlÚ;kP;k ekydhgDdkpk eky lkiMRkks 

o rks eky Lor%P;k rkC;kr ?ksrks] gs csyh Eg.kwu leku 

tckcnkjhP;koj voyacwu vlrs-ß 

25 vQjkrQjhps naMuh; nkf;Ro VkG.;klkBh] 'kks/kdR;kZl R;k 

ekykP;k [kÚ;k ekydkl 'kks/kko;kpk Á;Ru djko;klp gok 

o Lor%P;k okijklkBh R;kps fofu;kstu d: u;s- 

30 mnkgj.k% ,d cWad pqdhus c P;k [kkR;kr] 1]00]000 #- 

jDde tek djrs- c rh jDde dk


12 

vU; i{kkus VsaMj vLohdkj dj.;kpk ladsr vk/khp fnyk 

vlY;kl VsaMj vko';d ulrs- !baVjus'kuy dk¡VªWDVlZ 

fyfo- çdk'k dqekj lwj !Lo"] ,vk;vkj 1962 ,llh 

77" 

5 opuHkax iwokZuqeku 

tsOgka ,d i{k dk;Z dj.;kl udkj nsrks] fdaok fnysys 

opu iw.kZ dj.;kl Lor%yk vleFkZ d:u Äsrks] rsOgka 

10 nqljk i{k] R;kaus 'kCnkus fdaok vkpj.kkus djkj lq: 

Bso.;kl laefr n'kZoyh ulY;kl] gk djkj laiow 'kdrks 

!,l 39] djkj dk;nk" 

15 

mnkgj.k% c P;k tehuhoj vlysys ykdwM rksMwu rs 

Lor%P;k xkMhus toGP;k jsYos LVs'kui;±r 

us.;klkBh v R;kP;k'kh djkj djrks- gs dk;Z iw.kZ 

20 gks.;kvk/khp v vkiyh xkMh fodrks- gs opuHkax 

iwokZuqeku vkgs vkf.k c ,drj djkj pkyw Bsow 'kdrks 

fdaok rks jí d: 'kdrks- !tkWu v'kj tksUl fo 

,MoMZ LdkWV xzkxWu] ,vk;vkj 1919 ihlh 190 oj 

vk/kkfjr" 

dkG] LFkG vkf.k dk;Z i)r 

25 tj dk;Z iw.kZ dj.;klkBh ,d fof'k"V osG fu/kkZfjr 

dsyh xsyh ulsy] rj rks djkj ,dk ldkj.k osGsr 

iw.kZ dsyk xsyk ikfgts- !,l 46] djkj dk;nk"- tj loZ 

i{kkaP;k ers djkjke/;s fu;r osG egRokph vlsy] rj 

fu/kkZfjr osGsr 

30 dk;Z iw.kZ u >kY;kl ok;nk djowu Äs.kkÚ;kyk djkj jí 

dj.;kpk gô çkIr gksrks- !,l 18] djkj dk;nk"- 

35 lkekU;r%] O;kikfjd djkjkae/;s osG egRokph /kjyh 

tkrs- rjhgh] ,[kk|k djkjke/;s osG egRokph 

vkgs fdaok ukgh ;kpk Li"V mYys[k i{k d: 

'kdrkr] vkf.k osG egRokph gksrh ;kps fu/kkZj.k 

R;ko:u dsys tkbZy- 

40 mnkgj.k% v us c P;k eqyhP;k yXuklkBh feBkbZ 

iqjo.;kps ekU; dsys- c us v yk Li"V lkafxrys fd 

feBkbZ yXukP;k ikgq.;kalkBh vkgs vkf.k yXu veqd 

,dk fof'k"V rkj[ksyk 

45 vkgs- v yXukP;k rkj[ksyk feBkbZ iqjor ukgh- bFks osG 

egRokph vkgs] vkf.k rsOgka c djkj jí d: 'kdrks- 

50 ok;nk dj.kkÚ;kus ok;nk djowu Äs.kkÚ;kdMwu dk;Z 

! 

dj.;klkBh ;ksX; tkxsps fu/kkZj.k d:u Äsrys ikfgtsftFks 

djkjke/;s v'kk tkxspk Li"V mYys[kk ukgh 

frFks tkxk djkjkP;k vVÈ}kjs vksG[kyh ikfgts- 

mnkgj.k% v us c dMwu dkgh oLrq fodr ÄsrY;k] 

tks brj 'kgjkr vkgs- v us c yk iSls Äs.;klkBh 

Lor%dMs ;s.;kl lkafxrys- gs U;k¸; ukgh% c us 

brj vFkkZps dkgh lkafxrys ulY;kl] c yk R;kP;k 10 

/ka|kP;k fBdk.khp iSls fnys xsys ikfgtsr- 

!xksihjke dk'khjke fo 'kadjjko] 

,vk;vkj 1950 ,ech 72 oj vk/kkfjr" 

dk;Z gs ok;nk djowu Äs.kkÚ;kus fofgr dsY;kçek.ks 

fdaok eatwjh fnY;kuqlkj i)frus dsys tkos- 

!,l 50] djkj dk;nk"- 15 

mnkgj.k% v] ,d HkkMsd:] Äjekyd c yk eukhvkWMZj 

}kjs HkkMs ikBorks- i.k v gk R;k HkkMîkrwu euhvkWMZj 

'kqYdkph jôe oGrh d:u Äsrks- euhvkWMZj 'kqYdkph 20 

jôe v'kk çdkjs oGrh dj.;kl c ph laefr ulY;kl 

gs dk;Z voS/k vkgs- !ukjk;.kjko tkxs'ojjko fo 

rkuckth nkekth] ,vk;vkj 1954 ukx 270 oj vk/kkfjr" 

v'kD;rk vkf.k uSjk'; 25 

v'kD; vls dk;Z dj.;kpk djkj Lor%p jí Bjrks- 

!,l 56] djkj dk;nk"- i.k rjhgh] tsOgka ,d O;äh 

vls dkgh dk;Z dj.;kpk ok;nk djrs] ts v'kD; 

fdaok xSjdk;ns'khj vlY;kps fryk ekghr gksrs] 30 

fdaok ;ksX; pkSd'khus rls ekghr gksÅ 'kdys vlrs] vkf.k 

ts ok;nk djowu Äs.kkÚ;kyk ekghr uOgrs] rsOgka v'kk 35 

djkjkçek.ks dk;Z u dsY;kus ok;nk djowu Äs.kkÚ;kyk 

>kysY;k uqdlkukcíy ok;nk dj.kkÚ;kus ok;nk djowu 

Äs.kkÚ;kyk {kfriwfrZ fnyh ikfgts- 

djkj >kY;kuarj] tsOgka ok;nk iw.kZ dj.ks ok;nk 40 

dj.kkÚ;kyk u VkGrk ;s.;klkj[;k dkj.kkus v'kD; gksrs] 

fdaok xSjdk;ns'khj Bjrs vkf.k rs dk;Z dj.ks v'kD; 

fdaok xSjdk;ns'khj Bjrs rsOgka djkj jí gksrks- gk 

uSjk';kpk fl)kar vkgs- !,l 56] djkj dk;nk"- 45 

mnkgj.k% v gk ijns'kkr vl.kkÚ;k c lkscr djMhps rsy c 

jkgkr vlysY;k ns'kkr iqjo.;kpk djkj djrks- iq


ukgh] dkj.k djkj uSjk';kP;k fl)karkuqlkj jí 

Bjrks!nqxkZ nsoh Hkxr fo- tsch vkMok.kh vkf.k 

da- fy- !1970" 76 dWy MCY;q,u 528) 

5 

uSjk';kP;k fl)kar ykxw gks.;klkBh djkjkps dk;Z v'kD; 

fdaok xSjdk;ns'khj >kys ikfgts- ,[kknk djkj dsoG 

iwohZP;k vuqekukis{kk dfB.k vlY;kP;k dkj.kkus fdaok 

deh 

/kuçkIrhP;k dkj.kkus v'kD; letyk tkÅ 'kdr ukgh- 

10 !vyksih ç'kkn ,¡M lUl fyfo- Hkkjr ljdkj] 

,vk;vkj 1960 ,llh 588" 

15 mnkgj.k% v] ,d fuekZrk] c yk dkgh e'khuh ,dk 

Bjkfod fderhoj fod.ks dcwy djrks- djkj 

>kY;kuarj ljdkjrQZs e'khu fufeZrhoj fuekZ.k 

djkr 20% ok< dj.;kr ;srs- ;k eqGs v yk 

fu/kkZfjr fderhoj c yk e'khuh fod.;kr Qk;nk 

fnlr ukgh- gs v'kD; ;k 

20 Js.khr clr ukgh( djkj vtwu oS/k vkgs] vkf.k v us 

ok;nk iw.kZ dsyk ikfgts- 

25 i{k djkjke/;s ^QkslZ eWT;qvj* ph rjrwn d: 'kdrkr] 

T;kr v'kk ÄVuk fo'kn vlrkr T;kaoj dqBY;kgh 

i{kkps fu;a=.k ulrs vkf.k T;k ÄMY;kl dk;Z iw.kZ u 

dj.;kph eqHkk vlrs- ;k rjrqnhe/;s v'kk ÄVuk lkehy 

dsY;k tkrkr T;k lkekU;r% dk;|kuqlkj v'kD;rsps 

dkj.k ekuY;k tkr ukgh] tls gjrkG] iwj fdaok 

naxyh- 

30 uohuhdj.k 

35 djkjkrhy i{k orZeku djkjkyk ,dk uohu djkjkus 

foLFkkfir dj.;kl] rks ijr Äs.;kl fdaok R;kr cny 

dj.;kl lger >kY;kl ewG djkj iw.kZ dj.ks vko';d 

ulrs- i.k] ewG djkjkrhy loZ i{k lger vlY;kf'kok; 

uohuhdj.k gksÅ 'kdr ukgh- !,l 62] djkj dk;nk"- 

40 eqärk] vf/kdkj R;kx] lgefr vkf.k larqf"V 

45 ok;nk djowu Äs.kkjk vkiY;k lqfo/ksuqlkj R;kyk dsY;k 

xsysY;k ok;|kph iwrZrk va'kr% fdaok laiw.kZ lksMw 'kdrks] 

fdaok R;kP;k iwrZrslkBh vf/kd osG nsÅ 'kdrks] fdaok 

ewG ok;|k,soth brj larqf"V Lohdkj d: 'kdrks- !,l 

63] djkj dk;nk"- 

50 mnkgj.k% v us c dMwu # 10000@& mlus Äsrys 

vkgsr- v c yk # 5000@& ijr djrks] vkf.k c 

! 

moZfjr _.k ekQ djrks vkf.k v yk rs ijr dj.;kP;k 

tckcnkjhrwu eqä djrks- ;kyk lgefr vkf.k larqf"V 

vls Eg.krkr vkf.k vkrk v oj moZfjr _.k ijr dj.;kph 

dks.krhgh tckcnkjh ukgh- !diwjpan xks/kk fo fgek;rvyh[kku 

vk>etkg] ,vk;vkj 1963 ,llh 250" 

djkj jí gks.;kps] vkf.k lgefrus ijr Äs.;kps ifj.kke 

tsOgka ,d jí dj.;k ;ksX; djkj ijr Äsryk tkrks 10 

rsOgka f}rh; i{kkus djkjkr lkehy dks.krkgh ok;nk 

iw.kZ dj.ks vko';d ulrs] vkf.k djkj ijr Äs.kkÚ;k 

i{kkus djkjkvarxZr feGkysys loZ Qk;ns 15 

vU; i{kkyk ijr dsys ikfgtsr- !,l 64] djkj dk;nk"- 

,[kknk djkj jí >kY;kps fnlwu vkY;kl] fdaok rks 

jí >kY;kl] mnk uSjk';keqGs] R;k djkjkvarxZr 

,[kk|k O;ähyk feGkysys loZ Qk;ns R;kus R;k O;ähyk 

ijr dsys ikfgtsr] fdaok R;k cíy {kfriwfrZ fnyh ikfgts] 20 

T;kP;k dMwu rs Qk;ns feGkys vkgsr- 

!,l 65] djkj dk;nk"- 

mnkgj.k% Äjekyd v HkkMsd: c dMwu HkkMs olwy djrks] 25 

ts HkkMs fu;a=.k dk;|krhy rjrqnÈis{kk tkLr vkgs- v 

us c yk ok


!,l 10] Bjkfod enr dk;nk"- 

brj çdkjs fl) u >kY;kl gs x`ghr /kjys tkrs fd% 

5 

• vpy laifŸk varj.k dj.;kP;k djkjkrhy opuHkaxkps 

{kkyu dsoG vkfFkZd {kfriwfrZ }kjs iqjsls ulrs( vkf.k 

• py laifŸk varj.k dj.;kP;k djkjkrhy opuHkaxkps 

{kkyu vkfFkZd {kfriwfrZ }kjs dsys tkÅ 'kdrs- ;kyk 

[kkyhy viokn vkgsr% 

10 laifŸk lkekU; O;kikjkph oLrq ukgh] fdaok 

fQ;kZnhlkBh frps dkgh fo'ks"k ewY; fuxMhr ukgh] 

fdaok R;kr v'kk oLrq lkehy ukghr T;k cktkjkr lgt 

miyC/k ukghr( vkf.k 

15 laifŸk fQ;kZnhP;k ,taV fdaok fo'oLr ukR;kus 

vkjksihP;k rkC;kr vkgs- !,l 10] Bjkfod enr 

dk;|kps Li"Vhdj.k" 

20 mnkgj.k% v us c yk LVhyph dkgh Bjkfod ek=k 

iqjo.;kps dcwy dsys- R;k osGh LVhy feye/;s gjrkG 

vkgs] vkf.k LVhy feGo.ks lksis ukgh- tj v us 

djkjkvarxZr dk;Z iw.kZ dsys ukgh] rj Bjkfod dk;kZpk 

fuokMk c P;k i{kkr fnyk tkÅ 'kdrks dkj.k LVhy gs 

R;k osGh ^cktkjkr lgt miyC/k* uOgrs- !gkWoMZ bZ- isjh 

25 vkf.k da- fy- fo- fczfV'k jsYos cksMZ] !1980" vkWy bZvkj 

579" 

30 mnkgj.k% v us c yk dkgh nqfeZG vkf.k lqanj tqus 

QfuZpj fod.;kps dcwy dsys] i.k uarj rs ns.;kl udkj 

fnyk- ;k ckcrhr c Bjkfod dk;kZpk nkok d: 'kdyk 

ukgh] dkj.k c ,d foØsrk gksrk vkf.k R;kyk rs tqus 

QfuZpj dsoG iqufoZØhlkBh gos gksrs- !dksgsu fo jks'k] 

!1927" 1 dsch 169" 

35 ,dk fo'oLrk}kjs dsysyk djkj R;k fo'oLrkP;k 

vf/kdkjkckgsjpk vlsy] fdaok rks fo'oklHkaxkpk Bjr 

vlsy] rj rks ykxw gks.;kl ck/; dsyk tkÅ 'kdr 

ukgh- !,l 11] Bjkfod enr dk;nk"- 

40 mnkgj.k% ,dk fo'oLr] v] yk ,d tehu lkr 

o"kk±lkBh HkkMîkoj ns.;kpk vf/kdkj çkIr vkgstehu 

lkr o"kkZ alkBh HkkMîkoj ns.;klkBh v 

45 c lkscr djkj djrks] T;kr lkr o"kZ vo/khuarj 

HkkMsiÍîkps uohuhdj.k d: 'kd.;kph rjrwn 

vlrs- gk djkj BjY;kçek.ks ykxw dsyk tkÅ 'kdr 

ukgh- !Bjkfod enr dk;nk] 1877 !fujLr" P;k ,l 

21!bZ" ps mnkgj.k" 

50 ,dk djkjkP;k Hkkxkps Bjkfod dk;Z 

! 

lkekU; ifjfLFkrhr U;k;ky; djkjkps Bjkfod dk;Z dj.;koj 

tksj ns.kkj ukgh- ;kyk [kkyhy viokn vkgsr% 

• djkjkrhy ,d i{k R;krhy vkiY;k dk;kZpk dkgh 

5 

Hkkx iw.kZ dj.;kl vleFkZ vkgs] i.k viw.kZ dk;kZph fdaer 

laiw.kZ dk;kZP;k fderhpk Qkj FkksMk va'k vkgs vkf.k R;kph 

vkfFkZd {kfriwfrZ dsyh tkÅ 'kdrs( v'kk ifjfLFkrhr 

U;k;ky;] dqBY;kgh i{kkP;k fQ;kZnhoj] djkjkrhy dsys 10 

tkÅ 'kd.kkjs dk;Z dj.;kpk vkf.k moZfjr Hkkxkph vkfFkZd 

{kfriwfrZ ns.;kpk vkns'k nsÅ 'kdrs- 

• djkjkrhy ,d i{k R;krhy vkiys laiw.kZ dk;Z 

dj.;kl vleFkZ vkgs] vkf.k dsys u tk.kkjs dk;Z% 

15 

• laiw.kZ dk;kZpk ,d eksBk Hkkx vkgs] T;k ifjfLFkrhr] vU; 

• i{k laiw.kZ djkjklkBh ekU; fdaer otk viw.kZ dk;kZph 

• fdaer ns.;kl r;kj vlsy fdaok fnyh vlsy] 20 

• rj U;k;ky; Bjkfod dk;kZpk vkns'k nsÅ 'kdrs( 

25 

• vkfFkZd :is {kfriwfjr gksÅ 'kdr ukgh] T;k 

ifjfLFkrhr] vU; i{k laiw.kZ djkjklkBh ekU; fdaer 

dqByhgh lwV fnY;kf'kok; ns.;kl r;kj vlsy fdaok 

fnyh vlsy] rj U;k;ky; Bjkfod dk;kZpk vkns'k 

nsÅ 'kdrs( i.k nksUgh fLFkrÈr vU; i{kkyk djkjkP;k 30 

moZfjr Hkkxkojpk nkok vkf.k vkjksihP;k pqdheqGs 

>kysY;k gkfu fdaok uqdlkuklkBh dqByhgh {kfriwfrZ 

feGo.;kpk gô lksMkok ykxsy- 

• djkjkpk ,d Hkkx] Lora= :is ÄsrY;kl] 35 

Bjkfod çdkjs dsyk tkÅ 'kdrks vkf.k dsyk tkok] 

vkf.k gk Hkkx djkjkP;k brj ,dk Hkkxkis{kk fujkGk 

vkf.k Lora= vkgs] tks Bjkfod çdkjs dsyk tkÅ 'kdr 

ukgh vkf.k dsyk tkÅ u;s( ;k ifjfLFkrhr U;k;ky; 40 

Bjkfod çdkjs dsyk tkÅ 'kd.kkÚ;k Hkkxkyk Bjkfod çdkjs 

dj.;kpk vkns'k nsbZy- !,l 12] Bjkfod enr dk;nk"- 

mnkgj.k% v us c yk 100 ,dj tehu fod.;kps dcwy 45 

dsys- uarj dGrs fd v dsoG 98 ,djpk Lokeh vkgs 

vkf.k ckdh 2 ,dj ,dk brj O;ähph vkgs tks rh 

fod.;kl udkj nsrks- 98 ,dj tehuhpk okij fdaok 

miHkksx Äs.;klkBh 2 ,dj vko';d ukghr] vkf.k 

rs brds egRokps ns[khy ukghr fd R;kapk vkfFkZd ekscnyk 50 

ÄsÅu {kfriwfrZ gks.kkj ukgh- v'kk ifjfLFkrhr c P;k fQ;kZnhoj v 

yk 98 ,dj c yk ns.;kps vkf.k ckdh 2 ,dj u fnY;kcíy 

{kfriwfrZ dj.;kps funZs'k fnys tkÅ 'kdrkr] fdaok v P;k 

fQ;kZnhoj c yk 98 ,dj feGkY;koj Bjysyh laiw.kZ jôe otk 2 

,dj tehuhph fdaer ns.;kps funZs'k fnys tkÅ 'kdrkr- !Bjkfod 

enr dk;nk] 1877 !fujLr" P;k ,l 14 ps mnkgj.k !v"" 

14 




15 

Bjkfod çdkjs ykxw u dsys tkÅ 'kd.kkjs djkj 

10 [kkyhy djkj Bjkfod çdkjs dsys tkÅ 'kdr ukghr% 

15 T;kr dk;Z u dj.;klkBh vkfFkZd {kfriwfrZ iqjs'kh 

vlsy( 

vlk djkj T;kr brD;k fofo/k vVh lkehy 

20 vlrhy fdaok tks i{kkaP;k oS;fäd vVÈoj fdaok bPNsoj 

brir fuHkZj vlsy] fdaok R;kps Lo:i vls vlsy fd 

U;k;ky; R;krhy eq|kP;k vVÈuk BjY;k çek.ks ykxw 

djow 'kdr ukgh( vkf.k 

25 vlk djkj T;kps Lo:i fu/kkZj.k&;ksX; vlsy- 

mnkgj.k% v vkf.k c ,d djkj djrkr T;kuqlkj c yk 

iwoZlwpuk u nsrk] dks.krsgh dkj.k u nsrk djkj 

30 laio.;kpk vf/kdkj vkgs- v gk djkj Bjkfod :is ykxw 

d: 'kdr ukgh !/kjeohj fo- Hkkjr ljdkj] 

,vk;vkj 1989 Msy 227" 

35 vlk djkj T;kr ,d vls dk;Z dj.ks fufgr 

vkgs T;koj U;k;ky; utj Bsow 'kdr ukgh- 

mnkgj.k% v vkf.k c ,d djkj djrkr T;kr c 

yk R;kP;k tehuhoj vlysY;k jsYos ykbupk Hkkx 21 

40 o"kZ okij.;kpk vf/kdkj v dMwu feGrks- jsYos 

ykbups fuekZ.k v us dsys vkgs- djkjkr gh rjrwn ns[khy vkgs fd 

_.k ns.;kpk bPNqd vkgs( vkf.k 

20 

,[kk|k daiuhps fMcsaplZ ÄsÅu R;kps iSls pqdrs dj.;klkBh 

ftFks fQ;kZn vlsy% 

Hkkxhnkjhpk vkSipkfjd djkj dj.;klkBh] vkf.k ftFks i{kkaus 

Hkkxhnkjfpk O;kikj vk/khp lq: dsyk vlsy( vkf.k 

30 

daiuhrhy Hkkxhnkjkpk va'k fodr Äs.;klkBh 

35 

ftFks fQ;kZn bekjrhP;k cka/kdkeklkBh fdaok 

tehuhojhy ,[kkns dke dj.;klkBh djkj ykxw 

dj.;klkBh vlsy] tj 

! 

c laiw.kZ jsYos ykbuoj dkgh Mcs dkgh vVÈuqlkj pkyow 

'kdsy] v R;klkBh ,aftu iqjosy] vkf.k v laiw.kZ ykbu 

pkaxY;k fLFkrhr Bsosy- c gk djkj Bjkfod jhR;k ykxw d: 

'kdr ukgh- !Bjkfod enr dk;nk] 1877 !fujLr" P;k ,l 

21 P;k [kaM !x" ps mnkgj.k" 

e/;LFkh dk;nk] 1996 e/;s fnysY;k vioknkaO;frfjä] e/;LFkhP;k 

orZeku fdaok fo"k;krhy erHksnkauk lanfHkZr dj.kkjk dks.krkgh 

djkj Bjkfod :is ykxw dsyk tk.kkj ukgh( i.k tj ,[kk|k 

O;ähus vlk djkj dsyk vlsy !e/;LFkh dk;nk] 1996 ykxw gksr 

vlysY;k e/;LFkh djkjkO;frfjä" vkf.k R;k çek.ks dk;Z dj.;kl 

udkj nsr vlsy] vkf.k ;k lanHkkZr djkjkP;k dks.kR;kgh fo"k;koj 

fQ;kZn vk.kr vlsy] rj ;k djkjkph mifLFkrh R;k fQ;kZnhoj 

ca/ku Äkysy- 

5 

ojhy [kaM !v"] !c" vkf.k !d" vlwu gh U;k;ky; [kkyhy 10 

ÄVukae/;s djkj Bjkfod :is ykxw dj.;kpk vkns'k nsÅ 'kdrs% 

15 

ftFks djkj ykxw dj.;klkBh fQ;kZn dsyh xsyh 

vkgs% 

–f"Vca/k dj.;klkBh fdaok _.k Äs.kkjk rs rkRdkG ijr 

dj.;kl bPNqd ulysY;k _.kkP;k ijrQsMhlkBh] tj R;k 

_.kkpk dsoG dkgh Hkkxp fnyk xsyk vkgs] vkf.k _.knkrk 

djkjkP;k vVÈuqlkj ckdh 

40 

U;k;ky;k}kjs bekjrhps fdaok dkekps Lo:i vpwd fu/kkZfjr 

d: 'kd.;kbrir vpwd 'kCnkar bekjr fdaok brj dkekps o.kZu 

djkjkr fyfgys vlsy( 

fQ;kZnhlkBh djkjkrhy dke iw.kZ dj.;kps fo'ks"k egRo vlsy] 

vkf.k ;k fo'ks"k egRokph {kfriwfrZ vkfFkZd ekscnY;kus gksÅ 'kdr 

ulsy( vkf.k 45 

50 

vkjksihus djkjkvarxZr bekjr cka/kyh tk.kkÚ;k 

fdaok brj dke djk;ps vl.kkÚ;k tehuhpk iw.kZ 

fdaok va'kr% rkck Äsryk vlsy- !,l 14] Bjkfod 

enr dk;nk"- 




16 

! 

5 mnkgj.k% v us ,dk djkjkvarxZr c yk ,dk daiuhps 

'ksvlZ fod.ks dcwy dsys ts lgt miyC/k ukghr- v us 

udkj fnY;kl c Bjkfod dk;kZlkBh U;k;ky;hu vkns'k 

10 feGow 'kdrks] dkj.k 'ksvlZ lgt miyC/k ukghr] 

vkf.k dsoG vkfFkZd {kfriwfrZ iqjs'kh Bj.kkj ukgh- !y¡xsu 

vkf.k foaM fy fo csy] !1972"1 vkWy bZvkj 296" 

15 i{kkaP;k bPNsoj fuHkZj vl.kkjs djkj lkekU;r% lsosps djkj 

vlrkr !ûksdjh ns.;kps djkj*"] T;kr djkj >kysY;k 

O;ähps fof'k"V xq.k fdaok {kerk R;k O;ähP;k bPNsoj 

20 fdaok ekufld fLFkrhoj fuHkZj vlrkr- vls djkj 

Bjkfod :is ykxw dsY;kl R;kps okafNr QG u 

feG.;kph 'kD;rk vlrs !jkWcVZ fMflYOgk fo- jksfg.kh 

,aVjçk;>sl] ,vk;vkj 1987 dkar 57" 

25 mnkgj.k% ,d ys[kd v vkf.k ,d çdk'kd c ,d 

lkfgfR;d dk;Z iw.kZ dj.;klkBh djkj djrkr- c Bjkfod 

dk;kZlkBh djkj ykxw djowu ÄsÅ 'kdr ukgh- !Bjkfod 

enr dk;nk] 1877 !fujLr" P;k ,l 21 P;k [kaM !c" P;k 

mnkgj.kkoj vk/kkfjr" 

30 mnkgj.k% v ,dk tehuho:u ykdwM rksMwu rs ÄsÅu 

tk.;klkBh c 'kh djkj djrks- v gk djkj Bjkfod :is 

ykxw djowu ÄsÅ 'kdrks] dkj.k gk djkj i{kkaP;k 

bPNsoj fuHkZj ukgh- !jkWcVZ fMflYOgk fo jksfg.kh 

,aVjçk;>sl] ,vk;vkj 1987 dkar 57" 

35 djkjHkaxkP;k fLFkrhr {kfriwfrZ feGo.;kpk vf/kdkj 

ulysY;k] fdaok dk;Z dj.;kl v{ke >kysY;k] fdaok 

vkiY;k viw.kZ dk;kZlaca/kh djkjkP;k dqBY;kgh vko';d 

vVÈps mYyaÄu dj.kkÚ;k] fdaok djkjk'kh csbekuh 

dj.kkÚ;k] fdaok djkjk}kjs LFkkfir gksÅ ÄkrysY;k 

40 ukrslaca/kkaP;k foijhr gsrqiqjLlj dke dj.kkÚ;k O;ähP;k 

i{kkr djkjkps Bjkfod dk;Z ykxw dsys tkÅ 'kdr ukgh- 

Bjkfod dk;Z v'kkgh O;ähP;k i{kkr ykxw dsys tkÅ 

'kdr ukgh th gs Äksf"kr fdaok fl) d: 'kdr ukgh fd 

45 rh vkjksihus ekQ dsysyh fdaok canh Äkrysyh dkes 

oxGrk djkjkrhy eq[; vVÈçek.ks usgehp dke djhr 

50 gksrh fdaok rls dj.;kl r;kj gksrh- !,l 16] Bjkfod 

enr dk;nk"- 

mnkgj.k% v us c yk dkgh oLrq fod.;kps dcwy dsys- 5 

i.k oLrqaiSdh dkgh iqjoY;kuarj v ckdhP;k oLrq c yk 

ns.;kl vleFkZ vkgs- ;kr djkjkuqlkj dk;Z dj.;kph 

r;kjh ulY;kps o vfuPNk vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs] vkf.k 10 

v Bjkfod dk;kZpk nkok d: 'kdr ukgh- !lu ijekuaV 

csfufQV fcfYMax lkslk;Vh fo osLVuZ lccZu ,¡M gWjks jksM 

ijekuaV fcfYMax lkslk;Vh] !1921" vkWy bZvkj jsi 690" 

dsoG dk;ns'khj vlY;kP;k dkj.kkus U;k;ky; Bjkfod 15 

dk;kZpk vkns'k ns.;kl ck/; ukgh( gs U;k;{ks= 

foosd&vk/kkfjr vkgs- mnkgj.kkFkZ] U;kyk;; [kkyhy 

ifjfLFkrÈr Bjkfod dk;kZps vkns'k ns.;kl ukdk: 'kdrs% 20 

djkjkP;k vVh] fdaok i{kkaps vkpj.k] fdaok i{k djkj 

djhr vlrkukph ifjfLFkrh] jí dj.;klkj[kh ulyh rjh] 25 

v'kh gksrh fd T;kus fQ;kZnhyk vkjksihoj vuqfpr Qk;nk 

feGkyk( fdaok 

dk;Z iw.kZ dj.;kr vkjksihyk dkgh v'kkk vMp.kh ;srhy 30 

T;k vkjksihyk vk/kh letY;k uOgR;k] i.k T;kus fQ;kZnhyk 

v'kh dkgh vMp.k gks.kkj ukgh( fdaok 

vkjksihus djkj v'kk ifjfLFkrhr dsyk vkgs] th jí 

dj.;k;ksX; ulyh] rjh T;kus Bjkfod dk;Z 

vU;k¸;iw.kZ Bjsy !,l 20] Bjkfod enr dk;nk"- 35 

mnkgj.k% v us c yk tehu fod.ks dcwy dsys-i{kkaus 

djkj djrs osGh ,d dkyok [k.kyk tkr gksrk] T;keqGs 

tehuhph fdaer Hkjiwj ok


17 

5 ;k {kfriwfrZph jôe fu/kkZfjr djrkuk U;k;ky; djkj 

dk;|krhy ,l- 73 e/;s fnysY;k rRokaps ekxZn'kZu ÄsbZy 

!,l-21] Bjkfod enr dk;nk" 

10 mnkgj.k% v us c yk # 1000000@& fdaerhyk Äj 

fod.;kps dcwy dsys( c us gh jôe fnyh] 

i.k v us laifŸkpk rkck fnyk ukgh- Bjkfod dk;kZP;k 

fQ;kZnhpk fudky dk;kZP;k rkj[ksP;k rhu o"kk±uarj c P;k 

15 i{kkr ;srks( ;k çdj.kkr] c yk laifŸkpk okij feGkyk 

ulysY;k vo/khlkBh U;k;ky; cyk {kfriwfrZ nsÅ 'kdrs- 

!Bjkfod enr dk;nk] 1877 !fujLr" P;k ,l- 19 P;k 

20 r`rh; ifjPNsnkP;k mnkgj.kkoj vk/kkfjr" 

djkjHkax gks.;kP;k ifjfLFkrhr ,d fuf'pr jôe 

ns.;kph rjrwn vlysyk djkj ns[khy Bjkfod :is ykxw 

dsyk tkÅ 'kdrks] tj U;k;ky;kph [kk=h vlsy fd gh 

jôe dsoG djkjkps dk;Z iw.kZ gks.ks lqfuf'pr dj.;k 

lkBh fuf'pr dsyh xsyh gksrh] pwd dj.kkÚ;k i{kkyk 

25 Bjkfod dk;Z u dj.;klkBh i;kZ; Eg.kwu ukgh- i.k 

;k fLFkrhr U;k;ky; gh jôe ns[khy ns.;kpk vkns'k 

ns.kkj ukgh- !,l 23] Bjkfod enr dk;nk" 

30 mnkgj.k% v gk c P;k laifŸkoj HkkMsd: vkgs- v 

gh laifŸk iksVHkkMîkoj ns.;klkBh vkf.k c dMwu 

ijokuxh feGo.;klkBh d lkscr djkj djrksdjkjkr 

v'khgh rjrwn vlrs fd ijokuxh u 

feGkY;kl v d yk # 10000@& nsbZy- iqkysY;k uSlfxZd 

fdaok djkjHkaxkeqGs gksÅ 'kdr vlysY;k gkfu fdaok 

50 uqdlkuklkBh] T;kph djkj djrkuk i{kkauk tk.kho gksrh] 

! 

vU; i{kkyk HkjikbZ dsyh ikfgts- !,l 73] djkj dk;nk" 

!—i;k ;k foHkkxkps mnkgj.k igk" 

5 

mnkgj.k% v us HkkMîkoj fnysyh ,d laifŸk fodr Äsryh 

T;koj ,d odZ'kkWi gksrk( laifŸkyk iqkys vlsy-** 

!eqjyh/kj fpjathyky fo- gfj'paæ }kjdknkl] 

,vk;vkj 1962 ,llh 366" 40 

mnkgj.k% ,dk fyykokr lokZsPp cksyh yko.kkjk O;äh] 

v] cksyhph fdaer ns.;kl vleFkZ vlrks- fyykodrkZ] c] 

us vkiys uqdlku VkG.;klkBh nqljh lokZsPp cksyh] lfØ; 

vlY;kl] Lohdkjyh ikfgts- !,-vkj- —".kewfrZ fo- vj.kh 

E;qfufliWfyVh] !1955" 1 eWM ,yts 437" 45 

tjh HkjikbZP;k vkdkj.kh'kh lacaf/kr lkekU; rRos djkj 

dk;|kP;k ,l73 e/;s fnyh xsyh vkgsr] 

U;k;ky;kaus osGksosGh fofHké çdkjP;k djkjkaP;k lanHkkZr 

fo'ks"k mik; ns[khy fodflr dsys vkgsr- mnkgj.kkFkZ% 50 




18 

5 mnkgj.k% tkehu% v ,d ÄksMk c ik'kh Bsorks] tks ,d 

tkehu ns.kkjk vkgs- tj c dMs vlrkuk ÄksMîkyk dk;eh 

Lo:ikph btk >kyh] rj HkjikbZph vkdkj.kh ÄksMîkph ewG 

fdaer vkf.k btsuarj R;kph fdaer ;karhy Qjdk,okY;keqGs >kysys uqdlku Hk:u dkkY;kl ,d Bjkfod jôe Hkj.;kps] fdaok 

naM Eg.kwu brj dkgh çko/kku djkjkr vlY;kl] 30 

djkjHkaxkph rØkj dj.kkÚ;k i{kkl l;qfäd HkjikbZ 

feGo.;kpk gô vkgs] th fu/kkZfjr jdesis{kk fdaok 

BjoysY;k naMkis{kk vf/kd ulsy] rs uqdlku 

djkjHkaxkeqGs >kY;kps fl) >kys vlks ok ulks- i.k] 35 

djkjHkaxkeqGs >kysyh gkfu ifjlekIr uqdlkukis{kk 

vf/kd vlY;kl ns[khy fQ;kZnh ifjlekIr uqdlkukP;k 

jdesis{kk vf/kd HkjikbZ feGow 'kdr ukgh- 

!,l74] djkj dk;nk" 40 

mnkgj.k% v ckVY;k vkf.k isVîkae/kwu fc;j fodrksckVY;k 

vkf.k isVîkalkBh foØsR;kauh fnysys fMikWf>V 45 

R;kauh ckVY;k vkf.k isVîk ijr dsY;koj ijr feGr 

gksrs- v dMwu foØsR;kauk vV gksrh fd ckVY;k vkf.k 

isVîk xzkgdkauk fodY;k tk.kkj ukghr] vkf.k ckWVfyax 50 

çfØ;k lqjGhri.ks pky.;klkBh ckVY;k ijr dsY;k tkr 

gksR;k- gs xzká /kjys xsys gksrs fd ckVyh ijr u dsY;kl 

frps fMikWf>V ifjlekIr uqdlku Eg.kwu /kjys tkbZy- 

!;quk;VsM Cz;qvjht fy fo vka/kz çns'k jkT;] !1997"3 

,llhlh 530" 




19 

5 mnkgj.k% ,dk djkjkP;k vVÈ[kkyh ,dk ØsR;kyk Ø; 

ewY;kps 25% vuZsLV euh Eg.kwu fMikWf>V Bsok;ps gksrs] ts 

ØsR;k}kjs Ø;ewY; u fnY;kl tIr >kys vlrs- gk fuokMk 

10 fnykk xsyk fd vuZsLV euhph jôe tIr dj.ks ;ksX; gksrs 

dkj.k rh djkj ;ksX; çdkjs iw.kZ gks.;kph geh gksrh- !Jh 

guqeku dkWVu feYl fo VkVk ,;j ØkV fy] ,vk;vkj 

1970 ,llh 1986" 

15 fo'ks"k djkj% {kfriwfrZ 

v'kk djkjkyk] T;kr ,d i{k nqlÚ;kyk 

ok;nkdR;kZP;k fdaok brj O;ähP;k vkpj.kkiklwu 

20 gks.kkÚ;k uqdlkukiklwu okpo.;kps opu nsrks] ^{kfriwfrZpk 

djkj* EgVys tkrs- !,l 124] djkj dk;nk" 

foE;kpk djkj gk {kfriwfrZpk djkj vlrks] T;kr 

ikWfylh e/;s mYysf[kr loZ çdkjP;k 

uqdlkukalkBh N= vlrs] dsoG djkjkrhy i{kkeqGs 

25 >kysY;k uqdlkuklkBh uOgs- !vksfjlk jkT; fo- 

;quk;VsM bafM;k ba'kqjal da- fy] ,vk;vkj 1997 

,llh 2671" 

30 {kfriwfrZ&/kkjdkps gô djkj dk;|krhy ,l 125 

e/;s fnys xsys vkgsr] vkf.k R;kr {kfriwfrZps opu 

ykxw gks.kkÚ;k loZ fo"k;kalaca/kh dqBY;kgh fQ;kZnh 

e/;s {kfriwfrZ&/kkjdkyk |kO;k ykxysY;k loZ 

uqdlku #jikbZ opudR;kZdMwu olwy dj.;kpk gô 

lkehy vkgs- 

35 mnkgj.k% v] ,d ,taV] ,dk dWfj;j daiuh] c] 

lkscr R;kaP;k xkMîk HkkMîkoj Äs.;kpk djkj 

djrks- dWfj;j vlksfl,'kuP;k fu;ekaçek.ks ,taV~l 

}kjs R;kaP;k okgu pkydkaP;k fu"dkGthi.kk fo#) 

40 dWfj;j daiuhyk {kfriwfjr djkos ykxrs- v us R;k 

xkMîkapk okij ,d vU; daiuh] d] ph ÄMîkGs us.;klkBh 

dsyk- okgu pkydkP;k fu"dkGthi.kkeqGs ÄMîkGkaps 

uqdlku >kys] vkf.k d us c dMwu R;kph uqdlku HkjikbZ 

45 Äsryh- ;kr vlk fuokMk ns.;kr vkyk fd v us dWfj;j 

daiuh c yk {kfriwfrZ |koh- !ftysLih cznlZ ,¡M daiuh fyfo- 

jkW; cksosYl VªkaliksVZ da- fy- !1973" D;wch 400" 

50 

! 

fo'ks"k djkj% geh 

^gehpk djkj* ,dk r`rh; O;ähus opu ikyukr =qfV 

dsY;kl R;kps opu iw.kZ dj.;kpk fdaok R;kph tckcnkjh 5 

iw.kZ dj.;kpk rksaMh fdaok ys[kh djkj vlrks- geh ns.kkÚ;k 

O;ähyk ^tkehu* Eg.krkr( T;k O;ähP;k =qfVlkBh geh 

fnyh tkr vkgs R;kyk ^çeq[k&dtZnkj* Eg.krkr] vkf.k geh 10 

feGo.kkÚ;k O;ähyk ^_.knkrk* Eg.krkr- !,l126] djkj dk;nk" 

{kfriwfrZ vkf.k geh 

15 

{kfriwfrZP;k djkjke/;s nksup i{k vlrkr !{kfriwjd vkf.k 

{kfriwfjr"] i.k gehP;k djkjke/;s rhu i{k vlrkr !tkehu] 

çeq[k&dtZnkj vkf.k _.knkrk"- {kfriwfrZP;k djkjkr {kfriwjd 

vkf.k dtZnkjke/;s dkgh xqIrrk ulrs vkf.k {kfriwjd 20 

dtZnkjkyk iSls ns.;kl ck/; d: 'kdr ukgh- 

!ds-Ogh isfj;kehvék ejkô;kj ,¡M lUl fo- cfu;Ul 

,¡M da] ,vk;vkj 1926 eWM 544" 

brj dqBY;kgh djkjkçek.ksp] dkj.kkP;k vk/kkjkf'kok; 25 

gehpk djkj ns[khy jí ekuyk tkÅ 'kdrksçeq[k&dtZnkjklkBh 

dsysys dkgh dk;Z] fdaok fnysys 

opu gehlkBh iqjsls dkj.k vlw 'kdrs- 

!,l127] djkj dk;nk" 

30 

mnkgj.k% v us c yk fygwu dGoys% ^^—i;k d yk 

# 1200@& |k] rqeps iSls ijr feG.;kl dkgh 

vMp.k gks.kkj ukgh- [kk=h Bsok] dkghgh =kl >kY;kl eh 

tckcnkj jkghu-** gh ,d geh ekuyh xsyh vkf.k v gk 35 

d P;k dtkZlkBh tkehu >kyk- !txékFk cD'k flag fo paæ 

Hkw[ku flag] ,vk;vkj 1937 vo/k 79" 

gehP;k djkjkuqlkj dkgh brj O;oLFkk vlY;kO;frfjä 40 

tkehu vkf.k çeq[k&dtZnkjkph lg&tckkcnkjh vlrs- 

!,l128] djkj dk;nk"- tsOgka nksu O;äh ,dk r`rh; 

O;ählkBh tckcnkjh Äsrkr vkf.k vkilkr lger 

gksrkr fd R;kaP;kiSdh ,dkus =qfV dsY;kojp nqljk 

tckcnkj vlsy] vkf.k ;k djkjkr r`rh; O;äh i{k ukgh] 45 

rsOgka R;kaph r`rh; O;ähP;k çfr tckcnkjh 

çeq[k&dtZnkjklkj[khp vlsy tjh r`rh; O;ähyk 

R;kaP;ke/; ;k djkjkph ekfgrh vlsy- 

!,l132] djkj dk;nk"- 

50 




20 

tkehukph tckcnkjh rsOgkap ;srs tsOgka çeq[k &dtZnkjkus 

=qfV dsyh vlsy- çeq[k&dtZnkjkus =qfV dsY;koj tkehu 

5 rkRdkG tckcnkj Bjrks] vkf.k tkehukdMs ijrQsMhph 

ekx.kh dj.;kvk/kh çeq[k&dtZnkjkfo#) dk;Zokgh dj.ks 

_.knkrklkBh vko';d ukgh- !czkmu bLVsV] czkmu fo 

czkmu] !1893" 2 lh,p 300" _.knkrk çeq[k&dtZnkj vkf.k 

tkehu] nksÄkaP;kgh fo#)] fdaok R;kaiSdh ,dkP;k fo#)] 

10 fdaok lg &tkehukaiSdh ,dk fo#) fQ;kZn vk.kw 'kdrks- 

!pksdfyax psfÍ;kj fo- naMk;q/kikf.k psfÍ;kj] ,vk;vkj 1928 

eWM 1262( xqjfnr flag fo- xqTtj flag] ,vk;vkj 1919 

15 ykg 355( eqfLye c¡d vkWQ bafM;k fyfo- eksgEen vrhd] 

,vk;vkj 1943 vkWy 1289( LVsV c¡d vkWQ bafM;k fo- thts- 

geZu] ,vk;vkj 1998 dsj 161" 

20 djkjkaP;k ,dk Jà[kyslkBh fnysY;k gehyk lrr geh 

Eg.krkr !,l129] djkj dk;nk" 

mnkgj.k% ,d c¡d] d] e/;s c ps vksOgjMªkV [kkrs vkgs 

vkf.k v R;kr tkehu vkgs- gh ,d lrr geh vkgs- 

!ekxkZjsV yfyrk lkWE;q,y fo baMks&def'kZ;y c¡d fy] 

25 ,vk;vkj 1979 ,llh 102 oj vk/kkfjr" 

çeq[k&dtZnkj vkf.k _.knkrk ;kaP;k }kjs tkehukP;k 

laefrf'kok; djkjkP;k vVÈr cny dsyk xsyk] rj v'kk 

cnykuarjP;k O;ogkjkar tkehukph tckcnkjh lairs 

!,l133] djkj dk;nk"- çeq[k&dtZnkjkyk eqä dj.kkÚ;k 

30 _.knkrk vkf.k çeq[k&dtZnkjke/khy ,[kk|k djkjkeqGs] 

fdaok _.knkR;kP;k dkgh fØ;s}kjs fdaok lwV fnY;keqGs 

çeq[k&dtZnkj eqä >kY;keqGs ns[khy tkehukph tckcnkjh 

35 lairs !,l134] djkj dk;nk"- _.knkR;kus tkehukP;k 

gôkaoj çgkj dj.kkjs —R; dsY;kl] fdaok 

tkehuklkBh vko';d vls dk;Z u dsY;kl vkf.k 

40 R;keqGs tkehukP;k çeq[k&dtZnkjkP;k çfr tckcnkjhl 

ck/kk vkY;kl ns[khy tkehukph tckcnkjh lairs 

!,l139] djkj dk;nk"- 

45 mnkgj.k% c¡d c }kjs çeq[k&dtZnkj d yk fnysY;k 

dtkZlkBh v tkehu vkgs- d us dtkZoj lsD;qfjVh Eg.kwu 

dkgh oLrq c¡dsdMs rkj.k BsoY;k vkgsr- c P;k 

fu"dkGthi.kkeqGs oLrq xgkG gksrkr- v ph tckcnkjh 

50 lairs- !LVsV c¡d vkWQ lkSjk"Vª fo fpŸkjatu jaxukFk 

jktk] ,vk;vkj 1980 ,llh 1528" 

! 

tj gehçkIr dtkZP;k ijrQsMhph rkjh[k fuÄwu xsyh 

vlsy] fdaok dtZnkjkus geh fnysY;k dkekr =qfV dsyh 

vlsy] rj tkehu O;ähus dtZ pqdrs dsY;koj] fdaok 5 

tckcnkjhph loZ —R;s ikj ikMY;koj fryk rs loZ gô 

çkIr gksrkr ts _.knkR;kyk çeq[k&dtZnkjkfo#) çkIr gksrs 


mnkgj.k% v gk c lkBh ,dk nk:P;k nqdkukP;k 

ijokU;klkBh tkehu gksrk vkf.k R;kus ljdkjdMs jks[k 10 

lsD;qfjVh tek dsyh gksrh- c us d yk O;kikjkr Hkkxhnkj 

Eg.kwu Äsrys] vkf.k tsOgka rs nksÄsgh ijokuk 'kqYd tek d: 

'kdys ukghr] rsOgka ljdkjus rks 'kqYd lsD;qfjVh 

fMikWf>Ve/kwu oGrk dsyk- v gh jôe c vkf.k d 15 

nksÄkadMwugh feGow 'kdrks- !Qsdwjke ekGh fo- xaxk çlkn] 

,vk;vkj 1938 vkWy 206" 

fo'ks"k djkj% tkehu 20 

tkehu Eg.kts ,dk O;ähus !^^tkehunkrk**" nqlÚ;k 

O;ähdMs !^^tkehu çkIrdrkZ**" ,dk v'kk djkjkvarxZr 

dkgh oLrq iksprh dj.ks fd dke laiY;koj rh oLrq 

ijr djkoh] fdaok tkehunkR;kP;k lwpusçek.ks frph 

foYgsokV ykokoh- !,l148] djkj dk;nk" 25 

mnkgj.k% v ,dk gkWVsy] c] e/;s mrjrks] vkf.k dkgh 

lkeku gkWVsye/;s lqjf{kr Bso.;klkBh nsrks- ;k lkekukP;k 

ckcrhr gkWVsy tkehu çkIrdrkZ vkgs vkf.k v tkehunkrk- 

!tku ,¡M lUl fo- , dWesjkWu] ,vk;vkj 1922 vkWy 471" 30 

tkehu djkjke/;s tkehu çkIrdR;kZyk lkeku Bso.;kP;k 

mís';klkBh dkgh ekscnyk feG.;kph rjrwn ulrs] i.k 

tkehu çkIrdR;kZyk tkehuhP;k mís';iwfrZe/;s dkgh [kpZ 35 

>kyk vlY;kl tkehunkR;kus R;k [kpkZph jikbZ dsyh 

ikfgts- !,l158] djkj dk;nk" 

40 

tkehu çkIrdR;kZus tkehu lkekukph r'khp dkGth 

Äsryh ikfgts t'kh ,[kknk lkekU; lko/k O;äh] leku 

ifjfLFkrhr] Lor%P;k leku vkdkj] ntkZ vkf.k fderhP;k 

lkekukph dkGth ÄsbZy- !,l151] djkj dk;nk" 45 

mnkgj.k% v us tgktk}kjs brj canjki;±r us.;klkBh 

c yk twVph dkgh caMys fnyh- c us rh R;k 

canjki;±r usyh] i.k tgktkrwu rh 30 rkl 

mrjoyh ukgh- tgktkr ik.kh f>jir gksrs vkf.k 50 

oknG ns[khy vkys- c us tkehu çkIrdR;kZps drZO; dsys ukgh 

vkf.k R;kyk v ps >kysys uqdlku Hk:u |kos ykxsy- 

!y{ehukjk;.k cStukFk fo lfpo] Hkkjr ljdkj] ,vk;vkj 1924 

dWy 92 oj vk/kkfjr" 




21 

5 

10 tkehu çkIrdR;kZus] ekx.khf'kok;] tkehukpk vo/kh 

lairkp] fdaok tkehukpk gsrq iw.kZ gksrkp] lkeku 

tkehunkR;kdMs] fdaok R;kP;k lwpusuqlkj iksprs dsys 

ikfgts- !,l-160] djkj dk;nk" tj tkehu 

çkIrdR;kZP;k pqdheqGs lkeku ijr dsys xsys ukgh] 

15 fdaok osGsoj iksprs >kys ukgh rj lkekukP;k 

gjo.;kcíy] u"V >kY;kcíy fdaok uqdlku 

>kY;kcíy tkehu çkIrdrkZ tkehunkR;kP;k çfr 

mŸkjnk;h Bjsy- !,l161] djkj dk;nk"- tj tkehu 

20 çkIrdrkZ] tkehu djkjke/;s lkafxrY;kçek.ks] tkehu 

lkekukoj dkgh dq'kyrsps fdaok etwjhps dke djrks] 

rj] foijhrkFkhZ djkj miyC/k ulY;kl] tkehu 

çkIrdR;kZyk R;kP;k lkekukP;k çfr lsospk ekscnyk 

feGsi;±r tkehu lkeku BsÅu Äs.;kpk gô vlrks- 

25 !,l170] djkj dk;nk"- 

mnkgj.k% v us c yk dkgh lkeku fnys] vkf.k rs 

lkeku xqnkeke/;s dkgh vo/kh Bso.;kl lkafxrystkxspk 

okij vkf.k lkekukph lqjf{krrk ;kalkBh v 

30 dkgh 'kqYd c yk nsbZy- v us gk 'kqYd u fnY;kl 

c yk rs lkeku BsÅu Äs.;kpk gô ukgh] dkj.k dsoG 

xqnkeke/;s Bso.;kph O;oLFkk dsY;kus c yk lkekukP;k 

ckcrhr dkgh dq'kyrk fdaok Je >kys ukgh- !dkywey 

35 rkis'ojh çlkn ,¡M da- fo- jk"Vªh; dsfedYl ,¡M 

QfVZyk;>lZ fy] ,vk;vkj 1990 vkWy 214 oj vk/kkfjr" 

tsOgka lkeku dtkZP;k ijrQsMhlkBh] fdaok 

opuiwrZrslkBh lsD;qfjVh Eg.kwu tkehu Bsoys tkrs] 

40 rsOgka R;kyk ^rkj.k* Eg.krkr !,l172] djkj dk;nk"- 

rkj.k e/;s lkeku rkj.k çkIrdR;kZdMs oLrqr% iksprs >kys 

ikfgts- !dks&vkWi fganqLrku c¡d fyfo- lqjsaæukFk Ms] 

45 ,vk;vkj 1932 dWy 524" 

fo'ks"k djkj% laLFkk 

50 ,d ^çfrfu/kh* vlk O;äh vlrks tks nqlÚ;kP;k 

!çeq[kkkP;k" orhus dke dj.;klkBh] fdaok r`rh; 

i{kk'kh O;ogkjkr çeq[kkps çfrfuf/kRo dj.;klkBh 

useyk tkrks- !,l182] djkj dk;nk"- 

! 

laLFksP;k eqGk'kh vl.kkjk fl)kar vlk vkgs fd brj 5 

O;ähP;k }kjs dke djowu ?¨.kkjk O;äh Lor%p rs dke 

djhr vlY;kps ekuys tkrs- !fnYyh uxj fuxe fotxnh'k 

yky] ,vk;vkj 1970 ,llh 7" 

çfrfu/kh vkf.k uksdj fdaok deZpkjh ;kar Qjd gk 10 

vlrks fd çfrfu/khyk dsoG dke dk; vkgs rs lkafxrys 

tkrs] rj deZpkÚ;kyk rs dke dls djkos ;kP;k lwpuk 

ns[khy fnY;k tkrkr- !x;k 'kqxj feYl fy- fouan 

fd'kksj fctksfj;k] ,vk;vkj 1955 ,llh 441" 15 

mnkgj.k% ,d lkekU; lkeku okgd] v us d ps lkeku 

ÄsÅu tk.;klkBh brj ,dk lkekU; lkeku okgd] c 

P;k lsok ÄsrY;k- d P;k uksdjkaus d P;k tkxso:u 

lkeku Äsrys- v gk d pk çfrfu/kh ekuyk xsyk- 20 

!lqdqy cznlZ fo- ,pds dokjuk] ,vk;vkj 1958 dWy 730" 

mnkgj.k% dkgh fxj.khpkydkauk ljdkj dMwu fuf'pr 

Hkkokoj rkanwG fodr ÄsÅu brjkauk fuf'pr Hkkokoj rks 25 

fod.;kpk ijokuk feGkyk gksrk- R;kauk ;k dkeklkBh 

dfe'ku feGr gksrs( rs Lor%pk iSlk fuos'k djhr gksrs 

vkf.k lkeku R;kaP;k tckcnkjhoj lkBoys tkr gksrs- 30 

fxj.khpkyd çfrfu/kh ekuys xsys ukghr( egRokph ckc 

Eg.kts Ø; ewY; vkf.k foØ; ewY; ;kaP;krhy Qjd 

dk;|kuqlkj] vkf.k ijokU;kP;k vVhçek.ks ljdkjyk 

ns; gksrk- !eækl jkT; fo- t;y{eh jkbl fey 35 

dk¡VªWDVlZ da] ,vk;vkj 1959 ,ih 352" 

çfrfu/kh}kjs dsysys djkj] vkf.k çfrfu/khus dsysY;k 40 

dk;k±rwu mõ.kkjh tckcnkjh] nksUgh ,dkp çdkjs ykxw 

dsY;k tkÅ 'kdrkr] vkf.k R;kapk rlkp dk;ns'khj 

çHkko iMsy tlk Lor% çeq[kkus rks djkj dsY;koj] 

vkf.k dk;Z dsY;koj >kyk vlrk- !,l226] djkj dk;nk" 

45 

mnkgj.k% v us c yk çfrfu/kh Eg.kwu fu;qä dsys- c us 

v P;k orhus dkgh jôe mluh Äsryh- v us ;kph 

ijrQsM dsyh ikfgts- !jkses'kpaæ eaMy fo- 

Hkw;u HkkLdj egkik=] ,vk;vkj 1916 iWV 57 oj vk/kkfjr" 50 




22 

laLFkk lekIr dsyh tkrs tsOgka% 

! 

vf/kdkj ns[khy vlsy- !/kuirjk; prqoZsnh fovykgkckn 

c¡d fy- y[kuÅ] ,vk;vkj 1927 vo/k 44" 

çeq[k çfrfu/khpk vf/kdkj ekxs Äsrkr( 

5 çfrfu/kh laLFkspk O;kikj lksMrks( 

laLFksps dk;Z iw.kZ gksrs( 

çeq[k fdaok çfrfu/khph e`R;q gksrs fdaok R;kapk 

ekufld rksy tkrks( fdaok 

10 uknkj dtZnkR;kaP;k enrhlkBh R;k osGhykxw 

dks.kR;kgh dk;|k[kkyh çeq[kkyk uknkj Äksf"kr 

dsys tkrs- !,l201] djkj dk;nk" 

15 mnkgj.k% v ,d çfrfu/kh vkgs tks fcy olqyh d:u 

feGkysyh jôe MªkV}kjs ikBo.;klkBh fu;qä vkgs- MªkV 

ikBoY;koj laLFkk lekIr gksrs- !vyk;al c¡d vkWQ fleyk 

fyfo- ve`rlj c¡d] ,vk;vkj 1915 ykg 214" 

20 çfrfu/khpk vf/kdkj 

çfrfu/khpk vf/kdkj O;ä fdaok fufgr vlw 


'kdrks- 

25 mnkgj.k% v] ,d vk;qfoZek daiuh] ph ,d ixkj 

cpr ;kstuk gksrh] ftP;k N=k[kkyh c ps cjsp 

deZpkjh gksrs- v vkf.k c P;k e/; >kysY;k 

djkjkuqlkj] deZpkÚ;kadMwu çhfe;e ,d= dj.;kph 

30 vkf.k rks çhfe;e ,dkp /kukns'kk}kjs v dMs ikBo.;kph 

tckcnkjh c ph gksrh- dqBY;kp deZpkÚ;kus v dMs Lor% 

çhfe;e ikBo.ks vko';d uOgrs- c us çhfe;e Hkjyk 

ukgh] vkf.k v us [kk=hph jôe ns.;kph tckcnkjh 

ukdkjyh- vls ekuys xsys fd c dMs v pk çfrfu/kh 

Eg.kwu dke dj.;kpk fufgr vf/kdkj gksrk- vls ekuys 

xsys fd tj deZpkÚ;kadMs vls eku.;kps dkj.k 

35 gksrs fd R;kapk ekyd v P;k orhus dke djhr 

vkgs] rj laLFkspk djkj vkgs vlk fu"d"kZ dk


! 

! 

! 

"! mnkgj.k% v pk çfrfu/kh c gk v P;k orhus 

dk;ns'khjfjR;k #-1]00]000@&m/kkj ?ksÅ 'kdr¨- c us d 

dMqu #-1]50]000@& m/kkj ?ksrys vkgs] T;kyk c ph v 

dMwu m/kkj ?ks.;kP;k {kersph lhek ekfgrh ukgh- v yk 

d 

10 P;k iq.kZ jDdesph ijrQsM djkoh ykxrs- ! tkx#i flax 

fo#/n jke fd'ku nkl#!AIR!$%&'!Oudh!$'"!uqlkj 

vk/kkfjr(! 

! 

! ,dk çfrfu/khph drZO;s 

$"! ,dk çfrfu/khus ekydkpk O;kikj ekydkP;k funZs'kkuqlkjp 

djkok] fdaok] tj frFks funZs'k fnys ulrhy] rj T;k 

O;kikjkr çfrfu/kh dke djr vlsy rsFkhy çFksuqlkj 

leku çdkjs O;kikj djkok- 

20 tj çfrfu/kh vU; çdkjs dk;Z djr vlsy rj d¨.krsgh 

uqdlku ts LFkk;h jkfgys rjh R;kus ekydkph uqdlku 

HkjikÃ djkoh] vkf.k frFks Qk;nk >kY;kl çfrfu/khus 

R;kpk fg'k¨c |kok)*!S)&$$#!djkj dk;nk(!!! 

&"! mnkgj.k% v] ,d ekyd c] çfrfu/khyk lqpuk nsr¨] fd 

dkgh xgw fodr ?k~;k vkf.k jsYosuh ikBok- c xgw fodr 

?ksr¨] i.k ,dk m?kM~;k Vªdus ikBfor¨- xgw vkxhr tGwu 

u"V g¨r¨- c us v yk >kysY;k uqdlkukph HkjikÃ dsyh 

ikfgts- !lqjtey&panu ey fo- Qrsgpan&t;ey jk;! 

#!AIR!$%+'!Lah!&,'(! 

30 tï;Zr ekydkus çfrfu/khph d©'kY;fgurk ikfgysyh 

ulsy rï;Zr çfrfu/khus lk/kkj.kr% R;k ,stUlh lkj[;k 

O;kikjkrhy brj O;Drhaçek.ks d©'kY; oki#u O;kikj 

dj.ks vko';d vkgs- çfrfu/khus vko';d rRijrk okij.ks 

o R;kP;ktoG vlysys loZ xq.k okij.ks 

35 vko';d vkgs vkf.k R;kP;k fu"dkGthi.kk d©'kY;ghurk] 

o nqjkpkjkpk ljG ifj.kkekeqGs >kysys uqdlku ekydkl 

40 Hk#u ns.ks vko';d vkgs)*!S)&$&#!-./.!-/01/((!!! 

,dk çfrfu/khyk ekydkP;k ekx.khuqlkj ;¨X; fg'k¨c lknj djkok 

ykxsy-!*S)&+4#!-./.!-/01/(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 

tj ,d çfrfu/kh] ekydkyk loZ Hk©frd ifjfLFkrhph ekfgrh u 5 

nsrk] vkf.k ekydkph fLoÑrh çkIr u djrk] Lor%P;k fg'k¨ckus 

,tsUlh P;k O;kikjkr djkj dsY;kl] ekyd O;ogkj 

vekU; d# 'kdr¨ vkf.k çfrfu/khus O;ogkjkr feGfoysY;k 10 

d¨.kR;kgh ykHkkph iqu%çkfIr d# 'kdr¨)!*Ss)&$"#!&$2#!-./.! 

dk;nk(!!! 

tj ,d çfrfu/kh] ekydkyk loZ Hk©frd ifjfLFkrhph ekfgrh 

u nsrk] vkf.k ekydkph fLoÑrh çkIr u djrk] Lor%P;k 15 

fg'k¨ckus ,tsUlh P;k O;kikjkr djkj dsY;kl] ekyd O;ogkj 

vekU; d# 'kdr¨ vkf.k çfrfu/khus O;ogkjkr feGfoysY;k 

d¨.kR;kgh ykHkkph iqu%çkfIr d# 'kdr5)!*Ss)&$"#!&$2#! 

djkj dk;nk(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&'! 

! 

,dk çfrfu/khps vf/kdkj 

ekydkdMwu feGkysY;k d¨.kR;kgh jdesrqu]çfrfu/khus fnysys 

,MOgkaUl] vko';d vls dsysys [kpZ vkf.k R;kps 25 

çfrfu/khRo dsY;kc)ypk esgurkuk gk R;kyk feGk;pk 

vlY;kl r¨ ,tsUlh O;kikjkr feGkysyk iSlk vkiY;ktoG 

j¨[kwu BsÅ 'kdr¨)*s)&$4#!-./.!-/01/(!! 

! 

tsOgk nqljk dqBykgh djkj >kysyk ulsy rsOgk t¨ i;Zr 

çfrfu/khyk feG.kkjs dfe'ku] ixkj vkf.k brj lsok çkIr g¨Ã 30 

i;Zr fdaok R;kpk fg'k¨c g¨Ã i;Zr çfrfu/kh ekydklkBh 

feGkysys dqByhgh oLrq] dkxni=s] py vkf.k vpy laiÙkh 

vkiY;kdMs BsÅu ?ksÅ 'kdr¨-!*S)&&$#!djkj dk;nk(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 

mnkgj.k% v us c yk vkiY;korhus HkkMs olqy dj.;klkBh 35 

çfrfu/kh Eg.kqu fu;qDr dsys- c gk x¨Gk dsysys HkkMs] R;kps 

Lor%pk esgrkuk feGsi;Zr j¨[kwu BsÅ 'kdr¨-! j¨'kuyky fo- 

,Eijj]!AIR!$%+"!All!%&&!(! 

40 

23 

mnkgj.k% ,dk xzkgdkP;k orhus ,dk c¡dsyk iSlk x¨Gk 

d#u] rs xzkgdkl ns.;kl lkafxrys vkgs-c¡dsus lk/kkj.kr% 

#-34]000@& MªkV }kjs lkekU; i¨LVkus ikBfoys- 

45 MªkV xgkG >kyk- c¡d] ,d çfrfu/kh Eg.kqu] e¨Bh jDde 

fu"dkGthi.ks lk/;k i¨LVkus ikBfoY;keqGs c¡dsl 

tokcnkj /kj.;kr vkys g¨rs-! c¡d vk¡Q fcgkj fyfo- 

VkVk Ld¨c fMyjlZ#!AIR!$%2'!Cal!34"(! 

50 

ekyd gk çfrfu/khyk R;kus dk;ns'khjfjR;k çfrfu/kh Eg.kqu 

fnysY;k vf/kdkjkr dsysY;k loZ dk;kZalkBh {kfriqrZrk 

dj.;kl cka/khy vkgs)!*S)&&&#!djkj dk;nk(! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!3"! 

! ! 

mnkgj.k% v] gk çfrfu/kh c g~;k ekydkP;k orhus dkgh 

oLrq [kjsnh djr¨- R;k oLrq v P;k Lor%P;k iS'kkus [kjsnh 

dsysY;k vlrkr- c gk v yk iSls!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"'! 

! 

! 




24 

5 

nsr ukgh- v gk oLrq fodqu c dMwu f'kYyd vlysyh 

jDde olqy d# 'kdr¨! ckcklk ckdkys fo- gëcUuk 

jk;Iik gëcUukokj!"AIR"#$%&Bom"'$%"oj 

vk/kkfjr(" 

fo'ks"k djkj % Hkkxhnkjh 

1932 P;k vk/kh Hkkxhnkjh fo"k;hpk dk;nk] djkj dk;nk 

10 çdj.k 11 e/ks g¨rk- rjh] çdj.k 11 gs Hkkxhnkjh fo"k;hpk 

laiq.kZ dk;nk uOgrs Eg.kqu çdj.k 11 dk


25 

!!! ijØkE; nLrkost 

5 Hkkjrkrhy ijØkE; nLrkostk laca/khpk dk;nk gk ijØkE; 

nLrkost dk;nk]1881!ijØkE; nLrkost dk;nk" e/ks 

lkiMr¨- 

ijØkE; nLrkost Eg.kts çkfeljh u¨V] gqaMh fdaok 

/kukns'k vkns'kkuqlkj fdaok /kkjdkyk ns; vlr¨- ,dk 

10 fof'k"V O;Drhyk ns;] vls n'kZfoys vlsy vkf.k 

gLrkarj.k foj¨/kh 'kCn ulrhy fdaok gLrkarj.k fo#)pk 

mÌs'k n'kZfoysyk ulsy rj çkfeljh u¨V] gqaMh fdaok 

/kukns'k vkns'kkuqlkj ns; 

15 vlsy- /kkjdkl ns; vls n'kZfoysys fdaok fjDr vuqe¨nu 

gs 'ksoVps fdaok QDr vuqe¨nu vlysys çkfeljh u¨V] 

gqaMh fdaok /kukns'k gk /kkjdkl ns; vlsy- ,[kk|k fof'k"B 

20 O;fDrP;k vkns'kkuqlkj ns; vlysys çkfeljh u¨V] gqaMh 

vkf.k /kukns'k T;kP;koj eqGr% fdaok vuqe¨fnr dsysys 

vlsy vkf.k fryk ns; ulsy rjhlq)k rs frP;k bPNsuqlkj 

fryk fdaok frP;k vkns'kkuqlkj ns; vlrhy-"!S#$%&! 

ijØkE; nLrkost dk;nk" 

25 ! 

nLrk,sotkps ijØkE; Eg.kts] d¨.kR;kgh O;Drhyk 

çkfeljh u¨V] gqaMh] fdaok /kukns'kkps ps gLrkarj.k d#u 

R;k O;fDryk nLrk,sotkps /kkjd cufo.ks g¨;-"!Ss# 

'()(*&!! 

%*! ijØkE; nLrk,sot dk;nk" tsOgk ,d ijØkE; nLrk,sot 

cufo.kkjk fdaok /kkjd R;koj lgh djr¨] 

cufo.kk&;kf'kok;]ijØkE;lkBh]nLrk,sotkP;k ikfBekxs 

fdaok nLrk,sotkyk t¨Mwu vl.kk&;k dkxnkoj lgh 

35 djr¨ fdaok v'kk eqækadkoj lgh djr¨ T;kapk okij 

ijØkE; nLrk,sot Eg.kqu g¨Å 'kdr¨ vls dj.kkjk 

O;fDr gk r¨ nLrk,sot vuqe¨nhr djr¨ vkgs vls 

Eg.kVY;k tkÃy o R;k O;fDryk vuqe¨nu dj.kkjk vls 

Eg.kVys tkÃy#"!Ss#$')$(&!ijØkE; nLrk,sot 

dk;nk+! 

! 

40 

çkfeljh u¨V] gqaMh] vkf.k /kukns'k 

',! ,d çkfeljh u¨V] gs ,d fyf[kr nLrk,sot vlrs! ,d 

c¡d&u¨V fdaok pyuh&u¨V ulrs" T;kr QDr R;kyk] 

fdaok vkns'kkUo;s fof'k"V O;fDrayk] fdaok nLrk,sot 

/kkjdkyk dkgh fof'k"B jDdesps Hkqxrku dj.;kps opu 

50 fouk vVhalg d#u cufo.kk&;kus lgh dsysyh vlrs#"! 

S#'&!ijØkE; nLrk,sot dk;nk+! 

! 

mnkgj.k% v us c dMs dkgh jDde tek dsyh- c us v yk 

tek dsY;kph ikorh fnyh] T;ke/;s v us jDde ekfxrY;koj 5 

R;kyk jDde ijr djkoh vlk oknk dsysyk vkgs- gh çkfeljh 

u¨V ukgh] dkj.k gs ijØkE; ukgh] QDr ,d ikorh vkgs-!uokc 

estj lj e¨gaen vdcj [kku fo- vÙkj flax&!! 

AIR!$-%(!PC!$.$!+! 

gqaMh ,d fyf[kr nLrk,sot vkgs] T;kr fouk vVhlg vkns'k 10 

vlr¨ T;koj cufo.kk&;kph lgh vlrs] R;kuqlkj QDr ,dk 

fof'k"B O;fDryk] fof'k"B O;fDrP;k vkns'kkUo;s] fdaok 

nLrk,sot /kkjd O;fDryk fof'k"V jDde ns.;kpk funZs'k 15 

vlr¨-"!S#,&!ijØkE; nLrk,sot dk;nk+!!!! 

çkfeljh u¨V e/ks] cufo.kkjk Hkqxrku dj.;kps opu nsr¨] 20 

rj gqaMh e/ks cufo.kkjk vU; O;fDryk Hkqxrku djk;pk 

funZs'k nsr¨- çkfeljh u¨V cufo.kkjk eqG_.kd¨ vlr¨ vls Eg.krk 

;sÃy] rj gqaMh dk

loZ Hkkjrh; odhy eaMG iwoZr;kjh lkexzh 

,dk /kkjdkl] Lohdkj dj.kkÚ;k’kh ukR;karhy eqY;kaoj] 

/kkjd ekuys tkrs o loZ i{kk’kh R;k osGsP;k vxksnj tsOgk 

bULVªqesVlyk fdaer fnyh tkrs- ,dk /kkjdkus] /kkjdkP;k 

Hkwfedsr vlrkukP;k dk;Zdkykr% 

5 Û fcykps] uksVps ok psdps vtZu djko;kl gos] ts R;kP;k 

eq[kkoj iw.kZ vlsy 

Û R;kP;k ifgyhP;k eqY;klkBh rks vksojMîw gksrks fdaok 

Û uksVhl f’kok; dh vls ?kMys vkgs dh rks ifgyh 

vfLodkj dsyk xsyk gksrk% rlsp 

10 Û pkaxyk fo’oklik= gLrkarjd vlko;kl gok] iqjsls 

dkj.k vlY;kf’kok;] gk fo’okl ÁkIr dj.;klkBh dh 

bULVªqesVP;k Vk;Vye/khy =qVh T;k O;fDrdMwu feGkysy 

vkgs R;kP;kiklwup vkgs- !fuxksf’k,cy bULVªqesV vf/kfu;e 

vuqHkkx 9" 

15 

mnkgj.k% v us c dMwu ,d /kukns’k ÁkIr dsyk- v yk 

;kph iw.kZ tk.kho gksrh] dh rks /kukns’k vfLodkj dsyk 

xsyk vkgs o v P;k i{kkr dsysyh uksan gh cWadsus /kukns’k 

20 ijr dsY;kojp dsyh xsyh gksrh- vls ekuys xsys dh 

/kkjd Eg.kowu ?ks.;klkBh xjt vl.kkjs xq.k/keZ 

ckGxys ukghr !lq[kejkt f[kejktk] eqacbZP;k O;kikÚ;kaps 

,d Áfr"Bku fo ,u- jktxksikyu !1989" 1 ,yMCY;w 

401" 

25 fuxksf’k,cy bULVªqesV’kh fuxMhr ÁR;sd iwoZ i{kdkj /kkjd 

Eg.kwu tckcnkj vlrks] tksi;Zar bULVªqesV gs jhrlj oBr 

ukgh- !fuxksf’k,cy bULVªqesV vf/kfu;e vuqHkkx 36" 

/kukns’kkpk vfLodkj 

30 /kukns’kkaph fLodkjkgZrk okkY;kl vkns’kdkus ,d xqUgk dsyk 20 

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/-01234-17# 6&4+4'(- 73($-1 $?+ 2-85)#4. (Oil and Natural Gas Commission v. 

Offshore Enterprises, AIR 1993 Bom 217) 

!(92&;9 !%$&A%$& 

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Gupta v. L. G. Assam, AIR 1959 Assam 134) 

(Sec. 24(a)(1) , ’:84%1:)#1;+’ =?, :0-0 91, 2+., !@+ 

")*9)-1%+A$ ,+/$, B$ :84$ %1:)# C+($ >/0, B1;$, ').820@, DE DE0,)7.)% 

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M1 -)*+ .+=$" ".)K+;+ O+K/$ ,")/-+, -)*+,0, -$ B+K+ F1N"M)*+ 

%+A$ =850 ').F+M'-). BF+ 90(0. !%+ ,1.)M* P0M)*+- >(+ 91, =850 ').F+M'-). 

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A."M)*+- >(0. A (+ %3590,&-. :8, ".)4+&;+ !"#$ %&'0'.)*&- "9$( F)/M?, :+=( 

9."?, P0-+ *0M+. ,+/$.(Kumari Madhuri Patil v. Additional Commissioner, Tribal 

Development, AIR 1995 SC 94) 

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%,0%(,789"'&' +-*"2"1 :;,0"F& (A2& 

:3',0" /3%"0 $#& $*>,0"1 081 !"@&. (S. 26 (1), +‍MK%;$8D,( +‍M$,D) 

N,*OK ('I"K&) #,@>)8 (,%1PF,0" N"0:,0"("=& N(%>B$ $*>8.(S. P. Chegakvaraya 

Naidu v. Jagnath, AIR 1994 SC 583) 

!"#$%&: P, %$&'"F,0" *B-"1 !"#"A$! -,*"-,1 $*>,0"F" -,*0"( $*1;. -*A1H P !8 

QAK30! -&!' $;K Ss. 411 ?>3 473 9"'&' -B*,% (3:,2:;< )"@&* $8'8 !"@&1. 

QAK30! $O!,D,*M$,D +23!30# S.17 9"'& P '" !"#"A$!"1B! $"CB! D"$>,0"1 ?'8. 

I;'>8 @8 P F8 $*,1%,0 @;18, 1,0"#HG8, )*& +*,)"1 -B*,% (3:,2:;< )"@&* $*>,0"F" 

L"R !%,@1", 1*&@& P !8 18 )"@&* $*"0'" @%8 @;18. (Joginder Singh v. Bar Council of 

India, AIR 1975 Del 192) 

!"#$%&: P, !"#$ J$" %$&'"!8, 1,0"F,0" %3*B:,2 (H*H +('8',0" !S13$ +2#18/& 

!3RK31 +-*"2"F" 9D'" (H*H +(',0"F8 '-%B! =8%'8. +‍MK%;$8D,( +‍M$,D9"'& P '" 

%$&'"F,0" *B-"1 !"#"A$! -,*"-,1 $*>,0"F" @$,$ !"@&. (Inder 

Singh; In re; 1963 (65) PLR 619) 

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QAK30! $O!,D,*M$,D +23!30# S.18 9"'& ’#3(*3-,*8(8!,D8/!’(%3-*,0"() F& %,0"9,0". 

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2!/0 .345".",. -/.&+($6

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5 &0'$, &-%; %&(3(+ &07"#$ +( '#$0( ?)/3 @A :?6/#$, BCDE,("! "#$#%& '()*$") :'0 0F!8$0$%0 ,"0'/=?G 3$8H 

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!"#"#$%& '()*)+$%& ,*-." !&/$% !/0$%&'&1-/.$%&%&#%&* ,!-#- !/0$%&'&1- 2'*". 

(3-'-4% /5#$' , Part VI, Chapter II, Section VII, Rule 49) 

6! ,!-# 7$%&." ,&/'&8!$!&." 29,& :*$*/7-,)*"." ;&/),&/)! ,$%,'&% ;$/&;$* 

!"#& 48", 4;#& ;&/),&/)! ,$%,'&% '. ;/?**&. A, EM- 48" 40) *$%&' ,!-#- !/0$%&+- (.&N !/0$%&* %"N#. (Shaik Mahboob 

Hussain v. Bar Council of State of Andhra Pradesh High Court Hyderabad, AIR 2003 NOC 

295) 

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!/0$%&'&1-/.$%&%&#%&* ,!-#- !/0$%&'&1- ;/,&.B- ()L5 =!*". 

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!>0*"8- '&J&/0 3T1! =3/ A +$%& '?+&#! (?HL&* '?+&#! !)?,& 2J$%!$M %& .&*$%&." 

!>0*$%&8- 73&3E&U$%& !&/$%!&/- '$,/

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KL< "575 $#:(/5. -"67#*5 $"&H#J3467 -(-#2#8 "(J-# 8&1#.;-86 >+7575 F$75 :(8 

KL< "575 $#:(/5 /5C5"%=* >)(7#+ :5 B%-8# 15M7 "( 85 $=N5 8&1# -"67#96 +5-# +=%= 

B5-, G9&O(8#8 "( *#:6.(I6+6F1 %,7&+, Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 14) 

!"#$%&: -"67 A 7#, >)67 C *5 F$7&1# +5-5+#B6 $#9#%C "575 :;85, !"# D 

*#3" 25C5"P&1# -(%=2&4 2;* $&%Q3(+%6 *;'&+(-9* 9('&B6) 2#A7 "%C&1#+#B6. 

-"67 A , D 7# R-S -%&H#J$#+,* DEA8 :;8#, FC( 8(9&1# K8&8%#4("#%#9&1# 

$&%3#C $8&%#9&1# "#%&1#+#B6 >*5"2# +&-8T :/% U#7# :;8#. 8%6:6 A *5 +J"&H($&8 

+&-6"#%75, FC( C 7# F$7&1# D )6 >+757&1# +JIJ4#-(H16 "#:6:6 +#JV(875 *#:6. A 

*5 %,7 WX 95 K7&7JL* "575 F:5 FC( 8&1#*5 C 7# F4(9 D )6 >+757&1# 

+JIJ4#-(H16 +J$,%&C FC( 3;"E5$C#*5 +#JV#17# :-5 :;85. D )6 >+757&1# 

+JIJ4#-(H16 +#JV(87&1#*J8% /% C *5 $%-#*V6 2(76 8%9 A, C 95 $&%8(*(4(8&- 

"%, )"8;. (V. C. Rangaduri v. D. Gopalan, AIR 1979 SC 281) 

'()* +,-./01. 20 3#45)# 6*78 '()/-# 9:;)#?/- "*&/-#*&1 "YC#+#B6 ";C8&1#:6 >$&%(1 $%(C#3#J96 

$%&-# * "%8# +%&- K9(8 FC( +3&3#*/*" +#4*#J2&-#%5 *()67#9&1# :(8#96 %"&H# "%C5 F-)&1" F:5. !" -"67, F$75 >)67#9&1# 

V=*&:5V#% >+C&1#I2&2795 -Z1"&8(" 38 I#/,7# B5[*, !"#2&1# V=*&:&1#867 F%;$6 

-&1"&8(9#:6 I9#- "%57. -"67#+ :5 +3/75 $#:(/5 "( !"# -"67#96 *(H&B# 

"#12&1#9&1# $&%86 >+85, FC( "#12&1#96 :6 V%/ F:5 "( ";C6:6 $%&1#$&8 $=%#-&1#

!"#$% &'($)* +$,-$ .$/ ,%0. (1*2*3% (4-52, Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 

15) 

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'5(#B>5>";5%$ '$C*# '5($D5%$8;* 0 6" -:6$8,$ 

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'(5%$'5> 'A($#5%$ !"#$% &'($)* +$,-0 .$/ ,%0 %$;0 2+(5=, A ,0 6(D0 G(.0;0 

3F0.(Based on Muhammad Sadique v. Emperor, (1904) 1 Cr LJ 1059 (All)) 

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First Edition: August, 2010 

Bar Council of India 

21, 

Rouse Avenue Instutional Area, 

New Delhi - 110 002 

Rainmaker Training and Recruitment Pvt. Ltd. 

A - 4, 2nd Floor, 

Sarvodya Enclave, 

New Delhi - 110017 

While the publishers have engaged translators with experience and expertise 

in translating legal materials, you would appreciate that certain words or 

phrases do not have corresponding words with an identical meaning in other 

languages. The publishers have taken the utmost care to prevent any errors, 

and disclaim liabilty for any errors that may have crept in regardless. We 

invite suggestions for improvement and corrections.

Marathi Book Cover_book 1 of 2 - The Bar Council of India

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