0.0. Symbols and Explanations - Alexandre Kimenyi

KINYARWANDA SPELL CHECKERALPHA DROPby Alexandre Kimenyi0.0. Symbols and ExplanationsS= sentencecl= clausemcl= main clausescl= subordinate clauseNP= noun phraseVP= verb phraseN= nounCN= compound nounDN= deverbal noun (noun derived from a verb)V= verbDNV= denominal verb (verb derived from a noun)AUX= auxiliary verbAU= augmentPFX= prefixPPFX= preprefixSFX= suffixPSFX= post suffixTn= toneT= tensePST= past tenseFUT= future tenseTAM= tense-aspect-modalityASP= aspectPA= perfective aspectIA= imperfective aspectPR= pronounOP= object pronounCM= class markerIDO= ideophoneITJ= interjectionRED= reduplicationAPPL= applicativePASS= passiveCAUS= causativeASS= associativeREC= reciprocalADJ= adjectiveADV= adverbDEM= demonstrativePOSS= possessivevar.= lexical or phonetic variation

lw= loan-wordall classes= can take the class marker of all noun classes*= incorrect form0= a default zero morpheme given to some words class 5i , 9i and 10i which have lostit.or certain tenses such as as the habitual./ /= morphological or underlying representation[ ]= phonetic representation (how the word should be pronounced)( )= optional morphological elements>= changes into1a= noun of class 1 lacking the augment u-2a= noun of class 2 lacking the augment a- and take ba instead5i= noun of class 5 without the class marker –ri-9a= noun of class 9 lacking the augment (preprefix) i-9i= noun of clas 9 lacking the class marker, the nasal -n-10a= noun of class 10 lack augment and take za in its place0.1. IntroductionKinyarwanda is the national language of Rwanda and is a sister dialect of Kirundi,the national language of Burundi. Linguistically speaking, these are indeeddialects of the same language as in the case of American English and BritishEnglish since there is total intelligibility between their respective speakers.Together with another dialect known as Giha spoken in Tanzania, it is the secondlargest language cluster after Kiswahili within the Bantu language group. Despitegenocide which took place taking lives of more than one million Tutsi, itsspeakers are perhaps more than 20 million people. Rwanda has around 8,5million people right now, Burundi has around 7 million but besides the Gihaspeakers there are also ethnic Banyarwanda in Southern Uganda in the Kigezidiscrict known as Bafumbira. Other Kinyarwanda speakers are Banyamulenge inSouthern Kivu and ethnic Banyarwanda in Masisi and Rutshuro in Northern Kivuin the Democratic Republic of Congo. Kinyarwanda is also spoken in Tanzania,in Karagwe region which was a kingdom of Kinyarwanda speaking people beforecolonialsim. Kinyarwanda belongs to the interlacustrine (Great Lakes) Bantulanguages. Kinyarwanda has an official orthography. Although, both short andlong vowels are phonemic and are realized at the phonetic level, only shortvowels are used which creates a lot of homonyms (homographs). Thus the wordkuvura can stand for either [kuvura] ‘to foam’ or [kuvuura] ‘to cure/to heal’ Thelanguage also has tones but the orthography does not mark them either. Without

a proper context, it will not be easy to tell if a word like ino stands for [ino] ‘toe’or [inó] ‘here’.Kinyarwanda has one ethnic dialect, the Gitwa which is characterized by theanticipation of tone and two distinct regional dialects, the northern dialect knownas Igikiga and the southern dialect known as Ikinyanduga. These two maindialects have in turn subdialects (Ikigoyi, Igishiru, Ikirera) .

Kinyarwanda is an agglutinative language having a handful of items which arefree morphemes. Nouns and verbs get their full phonetic shape depending on thefunction they play in the sentence stucture., thus having to have prefixes orsuffixes added. For instance the number of extensions on the verb stem dependson how many noun complements the verb has. The verb morphology and theword order of these morphemes seems also to be a mirror image of the sentencestructure.Simple nouns consist of an augment, a class marker and a stem. Simple nounsdon’t use suffixation that much. Only deverbal nouns do.Kinyarwanda and other Bantu languages have few adjectives. Associativemorphemes or relative clause constructions are used to modify the head noun.Unclassified categories are interjections, exclamations and ideophones. Functionwords such as prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries seem to not exist inKinyarwanda. It is the structure which determines where a word is a regular wordor a function word. Thus nouns can function as prepositions when they occurbefore other nouns can occur and verbs as conjunctions or auxiliaries when theyoccur before other verbs also.Phonological rules affecting vowels are vowel deletion, vowel lengthening, vowelshortening, vowel coalescence, gliding, vowel harmony, vowel copy and vowelinsertion. Those affecting consonants are consonant deletion, consonant addition,consonant assimilation, Dahl’s law, palatal fricative harmony,Noun tones can occur on any syllable or mora except class markers. In verb theyare assigned differently. They occur ever in the prestem position, first mora of thefirst syllable of the stem or the first mora of the stem second syllable. Other

domains are extraprosodic. No tone activity can take place there. The tone rulesfound in the language are Meeussen rule or Beat Deletion (deletion of the secondtone on the right), Beat Addition (secondary tone assignment), Beat Movement(high tone spread), Weak Beat Alternation, Iambic Reversal.The following list of Kinyarwanda words is found in the majority of Bantulanguages with sometimes slight phonetic differences due to known universalphonological rules and phonetic factors. These lexical items are associated withuniversal phenomena or referents in the shared Bantu cultural experiences.Verbs: kubara 'to count' , kubona 'to see', kubora 'to rot', kubyara 'to givebirth', kubyina 'to dance', kubumba 'to mould', guha 'to give', guhita 'to pass',kugura 'to buy', gukura 'to grow', kuroga 'to poison', kuruma 'to bite',kubora 'to rot', kugenda 'to leave', gutuka 'to insult', kunywa 'to drink', kurya'to eat', gupfa 'to die', kugwa 'to fall', kunnya 'to defecate', gucya 'to dawn',kurara 'to spend the night', kurota 'to dream', -ti 'to say', kurira 'to cry', kugona'to snore', kwita 'to name', gukubita 'to hit', kurima 'to toil', kurinda 'toguard', kuririimba 'to sing', guseka 'to smile/laugh', gushyika 'to arrive', gutema'to cut', gutuma 'to send', kuza 'to come'Nouns:Humans: uuuntu 'person'; umupfumu 'diviner'; umuganga 'medicineman';umugeni 'bride'; umwana 'child'; umwari 'well behaved marriable girl';umuzungu 'white person'.Body parts: ibere 'breast', umutwe 'head', ugutwi 'ear', ijisho 'eye',iryinyo 'tooth', umunwa 'mouth', ururimi 'tongue', rugongo 'clitoris', umugongo'back', ukuboko 'arm', itako 'thigh', itama 'cheek', imboro 'penis',ubwonko 'brain'Animals: imbwa 'dog', inkoko 'chicken', inkware 'partridge', umubu'mosquito', inzoka 'snake', impyisi 'hyena' imbogo 'buffalo', imvubu 'hippo',ingona 'crocodile', ingwe 'leopard', ingurube 'pig', inkanga 'guinea-fowl',umuswa 'termite', inzuki 'bees'.

Others: inzara 'hunger', inyota 'thirst', isoni 'shame/shyness', inyumba'large house', ibuye 'stone', inyanja 'lake', imbeho 'cold/wind', imvura 'rain',igiti 'tree', inyama 'meat', imboga 'vegetables', indurú 'war cry', ijuru 'sky',izuba 'sun', ukwezi 'moon/month', umwaka 'crop/year', amazi 'water', ingabo'shield', inyundo 'hammer', ingoma 'drum', icumu 'spear', isi 'earth', umwotsi'smoke', umuriro 'fire',Adjectives: -inshi 'many/much/a lot'; -ese/-ose 'all/every', -shya 'new'; -re-re'long/tall/deep'; -kuru 'old/important'; -bi 'bad'; -zima 'alive/healthy';Numbers: -mwe 'one'; -biri 'two'; -tatu 'three'; -ne 'four'; -tanu 'six'; -nanieight’; icumi 'ten'.A large number of words which have cognates in a larger number of Bantulanguages are either monosyllabic or have lost the initial consonant.

3. Part of Speech.Kinyarwanda has the following parts of speech : nouns, verbs, adjectives,conjunctions, subordinators, ideophones and interjections. Each part of speech has itsformal charatertics.3.A1. NounThe noun in Kinyarwanda consists of a stem, a prefix and a preprefix or augment.This preprefix which is realized as a vowel, seems to be a copy of the prefix vowel.These prefixes are also known in Bantu as class markers.3.1.1. Noun Morphology.There two types of nouns in Kinyarwanda, nominal nouns and deverbal nouns (DN),derived from verbs. A regular Kinyarwanda noun consists of a preprefix (PPX) oraugment (AU), a class marker (CM) and a stem. A deverbal noun consists of apreprefix or augment also, a class marker, a verb, an optiional lexical extention (LE),an optional grammatical extention (GE) and a nominalizer (NR), as the followingexamples show.NN = Au-CM-Stem.-gabo, 1 ‘man’ u-mu-gabo >umugabo-enda, 4 ‘clothes’ i-mi-enda>imyenda-aha, 15 ‘armpit’ u-ku-aha> ukwahaDN= Au-CM-Verb Stem-(LE)-(GE)-NR-kino, 3 ‘game’ u-mu-kin-o umukinoAU-CM3-play-NR-funguzo,11 ‘key’ u-ru-fung-ur-y-o urufunguzoAU-CM11-open-LE-GE-NR-terano, 9 ‘meeting’ i-ter-an-ir-o iteraniroAU-cause-LE-GE-NR-kinisho, 7 ‘toy’ i-ki-kin-ish-o igikinishoAU-CM7-play-GE-NR

The most productive morpheme which can be added to the verb stem to create newwords are the class 5 augment i- which precedes the verb stem to short action or state,the nominalizer –yi, and the suffix –ire which is always accompanied with theaugment and class marker of class 4 to show manners.i-a-kor- ‘work’ ikora ‘working’-som- ‘read’ isoma ‘reading’-ib- ‘steal’ iyiba ‘stealing’-yi-kor- ‘work’ umukozi ‘worker’-som- ‘read’ umusomyi ‘reader’-ib- ‘steal’ umwibyi ‘thief’-ire-kor- ‘work’ imikorere ‘ways of working’-som- ‘read’ imisomere ‘ways of reading’-ib- ‘steal’ imyibire ‘ways of stealing’3.1.2. Noun Classes.Kinyarwanda has 16 classes. Modifiers (adjectives, demonstratives, numerals,possessives) agree with the head noun by taking this class marker.In some cases, however, the modifier takes a different type of prefix depending onwhether it is an adjective, a verb, an object pronoun , a quantifier or a possessive asillustrated in (1).The numbers 1-16 correspond to traditional conventional Bantu noun classification.Nounadjective subject pronoun object pronoun demonstrative possessive1. u-mu- mu- a- -mu- u- u-2. a-ba- ba- ba- -ba- ba- ba-3. u-mu- mu- u- -wu- u- u-4. i-mi- mi- i- -yi- i- i-5. i-ri- ri- ri- -ri- ri- ri-6. a-ma- ma- a- -ya- a- a-7. i-ki- ki- ki- -ki- ki- ki-

8. i-bi bi- bi- -bi- bi- bi-9. i-n- n- i- -yi- i- i-10. i-n- n- zi- -zi- zi- zi-11. u-ru- ru- ru- -ru- ru- ru-12. a-ka- ka- ka- -ka- ka- ka-13. u-tu- tu- tu- -tu- tu- tu-14. u-bu- bu- bu- -bu- bu- bu-15. u-ku- ku- ku- -ku- ku- ku-16. a-ha- ha- ha- -ha- ha- ha-For illustration purposes, let’s use the stem of the noun –gabo which belongs to class 1for singular and class 2 for plural and –bindi ‘clay jar’ which belongs to class 7 andpluralizes by taking class 8 marker.-gabo 1/2 ‘man/husband’ noun : umugabo ‘man’/abagabo ‘men’adj : umugabo mugufi ‘a short man’/abagabo bagufi ‘short men’sub.pr. umugabo araguye ‘the man has just fallen’/abagabo baraguye ‘themen have just fallen’obj.pr. baramubona ‘they see him’/barababona ‘they see them’dem. uriya mugabo ‘that man’/bariya bagabo ‘those men’poss. umugabo wanjye ‘my man’/abagabo banjye ‘my men’-bindi 7/8 : noun ikibindi ‘clay jar’/ibibindi ‘clay jars’adj. ikibindi kigufi ‘a short clay jar’/ibibindi bigufi ‘short clay jars’sub.pr. ikibindi kiraguye ‘the clay jar has just fallen down’/ibibindibiraguye ‘the clay pots have just fallen down’obj.pr. barakibona ‘they see it’/barabibona ‘they see them’dem. kiriya kibindi ‘that clay jar’/biriya bibindi ‘those clay jars’poss. ikibindi cyanjye ‘my clay jar’/ibibindi byanjye ‘my clay jars’Class 1 and Class 2 : -mu-/-ba--ntu, 1/2. umuntu/abantu ‘person/people’-gabo, 1/2 umugabo/abagabo ‘man/men’-gore, 1/2 umugore/abagore ‘woman/women-ana, 1/2 umwana/abana ‘child/children’-arabu, 1/2 umwarabu/abarabu ‘Arab/Arabs’-iru, 1/2 umwiru/abiru ‘royal ritualist/royal ritualists’-ega, 1/2 umwega/abega ‘menber of the Bega clan/members of the Bega clan’

-hungu, 1/2 umuhungu/abahungu ‘boy/boys’-kobwa, 1/2 umukobwa/abakobwa ‘girl/girls’-ami, 1/2 umwami/abami ‘king/kings’-oro, 1/2 umworo/aboro ‘poor person/poor people’-ari, 1/2 umwari/abari ‘a teenager girl/teenager girls’-arimu, 1/2 umwarimu ‘teacher/teachers’-boyi , 1/2 umuboyi/ababoyi ‘cook/cooks’-foroma, 1/2 umuforoma/abaforoma ‘nurse/nurses’-geni, 1/2 umugeni/abageni ‘bride/brides’-kwe, 1/2 umukwe/abakwe ‘groom/grooms,-nyarwanda, 1/2 umunyarwanda/abanyarwanda ‘Rwandan/Rwandans’-nyafurika, 1/2 umunyafurika/abanyafurika ‘African/Africans’-ere , 1/2 umwere/abere ‘innocent person/innocent people’-camanza, 1/2 umucamanza/abacamanza ‘judge/judges’-ibyi, 1/2 umwibyi/abibyi ‘thief/thieves’Class 1a and 2a : 0/badata/ba data ‘my father/my fathers’mama/ba mama ‘my mother/my mothes’papa/ba papa ‘pope/popes’perezida/ba perezida ‘president/presidents’muganga/ba muganga ‘doctor/doctors’maneko/ba maneko ‘secret agent/secret agents’mayibobo/ba mayibobo ‘street child/street children’magendu/ba magendumagigiri/ba magigiri ‘spy’ruharwa/ba ruharwa ‘suicider’gitimujisho/ba gitimujisho ‘the one whose name should not be mentioned’rugizerute/ ba rugizeruteminisitiri/ba minisitiri ‘minister/ministers’padiri/ba padiri ‘priest/priests’Class 3 and Class 4 : -mu-/-mi--ti, 3/4 umuti/imiti ‘medicine/medicines’-gozi, 3/4 umugozi/imigozi ‘rope/ropes’-rima, 3/4 umurima/imirima ‘field/fields’

-zi, 3/4 umuzi/imizi ‘root/roots’-obo, 3/4 umwobo/imyobo ‘hole/holes’-enda, 3/4 umwenda/imyenda ‘dress/dresses’; ‘debt/debts’-anda, 3/4 umwanda/imyanda ‘dirt/dirts’-eyo, 3/4 umweyo/imyeyo ‘broom/brooms’-kandara, 3/4 umukandara/imikandara ‘belt/belts’-handa, 3/4 umuhanda ‘road/roads’-tima, 3/4 umutima/imitima ‘heart/hearts’-gezi, 3/4 umugezi/imigezi ‘river/rivers’-soro, 3/4 umusoro/imisoro ‘tax/taxes’-rizo , 3/4 umurizo/imirizo ‘tail/tails’-sego, 3/4 umusego/imisego ‘pillow/pillows’-neke, 3/4 umuneke/imineke ‘yellow banana/yellow bananas’-pira, 3/4 umupira/imipira ‘ball/balls’, ‘sweater/sweaters’; ‘tire/tires’-sozi, 3/4 umusozi/imisozi ‘hill/hills’; ‘mountain/mountains’-sumari, 3/4 umusumari/imisumari ‘nail/nails’-nota, 3/4 umunota/iminota ‘minute/minutes’-nara, 3/4 umunara/iminara ‘minaret/minrets’-nsi, 3/4 umunsi/iminsi ‘day\days’-aka, 3/4 umwaka/imyaka ‘crop/crops’; ‘year/years’-satsi, 3/4 umusatsi/imisatsi ‘hair/hairs’-otsi, 3/4 umwotsi/imyotsi ‘smoke/smokes’-enge, 3/4 umwenge/imyenge ‘crack/cracks’Note : Both -mu- of Class 1 and –mu- of Class 3, change to -mw- if the stem startswith a vowel. Class marker 2 –ba- changes to –be- if the stem starts with the letter –i-and Class marker –mi- Class 4 changes to –my- if the stem starts with a vowel.Class 5 and Class 6 : -ri-/-ma--inyo, 5/6 iryinyo/amenyo ‘tooth/teeth’-so, 5/6 ijisho/amaso ‘eye/eyes’-tama, 5/6 itama/amatama ‘cheek/cheeks’-zuru, 5/6 izuru/amazuru ‘nose/noses’-bere, 5/6 ibere/amabere ‘breast/breasts’-josi, 5/6 ijosi/amajosi ‘neck/necks’-tako, 5/6 itako/amatako ‘thigh/thighs’-bya, 5/6 ibya/amabya ‘testicle/testicles’

-vi, 5/6 ivi/amavi ‘knee/knees’-no, 5/6 ino/amano ‘toe/toes’-guf(w)a, 5/6 iguf(w)a/amaguf(w)a ‘bone/bones’-buye, 5/6 ibuye/amabuye ‘stone/stones’-shyamba, 5/6 ishyamba/amashyamba ‘forest/forests’-joro, 5/6 ijoro/amajoro ‘night/nights’-juru, 5/6 ijuru/amajuru ‘sky/skies’-suka, 5/6 isuka/amasuka ‘hoe/hoes’-foto, 5/6 ifoto/amafoto ‘photo/photos’-gare, 5/6 igare/amagare ‘bicycle/bicycles’-cupa, 5/6 icupa/amacupa ‘bottle/bottles’-shati, 5/6 ishati/amashati ‘shirt/shirts’-tabi, 5/6 itabi/amatabi ‘tobacco/tobaccos’-zina, 5/6 izina/amazina ‘name/names’-gunira, 5/6 igunira/amagunira ‘bag/bags’-godora, 5/6 igodora/amagodora ‘mattress/mattresses’-cumu, 5/6 icumu/amacumu ‘spear/spears-shyamba, 5/6 ishyamba/amashyamba ‘forest/forests’-soko, 5/6 isoko/amasoko ,flea market/flea markets’-shuri, 5/6 ishuri/amashuri ‘schoolschools’-pamba, 5/6 ipamba/amapamba ‘cotton/cottons’-faranga, 5/6 ifaranga/amafaranga ‘money/moneys’; ‘frank/franks’As tbe examples show, the Class marker for Class 5 –ri- has been lost. It has survivedin only very few cases. It changes to –ry- if the stem starts with a vowel. The ckassnarker –ma- also undergoes vowel coalescence. It changes to –me- if the stem startswith the letter –i-.Class 6 : -ma--zi, 6 amazi ‘water’-raso, 6 amaraso ‘blood’-ta, 6 amata ‘milk’-byi, 6 amabyi ‘human excrements’-se, 6 amase ‘cow’s dung’-hurunguru, 6 amahugurnguru ‘goats’ excrements’-totoro, 6 amatotoro ‘chicken excrements’-bwegegeri, 6 amabwegegeri ‘rats’ excrements’

-ganga, 6 amaganga ‘cow’s urine’-shereka, 6 amashereka ‘milk from human breast’-henehene, 6 amahenehene ‘goat milk’-shyira, 6 amashyira ‘pus’-ga, 6 amaga ‘body crust’-candwe, 6 amacandwe ‘sputum’-ngazini, 6 amangazini ‘shopping store’-iza, 6 ameza ‘table’-horo, 6 amahoro ‘peace’-ganya, 6 amaganya ‘jeremiads/lamentations’-pfa , 6 amapfa ‘drought’-bwiriza, 6 amabwiriza ‘advice’-yeri, 6 amayeri ‘tricks’-cakubiri, 6 amacakubiri ‘division’-burakindi, 6 amaburakindi ‘state of desperation’-njwe, 6 amanjwe ‘worthless thing’-futi, 6 amafuti ‘wrong deeds’-gara, 6 amagara ‘energy’-shanyaraza, 6 amashanyaraza ‘electricity’-kuba, 6 amakuba ‘trouble’-herere, 6 amaherere ‘injustice’-hane, 6 amahane ‘trouble’-cakubiri, 6 amacakubiri ‘division’-njywe, 6 amanjwe ‘stupid words’-ngambure, 6 amangambure ‘foolish words’There are some words of class 5 and 6 which change the first consonant of the stemdepending on whether they change classes. It is more likely words in class fivebecause these initial consonants are all palatal :-shyanga, 5 >ishyanga ‘diapora’ ; -hanga 6, amahanga ‘abroad’-jisho, 5 ijisho ‘eye’; -so, 6 amaso ‘eyes’-shyari, ishyari ‘jealousy’ –hari, 6 amahari/amashyari ‘jealousies’shaka, 5 ishaka ‘sorghum’ –saka, 6 amasaka ‘sorghums’-jana, 5 ijana ‘one hundred’; gana, 6 amagana ‘hundreds’-shyerezo/herezo, 5 iherezo/ishyerezo ‘end’;-herezo, 6 amaherezo ‘ends’-cumi, 5 icumi ‘ten’ makumyabiri, adj ‘twenty’

Class 9 and Class 10 : -n-/-n--ka, 9/10 inka/inka ‘cow/cows’-tama, 9/10 intama/intama ‘sheep/sheep’-yovu, 9/10 inzovu/inzovu ‘elephant/elephants’-tare, 9/10 intare/intare ‘lion/lions’-yoka, 9/10 inzoka/inzoka ‘snake/snakes’-yira, 9/10 inzira/inzira ‘path/paths’-gwe, 9/10 ingwe/ingwe ‘leopard’-koko, 9//0 inkoko/inkoko ‘chicken/chickens’-guge, 9/10 inguge/inguge ‘monkey/monkeys’-hene, 9i/10i ihene/ihene ‘goat/goats’-farasi/farasi, 9i/10i ‘horse/horses’-sazi, 9i/10i isazi/isazi ‘fly/flies’-pyisi, 9/10 impyisi/impyisi ‘hyena/hyenas’-pyiko, 9/10 impyiko/impyiko ‘kidney/kidneys’-sake, 9i/10i isake/isake ‘rooster/roosters’-pasi, 9i/10i ipasi/ipasi ‘iron/irons’-hongo, 9/10 impongo/impongo ‘antelope/antelopes’-cuti, 9/10 inshuti/inshuti ‘friend/friends’-tsina, 9/10 insina/insina ‘banana tree/banana trees’-kuba, 9/10 inkuba/inkuba ‘thunder/thunders’-harage, 9/10 imparage ‘zebra’-huha, 9/10 impuha/impuha ‘rumor/rumors’-haka, 9/10 impaka/impaka ‘dispute/disputes’-hunzi, 9/10 impunzi/impunzi ‘refugee/refugees’-heta, 9/10 impeta/impeta ‘ring/rings’-bandwa, 9/10 imandwa/imandwa ‘initiated to Ryangombe cult/initiates ofRyangombe cult’-mana, 9/10 imana/imana ‘god/gods’-nama, 9/10 inama/inama ‘advice/advices’-numa,9/10 inuma/inuma ‘pidgeon/pidgeons’-nanga, 9/10 inanga/inanga ‘cithare/cithares’-noti, 9/10 inoti/inoti ‘paper money/paper moneys’-nyoni, 9/10 inyoni/inyoni ‘bird/birds’-nyana, 9/10 inyana/inyana ‘calf/calves’-nyama, 9/10 inyama/inyama ‘meat/meats’-nyamaswa, 9/10 inyamaswa/inyamaswa ‘animal/animals’

-kweto, 11/10 urukweto/inkweto ‘shoe/shoes’-gero, 11/10 urugero/ingero ‘example/examples’-hushya, 11/10 uruhushya/impushya ‘permission/permissions’-dodo, 11/10 urudodo/indodo ‘thread/threads’-rimi, 11/10 ururimi/indimi ‘tongue/tongues’; ‘language/languages’-ziga, 11/10 uruziga/inziga ‘circle/circles’; ‘mustache/mustaches’-embe 11/10 urwembe/inzembe ‘razor/razors’-banza, 11/10 urubanza/imanza ‘court case/court cases’-bambo, 11/10 urubambo/imambo ‘peg/pegs’-hago, 11/10 uruhago/impago ‘bag/bags’-uzi, 11/10 uruzi/inzuzi ‘river/rivers’-agwa, 11/10 urwagwa/inzagwa ‘banana wine/banana wines’-me, 11/10 urume/ime ‘dew/dews’-nigi, 11/10 urunigi/inigi ‘necklace/necklaces’-syo, 11/10 urusyo/insyo ‘grinding stone/grinding stones’-hinja, 11/10 uruhinja/impinja ‘baby/babies’-hande, 11/10 uruhande/impande ‘side/sides’-hu, 11/10 uruhu/impu ‘hide/hides’-nyo, 11/10 urunyo/inyo-nyanya, 11/10 urunyanya/inyanya ‘tomato/tomatoes’The class maarker –ru- as examples show changes to –rw- if the stem starts with avowel.Class 12 and Class 13 : -ka-/-tu--bari, 12/13 akabari/utubari ‘bar/bars’-bati, 12/13 akabati/utubati ‘cupboard/cupboards’-gaca, 12/13 agaca/uduca ‘hawk/hawks’-ciro, 12/13 agaciro/uduciro ‘value/values’-hinda, 12/13 agahinda/uduhinda ‘sorrow’-suzuguro, 12/13 agasuzuguro/udusuzuguro ‘contempt/contempts’-nyamasyo, 12/13 akanyamasyo/utunyamasyo ‘turtle/turtles’-tsinsino, 12/13 agatsinsino/udutsinsino ‘Achilles heel’-domo, 12/13 akadomo/utudomo ‘dot/dots’-kato, 12/13 agakato/udukato ‘apostrophe/apostrophes-katuzo, 12/13 akatuzo/utwatuzo ‘punctuation/punctuations’-bago, 12/13 akabago/utubago ‘period/periods’

-gereka, 13 utugereka ‘suspension points’-sodeko, 13 udusobe ‘quotation marks’-kubo, 13 udukubo ‘parentheses’-nyerezo, 12/13 akanyerezo/utunyerezo ‘dash/dashes’-uguruzo, 13 utwuguruzo ‘open parentheses’-ugarizo, 13 utwugarizo ‘close parentheses’-itso, 12/13 akitso/utwitso ‘comma/commas’-tangazo, 12/13 agatangazo/udutangazo ‘exclamation mark/exclamation marks’-bazo, 12/13 akabazo/utubazo ‘question mark/question marks’-yunguruzo, 12/13 akayunguruzo/utuyunguruzo ‘filter/filters’-seke, 12/13 agaseke/uduseke ‘royal reed basket/royal reed baskets’--samunyiga, 12/13 agasamunyiga/udusamunyiga ‘skunks’-vumburamashyiga, 12/13 akavumburamashyiga/utuvumburamashyiga ‘mythologicalanimal used to scare children who refuse to go to bed’-curama, 12/13 agacurama/uducurama ‘bat/bats’-rere, 12/13 akarere/uturere ‘region/regions’-gasendababoyi, 12/13 agasendababoyi/udusendababoyi-zi, 12/13 akazi/utuzi ‘work/works’; ‘job/jobs’-nyarirajisho, 12/13 akanyarirajisho/utunyarirajisho ‘an eye-attacking fly/eyeattackingflies’-surira, 12/13 a smelly body-biting insect/smelly body-biting insects’Both –ka- and –tu- also undergo Dahl’s law, becoming –ga- and –tu- respectively ifthe stem starts with a voiceless consonant. The morpheme –ka- can also change to –ke- because of vowel coalescence, and –tu- becomes –tw- if the stem starts with avowel.Class 14 : -bu--onko, 14 ubwonko ‘brain’-anwa, 14 ubwanwa ‘beard’-ro, 14 uburo ‘millet’-enge, 14 ubwenge ‘knowledge’-atsi, 14 ubwatsi ‘grass’-mwe, 14 ubumwe ‘unity’-rozi, 14 uburozi ‘poison’-genge, 14 ubugenge ‘tricks’-sa, 14 ubusa ‘nothing’

-te, 14 ubute ‘laziness’-goro, 14 ubugoro ‘chewing totacco’-gari, 14 ubugari ‘cassava dough’-jeni, 14 ubujeni ‘tree sieve’-uso, 14 ubuso ‘size’-retwa, 14 uburetwa ‘forced labor’-hake, 14 ubuhake ‘servitude’-kire, 14 ubukire ‘wealth’-kene, 14 ubukene ‘povery’-zima, 14 ubuzima ‘life’-uki, 14 ubuki ‘honey’-ugi, 14 ubugi ‘sharpness’-uzu, 14 ubwuzu ‘warmth’-oba , 14 ubwoba ‘fear’-to, 14 ubuto ‘vegetable oil’-yanja, 14 ubuyanja ‘freshness’-irakabiri, 14 ubwirakabiri ‘eclipse’-oya, 14 ubwoya ‘body hair/feather(s)’-oko, 14 /6 ubwoko/amoko ‘race/ethnicity/type/genre’-ra, 14/6 ubura /amara ‘intestines’-ato, 14/6 ubwato/amato ‘canoe/canoes’; ‘ship/ships’The allomorph of –bu- is –bw- if the stem starts with a vowel.Class 15 and Class 6-boko, 15/6 ukuboko/amaboko ‘arm/arms’-guru, 15/6 ukuguru/amaguru ‘leg/legs’-aha, 15/6 ukwaha/amaha ‘armpit/armpits’-ezi, 15/6 ukwezi/amezi ‘moon/moons’; ‘month/months’.-twi, 15/6 ugutwi/amatwi ‘ear/ears’-ri, 15 ukuri ‘truth’There are very few words found in Class 15. The class marker changes to –kw- if thestem begins with a vowel.Class 16-ntu, 6 ahantu ‘place’

The word ahantu is the only one found in this class. Others temporal and locativeadverbs such as :hambere ‘recently’hanyuma ‘after’hagati ‘in the middle’hino ‘closer’hirya ‘farther’hakuno ‘this side of the river’hakurya ‘the other side of the river’hepfo ‘below’haruguru ‘above’hejuru ‘on top’hato ‘soon’hafi ‘near’hanze ‘outside’The –ha- morpheme undergoes vowel coalescence as well.3. 1.3. Grammatical Categorization in Kinyarwanda: From natural categories togrammatical categories.The majority of these class markers occur in pairs 1/2; 1a/2a,, 3/4; 5/6; 7/8; 9/10;9a/10a 11/10; 12/13, 15/6., to mark singularity and plurality, respectively. Class 14has few words which pluralizes in class 6. Class 16 doesn’t have a pair. The humancategory, class 1/2, marked by prefixes -mu- and -ba- and class 16, the placecategory, marked by the prefix -ha-, are the only ones in Kinyarwanda and in otherBantu languages, which exclude nouns referring to other semantic categories. Otherclasses include nouns which don't have any semantic relationship whatsoever.3. 1..3.1. Natural categoriesA large number of nouns in Kinyarwanda belong to what might be said as theirnatural classes. For instance, what is referred to by Bantuists as class 1/2 marked bythe prefixes -mu-/-ba-, respectively is, in all Bantu languages, restricted to humanbeings only:Most of plant names belong to class 3/4 and are marked by the respective prefixes -mu- and -mi-:

Class 5, which is marked either by the lack of classifier (-) or the prefix -ri- is foundwith some nouns referring to body parts as shown in 3a. Other nouns referring to bodyparts are found in 15 whose marker is the morpheme -ku- as shown in 3b althoughother classes such as 3/4 or 7/8, have them.Most of mass nouns such as liquids or nouns referring to other uncountable objectsbelong to class 6 which is marked by the prefix -ma-:Nouns referring to inanimate objects or dangerous animals are found in class 7 andclass 8 whose respective class markers are -ki- and -bi- for singular and plural..The majority of nouns referring to the animal word (animals, reptiles, birds,insects...) are found in classes 9 and 10. The class marker is -n- or -ø- beforefricative:A lot of non-countable nouns are also found in class 11. The class marker for thiscategory is the prefix -ru-:Class 14 marked by the prefix -bu- includes also non-countable nouns and namesreferring to countries or Rwandan provinces (8b) or to time expressions (8c):The majority of names of rivers and hills belong to class 12 and take the prefix -ka-:Class 16 which is marked by the prefix -ha- is exclusively for locative and temporalexpressions :3.1.3.2 Morphological Homonymy:Class 1 -mu- (singular for human category) and class 3 maker -mu- which pluralizesin -mi- look exactly the same, which results in confusing language learners andsometimes in creating regional dialects based on this homonymy.Class 5 which is marked in the great majority by a zero marker because of the loss ofthe class marker -ri- ressembles class 9 which also lost its marker -n-, this beingphonetically conditioned. Most of the words starting with voiceless fricatives havelost this marker:14. isha (9i) 'gazelle' iyi sha 'this gazelle' ishamii (5) 'branch' iri shami'this branch'ihene (9i)'goat' iyi hene'this goat' ihema (5) 'tent' iri hemaifu (9i) 'flour' iyi fu 'this flour' ifaranga (5) 'franc' iri farangaipasi (9i) 'iron' iyi pasi 'this iron' ipeta (5) 'medal' iri peta

This derivational function of prefixes and loan-words have made them polysemous.This polysemy is responsible for the grammaticalization of the class markers inKinyarwanda and other Bantu languages.3. 1,3.3. Polysemy with class markers:The same class marker or prefix can have different functions. As said earlier, most ofthese classes occur in pairs (singular and plural). Some of these prefixes serve asplural markers for more than one class. Thus class 6 -ma- serves as plural for class 5,class 9, class 14 and class 15. Class 8 whose classifier is -bi- serves as plural markerfor class 7 and class 11 if the derived pejorative or augmentative nouns with -ruprefix;class 10 also is the plural marker for class 9 and 11. Whereas class 12 canpluralize either in class 13 -tu- or class 14 -bu-. The following examples illustrate theuse of the prefix -ma- (class 6 marker).15. itama (5)'cheek'>amatama 'cheeks'ibuye (5) 'stone'>amabuye 'stones'ifi (9) 'fish'>a-ma-fí 'fish'ipasi (9) 'iron'>a-ma-paási 'irons'ubura (14) 'intestines'>amara 'intestines'ubwato (14)'canoe'>amato 'canoes'ukuguru (15) 'leg'>amaguru 'legs'ukuboko (15) 'arm'>amaboko 'arms'3. 1.3.4. Doublets:The same stem can appear with different class markers without any effect on themeaning, as examples below show. This lexical variation is found not only with classprefixes but with tones and phonological rules as well.16.-bura, 14/6 ubura/amara 'intestines'-rozi, 14/6 uburozi/amarozi 'poison'-ato, 14/6 ubwato/amato 'boat'-gabo, 13/14 utugabo/ubugabo 'small men'-tabo, 13/14 udutabo/ubutabo 'small books'-gabo, 7/11 urugabo/ikigabo 'big man'-gore, 11/7 urugore/ikigore 'big woman'-senge, 7/11 igisenge/urusenge 'attic'

-tugu, 7/11 igitugu/urutugu 'shoulder'A lot of nouns in class 9 can also pluralize in either class 10 or 6:17. ifu 'flour' >ifu/amafu 'flours' >i-fu nyinshi/amafu menshi 'a lot of flour'isuka 'hoe'>isuka/amasuka 'hoes'>isuka nyínshi/amasuka menshi 'a lot of hoes'imodoka 'car'>imodoka/amamodokáa'cars' >imodoka nyinshi/amamodoka menshi'a lot of cars'This is due to the fact that stems starting with voiceless consonants lost the classmarker-n-:18. isiha 'mole'; ihene 'goat'; ihuku 'cat'; ishishi 'black ant'; itaríki 'date';'ant';isahane 'plate'; isazi 'fly'; ifi 'fish'; isekurume 'he-goat'; isake 'rooster'; iswaThe loss of the nasal class marker is common to many Bantu languages spoken in EastAfrica including Kiswahili.3. 1.4. Metonymic derivation with the prefixClass prefixes are used very productively to create new lexical items which have ametonymic relationship (semantic association) with the initial nouns they are derivedfrom. This association between the basic lexical item and the new derived one can bethat of cause and effect; possessor and possessed; container and content,...Below numerous examples illustrating this prefix or zero-derivation in which ametonymic association is seen are presented.19. -ntu: umuntu, 1 'person'; ikintu, 7 'object/thing'; akantu, 12 'embarrassingsituation'>kugwa mu kantu 'to be embarrassed' (lit: to fall in asmall thing); ubuntu, 14 'generosity'; uruntu(runtu) , 11'humansmell';ahantu, 16 'place'; ukuntu , 15 'manner/way'-uzi uruzi, 11 'river'; icyuzi , 7 'lake'-kwe umukwe, 1 'son-in-law'; ubukwe, 14 'wedding'-hanga igihanga , 7 'skull'; uruhanga, 11 'forehead';umuhanga, 1'intelligent'-rimi ururimi, 11 'tongue/language'; uburimi, 14 'stuttering'

aby-ti igiti, 7 'tree/plant'; umuti, 3 'medicine'; uruti, 11 'handle'-riri uburiri , 14 'bed'; ikiriri, 7 'the time the mother on the bed after theis born'-si isi, 9 'earth'; agasi, 12 'desert'-soro igisoro , 7 'igisoro game board'; urusoro, 11 'stone used to play inigisoro-shyi urushyi, 11 'palm'; amashyi, 6 'clappings'-saya umusaya, 3 'side of the face'; urusaya, 11 'stiff neck’-tsi umutsi, 3 'vein'; imitsi, 4 'strength'; itsí, 9 type of plant'; urutsi, 11Achilles heel', agatsí 'part of a hill'-zuba izuba , 5 'sun'; uruzuba , 11 'drought'-totsi ibitotsi , 8 'sleep'; igitotsi, 7 'eyesore'; agatotsi , 12 'light sleep'-ezi ukwezi, 15 'moon/month'; umwezi , 3 'moonlight'-oko igikoko, 7 'animal'; agakoko, 12 'insect'-uma icyuma , 7 'iron/knife'; urwuma/inzuma, 11/10 'stiches'-papayi ipapayi, 9 'papaya'; igipapayi , 7 'papaya plant'-kondo umukondo, 3 'navel'; inkondo, 9 'ring'-byimba umubyimba , 3 'body'; ikibyimba, 7 'lump'-teka iteka, 5 'law/always'; amateka, 6 'news'-songa umusonga, 3 'chest pain'; isonga , 9 'tip/elite'; igisonga , 7 'leader'-hembe ihembe, 5 'horn'; uruhembe, 11 'on the front'-rwa umurwa , 3 'capital'; ikirwa, 7 'island'-nyanja inyaanja, 9 'ocean'; uruyaanja, 11 'breeze'-renge ikireenge, 7 'foot'; umureenge , 3 'hill'-guru ukuguru, 15 'leg'; umuguru, 3 'footwear'-ciro igiciro, 7 'price'; agaciro, 12 'use/value'-tungo itungo, 5 'domestic animal'; umutungo, 3 'monetary value ofproperty'-go urugo, 11 'compound-fence/home'; ikigo, 7 'appartment complex/agroup of houses with the same fence/a lot of houseshaving the same function'-are igare , 5 'bicycle'; ikigare, 7 'cart/wheelchair'-gingo urugiingo, 11 'body joint'; ingiingo, 9 'argument'; ubugingo, 14'life'3. 1.5. Derivational class markers

Some classes 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 14 serve as emotive classes (showing theattitude and feelings of the speaker: likes, dislikes), augmentatives, diminutives andabstract nouns. Any noun can be shifted in any one of these derivational classes.Class 6, -ma-, when used as derivational morpheme shows the speaker's indignation:22. igitabo 'book' >amatabo 'worthless books'umugore 'woman'>amagore 'worthless women'umukobwa 'girl' > amakobwa 'worthless girl'Class 7, -ki- (plural 8, -bi-), as a derivational class functions as both emotive(pejorative or ameliorative) and augmentative:23. umugore >ikigore'attractive woman, disgusting woman or big woman'umukobwa >igikobwa 'attractive girl, disgusting girl or big girl'The same morpheme is also used to refer to languages or national customs :24. ikinyarwanda ‘Kinyarwanda’, ikirundi, ‘Kirundi’ igifaransa ‘French’, icyongereza‘English’, igiswayire ‘Swahili’, ikilatini ‘Latin’, ikigereki ‘Greek’, igishinwa‘Chinese’, ikirusi ‘Russian’, igifurama, ‘Flemish’ ikidagi ‘German’, igikuyu ‘Kikuyu’ikinyankore, ‘Kinyankore’ ikigande, ‘Luganda’ igihunde ‘Hindi’, ikirega ‘Lega’,ikizulu ‘Zulu’, igihosa ‘Xhosa’This same class marker when used without a preprefix, serves as an adverb marker:25. umugore 'woman' > ki-goré 'womanly'umugabo 'man' >kigabo 'manly'umwana 'child' >cyana 'like a child'umuswa 'ignorant' >giswa 'like an ignorant person'umuhanga ‘scholar,> gihanga ‘like a scholar’umunyamerika ‘American’>kinyamarika ‘like an American’The other classes which are used to derive adverbs are class 6 marker -ma- and class14 -bu-, but they are not as productive as ki- marker.Adverbs in -ma- are used idiomatically:26a. guheka mapfisi 'to carry on the back upsidedown' >literally 'to carry like a

hyena'(i-m-pyisi 'hyena')kugenda masare 'to walk shaking legs' > literally 'to walk like a sailor'(u-mu- sare sailor')kwitaba masare 'to respond to somebody's call negligently'kuba mahwi 'to have the same size'kwifata mapfubyi 'to look sad' (to hold oneself as an orphan)b. kwicisha bugufi 'to be humble' > -gufi short' (adjective)gukora buke 'to work a little' > -ke ‘small quantity/number of' (adjective)Class 9 , -n- prefix, is used to derive nouns from verbs which express qualities andthese nouns can modify nouns in any category without changing the class marker ofthe head:27. inkotanyi 'great fighter' (gukotana : to fight); indashyikirwa ‘the inaccessible’(gushykira : to reach), indahemuka ‘the one who can’t betray’ (guhemuka : to betray)indatwa 'worth praises' (kuratwa : to be praised) ; imparirwa-kurusha 'champion'(guharirwa : to be reserved; kurusha : to surpass), ; inkomere ‘wounded';(gukomereka : to be wounded); indwanyi 'fighter' (kurwana : to fight) intinyi 'frigid'(gutinya : to fear)intore 'dancer'/'page' (gutora : to choose).This class is sometimes used with certain nouns to show contempt:28. abana 'children'>inzana 'bad children'abasore 'young men'>insore 'bad young men'Class 11, -ru- (plural 8, -bi-), as derivational class marker also functions as bothemotive and augmentative:29. umugore >urugore 'attractive woman, disgusting woman, big woman'umukobwa >urukobwa 'attractive girl, disgusting girl, big girl'Class 12, -ka- (plural marker 13, -tu-, or 14, -bu-), as a derivational marker also hasan expressive or diminutive function:30. umugore > akagore 'attractive woman, disgustingwoman or small woman'umukobwa >agakobwa 'attractive girl, disgusting girl or small girl'

Finally, any noun or adjective can go into Class 14, thus taking the class marker –bu-and the augment u- to create abstract nouns :umugabo, 1/2 ‘man’ ubugabo ‘manhood’umwana, 1/2 ‘child’ ubwana ‘childhood’-gufi, adj. ‘short’ ubugufi ‘shortness’-nini, adj. ‘big’ ubunini ‘bigness’-bi’ adj ‘ugly’ ububi ‘ugliness’igicucu, 7/8 ‘stupid’ ubucucu ‘stupidity’umugome, 1/4 ‘cruel’ ubugome ‘cruelty’3.1.4. The use of the preprefixThe preprefix or augment usually doesn't have any semantic function. It is deleted,after demonstratives, in the vocative case and in onomastics (name creation). Withincertain words, however, its absence marks definetess and its presence indefiniteness.umugabo ‘man’uno mugabo ‘this man’ (demonstrative)mugabo! ‘man!’ (vocative)Mugabo. ‘name of Mugabo’ (anme)Definiteness versus Indefinitenessmuganga 'the doctor' >umuganga 'a doctor'mugenzi 'the friend' >mugenzi 'a friend'perezida 'the president' >umuperezida 'a president'papa 'the pope'>umupapa 'a popepurefe 'the prefect' >umupurefe 'a prefect'padiri 'the priest' >umupadiri 'a priest'mwarimu 'the teacher' >umwarimu 'a teacher'The preprefix is used with adjectives also if they don’t have head nouns.mwiza ‘good/beautiful’ >umwiza ‘the good/beautiful one’beza ‘good/beautiful’>abeza ‘the good/beautiful ones’

kigufi ‘short’>ikigufi ‘the short one’bigufi ‘short’ >ibigufi ‘the short ones’mukuru ‘important/old’>umukuru ‘the important/old one’bakuru’important/old’>abakuru ‘the important/old ones’Infinitive verbs (which are marker by the prefix ku-) also get the preprefix when theyoccur after the copular verbs ni ‘it is’ or si ‘it is not’ in main clauses, and ari and atariin subordinate clauses.kwiba ‘to steal’ ibyo ni ukwiba ‘that is stealing’gukora ‘to work’ uko si ugukora ‘that is not working’gukosa ‘to make mistakes’ ndabona ari ugukosa ‘I see that is making mistakes’gukina ‘to play’ ndabona ibyo atari ugukina ‘I see that is not playing’The preprefix is also deleted in compound nouns which consists of a verb and a noun :igitambambuga ‘toddler’ /i-ki-tamb-a+i-n-buga/AU-CL7-crawl-IA+AU-CM9-floor‘he who crawls the floor’umwangavu ‘teenage girl’ /u-mu-ang-a+i-vu/AU-CM3-hate-IA+AU-ashes/‘s/he who hates ashes’The presence of the preprefix or augments feeds tone rules such as tone deletion,toneaddition, tone movement, etc. whereas its absence bleeds them.3. 1.7. Nominal suffixesKinyarwanda nouns are poor in derivation. Only zero-derivation or prefix derivationis used mostly for metonymic derivation. In very few cases, however, noun stemsare added to certain words to show gender. These noun stems are -gabo 'man'; -rume'man (archaic)', -gore 'woman'31a. igishegabo 'virago'igitsinagabo 'masculine'b. nyokorume 'your mother's brother'isekurume 'male goat'impwerume 'male dog'

c. umukomagore 'type of tree'igitsinagore 'feminine gender'The noun stem -ana 'child' is also found in a handful of words to refer to a youngthing.32. ikibwana 'puppy'umukazana 'son's wife'The only productive suffix is -kazi from Proto-Bantu 'wife' which is added to anynoun to mean female of :33. umwarimu 'teacher' > umwarimukaziumunyarwanda 'Rwandan' > umunyarwandakaziThe only true suffix whose etymology is unknown is -azi which conveys a pejorativemeaning:34. ikiyoga 'drink'>ikiyogáazi 'bad drink'ikintu 'thing' >ikintazi 'a bad thing'ikigore 'woman' > ikigorazi 'woman of low character'ikibuga 'field' > ikibugazi ‘an ugly field’ikigabo 'man' >ikigabazi ‘a non-dignified man’igikoma 'broth' > igikomazi ‘bad broth’igitindi 'a hopeless individual' >igitindaazi ‘a very hopeless individual’ikivura 'rain' >ikivurazi 'heavy rain'ikiyaga 'wind' >ikiyagazi 'wind with rain drops'3.B. VerbThe verb morphology is more complex than that of the noun. It consists of thepreprefix (PPX), the subject marker (SM), tense-aspect-modality morphemes (TAM),direct object pronoun markers (OM), reflexive pronoun (REF), reduplication (RED),the stem, the lexical or derivational extensions (LE), grammatical or inflectionalextensions (GE), the passive morpheme (PASS), the aspect morpheme (ASP and thepostsuffix morpheme (PSFX). The verb can have multiple tenses, multiple object

markers, multiple derivational extensions and multiple inflectional suffixes. The verbmorphology is also affected by whether the verb occurs in the main clause, thesubordinate clause, the negative or the affirmative or if it has a complement or not.This is illustrated by the following phrase structure rule.V= (PPX)-SM-TAM n -(OP n) -(Refl)-(Red)-Stem-LE n -(GE n) -(Pass)-Asp-(PSFX)Parentheses mean optional elements, the superscript multiple elements in the sameslot.The obligatory morphemes are the subject agreement prefix and the final vowel whichmost of the time is the aspect marker. This is illustrated in one1a. Abana basoma ibitabo. 'The children read books'/ba-som-a/children they-read-asp booksb. Abana basomye ibitabo. 'The children have just read books'ba-som-yechidlren they-read-asp booksc. Abana basome ibitabo. 'The children should read books'ba-som-echildren they-read-subj booksIn (1a) the verb ends with the imperfective aspect marker -a, in (1b) the perfectiveaspect morpheme -ye and (1c) the subjunctive marker -e.The optional morphemes are the proclitics nti- 'not' and ni- 'if/when', the tense-aspectmodalitymorphemes, the morpheme -na- 'also', the object pronouns which can beone or many, lexical verb extensions, grammatical suffixes and the enclitics -ga andlocative postclitics: -mo, -ho and –yo.3.B1. The proclitics nti- and ni-The negative marker nti- precedes the whole verb complex and is used in all verbs inmain clauses regardless of mood whereas in subordinate clauses -ta- whichimmediately follows the subject marker is used. Nti- is a tone neutralizingmorpheme.

The morpheme ni- is used optionally with verbs in the subjunctive mood and in realisconditionals.It can thus be translated as 'if' or 'when'.a. Abana bakore 'The chidlren should work'.ba-kor-echildren they-work-subjb. Abana nibakore. 'The children should work'.ni-ba-kor-echirldren ni-they-work-subjc. Abana nibakora, ubahembe.ni-ba-kor-a u-ba-hemb-echildren ni-they-work-asp you-them-pay-subj'If the children work pay them'/'When the children work pay them'3.B. 2. The tense-aspect-modality (TAM) morphemesThe tense-aspect-modality refers not only to tenses in the traditional sense but to otheraspects such as mood, inchoativity, progressivity, etc.Semantically, Kinyarwanda has only five referential tenses, namely present,habitual, early today, past, late today and future. Morphologically, however, thepresent tense, the habitual tense and the late today tense look the same.3. Abana barasom-a. ‘The children read’ba-ra-som-achildren they-TAM-read-asp'The children are reading'/'The children read'/'The children will be reading'.(today'4. Umugore avuze ko abana basomaa-vug-ye ba-som-awoman she-say-asp that children they-read-asp'The woman just said that the children are reading'/'The woman just said that thechildren read'/'The woman just said that the children will be reading'.Below are some of Kinyarwanda tenses which occur on the TAM slot :-0- : zero tense used for no-focused habitual-ka- : consecutive/narrative tense-racya- : still tense

nti-ra- [ráa] : not-yet tensenti-ki- : not-anymore tense-za- : future tense-oka [óoká]- : wish tense-raka- : hortative tense-ra- : focus markerExamples :-0- : basoma (buri munsi) ‘they read (every day)-ra- : barasoma ‘they read’-ka- : bagasoma ‘then they read’-racya- : baracyasoma ‘they are still reading’-raga- : baragasoma ‘may they read’-oga- : bogasoma ‘may they read’-za- : bazasoma ‘they will read’nti-…-ra- : ntibarasoma ‘they have not read yet’The Spell Checker can’t distinguish, however, the morpheme -a- which marks theconditional, today’s past and remote past, because the Kinyarwanda orthographydoen’t mark tone and vowel length. Phonetically this morpheme is not the same. The –a- of today’s past doesn’t have a tone, the remote past has a high tone and theconditional is a long –a-.basomaga [baasomaga] ‘they were reading (early today)’, [baásomaga] ‘they werereading (yesterday or in remote past)’, [báasomaga] ‘if they could read’Multiple tenses :It is possible in Kinyarwanda to have multiple tenses. The most common are the futireand conditional and the future and consecutive :-som- ‘read’ : bazasoma /ba-za-a-soma/ ‘they would read’they-fut-cond-read-IA-som-‘read’ : bakazasoma /ba-ka-za-som-a/ ‘they would then read’they-cons-fut-read-IAThe morpheme –na-The morpheme –na- which means also can follow the TAM morphemes.-som- ‘read’ ex. baranasoma ‘they also read’

3.B.3. Object pronounsObjects pronouns follow the morpheme –na-Ex. baranabisoma ‘they also read them’Kinyarwanda is among Bantu languages which allow multiple object incorporatedpronouns.Unlike some languages such as Swahili in which the pronoun is used anobject agreement, in Kinyarwanda these objects are strictly used as pronouns only.Thus the whole VP of the following English sentence is translated into one singleagglutinative verb as shown by the example in (6)The woman is also making them read it with them to you for me there(The woman is also making them read the book with eyeglasses to you for me in thehouse).Umugore a-ra-na 1 -ha 2 -ki 3 -zi 4 -ba 5 -ku 6 -n 7 - som-esh-esh-er-er-ezawoman she-pres-also 1 -there 2 -it 3 -it 4 -them 5 -you 6 -me 7 -read-caus-caus-applappl-aspumugore aranahakizibakunsomeshesherereza‘the woman is also making them read it with them to you for me there’3.B.4 The reflexive pronoun.The reflexive pronoun which is marked by the morpheme –i- and which becomes –iy-if the verb stem starts with a vowel is the last morpheme which comes directly in frontof the verb stem after TAM morphemes and objects pronouns :gusoma ‘to read’ >kwisoma ‘to read oneself’kubona ‘to see’>kwibona ‘to see oneself’kwanga ‘to hate’>kwiyanga ‘to hate oneself’kwemera ‘to believe’>kwiyemera ‘to believe oneself’3.2.5. Reduplication

Verb reduplication is very active in Kinyarwanda. There are two types ofreduplication : the initial syllable reduplication and the verb stem reduplication. Onlybisyllabic verb stesm can reduplicate.Initial syllable redupliclation :-tumb- ‘swell’ gutumba >gututumba ‘to start swelling’-tan- ‘to separate’gutana>gutatana ‘to separate in diverse directions’Verb stem reduplication :-gend- ‘go’ kugenda>kugendagenda ‘to walk around’-hond- ‘pound’ guhonda >guhondahonda ‘to keep pounding’-vang- ‘mix’ kuvanga >kuvangavanga ‘to keep mixing’-tang- ‘cordon’ gutanga>gutangatanga ‘to cordon from all sides’3.2.4. Lexical extensions (LE).The most common lexical suffixes which are either lexical (part and parcel of the verbstem) or derivational are -am-, -ang-, -iriz-, -agur-, -anur-, -ur-/-uk-, -ur/-uk-, -ir-,-arar-. It is also possible sometimes to find multiple lexical suffixes within the sameverb.-iriz- : guhamiriza ‘to dance’; guhumiriza ‘to close one’s eyes’; gutekereza ‘to think’-ir- : kurindira ‘to wait for’, kugundira ‘to hold , kuvomera ‘to water’, gusinzira‘to sleep’,-ur-/-uk- : gukingura/gukinguka ‘to open’, gufungura/gufunguka ‘to unlock’,gutinyura/gutinyuka ‘to lose fear’-ang- : gukomanga,’to knock’ gucuranga ‘to play a the cithare’, kurumanga, ‘to eatwithout drinking or relish’, gukemanga ‘to criticize’-am- : gusutama ‘to squat’, kugarama ‘to lie on the back’, kurarama ‘to look in theair’, gucurama ‘to hang or lie upside down’gusinsiriza, guhamiriza, gutekereza,-agur : gutemagura ‘to cut into pieces’, gucagagura ‘to break into pieces’,kuryagagura ‘to eat without stopping’ kuvunagura ‘to break into pieces’,-anur : gusobanura ‘to explain’, kurobanura ‘to sort out’, gusiganura ‘to explain apoem’-arar- : kwandarara, ‘to spread disorderly’ kugambarara ‘to refuse to move from aposition’,

3.B.5. Grammatical suffixesGrammatical suffixes are the causative/instumental morpheme -ish- and theapplicative -ir- which are realized as –esh-, and –er- if the last vowel of the verb stemis a mid vowel e or o because of vowel harmony, the comitative/reciprocal -an-, thestative -ik- which also undergoes vowel harmony, and the passive morpheme -w-.They differ from the lexical ones not because they come last but also because they areproductive. Any verb can occur with them. They are thus in a sense like inflectionalmorphemes.The passive morpheme is inserted between the last consonant after consonant mutationhas taken place and the final vowel.a. kwandika a 'to write' « kwandikisha'to cause to write/to write with' >kwandikira‘towrite for' >kwandikana ‘to read together', kwandikika ‘to be writable’b. kwandikwa 'to be read' >kwandikishwa 'to be cause to be written >kwandikirwa 'tobe written to' >kwandikanwa 'to be written with'3.B.6. The aspect markerKinyarwanda has two aspect markers: the imperfective marked by -a and theperfective marked by -ye.The imperfective is found with habitual tenses, future tenses, progressive tenses,"not yet" tenses because it shows an event or an action not yet over. Interestingly,however, stative verbs have to take the perfective marker to show that the state hasnot changed. When suffixed with the imperfective aspect morpheme, stative verbshave a habitual reading only. The verbs -som- 'read' and -rwar- 'be sick', active andstative verbs respectively are used below for illustration.8a. Abana barasoma 'The children are reading'.ba-ra-som-athey-TAM-read-IAb. Abana barasomye 'The children have just read'.ba-ra-som-yethey-TAM-read-PA9a. Abana bararwara 'The children get sick'ba-ra-rwar-a

they-TAM-be sick-IAb. Abana bararwaye 'The children are sick'ba-ra-rwar-yethey-TAM-be sick-PA-ga which is used in past tenses to mark imperfective aspect is really a clitic and notpart of the verb stem, first because it comes at the end, secondly because Kirundidoesn't have it and lastly because vowel lengthening doesn't take place when the verbends with w as part of the stem or as a passive marker.The perfective aspect –ye usually changes the last consonant of the verb stem. This isreferred to in Bantu linguistics as consonant mutation or the modified form of the verbstem. It is also the reason why many Bantu dictionaries put both the regular form andthe modified form in the dictionary.In Kinyarwanda, the perfective aspect is realized as –ye with monosyllabic verb stemssuch as –gi- ‘go’, --ri- ‘eat’, -nyo- ‘drink, -pfu- ‘die’, etc and bilabial consonts namelyp, b, m. The letter d, r and g change to z, k to ts, t to s (except the verbs –fit- ‘haveand –twit- ‘get pregnant’ which keep the final consonant), s to sh. This rule will befound in the section on rules.3.B.7. The locative postsuffixesThe locative enclitics, ho, mo and yo correspond respectively to the prepositionsku, mu and i. They are not yet completely part of the verb morphology. They don'taffect its phonology, segmentally or suprasegmentally. Native speakers are alwaysaware of this because in orthography there are those who use them as part of the verband there are who write them separately. Nothing, however, can be inserted betweenthem and the verb.10. gusigaho 'to stop'kwigirayo 'to push'guhitamo 'to choose'kwisumamo 'to do odd jobs'kubaoó 'to live/exist'kurushaho 'to do more'kwiisubiraho ‘to change one’s mind’Examples of some infinitive verbs :

-ak- ‘ask/light/shine’ kwaka-akir- ‘receive’ kwakira-andik- ‘write’ kwandika-end- ‘take’ kwenda-eger- ‘approach ‘kwegera-ib- ‘steal’ kwiba-ig- ‘study’ kwiga-og- ‘swim’ kwoga-onger- ‘repeat’ kwongera-ogez- ‘cheer’ kwogeza-ang- ‘refuse’ kwanga-umv- ‘hear/feel/understand’ kwumva-urir- ‘climb’ kwurira-emer- ‘accept/believe’ kwemera-egam- ‘lean’ kwegama-imik- ‘put on throne’ kwimika-icar- ‘sit’ kwicara-ic- ‘kill’ kwica-injir- ‘enter’ kwinjira-ambur- ‘to dispossess’ kwambura-gend- ‘leave’ kugenda-gur- ‘buy’ kugura-rir- ‘cry’ kurira-rur- ‘be bitter’ kurura-rer- ‘raise’ kurera-rim- ‘toil’ kurima-mes- ‘wash’kumesa-nyar- ‘urinate’ kunyara-ne- ‘defecate’ kunnya-ri- ‘eat’ kurya-nyo- ‘drink’ kunywa-gi- ‘go’ kujya-gu- ‘fall’ kugwa-ba- ‘be’ kuba-rar- ‘spend the night’ kurara-reg- ‘accuse’ kurega-rum- ‘bite’ kuruma

-byin- ‘dance’ kubyina-byar- ‘give birth’ kubyara-byuk- ‘get up’ kubyuka-bor- ‘rot’ kubora-bir- ‘boil’ kubira-pim- ‘examinine/weigh/measure’ gupima-fat- ‘catch’ gufata-fash- ‘help’ gufasha-fotor- ‘take pictures’ gufotora-for- ‘guess’ gufora-koporor- ‘copy’ gukoporora-tem- ‘cut’ gutema-tum- ‘send’ gutuma-tak- ‘scream’ gutaka-tek- ‘cook’ guteka-tur- ‘offer’ gutura-ter- ‘attack’ gutera-tir- ‘borrow’ gutira-sab- ‘ask’ gusaba-seng- ‘pray’ gusenga-sur- ‘visit’ gusura-cir- ‘gucira ‘to spit’-cong- ‘sharpen’ guconga-curuz- ‘sell’ gucuruza-cenger- ,penetrate’ gucengera-shyik- ‘arrive’ gushyika-shyuh- ‘get warm’gushyuha-shyingir- ‘give a bride’ gushyingira-ken- ‘be poor’ gukena-kam- ‘milk’ gukama-kund- ‘like/love’ gukunda-kang- ‘scare’ gukanga-king- ‘close’ gukinga-kin- ‘play’ gukina-konj- ‘get cold’ gukonja-shim- ‘thank’ gushima-shir- ‘finish’ gushira-shak- ‘want’ gushaka

-shuk- ‘mislead’ gushuka-shishikar- ‘get excited’ gushishikaraDefective verbs-sa, v. gusa ‘to ressemble’-fite, v. –fite ‘to have’-ri, v. –ri ‘to be’-zi, v. –zi ‘to know’-uzi, v. –uzi ‘to see’-ti, v. –ti ‘to say’-oya, v. koya ‘not to do’The verb –sa never appear with perfective aspect –ye. The verb –fite, -ri, -zi, -uzi and–ti never appear with the infinitive marker ku-. The verb –ti never takes any TAMmarker, either. The verb –oya is used before before any verb to ‘prohibit somethingfrom taking place’. It always occurs with the perfective aspect –yenoye var.ne ‘I should not’woye var.we ‘You should not’yoye var,ye ‘s/he should not’twoye var.twe ‘we should not’mwoye var.mwe ‘you (pl) should not’boye var.be ‘they should not’3.B. 3. AdjectivesThe number of adjectives is very much limited. Kinyarwanda doesn't have any coloradjective for instance. They are all nouns and they all occur in the possessiveconstruction as the following color names illustrate:'green'

Words which have adjectival properties, thus agreeing with the head noun are thefollowing:_Numerals referring to one through seven:2. -mwe 'one', -biri 'two', -tatu 'three'; -ne 'four'; -tanu 'five'; -tandátu 'six'and -rindwi 'seven'.Other numerals occur in the apposition construction and ordinal numbers even theones referring to one through seven occur in the possessive construction (N of N)_Quantifiers: -3. -ombí /-embi ‘both', -ose/-ese 'all', -ndi 'other', -´he? 'which', -sa ‘only’, -onyine/-enyine ‘alone’, -te? ‘how’, -tya ‘like this’. –tyo ‘like that’_Qualitative adjectives are :4. -iza 'beautiful/good'; -bi 'bad'; -bisi ‘raw’, –to 'young', -toto ‘very small’,-kuru‘old/great/important’, -gufí 'short/shallow'; -re-re 'long/tall/deep'; -gari ‘large’, -nini ‘big’, -shya 'new'; -zima 'healthy/alive'; -taraga 'alive';-ke 'few', -inshi 'many';-vvnúuyá/-vvnzígiinyá/-nzíinyá/-nzigirinya/-nzunya ‘very small’ , -ene ‘possession of’, -angu ‘dishonest’_Demonstratives: There are four types of demonstratives : near speaker which isrealized as the copy of both the preprefix and prefix of the head noun; near hearerrealized as -o; far from both hearer and speaker marked by -riya and -a and -ryawhich refers to antecedents distant in time.5. iki gitabo 'this book', icy-o gitabo 'that book (next to you)' , ki-riya gitabo'that (far away) book', cy-a gitabo 'that book (remote past)', ki-rya gitabo 'that book(remote past)'.The -o demonstrative is also used to refer to something that has just been mentioned inthe conversation.Modification is accomplished by other devices such as the use of apposition,the possessive construction or the relative clauseRelative construction:

6. umwana u-rwa-ye > 'sick child'child he-who-be sick-aspPossessive construction:7. umugabo w'umukungu 'a rich man'manof richApposition:8. abana igihumbi. 'a thousand children'children a-thousandPossessive adjectives don't exist in Kinyarwanda either. The possessive construction(such of me, of you, of her...) is used instead.3.B.4. AdverbsAdverbs are words which modify the verb gving information such as place, time,manner. Examples :nabi ‘badly’, neza ‘nicely’ vuba ‘fast,’ bwangu ‘fast’, buhoro ‘slowly’ , hutihuti ‘in ahurry’, bucece ‘silently’, ahanini ‘the main cause’, akenshi, ‘most of the time’ none‘thus’, noneho ‘therefore’, rero ‘then’, rwose ‘, cyane ‘a lot’, ubwo ‘thus’, kandi,yenda/wenda ‘maybe’,There are some adverbs which have class markers. Thus locative and temporal adverbshave the class marker of class 16 as the following examples show :hato ‘very soon’, ‘hambere ‘recently’, hanyuma ‘later’hanze ‘outside’, haruguru ‘above’. hepfo ‘below’, hejuru ‘on top’, hirya ‘farther’, hino‘closer’.Some manner adverbs have the 6 (-ma-) and 14 class (-bu-) markers :masare ‘like a sailor’>slowymapfisi ‘like a hyena’ >upside downbucece ‘silently’buhoro ‘slowy’Like the suffix -ly in English , the morpheme ki- , class marker of class 7, can beused with any noun or adjective to create a manner adverb :

umugore ‘woman’> kigore ‘like a woman’umwana ‘child’> cyana ‘like a child’umusore ‘young man’> gisore ‘like a young man’umusirikare ‘soldier’> gisirikare ‘like a soldier’umunyafurika ‘African’>kinyafurika ‘the African way,3.B.5. Auxiliary verbs.Auxiliary verbs occur before the main verb to give some of the information that can beprovided by the TAM morphemes. In Kinyarwanda, auxiliary verbs are not inherentbut they perform the function because of their structural position. In other words, theycan act also as main verbs, but when they occur before other verbs which share thesame subject, they become auxiliaries :In Kinyarwanda, it is possible to find a serial construction of multiple auxiliaires as thefollowing example shows.mwari mutuye musanzwe mujya mukunda gupfa kuduhamagarayou-were you-live you-are-found you-go you-like to-die to-us-call‘you usually called us’All the verbs which precede the main verb kuduhamagara are thus auxiliaries.These verbs as their translation shows become auxiliary by virtue of their syntagmaticposition. Otherwise they can also occur as independent content verbs.3.B.6.Prepositions.The prepositions found in Kinyarwanda are i, mu and ku. The preposition i refers togeneral location, ku corresponds to the English on and mu to in.Abagabo batuye i Kigalimen they-live in Kigali‘the man live in Kigali’Vana ibiryo ku mezaremove food on table‘remove food from the table’Ibitabo biri mu nzubooks are in house‘the books are in the house’

3.B.7. ConjunctionsConjunctions are words which join other parts of speech.na ‘and/with’, cyangwa/cyanga/cyangwe ‘or’, nka ‘like’,3.B.8. Subordinators.Subordnitors combine the main clause and the subordinate clause.In Kinyarwanda, these are :ko, yuko, kongo, ngo ‘that’; niba/yiba/nimba ‘if’;yavuze ko azaza ‘s/he said that s/he will come’yavuze yuko azaza ‘s/he said that s/he will come’yavuze kongo azaza ‘s/he said that s/he will come’3.B.9. CoordinatorsCoordinators are words which join clauses within the same sentence.ariko ‘but’, wenda/yenda ‘maybe’; ahari ‘maybe/perhaps’ keretse/uretse ‘except’;usibye ‘except’.The majority of of these words derive from verbs.ababyeyi baje ariko abana ntibari kumwe.parents came but children were-not together‘The children came but the parents were not with them’3.B.10. Ideophones.Ideophones, a concept studied by Welmers (1973) in different African languages, is aterm coined by C.M. Doke (1935) to mean a " vivid representation of an idea insound". This linguistic item which conveys " a pictureresque connotation" or "a wordwhich describes a predicate, qualificative or adverb in respect to manner, colour,action, state or intensity", is not only found in Bantu languages but in the wholeNiger-Congo family.In Kinyarwanda, ideophones are used to refer to sounds or movements that areproduced by actions.

Examples :diridiri : sounds of footstepstaritari : sounds by running footstepsdumburi : sound produced by something falling in the waterdudududu : sound made by liquid coming from a bottlejabujabu : noise made by hitting waterkacikaci : sound made by clapping handsgutugutu : sound made by drinking water very fastjagarijagari : sound made by dry leaves because of windpapapapa : sound made by gunfiringSome of these ideophones are used after the reporting morpheme ngo :Perezida ahageze amashyi ngo kacicacipresident arrived-there hands made kacikaci‘When the president arrived we heard handcllapping ‘kacikaci’Umugabo aje abana ngo ce!man he-came children made ce!‘when the man came the chidlren suddenly became silent’Igitabo kituye hasi ngo pi!book fell-down on-the-ground made pi‘The book fell and it produced a big noise’Umukobwa yakubise umuhungu inkoni ngo vutu!girl hit boy cane made vutu‘The girl hit the boy with a cane and it made vutu’Ideophones are also used tomodify certain words.igikara tsiri.dark tsiri‘very dard’umwenda tukutukudress tukutuku‘a very red dress’igitima hutuijoro hihinight hihi‘a very dark night’Idephones like interjections don’t have prefixes or suffixes.

3.B.11. InterjectionsInterjections are words which show feelings or emotions such as surprise,wonderment, pleasure, pain, and disgust. Both interjections and ideophones arereferred to in Kinyarwanda by the same word : amarangamutima.Kinyarwanda has hundreds of them. Their formal properties is the use ofreduplication, triplication or quadriplication.It is difficult, out of contest, to know the proper meaning of the interjection becausethese words have multiple meanings. The same ideophone can mean surprise, pain orpleasure.aaa!: boredom/surpriseayi! surprise/painhuhuhuhu : surprise/wondermentanananana : surprise/painarararara : surprise/painaha! ‘indignation/surprise/disapprovalbabababa !: wondermentbobobobo!wondermentbubububu!’ wondermenthuhuhuhu!: wondermentiriririri!: coldshishishi : coldAs the few examples provided above indicate, many ideophones are synymous aswell.3.B.12. Hybrid CategoriesHybrid categories refers to words which take the class marker . The following wordstake the class marker of class 15 (the infitive) or the class marker of the word theymodify.-sa ‘alone/only’, -te? ‘how’, -tya ‘like this’, -tyo ‘like that’mu nzu hari abana gusain house are chidlren alone‘In the house there are only children’mu nzu hari abana basa

in house are children alone‘in the house there are only children’mumeze gute?you-feel how‘how do you feel?’mumeze mute?you-feel how‘how do you feel?’Similarly, the infinive is the subject, the verb can take the infinitive subject marker ku-or the class marker of class 8, bi-.kugenda gutera kubonato-go causes to-see‘to travel causes to see’kugenda bitera kubonato-go causes to-see‘to go causes to see’3.2. List of Unicode CharactersKinyarwanda has five vowel :a, e, i, o, u. Phonetically each appear in five formsbecause of vowel length and tone. Thus a can be realized as [a] as in inda ‘stomach’,as [á] as in [inká], as [aa] as in [umwaanda] ‘dirt’, as [áa] as in [umwáana] or as [aá]as in [umwaámi] but the official orthography doesn’t allow tone marking and vowellength.Vowel length is only allowed for the word saa like in saa mbiri ‘eight o’ clock. It isalso allowed in interjections such as yee ‘yes’ or yooo! an interjection showingsurprise, wonderment or joy.It has the following consonants : b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, y, zThe letter l is only used in proper names such as Kigali, Kalisa and in foreign wordssuch as Libiya ‘Libya’, Angola ‘Angola’, idolari ‘dollar’ , telefoni ‘telephone’,otherwise it has to be replaced by the letter r.Almost all Kinyarwanda consonants can be prenasalized (preceded by n), palatalized(followed by the glide y) or labiovelarized (followed by the glide w).The table below gives all the Kinyarwanda complex (cluster) consonants.

1. - bw by byw mb mbw mby mbyw2. - cw cy - nc ncw ncy -3. - dw dy - nd ndw ndy -4. - fw fy - mf mfw - -5. - gw - - ng ngw - -6. - hw - - - - - -7. - jw jy - nj njw njy -8. - kw - - nk nkw - -9. - - ly - - - - -10. - mw my myw - - - -11. - nw ny nyw - - nny -12. - pw py - mp mpw mpy -13. pf pfw pfy - - - - -14. - rw ry - - - - -15. - sw sy - ns nsw nsy -16. sh shw shy shyw nsh nshw nshy nshyw17. - tw ty - nt ntw nty -18. ts tsw - - - - - -19. - vw - mv mvw mvy mvyw20. - zw - - nz nzw - -Examplesbw : ubwoko ‘race’ mpy: impyiko ‘kidney nshyw: nny: umukinnyiby : ibyatsi ‘grass’ pf: gupfa ‘die’ ng: ingona ‘crocodile’ pw : gucapwa ‘to beprinted’byw : kuyobywa ‘to be pfw: gukapfakapfwa ngw : ingwa ‘chalk’ py: gupyipyinyura ‘tomisled’rub’mbyw : kurembywa pfy : nakapfakapfye hw : amahwa ‘thorns’ ts: umutsima ‘dough’cw: kwicwa ‘to be rw : urwagwa ‘banana jw: ijwi ‘voice’ tsw: kotswa ‘to bekilled’wine’roasted’cy: icyuma ‘knife’ ry: kurya ‘to eat’ jy: kujya ‘to go’ vw: guhovwa ‘to beentered by bees’(beehive)nc: incarwatsi ‘type of sw: umuswa ‘ant’ nj: kwinjira ‘to enter’ vy: zahovye ‘theysnake’looked for a hive’ncw : ncweze ‘let me sy: gusya ‘to grind’ njw: injwiri ‘short mv: imvi ‘white hair’

play’hair’ncy : incyamuro ns: insinga ‘wires’ njy: injyo ‘grinding mvw: kumvwa ‘to bestones’heard’dw: kudodwa ‘to be nsw: konswa ‘to be kw: umukwe ‘groom’ mvy: arahomvomvyesowed’breast fed’‘s/he just said stupidthings’nd: inda ‘stomach’ nsy: insya ‘pubic hair’ nk: inka ‘cow’ mvyw:amahomvomvywa‘stupid words’ndw: indwara ‘disease, sh: ishami ‘branch’ nkw: inkware zw: kubazwa ‘to be‘partridge’asked’fw: igufwa ‘bone’ shw: urushwima ‘ ly: Kalyabwite nzw: kuganzwa ‘to bedefeated’mf: imfizi ‘bull’ shyw: umwishywa mw: umwana ‘child’ tw: gutwika ‘to burn’‘nephew’mfw: imfwati ‘kind of nsh : inshira ‘spitting nw : umunwa ‘mouth’ ty: gutyaza ‘tohoe’snake’sharpen’gw: kugwa ‘to fall’ nshw : yanshwatuye ny: inyuma ‘behind’ nt: intare ‘lion’‘s/he stratched me’mp: impongo nshy: inshyushyu nyw: kunywa ‘to ntw: intwari ‘brave‘antelope’‘warm milk’ drink’mpw: impwempwenty: intyoza‘chest hair’‘articulate’Note.As the table above shows, the following consonant sequences are not allowed in theKinyarwanda orthography.*mh, *gy, *ky, *vy, *zy, *wyky and gy always change to cy and jy, respectively.Upper case letters are used the same as in English for the first lette which starts a sentence, alltypes of proper names, titles, degrees and professional jobs when they occur with names.The first letter of all Kinyarwanda months use upper case character.Mutarama ‘January’Gashyantare ‘February’Werurwe ‘March’Mata ‘April’Gicuransi ‘May’Kamena ‘June’Nyakanga ‘July’Kanama ‘August’Nzeri ‘September’

Ukwakira ‘October’Ugushyingo ‘November’Ukuboza ‘December’3.3. Annoted Text1.Ku itariki ya cumi na gatanu z’ukwezi kwa Nzeri, abagabo babiri barwaniye mu isokoon date of ten and five of month of September men two fought in flea-marketmu mujyi wa Kigali, ari wo murwa mukuru wa Leta y’u Rwanda.in town of Kigali which-is it capital important of State of Rwanda‘On the 15th of the month of September, two men fought in the flea market in the city ofKigali, which is the main capital of the state of Rwanda2. Barabanje baratongana 1 , hanyuma batangira gutukana.they-started they-querreled, then they-started to-insult-each-other.‘They started by querreling and then they began insulting each other’.3.Tugiye kubona tubona 2 uwari wambaye ishati y’umutuku n’ikabubura yirabura,we-left to-see we-saw who-was he-was-wearing shirt of red and shorts which-were-blackakubise inkoni undi mu bitugu, ngo pa! 3he-hit stick other on shoulders, it-made pa!‘Suddenly we noticed that the one who was wearing a red shirt and black shorts was hittingwith a stick the other one on the shulders’.4. Abantu benshi barahuruye : abasaza, abagore, abasore n’abana.people many they-came-running : old-people, young-people and children.‘Many people rushed : old people, women, young people and children’.5.Ariko bose bari baje kwirebera.but all they-were they-came to-see-themselves‘But all had come only to watch’.6. Nta n’umwe wagerageje kubakiranura.there-isn’t even one who-tried to-stop-them‘Nobody tried to stop them’.7. Abapolisi bahageze bitinze.policemen they-arrived-there late‘The police got there late’.8.Ba bandi barwanaga bababonye bati : turururu! 3 Biruka amasigamana.those others who-were-fighting they-saw-them they-said : turururu! they-run the-godoutrunning.‘Those ones who were fighting when they saw them, ran very fast! They ran the fast theyran the fastest theycould’.7. Cyakora bageze aho barafatwa.but it-got there they-were-arrested.‘But all they finally got caught’.8.Babajije indangamuntu 4 , basanga ntazo bafite.they-asked ID-cards they-found not-them they-had‘When they were asked identity cards, they found out that they didn’t have them’.9. Banze no kuvuga icyo bapfaga..they refused also to-say what they-were-fighting-for‘They refused also to say why they were fighting’.10.Ubu bombi barafunzenow both they-are-locked‘Both were imprisoned’.

11.Cyakora abo bagabo barwanye hari abavuze ko babazi nezabut those men who-fought there-are who-said that they-know-them wellkandi ko bombi batuye i Nyamirambo.also that both live in Nyamirambo.‘But those two men who fought, there those who said that they know them well12.Ngo bazwiho kuba basinze igihe cyose kandi ko aho bahuriye.apparently they-are-known to-be they-are drunk time all also that where they-meetbahora banduranya.they-are-always they-querrel‘It is said that they are known to be found drunk all the time and that where they meetthey always querrel’.13.Urukiko n’abacamanza 4 , ntibarabamenyesha igihe bazarekurirwa.tribunal and judges they-have-not-yet-announced time they-will-be-releasedn’igihe bazaburaniraand time they-will-go-on trial‘The court and judges have not announced the time when they will be released and thetimewhen they will go on trial’14.Iriya nkuru ntiyamenyekanye 5 cyane mu gihugu.that news it-did-not-become-know much in country‘That news was not known mucn in the country’.15.Ntiyatangajwe 5 ku maradiyo, televiziyo cyangwa mu binyamakuru.it-was-not-announced on radios, televisions or in newspapers.‘It was not announced on radios, televisions or newspapers’.16.Mu nama iheruka y’abaminisitiri, kuri gahunda hariho ikibazo cy’umutekanoin meeting last of ministers on agenda there-was problem of securitymu mpande zose z’igihugu, ari mu byaro ari no mijyi.in parts all of country be in countryside be in cities.‘In the last meeting of ministers, on the agenda was the problem of security in all parts ofthe country whether it is was the countryside or cities’.17.Cyagiweho impaka bimara igihe kirekire.it-was-gone-on-it discussions it-lasted time long‘A discussion about it lasted a long time’.18.Iyo nama yari iyobowe na Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika,that meeting was-led by his-excellency President of Republicyungirijwe na minisitiri w’intebe.he-was-assisted by minister of seat‘That meeting was chaired by his Excellency the President of the Republic and was assistedby the Prime Minister’.19.Hari habuzemo minisitiri umwe gusa ushinzwe itumanahothere-was there-was-missing minister one only who-is-reponsible-of communicationn’ishozamari 4 wari mu rugendo mu bihugu by’ i Bulayi n’Amerika.and finance who-was on trip in countries of Europe and America.‘There was missing only one minister in charge of communication, planification andfinance who was on trip in countries of Europe and America’.20. Yari aherekejwe n’umunyabanga mukuru wo muri minisiteri y’uburezihe-was he-was-accompanied by secretary old of in ministery of educationrirebana n’iyigabuhanga 4 .which-looks-at with technology.‘He was accompanied by the secretary general in the Ministery of Education in charge of

technology’.21.Icyemezo cyafashwe ni uko hazashyirwaho amategeko akaze ahanadecision which-was-taken is that there-should-created laws tough which-punishumugizi wa nabi uwo ari we wese, cyane cyane ababikoreyedoer of bad who he-is him every much much who-did-it-atahantu hateraniye abantu benshi nko mu nama zatumijweplaces where-there-gathered people many line in meetings which-were-calledn’abategetsi, mu isoko, mu makwe cyangwa mu masengero.by authorities, in flea-markets, in weddings or in praying-places.‘The decision that was taken is that they will enact tough laws which punish everyevil-doer, especially those who committed it in places where many people are gathered likein meetings called by political authorities, in flea markets, in weddings or in prayingplaces’.22.Bavuze ko uzarenga itegeko, azabihanirwa by’intangarugero 4 .they said that who-would-go-over law, s/he-will-be-punished-for-it of giving-example.‘They said that he who will break the law will be punished examplarily’.23.Abanyarwanda hafi ya bose, barambiwe abatera rwaserera.Rwandans near of all, they are tired-of who cause trouble.‘Almost all Rwandans are tired of those who cause trouble’.24. Kubera kwiyongera kw’abaturage, kwimukira mu mijyi no kubura akazi,to-be-for to-increase of inhabitants, to-move to cities and to-lack jobsurugomo ruragenda rwiyongera.crime it-is-going it-is-increasing.‘Because of population increase, migration to cities and lack of jobs, the crime isincreasing’.1. The English words under the Kinyarwanda words are word for word translation of theKinyarwanda equivalents. The dashes (-) indicate that the Kinyarwanda is a single word.Thus barabanje baratonganathey-came they-quarreledshows that the two verbs consist of the subject marker and conjuguated verbs.2. tugiye kubona tubonaThe same infinitive verb followed by the same conjuguated verb is very commonstructure in Kinyarwanda especially with sensory verbs to describe dramatic events.3. Ideophones occur most of the time after the morpheme ngo or the defective verb –tiwhich only occurs without a tense marker and lacks the infinitive marker.4. Compound-nouns which consist of a verb plus a noun are many in Kinyarwanda. Itis also very productive process to create new words.5. Kinyarwanda has distinct negative markers for main and subordinate clauses. Thenegative marker for main clauses is nti- which occurs before the subject marker and –ta- for subordinate clauses which occurs after the subject marker.3.4. Standard Written variantsKinyarwanda has thousands of words with phonetic variations.

These are some examples :‘or’ : cyangwa, byangwa, cyanga, cyangwe, nangwa, yangwa‘but’ :cyakora, cyokora, cyokoze, icyakora, icyobikora, icyobikoze, icyokora,icyokoze‘at least’ : byibura, byibuze, cyabura, cyabuze, cyibura, nibura, nibuze, nabuze,yabura, yabuze, yibuze‘to be stupefied’ : gucemerwa, gucemererwa, gucamarirwa‘ ‘ : kujamarirwa, kujumarara, kujumararirwa, kujumanaSome of these variations are due to phonetic factors such as nasal alternation :kumunina/kuminina ‘to drain water from food’; voiced and voiced consonantsubstitution : umukati/umugati ‘bread’; labialization : igufa/igufwa ‘bone’;palatalization : umuswari/umushwari ‘handerkechief’; nasalization : nijoro/ninjoro ‘inthe evening’; ishishi/inshishi ‘black ants’; last syllable truncation : ikizami/ikizamini‘exam’; imodoka/imodokari ‘car’ : metathesis : ikinetenete/igitenetene ‘type of plant,,etc.The existence of thousands of standard words with with written variants is not only achallenge for the spellchecker but for lexicographers as well. Should all of them belisted separately as independent entries in the dictionary thus creating redundancy orshould only one be listed with the variant ones? The last solution is the better. But theproblem is to know which criteria to use to select this one.3.5. Linguistic PhenomenaThe Kinyarwanda spelling rules are not arbitrary, they follow rules which in manycases are phonological. These rules have to do with the use of apostrophes, voweldeletion, vowel addition, vowel coalescence, gliding, vowel harmony, consonantdeletion, consonant addition, consonant lenition, consonant harmony, syllabletruncation, morpheme addition, …3.5.1 Spelling Rules Affecting Vowels.The rules affecting vowels are vowel deletion, vowel addition, vowel coalescence,vowel copy in loan-words, vowel default insertion in loan-words, vowel harmony.1.Vowel Deletion.When a stem starts with a vowel, the vowel of the prefix deletes if it is a

a>0/-Va-ba-ana >abana ‘childrena-ba-iru>abiru ‘royal ritualistsa-ba-ami>abami ‘kings’a-ba-uzukuru>abuzukuru ‘grandchildren’a-ba-oro>aboro ‘poor people’a-ka-uma >akuma ‘small knife’a-ka-obo>akobo ‘small hole’ba-ra-ig-a >bariga ‘they study’ba-za-umv-a>bazumva ‘they will understand/hear/feel’ba-ka-emer-a>bakemera ‘and they believe’3.5.1 Rules having to do with vowelsThe last vowel of the morphemes nka ‘like’, na ‘with’, –a possessive and nyiri‘possessive’ delete if the word which follows starts with a vowel :ameze nka umusazi>ameze nk’umusazi ‘he looks like a crazy person’baravuga nka abanyamahanga>baravuga nk’abanyamahanga ‘they talk like foreigners’igitabo cya umwana>igitabo cy’umwana ‘ the book of a child’imodoka ya umugabo>imodoka y’umugabo ‘a man’s car’umugore na umwana>umugore n’umwana ‘a woman and a child’inzugi na amadirishya>inzugi n’amadirishya ‘doors and windows’nyiri ishati>nyir’ishati ‘the owner of the shirt’nyiri umurima>nyir’umurima ‘the owner of the farm’2. Vowel AdditionMonosyllabic verbs have the vowel added as a prefix in the imperative form. Thisaddition is optional.nywa>inywa ‘drink’rya >irya ‘eat’gwa>igwa ‘fall’kwa>ikwa ‘give a bridewealth’za>iza ‘come’Vowel Copy

Kinyarwanda like other Bantu languages has open syllables only. Loan-words withcluster consonants are broken into syllables. One of the strategies is to copy the vowelof the syllable on the right.program>p.$ro$g.$ra$m.$>porogarame ‘program’president>p.$re$zi$da$>perezidacontrol>ko$nt.$ro&ra$>gukontorora ‘to control’Vowel U insertionIf the first consonant of the clauster is bilabial or labiodental (b, p, m, f, or v) ordoesn’t have a vowel, Kinyarwanda assigns it the vowel u.prefet>p.$re$fe$>purefepsychology>b.$si$ko$lo$gi$>busikologidriver>d.$re$v.$>derevu ‘driver’knife>ka$ni$f.$>kanifu ‘pocket knife’madam>ma$da$m.$>madamu ‘Mrs’soup>i$su$p.$>isupuVowel Default InsertionAll remaing vowelless loan-word consonants are assigned the vowel i.director>di$re$k.$te$r.$ ‘director’doctor>do$k.$te$r.$>dogiteri ‘doctor’minister>mi$ni$s.$t.$ri>minisitiri ‘minister’3. GlidingThe front vowel i and u become y and w, respectively if they are followed by othervowels.i>y/-Vi-mi-enda>imyenda ‘clothes’i-bi-ago>ibyago ‘bad luck’i-bi-atsi>ibyatsi ‘grass’

i-ri-inyo>iryinyo ‘tooth’i-mi-aka>imyaka ‘crops/years’i-mi-eyo>imyeyo ‘brooms’i-bi-uma>ibyuma ‘knives’i-bi-ondo>ibyondo ‘mud’u>w/-Vu-ku-ezi>ukwezi ‘moon’u-ku-aha>ukwaha ‘armpit’ku-ang-a>kwanga ‘to hate/to refuse’ku-emer-a>kwemera ‘to acceptto believe’ku-ig-a>/kwiga ‘to study’u-mu-arimu>umwarimu ‘teacher’u-mu-uka>umwuka ‘air’u-mu-enda>umwenda ‘dress’4.Vowel HarmonyThe high vowels i and u of suffixes become mid that is e and o respectively if thevowel of the stem is also a mid vowel. With the vowel u, however, vowel harmonytakes place only with the back midvowel o.i>e/ …midvowel+_ku-kor-ir-a>gukorera ‘to work for’ku-kor-ish-a>gukoresha ‘to work with’ku-kor-ish-iriz-a>gukoreshereza ‘to work for with’ku-ken-ir-a>gukenera ‘to need’ku-ken-ish-a>gukenesha ‘to impoverish’ku-ken-ish-iriz-a>gukeneshereza ‘to impoverish for with’u>o/…mid back vowel+_ku-kos-ur-a>gukosora ‘to correct’ku-shot-ur-a>gushotora ‘to provoke’ku-hom-ur-a>guhomora ‘to remove glue’

5.Vowel CoalescenceIn some cases, the vowel a becomes e when the stem starts with the vowel i.a+i >ea-ka-ibo>akebo ‘small basket’a-ba-iza>abeza ‘the good/beautiful ones’a-ma-inyo >amenyo ‘teeth’ba-inshi>benshi ‘many’i-nya-i-shyamba>inyeshyamba ‘guerilla’u-mu-nya-i-shuri>umunyeshuri ‘student’Rules affecting consonants.Rules affecting consonants are the homorganic nasal assimilation, nasal deletion,consonant strengthening, consonant insertionThe class marker of class 9 and 10, the nasal –n- and the morpheme –n- which standsfor the first pronoun are always deleted before stems which start with nasals.1. n>0/-Ni-n-mana>imana ‘god’i-n-numa>inuma ‘pigeon’i-n-nama>inama ‘advice’i-n-nyoni>inyoni ‘bird’ku-n-menya>kumenya ‘to know me’ku-n-niga>kuniga ‘to strangle me’i-n-nyama>inyama ‘meat’i-n-mbunda>imbunda ‘gun’2. Homorgnic nasalsThe nasal n becomes m before stems which start with bilabial (p, b, py, pf, by) andllabiodental (f, v) consonants.i-n-bwa>imbwa ‘dog’i-n-beba>imbeba ‘mouse’

i-n-vi >imvi ‘grey hair’i-n-pyisi>impyisi ‘hyena’i-n-pyiko>impyiko ‘kidney’i-n-pfizi >imfizi ‘bull’i-n-pfura>imfura ‘noblr’ku-n-fasha>kumfasha ‘to help me’ku-n-vura>kumvura ‘to cure me’3. Deaffrication.Affricates pf, ts and c become fricatives f, s and sh, respectively after the nasal.pf>fi-n-pfizi>imfizi ‘bull’i-n-pfura>imfura ‘noble’ba-ra-n-pfumur-a/>baramfumura ‘they are going to pierce me’ts>si-n-tsina>insina ‘banana tree’i-n-tsinzi >insinzi ‘victory’i-n-tsinga >insinga ‘elephant’s tail’s hair/wire’c>shi-n-cuti>inshuti ‘friend’i-n-curo >inshuri ‘time’i-n-coreke>inshoreke ‘mistress’The velar fricative h becomes p after a nasal and the nasal assimiltes to p by becomingm.h>p/m_i-n-huha>impuha ‘rumors’i-n-hinja>impinja ‘babies’i-n-hinduka>impinduka ‘conseqauence’ku-n-hemba>kumpenda ‘to reward me/to pay me’ku-n-higa>kumpiga ‘to hunt me’

4. The alveolar liquid r becomes d after a nasalr>d/n_i-n-rimi>indimi ‘tongues/languages’i-n-ruru>induru ‘war cry’n-re-n-re>ndende ‘long/tall/deep’i-rabo>indabo ‘flowers’ku-n-reba>kundeba ‘to see me’ku-n-rega>kundega ‘to accuse me’5.The palatal glide y becomes z after the nasal class marker.y>z/n_i-n-yoka>inzoka ‘snake’i-n-yoga>inzoga ‘alcoholic beverage’i-n-yira>inzira ‘path’i-n-yovu>inzovu6. The consonant z is also inserted between the class marker n and the stem, if thelatter starts with a vowel.0>z/n+_Vi-n-ara>inzara ‘nails’i-n-uma>inzuma ‘stitches’i-n-embe>inzembe ‘razors’i-n-ugi>inzugi ‘doors’7. Palatal Harmony.The dental ricatives s and z become palatalized thus becoming sh and j respectively ifthere is a palatal fricative on the right :gusasa ‘to make bed’ku-sas-ish-a>gushashisha ‘to have the bed made’

gusuzugura ‘to despise’a-ra-mu-suzugur-y-ye>aramusuzuguje>aramushujuguje ‘he made him despised’kuzuza ‘to finish’ba-uzuz-ye>bujujuje ‘they finished’The causative morpheme –ish- because shy is the last sound of the verb stem is alsoshy :kureshya ‘to have the same height’>ku-reshy-ish-a>kureshyesha ‘to cause to have thesame height’kureshya [kuréshya] ‘to lure’ ku-reshy-ish-a>kureshyeshya ‘to lure with’kubeshya ‘to lie’>ku-beshy-ish-a>kubeshyeshya ‘to lie with’9. Dahl’s LawDahl’s Law a voice dissimilation rule which voices voiceless consonants which appearbefore stems which start with voiceless consonants :ku-kor-a>gukora ‘to work’ku-kin-a >gukina ‘to play’i-ki-koko>igikoko ‘animal’i-ki-ti>igiti ‘tree’ba-ka-kor-a>bagakora ‘then they work’ba-ka-kin-a>bagakina ,then they play’nti-ba-ki-mamagar-a>ntibagihamagara ‘they don’t call anymore’nti-mu-ki-ki-tem-a>ntimukigitema’you don’t cut it anymore’tu-sek-a>duseka ‘we laugh’tu-shim-a>dushima ‘we thank’10. Consonant MutationIn the majority of Bantu languages, the last consonant of the verb stem changes beforethe perfective aspect marker. This is referred to as the modified form. In Kinyarwanda,the perfective aspect marker is –ye.Monosyllabic verb stems such as –ri- ‘eat’, -nyo, ‘drink’, -pfu- ‘die , etc don’t changeba-nyo-ye >banyoye ‘they just drank’ba-ri-ye>bariye ‘they just ate’

a-pfu-ye>bapfuye ‘they just ate.Stems ending with bilabial consonants (p, b, m) don’t change either.ba-som-ye >basomye ‘they just read’ba-kop-ye>bakopye ‘they just gave a loan’ba-reb-ye>barebye ‘they just watched’The causative morpheme –y- and the nominalizer –yi cause consonant mutation aswell.kugura ‘to buy’kuguza /ku-gur-y-a/ ‘to borrow’guseka ‘to laugh’gusetsa /ku-sek-ya/ ‘to make laugh’gukora ‘to work’umukozi /u-mu-kor-yi/ ‘worker’gutegeka’to command’umutegetsi /u-mu-tegek-yi/ ‘commander’11. The insertion of the infinitive prefix –ku-The morpheme –ku- is inserted between in the conditional tense if the verb stem startswith a vowel. The conditional tense marker is –a-.ba-a-anga>bakwanga ‘they would refuse tonti-tu-a-emer-a>ntitwakwemera ‘we would not accept’mu-a-oga>mwakwoga ‘you would swim’12. The morpheme –iz- insertion.The morpheme –iz- is inserted before the final vowel of the verb stem if the verb hasboth the accusative morpheme –ish- and the applicative morpheme –ir- :ku-kor-ish-ir-a>gukoreshereza ‘to work with for’ku-kin-ish-ir-a>gukinishiriza ‘to play with for’It is also inserted if the verb stem with the extension –ish- ends with the perfectiveaspect –ye’a-kor-ish-ye>a-kor-ish-iz-ye>akoresheje ‘s/he just used’

a-kin-ish-ye>ba-kin-ish-iz-ye>bakinishije ‘they just played with’A verb stem which ends with the fricative s, z or the causative morpheme –y- also has–iz- added if the verb ends with the perfective aspect.The suffix –ij- is appears before the final vowel if the verb stem ends with an alveolorfrictive, s or z.tu-a-bash-ye> ba-bash-iz-ye>twabashije ‘we were able’tu-a-baz-ye>tu-a-baz-iz-ye>twabajije ‘we asked’13. Final Syllable Truncation.In the vocative case, tcalling somebody, the augment and last syllable of the word aredeleted.umugabo>muga! ‘man!’abana>ba! ‘children!’Mariya>Mari!Karoli>Karo!3.6. Accepted Repeated WordsRepeated words are allowed in Kinyarwanda for emphasis, homonymy, polysemy,homography, lack of segmental relative clause morphemes., etc.Polysemy :Some words develop new meanings which are metonymically related. They can thereforeoccur in the same sentence.Izi ndimi indimi zivuga sinzizithese tongues languages they speak I-don’t-know-them‘These tongues the languages that they are speaking, I don’tknow them’umunyururu avuye mu munyururu umunyururu bamuhambirije wacitse.prisoner came from jail chain they-tied-him-with tore‘his prisoner left jail with his chain broken.’Mu gihe cy’inkoko inkoko ni ho zibika.in time of singing-chicken chickens it-is when they crow‘It is early in the morning that chickens sing’Avuze ko isaha isaha yerekana atari yos/he-said that watch hour it-shows it-is-not it‘He just said the hour that the watch is showing is not the right one’Muri uku kwezi ukwezi kwatinze kuza

in this month moon it-was-late to-comeThis month the moon was late to comeuyu mwanya umwanya mfite ni mutothis place time I-have is small‘Right now I have a short time’uyu mwanya umwanya wo gushyiramo ibintu ntuhari.this time space where to-store-in things it-isn’t-there‘Right now there is no space to store things’Ariye ibyatsi bibisi bibisis/he-ate grass green raw‘S/he just ate raw green grass’Homonymy :There are words which don’t have any semantic relation but which look alike.inzu yasenyutse ibitabo ibitabo byari biriho bicika impapurohouse it-was-destroyed fronts books they-were-on-it they tore papers‘as the the house fronts were destroyed the books which were on them have their pages torn’dore umwana umugore asoma asoma ikinyamatekalook child woman she-kisses she-reads newspaper‘Look at the child that the woman is kissing while reading a newspaper’hari ibishyimbo byera byera.there-is beans which-grow they-whiten‘there are beans which grow becoming white’dore ubwato bushya bushyawatch boat new burning‘look at that new boat burning’Juncture phenomenaBecause of its agglutiinative nature, many Kinyarwanda words end up looking alike.muri icyo gihugu abo bakobwa bakobwa amafaranga menshiin that country those girls they-are-paid dowries money a-lot‘in that country girls are paid for a lot money as dowry’nta kuri kuri mu byo uvuzeno truth it-is in what you-said‘There is no truth in what you said’yambara ibirato bisa bisas/he wears shoes which-resemble only‘s\he only wears shoes which are similar’

kurya kurya kwe ni ko kwamishethat to-eat his/her it-is what killed-him/her‘it is that his/her way of eating that killed/her’nta kundi kundi twabigenza.no way other we-do-it‘there is nothing else we can do’ni ha handi handi.it-is that place other‘it is the same’uyu muti urabuza inka kuza kuza.this medicine will-prevent cows to-come to-ruminate‘this medicine is going to prevent cows from ruminating’turabona uruzi uruzi neza cyane.we-see the-river you-know-it well much‘we realize that you know the river very well’Since Kinyarwanda orthography doesn’ t show vowel length and tone, words which areunrelated can appear together.tugeze ino ino rye rirakira.we-arrived here toe of-him it-healed‘We just got here and his toe got healed’ndabona ikirere ikirere kigitwayeI-see banana-leaf firmament it-carries-itI see the banana leaf being taken by the firmament’umuryango umuryango wose ntubobora kuwunyuramodoor family all it-can’t to-pass-through-it‘the door the whole family can’t go through it’Leta yemeye kwongera kwongera imishaharagovernment accepted to-repeat to-increase salaries‘the government accepted again to increase salariesHari itegeko ryo guhora guhora ribaho?is-there law of to-punish to-keep quiet which-exists‘Is there a law which punishes for being quiet?’Kinyarwanda doesn’t have relative clause segmental markers. The relative construction ismarked by tone. It is therefore possible to have similar nouns following each other if theydon’t have the same referent.dore abana abana ba Kalisa bakubise

look children children of Kalisa they-beat‘These are the children that Kalisa’s children beat’umugore umugore yimye amafaranga yagarutsewoman woman she-refused money she-came-back‘the woman to whom the woman refused the money came back’Auxiliary verbs.Because many Kinyarwanda verbs can function as both auxiliaries and main verbs, theyfollow each other in the same clause.abagabo bashobora kuza kuza nimugoroba.men they-may to-come to-come in-the-evening‘The men may be coming in the evening’.abana bajya bajya gusura ababyeyichildren they-go –they go to-visit parents‘They children usually go to visit the parents’ababyeyi basanze basanze abandi banaparents found-out they-had-joined other children‘the parents found out that they had joined other children’umurwayi aramutse aramutse byaba ari byiza.sick-person s/he-survives-the-night s/he-survives it-would-be it-is good‘if the patient happens to survive it would be good’The same verbs can follow each other when they mean ‘for good’tuje tujewe-just came we-come‘we coming for good’abacuruzi bagiye bagiyemerchants they-just-left they-leave‘the merchants/businessmen have just left for good’3.7. TokenizationKinyarwanda uses the same apostrophes and punctuation marks like English. These arequoatations marks (‘ ‘), parentheses ( ), period (.), comma (,), colon ( : ), semi-colon (; ),exclamation mark (!) and question mark (?).The hyphens (-) are used to break a word only after vowels because Kinyarwanda is an opensyllablelanguage.Kinyarwanda doesn’t have any other tokenization symbols.3.8. Compounding Language

Kinyarwanda uses three types of compounding strategy : (a) use of onomastic prefixes, (b)use of words in the same category and (c) the verb and noun complement construction.Kinyarwanda creates names by deleting the preprefix or by using onomastic prefixes beforenouns, verbs or adjectives. These onomastic prefixes are se- with its phonetic variations saandsha-, rwa- , nya-, for males and nyira-, muka-, ka- for females. These same morphemesare used also to create compound words as seen below. The morphological or underlyingrepresentations of these words is also provided.Compound words with onomastic prefixesikinyarwanda ‘Kinyarwanda’i-ki-nya+Rwandaumunyamafarangau-mu-nya+a-ma-faranga ‘owner of money’the owner of+moneikinyamakuru ‘newspaper’i-ki-nya+a-ma-kuruowner of+newsinyeshyanba ‘guerilla’i-nya+i-shyambaowner of+forestumunyamahanga ‘secretary’u-mu-nya+a-ma-bangaowner of+secretsikinyabwoya ‘caterpillar’i-ki-nya+ubu-oyaowner of+hairakanyamasyo ‘turtle’a-ka-nya+a-ma-syoowner of+grinding stonesisabukuru ‘anniverary’owner of+old agesaruhara ‘bald eagle’sa+u-ru-haraof+baldnessserwakira ‘whirlwind’nyirahuku ‘cat’nyira+i-hukumother+catnyirabarazana ‘cause’nyira+ba-ya-z-an-amother+bringingFor compound words of the same category, the one on the right loses its preprefix.itegekonshinga ‘constitution’

i-tegek-o+n-shing-alaw+plantingitegekoteka ‘decree’i-tegek-o+i-tekalaw+alwaysikiremwamuntu ‘human being’i-ki-rem-w-a+u=mu-ntucreature+personinyokomuntu ‘human race’i-oko+u-mu-nturace+personurukikoremezo ‘lower court’u-ru-kiko+i-rem-ir-y-ocourt+place of creationubuzimagatozi ‘legal/official status’u-bu-zima+a-ka-tozilife+small antIn compound words consisting of verbs and nouns, the verb gets an augment and a classmarker whereas the noun loses its preprefix or augment.ingirakaramaro ‘useful’i-n-gir-a+a-ka-marowhat has+useikibonezamvugo ‘grammar’i-ki=bonez-a+i-vug-owhat shoots straight+talkinshoberamahanga ‘idiomatic expressions’i-n-shober-a+a-ma-hangawhat-challenges+foreign countriesiburasirazuba ‘east’i-bu-ras-ir-a+i-zubawhere shoots+suniburengerazuba ‘west’i-bu-renger-a+i-zubawhere disappears+sunamajyaruguru ‘north’a-ma-gi-a+ruguruwhat goes+aboveamajyepfo ‘south’a-ma-gi-a+epfowhat goes+belowuburenganzira ‘right’u-bu-reng-a+i-n-yirawhat goes beyond+pathimbonerahamwe ‘chart/table’i-n-bon-ir-a+ha-mwewhat sees+same placeiyigandimi ‘linguistics’i-ig-a+i-n-rimi

studying+languagesumwangavu ‘teenage girlu-mu-ang-a+i-vuwho hates+ashesigitambambuga ‘toddler’i-ki-tamb-a+i-n-bugawho crawls+floorigikomangoma ‘prince’i-ki-kom-a+i-n-gomawhat touches+drumiyiyaganabuhanga ‘technology’i-ig-an-a+u-bu-hangastudying with+knowledgeumucikacumu ‘survivor’u-mu-cik-a+i-cumuwho ran away from+spearingengabitekerezo ‘ideology’i-n-geng-a+i-bi-tek-iriz-owhat dictates+thoughtsikinamico ‘theater’i-kin-a+i-mi-coplaying+customsindangamuntuiterabwobamukerarugendo ‘tourist’mu-ker-a+u-ru-gend-owho looks good for+tripikirangabwoko ‘totem’i-ki-rang-a+u-bu-okowhat tells+ clanirondakoko ‘discrimination’i-rond-a+a-kookolooking for+race/ethnicityimpamyabushobozi ‘diploma’i-n-ham-y-a+u-bu-shobor-yiwhat testisfies+competencyumushinjacyaha ‘prosecutor’u-mu-shinj-a+i-ki-ahawho confirms+crimeumutangabuhamya ‘witness’u-mu-tang-a+u-bu-hamy-awho gives+confirmationindanganteko ‘class marker’in-rang-a+i-n-tekowhat tells+seatimbonekarimwe ‘rare’i-n-bon-ik-a+ri-mwewhat appears+onceigenamigambi ‘planification’i-gen-a+i-mi-gambi

what decides+plansubuvanganzo ‘art’u-bu-vu-a+i-ganzowhat comes+inspirationimpuzashushanyo ‘homographs’i-n-huz-a+i-shush-an-y-owhat makes meet+pictureumuvandimwe ‘sibling’u-mu-va+i-n-da+i-mwewho comes+stomach+same3.9. Offensive WordsThere is no word which is intrinsically offensive. It all depends on the context. Thereare some words, however, which are used as insults. These are mostly linguistic termswhich refer to female genitals :igituba : vaginarugongo : clitorisumusundi : vulvaimishino : vagina lipsBody waste linguistic terms can be used as insults as well :amabyi : excrementsamashyira : pusikimyira : mucusThe word imbwa ‘dog/coward’ is also used as an insult to suggest that somebody isworthless or a coward.Class 7/8, 11, 12/13 and 14 which function as derivational classes for endearmentterms, pejoratives, augmentatives, diminutives, can create offensive words, but again itdepends on the contect because of their polysemy.Thus the expressions :kino cyana ‘this child’ can mean this ‘charming child’ or ‘this ugly unbehaved child’this childreba kariya gakobwa ‘look at that girl’ can mean that ‘beautiful girl’ or ‘thatwarch that girl ugly/unpleasant girl ‘

The expression kwicwa na X means ‘to be killed by X’ and kuvuna umuheto ‘to breakthe bow’ are usually used as insults and wish for harm. But they also used asendearment or praise expressions as well.aririmba neza yokwicwa na Musinga!s/he sings well may-be-he-killed by Musinga‘s/he sings very well he-who-should be killed by Musinga!’uriya muvunamuheto ateye ishoti riryoshyethat breaker-of-bow sent shot which-tastes-good‘that guy made a beautiful shot’.This is a problem for computer programs which do translations, because it is the rightcontact which can provide the right translataion.The only words which an intrinsic negative connotation are :-ntazi, 7/8. ikintazi ‘a no good’nyoko[nyoko]! ‘an insult uttered with anger’-hunya, 12/13 agahunya ‘a disgusting boy’-konya, 12/13 agakonya ‘a disgusting girl’3.10 Incorrect words and suggestions.The majority of spelling errors are improper use of apostrophes, use of space, and theletters which represent the palalal stops [k y ] and [g y ]. The palatal one are representedby the symbols cy and jy respectively, whereas the palatalized alveolar stops k ang gdon’t change spelling, and represented by k and g, respectively. The sound h after anasal in the Kinyarwanda orthography is represented by the letter p but someKinyarwanda speakers have tendency to keep it.ikintu *kiza>ikintu cyizathing good ‘a good thing’gewe>jyewe ‘me’*njyewe>jyewe ‘me’*umugi>umujyi ‘town’*kugyenda/kujyenda>kugenda ‘to go’*ikyuma>icyuma ‘knife’

umukyene/umucyene>umukene ‘poor’*kuba ho>kubaho ‘to live/to exist’*guhita mo>guhitamo ‘to choose’*kw’ishuri>ku ishuri*mw’isoko>mu isoko ‘in the flea market’*imhuha>impuha ‘rumors’*Kabwayi>Kabgayi*werurwe>Werurwe ‘May’*Immana>Imana ‘God’*i muhira>imuhira ‘home’*i wacu>iwacu ‘at our home’*i ruhande>iruhande ‘on the side’*gukyina>gukina ‘to play’*n’ugukora> ni ugukora ‘it is to work’*s’abana>si abana ‘it is not the children’*n’abagabo> ni abagabo ‘it is the men’ibitabo *na amakaramu>ibitabo n’amakaramu ‘books and pens’*munzu>mu nzu ‘in the house’*kugiti>ku giti ‘on the tree’*sa sita>saa sita ‘at noon’*bafit’igitabo>bafite igitabo ‘they have a book’*ibintu bya njye>ibintu byanjye ‘my things’*inka ya cu>inka yacu ‘our cow’*kwoga>koga ‘to swim’*kwumva>kumva ‘to hear’*kwotsa>kotsa ‘to burn/to roast’*umwunyu>umunyu ‘salt’*ubwuki>ubuki ‘honey’*urwuho>uruho ‘calebash’*urwuzi>uruzi ‘river’*urwugi>urugi ‘door’*ntabaje>nta baje ‘they didn’t come’*ntawaje>nta waje ‘s/he didn’t come’*ntacyo dufite>nta cyo dufite ‘we don’t have it’*ntawe babonye>nta we babonye ‘they didn’t see him/her’Kinyarwanda has 17 classes. The majority occur in pairs such as 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8, 9/10,11/10, 12/13, 14/6, 15/6. The number on the left of the slash is the singular and the number onthe right the plural form. Only class 16 and 19 occur alone. There are nouns also which occur

in all classes. They are referred as all classes in this noun list. In this list, only the singularform will be given.Some nouns are listed without a pair, however. This means that the noun occurs in that classonly, thus doesn’t have a plural or a singular. These class markers have allomorphs which arepredictable by general phonological rules. This list will give less lexical items than what thelanguage has. Many words look alike because even when they don’t mean the same becausethe official orthography doesn’t mark tones and vowel length. When nouns whichorthographically look alike don’t belong to the same class, however, are listed here. There arethus many nouns of especially those of class 1 and class 3 and class 5 and class 9i, whichalike but are listed because their agreement with their respective dependencies such verbs,adjectives differ.1/2 : -mu-/-ba-Au-CM-Stemu-mu-stem/a-ba-stem-mu->mw- if stem starts with a vowelumwabiriziumwagatiumwambararuhagoumwambariumwambukiraumwamiumwanaumwananzaraumwanduumwangakurutwaumwangavuumwangeumwanziumwarabuumwarimuumwasamaumwasamangaumwasamyiumubagitoumubandaumubandwaumuberinaridiniumubikiraumubikirizwankoniumubindaumubingwaumubirigiumubishaumubitsiumuboyiumuboyifundiumuboyimasoumuboyishoferi

umubuguumuburagasaniumuburanamaumuburankaumuburanyiumuburigadiyeumuburatongoumuburugajiumuburugumesitiriumubwirizaumubwirwaumubyaraumubyareumubyazaumubyeyiumubyukurutsaumucakaraumucamanzaumucamakazaumucambeheumucanshuroumucanyiumucarugoumucengeriumucererezaumucumandengeraumucumankandaumucurabwengeumucuraguziumucuruziumucuziumucyabaumucyuraumudageumudamazeraumudamuumudandazaumudarazaumudayimoniumudeberezaumudedezwaumudepiteumuderevaumudeyiumudeyideyiumudirigiumudiporomeumudivantisitiumudiventiumudobe

umudiyakoniumudogiteriumudoheumudominikaniumudoziumwegaumwegameumwemeziumwendahamweumweneumwenebikiraumwenedataumwenedatawacuumwenemamaumwenemamawacuumweneneumwenenyinaumwenenyinawaboumwenenyokoumwenenyokowanyuumweneseumwenesewaboumwenesoumwenesowanyuumwenewaboumwenewacuumwenewanyuumwepisikopiumweraumwerandaumwereumwerekezaumwezaumufanaumufaransaumufaratiriumufarizayiumufashaumufashiumufatakaramuumufatangasireumufatankoniumufatankonoumufifiumufiyansiumuforodeumuforomoumufubirasukaumufumbiraumufundi

umufundimasoumufuragiziumufurereumugabeumugabekaziumugaboumugabuzaumugabwaumugagaumugagazaumugandaumugandeumugangaumugaraguumugarigariumugarikabyanoumugazandekaumugegaumugemuumugendajoroumugengaumugeniumugenzaumugenzacyahaumugenziumugerefiyeumugerekiumugererwaumugeseraumugingaumugiramanaumugiranabiumugiranezaumugirankanaumugirwaumugishaumugiziumugombajuruumugomboziumugomeumugomokeumugoreumugorewaboumugorewacuumugorewanyuumugoronomeumugororangingoumugoroziumugotazikoumugumba

umugumyabangaumugungaumugungujeumuguranaumuguruguruumuguziumugwabirampunduumugwagasiumugwagihandaumugwakirariumugwampingaumugwanabiumugwanezaumugwaswaumuhaumuhagarikiziumuhahirizaumuhakwaumuhamagaziumuhambaumuhambaziumuhambeumuhambweumuhamuziumuhamyaumuhangaumuhangamyiumuhangaremboumuhangazaumuhangeumuhanjuumuhannyiumuhanuziumuhanyaumuhanyiumuhariumuhariraumuhashyaumuhashyiumuhatsiumuhayaumuheumuhebyiumuhekoumuhemuumuhendaumuhennyiumuheraumuherereziumuhereza

umuherweumuheshaumuheshiumuhetsiumuhezamyendaumugankwareumuhigiumuhigishakibandoumuhimaumuhindaumuhindangigaumuhindiroumuhinzaumuhinziumuhireumuhirikaumuhirwaumuhisiumuhiziumuhoboboumuhodokeumuhogoumuhondamonyiumuhondogoumuhoraumuhorwaumuhoryoumuhoyoyoumuhozaumuhunguumuhunguramirayiumuhuguravuumuhunguwaboumuhunguwacuumuhunguwanyuumuhunnyiumuhutuumuhutukaziumuhuzaumuhuziumuhwereumwicanyiumwigaumwigishaumwigishwaumwihahiziumwihanduzacumuumwihebeumwihingiziumwijusi

umwimanyiumwimbishaumwimukiraumwimuraumwinaumwinaziumwinjiraumwiraburaumwirareumwiraririziumwirasiumwiruumwirutsiumwiryeumwisengenezaumwishiumwishigatwaumwishigatwiumwishingiziumwishyuumwishyuraumwishyuzaumwishywaumwisiumwisumamoumwitiraumwitozoumwitsaumwitsoumwiyahuziumwiyebeumwiyuburureumwizeramariyaumujaumujakaziumujandarumeumujaraumujenerariumujenerarimajoroumujeraumujeyiumujidaumujidashefuumujijiumujokeriumujonesiumujujiumujuraumujurungaumujwara

umujyabwamiumujyakeraumujyambereumujyanamaumujyiumukamankonoumukambweumukamishaumukamyiumukandidaumukanishiumukanikaumukannyiumukantoniumukanuziumukanzaumukapiteniumukaporariumukaraumukarabyaumukaramushiumukaraniumukarazaumukaridinariumukarumeritaumukazanaumukebaumukecuruumukekwaumukembaumukeneumukezaumukigaumukinduziumukingishakibandoumukinjakinjaumukirisituumukiriyaumukirukeumukizaumukoboyiumukobwaumukobwawacuumukobwawaboumukobwawanyuumukogotoumukomandaumukomandoumukomankariumukomerisa

umukomiseriumukonderaumukongoriumukoniumukonikoniumukonoumukonseyeumukontabureumukontaraumukonyoziumukorejiumukoreshaumukoreshakoroumukoroneriumukoshwaumukozaumukoziumukubitakaramuumukumbyiumukumiriziumukunguumukuraumukurambereumukurikiziumukuruumukuruwinamaumukushumyiumukusiumukweumumajiumumajoroumumanukaumumarayikaumumareshariumumarisitiumumaritiriumumasoumumbogoumumekanisiyeumumenajeriumumenakibangaumumenjaumumenyaumumereumuminisitiriumuminitsiumumiriyoneriumumisiyoneriumumokerezaumumonaki

umumoniteragiriumumoniteriumumonyoumumotsiumunakaumunamaumunanaumunangoumunaziriumunebweumunegaumunegeumungandaumungerezaumunnyiumunnyuziumunovisiumunozaumuntuumuntuziumunyabigegaumunyabintuumunyabitokeumunyabusitaniumunyabutakaumunyabuteumunyabwengeumunyabweraumunyabyimboumunyabyinshiumunyacyambuumunyacyirimaumunyagasaniumunyageumunyagihangoumunyagikariumunyagishyitoumunyagwaumunyakaramaumunyakarikaumunyakarongoumunyakatsiumunyakaziumunyakizunguumunyamabangaumunyamabokoumunyamahangaumunyamatekaumunyamakoroumunyamakuru

umunyamerweumunyamibyibiriumunyamibyitatuumunyamigomaumunyamihandaumunyamogoumunyamudariumunyamugogoumunyamugongoumunyamuhangoumunyamuhetoumunyamujinyaumunyamukangaumunyamuravaumunyamuriroumunyamuryangoumunyamushihaumunyamushumiumunyamusoziumunyamutimaumunyamuturiumunyamutweumunyamwugaumunyanamaumunyangogaumunyangomaumunyankoniumunyantareumunyantaroumunyanzogaumunyanzogeraumunyanzuumunyanzuziumunyarubugaumunyarugoumunyaruhagoumunyaruhimbiumunyarugendoumunyarwandaumunyasimaumunyasukuumunyaziumunyehanziumunyehinyuumunyemparaumunyendaniniumunyenzuumunyeriumunyesarumaraumunyeshuri

umunyeshyambaumunyesukuumunyezamuumunyiginyaumunyoniumunyororoumunyoroziumunyuracyanzuumunyurahabiumunyurakibangaumunyurakuzimuumunyuraremboumunyurwaumunywanyiumunywiumwofisiyeumwombokaumwongerezaumworoumwoziumupadiriumupaganiumupagasiumupapaumuparakomandoumuparantoumuparimehutuumupasiteriumupasitoriumupurefeumuperefeumuperesonaumuperezidaumuperisonaumupfakaziumupfasoniumupfuumupfumuumupiraumupirisonaumupishiumupiyemuumupositorantiumupuburikaniumupurantoumupyisiumuraguumuraguzaumuraguzafuroumuraguzamutwe

umurambaumurambirwaumuramuumuramukaziumurangaumuranziumuraraumurarirwaumuraririziumuraroumurasaumurashiumuratiriumuravaderiumurayikiumurazaumurebereziumurebyiumurejuruumurekeziumuremereumuremyiumurenderiumurengeumurengerezaumurengweumurenzamaseumurenziumurenziumureraumurereumureramanaumureshyaumuretwaumureziumurigisiumurihiraumurimaumurimiramfiziumurimyiumurindaumurindwarivuyeumuriracumuumurirangataumurirankoniumurirasukaumurirayoumurisaumuritaumuriyetona

umuriyetonakoroneriumuriziumurobanurwaumurokoreumuromaumurokoziumurorereziumuroroumuroziumurunariumurundiumurunguumurusiyaumurwanashyakaumurwayiumurwazaumuryaheneumuryambisiumuryantamaumuryarugoumuryarusendaumuryiumuryinyonzaumuryokoumusambaneumusangwaumusangwabutakaumusanzireumusareumusazeriyaniumusariyamuumusarumaraumusaserudotiumusaveniumusazaumusaziumuseumusebanyiumusekereumuseminariumusengeumusengenezaumusengereziumusengoumusengwambaziumusenyeriumusenziumuserayiumuserejaumusereza

umuseribateriumuserijaumuserijamajoroumuseseriumusesitaumusetsiumuseveniumushabiziumushagaraumushageumushagireumushakamataumushakambaumushamboumushanaumushananuziumushanwaniumusharaumusharangaboumusharasiumusharatiumusharitiumushashiumushashishaumushefuumushemereumushenziumusheshiumushiumushikaziumushikiumushimusiumushingoumushingweumushinjaumushinjacyahaumushinwaumushiruumushobaumushoferiumushomeriumushonjiumushoraumushozaumushumbaumushumeriumushurushefuumushyikeumushyikirwaumushyingira

umushyitsiumushyondoriumushwangamyambiumusibireumusibyiumusifuziumusigayeumusigaziumusigiumusigireumusigwaumusikutiumusimburaumusingaumusindiumusiripantiumusipanyoriumusiramuumusirikareumusirimuumusiroteumusisitaumusitaumusitajeriumusiviriumusiziumusodaumusogokuruzaumusokereteriumusomariyaumusomyiumusongarereumusoniumusongoziumusonzeramyambiumusoreumusoromyiumusoroteumusosiyareumusosorodotiumusubutitiumusudiyakoniumusugutiumusukutiumusuperefeumusuriyetonaumusurushefuumusuzofisiyeumuswaumuswayire

umusyeteumusyiumutabashwaumutabaziumutaboumutagatifuumutagireumutahiraumutahizaumutakaumutambaumutambabaroziumutambagiroumutandiboyiumutanduraumutangambutoumutangampunduumutaniboyiumutantiboyiumutanyagwaumutaramakuruumutaravayeriumutariyaniumutasiumutayeriumutegarugoriumutegategaumutegetsiumutegurwaumutekamutweumutendeumutendezangoheumutengeumuteracumuumuterahejuruumuterambabaziumutesiumuteteriumuteziumutezintareumutihetinkandaumutimbamyambiumutimuraumutirigiumutisigaumutisukirwaumutotatokiumutoniumutoraumutorobozantenge

umutotorangemweumutozoumutsobeumutugutoumutukampungweumutukiroumutukuumutumireumutumirwaumutunziumuturagaraumuturageumuturanyiumuturarwandaumutureumututsiumututsikaziumutwaumutwarangaboumutwareumutyaraumwubiziumwuburaumwugarizakibandoumwungeriumwunguraumwuzukuruumwuzukuruzaumwuzuzaumuvakuzimuumuvamahangaumuvamuheroumuvanaumuvanderiumuvandimweumuvantaraumuveterineriumuvugiziumuvuguruzaumuvugwarivuyeumuvukamikoumuvukampunduumuvukarwandaumuvukeumuvumbaumuvumbuumumburankwavuumuvumbyiumuvumvuumuvumyi

umuvunyiumuvuratiumuvutsaumuvuzaumuvuziumuyagaumuyagwaumuyahudiumuyangaumuyangwaumuyapaniumuyayaumuyegeumuyerereziumuyezuwitiumuyijayijaumuyiruumuyiriraheriumuyisiramuumuyisirayeriumuyobeumuyoberwaumuyobokeumuyoboziumuyogeraumuyoravuumuyovuumuyozefitiumuyukuumuzagayuraumuzahareumuzamuumuzamuziumuzanaumuzazameumuzeheumuzezwamagaraumuzezwanzuumuzezwaruhimbiumuzigabaumuzigirizwaumuzigirwaumuzigoumuzimuumuzimyaumuzingaumuzingakiragoumuzingeumuzingoumuziranenge

umuzirankendeumuzirazubaumuziritsiumuzogoreumuzukeumuzunguumuzunguraumuzuzi1a/2a-0-/ baThis class lacks the preprefix and the prefix and in the plural form the noun is preceded withthe morpheme ba but which is not linked to the noun.avokacyababorwabururanyarwabyagorwagasururarwagihangarwagisharwahamarwakimwagakamaraambasaderirwamutwerwamwabamwanarwankubeberwanyamwiharekaraminwearikipisikopiarubitiribazinakabamberubandarubererubererabihimbiherukibihirabinonerisibirenzwamasorubirikibikibishyanzirabisumbukubokobisumubyeyahitebizirumuterobugwabugaze

ubumburikabungakibungamiryangoruburasonibwujegicagacanyamiryangogacanyicirahagacirogakegacogamihanagacukumbuzigacumbabucuramucumbacyahagacurirazubacushugacwiramucyurabuhororudahakanirwarudapfirwanamayirarudarusumamudasigwadatadatabujadatabukwedatawacudawedeburuyaridederudederudegerudendekadeheridiregiteribididokidobyadongoronirudugiraduguriruduhacyeherwemarwenderibwengemunkabwengemuruhimbibwengemwaborwengerurahonyaensipegiterirwevu

gifubamyakamafubogafunikobufunirufuragurarufurumbarugabagabarugabishabirengengabitagirumukuramugabomugabuhandamagagarugambwaruganirwamagaramakemagarantunsigemagarayagacumakagagarangagarigarukunsubirerugatarwintangorugazamyongarugemebugegerarugenderwamagigiriruginakigingirugirabigirankanamugitirugondaminazirugonzibigonzikagororugotamazirugotomezimugozimagumirwarugundirakiragomagurumugurukagurubugurubugurububirikagurukeyakagurumojyabigutuguverineriruhabwanduru

gahagoruhahiraruhamanyagahambamazibihangampangahangaharyagahangakabiruhangantazirahangehangiruhararuharwamuhashyiruhayaruhekeranyababyeyibihekoruhekurirababyeyibihemugahendabihendomahengagahereriruhihizamuhimagahimahimbatujyemoruhindagahingaruhiriraruhishyimuhitiragahogaruhogohohogahomabuhomaruhonyoraruhorahozamuhorerasukaruhubanyaruhugampugutugihuharuhumabuhumbanobihumeribihurihurigahurugahushwa

muhushyigahuzamiryangoruhwehwemahweraruhwibaruhwitiruhwitwarwicacyiganwarwigemabwimbabwimbizarwimbyiinderwineramenyaryababomenyoipejicyishomerarwivangabwizabwishyambarwizarupfuyubusabijanyarimajigomajimbirimujinyawujindajujimujugunywamajyanjyarirukabukabuhariwerukaburandekwerukabyamurimborukaganamukadatakamaramahanorukamburabikandagirarukandabasyikandidabikangurukanikamakanikakanshobakanonirukarakarabaketarukararukamakarekarenzihaniro

makarikariharyakarumutimarukarurukamukasemukasokazitereyemomukebamakenderukenderukenwakenyeraduketanekenyeratubaganemukerarugendokiberumuhangarukingamukinuzikiragweragwerakirimvikirorokiruhururabogoshikivumbindorwakizimbabahashyibikobokobonkoboribukobwerukokomankokoribagibigundankokigosoribyezerukomakaramukomarumerukomezakomiserirukomezagakondonkongoronkonjobikonjokonseyekontaburenknoyamennyinyamamukonozirukonyamakomberukorocoronerirukorozankotitararinyamarukubanarukubashyambankubayakabuba

ukibiranarukukuribukukumbwabukumburirukumyabasyikumusherirukungerwankunzimukurumukurumubirukurungirandoshorukurungiranogorukururanarukushugakushwarukushwamukutarukutubikwamakwakwamakwakwanyamikwegemakwindigirimabujamabukwemadamazeramadamumamamamarimamawacumamayimameyamanayibitegokimaranzaramarayikakimarikamarogakemarumemasengematarisimawembirizudususambonyifatizomburamataremumenabangakimezamiryangomfumbasubwonkomfumbatantiburacyaminisitirimiriyoneri

misiyonerikamorimuherezuheberumunamungumutemutoremvokaamvokakamwagamunabinakananganajenangayivuzarunangurabinaniminaninarayahanavuyahandakomakatsindakwabazandayitabindendeberahumugabagezendindamennyimbutonduhirabandindushabandirunegebinegomanekongayimbwigarukakinigamazimanihanirwangemanjyanjyankabyandigugunenkizamasunzunkomwahatonkumbuyisahobinnyokinnyokimokakinnyokirundumubumunoborimanonomanoyinangamanozansaguyenseswangarukansumirindantababantamwetentiruharaye

ntuzakinukabugabomununimunuranyabagabonyabaminyabinginyabirungunyaburiranyabusanyabyendanyagahemuzanyagakecurunyagapfurunguzinyagasaninyakabokonyakabyeyinyakabyizinyakagorenyakajanyakamwenyakanyerinyakaregeshwanyakibinyakibyeyinyakirironyakotsinyakubahwanyakubwirwanyakuvuganyakuvugwanyakwigenderakinyamatekanyamihirwanyamihogonyaminaganyamiruhonyamiyonganyampinganyamudanyamudadanyamugirubutangwanyamuguriramugahandagazanyamukanirwayahagezenyamuhunjanyamujyawesenyamukamirwanindurunyamuntunyamunyaganwanazonyamuryamazi

nyamurwuwobiriranywenyamushyirindabayimenanyamutabirinyamuzavubanyamuzindanyamwandaranyamwarinyamwendarubanyamwerunyamwigendahonyamwihahiranyamwiharenyamwongerabibinyanakanyandwinyangaranyangufinyankwengenyanshyanyarudanyarudindirinyaruhahiraminyarugonyarumenyarunegerinyarushumbanyarutekanyarwandanyaruzungunyawamamanyawireganyebunganyinanyinaramuzinyinawabonyinawawenyirabayazananyirabiganginkanyirabihubiroganyirabidomangirenyirabujanyirabukwenyirabusanyirabusamanyirabwijenkozikinyiracyiyombekerenyiracyiyomberenyiracyobonyiradudurinyiragakeri

nyiragashabararanyiragatondozinyiragipfabajenyiraheregenyirakadeherinyirakadorinyirakamagazanyirakanakanyirakaraguragahennyenyirakaregeshwanyirakareshyanyirakatamuregamanyirakidederinyirakigerinyirakigununyirakimonyonyiraknnyokimokanyirakirazunganyirakirumubusanyirakiryamanantorezonyirakurunyirakururuzanyirakuruzanyiramaberenyiramabumbanyiramadibongonyiramaganyanyiramahindigirinyiramamanyiramanagananyiramanihanyiramanozanyiramatenganyiramatwinyirambundanyagafunyiramenyonyiramfurucanyenyiraminaninyiramisagonyiramuhoriwabonyiramuhoyoyonyiramukubitwanyiramumberenyiramurimyinyiramwanjarinyiramwohonyiranakanyirandabizinyiranjyiyobijyanyirankoobori

nyiranshirigitinyirantegerezanyirantuzanyiranzumiyenyirariranyirababurinzonnyonyirarubambishahunyiraruhekenyirarujaburanyirarukubonyirarumenyirarwotsonyirasakwasakwenyirasengenyirawamamanyirawayanyiricyubahironyirigicumbinyirigiranyirikirimikibinyiringomanyirishyambanyirubukozwemonyirubutunganenyirubwitenyirumugezinyogokurunyogokururuzanyogokuruzanyogosengenyokonyokobujanyokobukwenyokoromenyokorumenyokowanyunyomberenyomberinyongonyongorunyotanyotarugaryimanyovukanyuguribinyugurimanyundomunyurahatokinywekanzabiryambyikorerenzaryantashyekoreka

yohorwomaopejipadiripagarimipangapapagaparayapurefeperefeperezidapfamferupfukorwapfiriryorupigapigaporokirerimapyisimpyompyokarahabutakakaranganwabirangazamuranziwarwoburariburushyirondamuratanzarakarayirebikimurefururegeyakarehamusemburorejarejarejerirejinyeriruremaruremberezimaremborurengamiganyirokarenzorureshwaresiponsaburerezidarurikanwarikirikarimanzirakirimbuzikariminyamwiregakarindamisaburindibirindikariramagurukarobwakirogoya

karondorurondondorejerurondwarongorongobiroshorubitirirucerwahurerugayimihembezorugenzinkecururugizeruteruguramananizaruhorahoruhotorinyanarukatamanenurukorikinyobwarukumyumwungerirukungishwamabuyerukurikirizindimurumunawanjyemurumunawawemurumunawemurunduramurungukarungukirungurirarunonerisirupfurimungururanguzakarurumakirurunganyaruryaruryamyekarururusakirimonyorushingabahangarutahamavubirutahicyagarutahintarerutamizabirirutemayezerutumivurwakannyenderwicaruhozerwotsimbagarekiryabahoshokiryanaryangaribonaryangariroramuryegemuryezimaryoshya

sabahindasabahinisabizezesacyanwasagatindisagihangasagihobesagitwemisagorusakararusakazarusakizabusakumwasamagugumusanganyamisanzusapfunwasarumfunesarwarisarwayamusatsirusatsisawushigasazamigerisemasesebihogosebinaganasebintusebisusasebitengasebukwesebuziresebwugugusecyobosedatasegabasegisebesekagandasekinyomasekobwasekombatamusekugoroyesekurusekuruzasekuzimugasemantambarasemuhanukasekanakasentuza

senyabwiyugurirasenyabwugugurusenyantekoserukanagasesabayoreseshyanosewabosewaweshanwanisharibusharigashasharashebujashehemushekembuzishengeshinganwagishinjagashirirarushitamyambishobujagashobyagashomwarushoreragashukabapfushumbushoshurushefurushushamwereragasibanyamiryangomisigarobisigatinsigayemusigwamubibusigomasikinimasimasimusigasinabugirwasininerumutsimamasitimusosobukwesogokurusogokururuzasogokuruzasokereterisokurusokururuzasokuruzagasonga

gasongantebyisongogasongogasongomurefumasonkanumasontunusowanyumasoyinyanasugabosukansubizemorusukiranyarusumbamasatabusunzusuperefegasuramatongogasurantambarasuriyetonasurushefugasutsasuzofisiyeswogisyokidaserimwesyorimashyenderishyeshyabushyikerushyirwinkubarushyondigishyondisimbarirwasubutitigitagatamutakirwamatakwaashinkandarutamanikirwakatamobwamutanawazorutanyabanyagatanyamiryangorutarararutarematarisimatarishimatatimutavurirwagatemanyibitemetemuhwanyegatemerigatera

gateranyagateranyabagabogaterenyangabotereriyomutererwaruteruziruteshantoregatikiromutimamukemutimawarenzihanirogitimujishorutintimarutinywagatiragwakatisigwantogogorutogotarutokirwurutundantokizitononamamerantokizitononingorintokizuruyegontonyorigatoranobitorwagatoyagatozibutsatabutsirutsibutsuregatubandururutumarutumbaganyakitumvagatumwamitunuruturaturagararutwebitwengebitwintyontyorwubarwubizirwuburangesocyumyacyumyarujyokungukokabirwunyuraveterineri

kavengeriruvigirakivomerwabivoveruvubivuguvuyahoruvumwaruvundagurakavungamugeyokavurogakemavutamingiruvutaminyagoruvuvuruvuzacyumawagawanshobawapfamugasayagoremugayuhuhabayangakayangaruyangeYezuyiyinenzambamuzanazanimbehezarengeyeheruzerefumuzigurakazimanamuhogomuzimugambanzingizaruzirampuhweziremakwinshikazirimaziyatekebuziyurutaremuzukamazungamuzunguwambirimuzunguwatatumuzunguwayinemuzurubizurubuzurukazurukeza2.

abasasaabayara3/4 : -mu-/-mi-Au-CM-Stemu-mu-stem/i-mi-stemmu>mw before vowelmi>my before vowelumwabagiranoumwadukoumwagaumwagagaroumwagamboumwagazoumwagiroumwaheumwahiumwahuroumwakaumwakuumwamaumwamaguzoumwamangoumwambariroumwambazoumwambiumwambiroumwamiraumwamirangaboumwamiyaumwamoumwananaumwandaumwandagaraumwandikoumwandoumwanduumwanduranyoumwangaumwangacucuumwangahavuumwangangeumwanganyoumwangareumwangatoumwangeumwangoumwanikeumwano

umwanyaumwanzuroumwarangaboumwariumwariroumwaroumwarumbaumwasaumwaseumwashiumwataumwatashyariumwatataumwateumwatiroumwatoumwatsamuzoumwaturoumwavuumwayiumwayoumubaumubabaumubabaroumubaboumubabweumubagabagaumubagoumubakireumubandaumubandeumubandikoumubangabangaumubangazoumubanjiumubanoumubareumubariumubaribariumubariroumubatizoumubavuumubayaumubaziumubebaumubebeumuberaumuberanoumuberanyaumubereja

umubeyaumubiumubibiumubikoumubimbaumubimbafuroumubiraumubiriumubirikiraumubisaumubisikanoumubogobogoumubogoraumubogoreumubohanteteumubomboumubombobomboumubomboranoumubonanoumubonanyaumubonjyoumubonoumubonobonoumuboreumuborogoumubuumububaumubugaumubugabugaumubuguumubugubuguumubumbeumubundaumubundankariumubundanziraumubunduroumubungoumubungobungoumuburikaumuburoumuburuumubutiumubutoumubuyabuyoumubuzaumubwabwaumubyazamasekurumeumubyibuhoumubyiganoumubyigo

umubyimbaumubyimbiraumubyimbanjumaumubyimbyiumubyindiumubyirureumubyiziumubyukoumucacaumucafuumucamanoumucandaumucangaumucankindiumucanoumucantungaumucanzogeraumucanwaumucafuumucapfuumucasukaumucayukeumuceumucecureumucemweumucengoumuceriumuceyukeumuceyureumucezoumucigatoumucikanyaroumucikeumucikoumucinyiroumuciroumucishaumucishoumucoumucobogoumucogoroumucokarandeumucokweumucoroumucubaumucucuumucucureumucugusoumucuhoumucuko

umucumoumucumucumuumucunduraumucungweumucuniroumucunoumucunuroumucuraganoumucuriumucuroumucutsaumucuzeumucuziumucuzoumucwiraumucyacyariumucyahoumucyamuumucyoumucyuroumudabagazoumudabagiroumudagaumudagariumudahandaumudahoumudahweraumudakubitwaumudamadamoumudandazaumudandiumudariumudayiumudegeumudeheumudendeumudendezoumuderiumudidiumudibyiumudidoumudigiumudiheumudihoumudimbaumudoboriumudogoriumudohokoumudomoumudori

umudubiumudubagizoumudugaumuduguduumudugumboumuduhaumuduriumudwedweumudwingaumwegaumweguraumweguzoumwekoumwemaumwembeumwenaumwendaumwenderanyoumwenderezoumwengeumwengoumwenjyaumwenyaumwenzeroumwereraumwerereumweroumweruumweryaumwesaumweshiumweteumweyaumweyoumwezaumwezamenyoumwezankonoumwezanyoumweziumwezoumufaumufarizoumufatangweumufasukaumufatoumufefekoumufeneumuferegeumufobeumufokoro

umufuumufuhoumufukaumufukoumufukuroumufumbaumufumbageshiumufumberiumufumbwaumufungureumufunikoumufunzoumufuraumufurweumufutuumugaumugagaumugageumugagoumugahuumugajaumugajagajaumugambaumugambiumugamveumuganahoumuganashyaumuganazikoumugandaumuganeumugangaraumugangoumugangobaumuganguumuganiumuganoumuganuraumuganyaumuganyariumuganyeumuganzaumuganzacyaroumugaragaraumugaragaroumugaraguroumugarikaumugaruumugaruraumugaryoumugasa

umugashiumugataumugatiumugaveumugavuumugayagayoumugayigayiumugayoumugaziumugembeumugemekoumugemeroumugendaumugendajoroumugendeumugenderanoumugendoumugengararoumugengeumugenzoumugeraumugerekaumugerekoumugeriumugeseumugeshiumugetiumugeyoumugeziumugiumugigaumugiganoumugimbeumugimbuumuginaumugingaumugingoumugirigiriumugirimaumugirirwaumugishaumugoumugobeumugoboraumugoboreumugoboroumugodokoumugobweumugogoumugogoro

umugojwaumugojweumugokoumugomaumugomagiroumugomangoumugombaumugombakwimaumugombeumugomberoumugomeraumugonamfiziumugonampiriumugondajosiumugondanoumugondoumugondorajosiumugondoroumugongoumugongogongoumugonoumugorobaumugororaumugororoumugoshoumugoteumugotiumugoyaumugoziumuguumugubariumugubiriumugugararoumuguguumugugunaumugugunambeheumuguguroumuguguzoumuguhaumugumbaumugumoumugumyabangaumugundaumugundanoumugungaumugungumikoumugunguziumugunoumugunzuumuguri

umuguruumugurukaumugurukoumugusaumugushaumugushuumugusiroumugutaumugutuumuguturaumugwacebeumugwaguroumugwamporeumugwantakaraumugwatoumugweumugwegweumugwiumuhaumuhabaraumuhabyantangaumuhafuumuhagaumuhagatangimaumuhagatiroumuhahaumuhamaumuhamanyunguumuhambaroumuhambiroumuhamiraumuhamirizoumuhamuroumuhanaumuhandaumuhandagariumuhandageumuhandagoreumuhandeumuhandegoreumuhangaumuhangahangaumuhangayikoumuhangoumuhannyoumuhanurankubaumuhanurantareumuhanyaumuharaumuharakuku

umuharataumuhareumuhariumuharoumuharuroumuhashyaumuhashyantangaumuhandaumuhateumuhatiumuhatoumuhatuumuhaturaumuhavuumuhayoumuheumuhebehebeumuhebeyaumuhabyantangaumuhehaumuheheroumuhekaumuhekenyaumuhembaumuhembezoumuhenambebaumuheneumuhenengeroumuhengeriumuhenjaumuhenjuumuhenoumuhepfuumuherihereiumuheroumuhetoumuhezayoumuhezeroumuhezoumuhigimeumuhigoumuhihiumuhihibikanoumuhimbaumuhinararoumuhindaganoumuhindaganyoumuhindiroumuhindoumuhindure

umuhingamoumuhingoumuhiniumuhinoumuhinyoroumuhiraumuhireumuhirimbireumuhirimboumuhirimoumuhiritoumuhiroumuhiruumuhishwaumuhisiumuhisoumuhitoumuhitukoumuhivuumuhobaumuhoberanoumuhoberoumuhodokoumuhogoumuhogogoumuhogombeumuhohoumuhorweumuhokoumuhokoroumuhondannyoumuhondoumuhongeumuhongorambugitaumuhongoreumuhongoromeumuhongoroziumuhonjyoumuhonnyoumuhonongeoumuhonongoumuhonyaumuhonyoumuhonyoreumuhopfuumuhoraumuhorerasukaumuhoroumuhoromberoumuhororo

umuhotoraumuhovuumuhoziumuhubaumuhubeumuhuburuumuhugeumuhugumeumuhuguteumuhugweumuhuhaumuhuheumuhuhuumuhurweumuhukuumuhukumeumuhumbaumuhumboumuhumburiumuhumetsoumuhumuraumuhumuzaumuhunaumuhunahunaumuhundaumuhundwaumuhungaumuhungoumuhunguziumuhunyiraumuhunyuumuhuraumuhureumuhuriumuhurikaumuhuriziumuhurizoumuhuroumuhurugutuumuhururaumuhurweumuhutaumuhuzaumuhwekeroumuhwenyegeriumuhwihwisoumwibazeumwibonekezoumwicanzaumwicanzoka

umwicarampunduumwicashyembeumwicungoumwicuraumwidodeumwifuzoumwigaguhumaumwigakwabiraumwigaragambyoumwigaraganzoumwiganoumwihaumwiharikoumwihingeumwijajaroumwijimaumwijuroumwijutoumwikamireumwikaragoumwikebukoumwikembeumwikoumwikombekoumwikokomoroumwikomoumwimambereumwimaringoumwimburoumwimereriumwimocoumwidikoumwingoumwinjiraumwinjiroumwinoumwinongotoreumwinyagamburoumwirareumwirasireumwiratoumwiriumwiringiroumwirondoroumwirongeumwiryaneumwiryoumwishakiumwishanzaumwisheke

umwishoumwishogweumwishoriumwishorweumwishyaumwishyamangazoumwishyikireumwishyogweumwishywaumwisubireumwitangirizwaumwiteumwiteguroumwiteraruhuruumwiteroumwitiroumwitondoroumwitumoumwitwararikoumwitwaroumwiviraumwivireumwivumbagatanyoumwivundeumwiyandoumwiyenzoumwiyerekoumwiyuburureumujabamabyiumujaburaumujabweumujaganyaumujagatoumujagiumujagoumujajaboumujangajaumujanjaumujanjuroumujebejebeumujegeumujegeshiumujegweumujeniumujeraumujererweumujijimaumujindiriumujindiroumujinja

umujishiumujishoumujogaumujogiumujogoteumujononoumujoroumujororoumujugaumujugujuguumujugunyaumujuguriraumujugweumujujuroumujumbajumbaumujundeumujunduumujunjuumujungaumujuriumujururaumujyoumujyojyoumujyojyoroumujyondiumujyuriumukabaumukabakabaumukagariumukagoumukakaumukakoumukamambogoumukamankaumukamatoumukambaumukambiraumukamireumukamishaumukamoumukamukoumukamurankubaumukamveumukanagoumukanapfuumukandaumukandaraumukandarugiumukandoumukane

umukangaraumukangiheneumukanjaumukankaumukanoumukanuzajishoumukanyuumukaraumukaragataumukaragoumukarakaraumukararaumukararambweumukararoumukarishyaumukasiumukateumukatiumukatoumukazaumukebeumukebukoumukebyoumukekaumukekeumukenekanoumukenganyaumukengezaumukenjaumukenkeumukenoumukenyaumukenyeroumukenyureumukepfuumukeraumukerakenjaumukerekoumukerengeumukerenkeumukereranoumukereranyoumukereviumukeriumukerwaumukikaumukikoumukimbaumukimbagiroumukimbo

umukindaumukindoumukingaumukingangaboumukingoumukinoumukinureumukipfuumukiraumukirageumukirankoniumukiranutsiumukireumukirigiumukiriviumukiroumukirukoumukirweumukiryiumukizikiziumukoumukobaumukobeumukobekobeumukoberoumukokeumukokiumukokoumukokozoumukokweumukomaumukomagaboumukomagoreumukomahasiumukomambogoumukomangwaumukombaumukombatiumukombwaumukomezoumukomoumukondoumukondokondoumukongoteumukongozaumukongwaumukonjerwaumukonjiumukonjoroumukonko

umukonoumukonoraumukopfeumukopoumukoreumukoriumukorikoriumukoroumukoroganoumukorogeroumukorokombeumukorokondoumukorokoroumukororombyaumukorozaumukoryoumukoshiumukoyoyoumukuumukubabiberoumukubagwaumukubanoumukubanzokaumukubashengeroumukubayokaumukubengeriumukubitabagenziumukubitoumukuboumukubuumukubuguumukuburoumukubuzoumukubyoumukucuumukucweumukufiumukugeumukugiroumukukoumukukuumukumbagashiumukumbiumukumboumukumbuguruumukumbugushoumukumiroumukumweumukunararoumukundakwaka

umukundambazoumukungaumukungeriumukunguguumukungureumukunguriumukungusebeyaumukungwaumukungweumukunjoumukunuraumukuraumukuragicukuumukurajoroumukurazoumukureumukuriumukuriraumukuroumukuruumukurungiroumukururaumukururagatoyiumukururanoumukushyaumukuteumukuturyiumukuyeumukuyuyuumukuzaumukuzanyanaumukuzoumukuzuryiumukwaumukwabuumukwaruumukwegeumukwegakweganoumukwenoumukwenyaumukweshoumukwikwiumukwiraumumangazoumumanuroumumaraumumbirizaumumbiziumumbundaumumena

umumenamabuyeumumenamatamaumumenoumumereumumereriumumeroumumesureumumeyuumuminiumumiroumumokoumumokoroumumunaumumuriumumurikoumumweumumyetureumumyiumumyotoreumunabaumunagaumunagoumunahiumunamaumunambeumunambweumunanaumunaneumunaniumunangararoumunangoumunaniraumunaniranzovuumunaniroumunankariumunanuumunanukoumunaraumunayoumunaziumunderiumundisandisaumundoriumundoyiumunebweumunefiriyaumunegaumunegeumunegoumuneke

umunekeroumuneneumunezaumunezeroumunginiumungotiumungwariumunigamfubyiumunigankombeumuniganoumunigazuruumunigiumunigoumunigweumuniheumunihiriumuhiroumunihoumunimbaumuninagiroumunindiumuniniumuninoumunjyogoumunkambaumunkanyariumunnyabaumunnyangariumunnyankariumunnyeziumunnyuguumunoumunofiriyaumunofuumunogaumunogeraumunonoumunoriumunotaumunozoumunsiumunukeumunukoumunungaumununiumununoumunutaumunwaumunyaumunyabagera

umunyabushishiumunyabututuumunyafuumunyagafunzoumunyagahiraumunyagahiriumunyagaraumunyagakoriumunyagasoziumunyagishangaumunyagoumunyakabandeumunyakabarukaumunyakagongoumunyakareheumunyakayenziumunyakayumbuumunyamaumunyamabuyeumunyamasakaumunyamfuumunyanaumunyangaumunyangaboumunyankondoumunyanshogeumunyanzingiriraumunyanzogeraumunyarendaumunyarubabiumunyarubandaumunyarubobiumunyarucunguumunyarugaboumunyaruganoumunyarugeraumunyarugondoumunyarukangagaumunyarukanoumunyarusogoumunyarutareumunyaruteteumunyaryeruumunyegeumunyegenyegeumunyegerezoumunyegeroumunyeharaumunyenkunduumunyemera

umunyengaumunyerangoumunyerereumunyereriumunyererweumunyerezaumunyerezankendeumunyerweumunyesatoumunyikaumunyikeumunyinyaumunyinyagoreumunyinyarumeumunyitsiumunyombyaumunyonzaumunyorogotoumunyoronyombyiumunyororoumunyotaumunyotweumunyuumunyunyoumunyuraumunyuragisakaumunyururuumunyuzoumunywamaziumunywambogoumunywandeumunyweraumunzaniumunzengerezwaumunzenzeumunzereriumwoboumwogoumwogomberoumwohoumwokeroumwokoraumwomaumwomoreumwongaumworomoumwotsiumwotsoumwoyoumwozanyo

umupakaumupangaumupfayengoumupfirajuruumupfubweumupfundikoumupfunoumupfunyantokeumupfunyararoumupfunyoumupindoumupiraumupisikopiumupolisiumuporisiumuporoumuporosoumuporotesitaniumuporotesitantiumuporofeseriumuporokireriumuporomiyeserijaumuporomiyeserijamajoroumuporositaniumuporosomaumuporotoumupyemureumupyiriumupyisiumuraumurabaumuraburoumurabyoumuragaumuraganyinaumuraganyoniumuragaraumuragoumurahuumurakaumuramaumurambaumurambararoumurambiumuramboumuramiraumuramukoumurandaumurandagashiumurandaranda

umurandaryiumurandoumuranduumurandurankubaumuranduranzuziumurangaumurangaraumurangaroumurangiumurangiraumuranguumuranziumuraramoumurarangomaumuraranyoniumurareumurariumwariroumuraroumuraruumuraseumurasukoumuratoumuravaumuravumbaumurayiumurazaumurazikoumurazoumurebeumuregeshoumuregoumureheumurekaumurekoumuremampangoumurembeumurembwazinaumuremeraumuremuroumurendaumurendarendaumurengarengaumurengasaziumurengeumurengeraumurengereumurengerengeumurengoumurenzi

umurenzoumureraumurerabanaumurerajuruumurerarereumurereumurerwaumurerweumuretazigaumuretezahoumureteziumuretiumuretoumuribaribaumuribataumuribateumuribatoumuribuumuriburubiumuribwaumurimaumurimboumurimoumurindaumurindangweumurindiumurindoumuringaumringisoumuringotiumurinziumuririmboumuririmoumuriroumurisaumurishaumurishafumberiumurishyiumurishyoumuritaumuritoumurizabashenyiumurizaboroumurizoumurobaumurogoraumurohaumurondaumurondorondoumurongo

umuronkoumuronziumuroranoumuroroumuroromoumuruhoumurukuumurukurukuumurumagaumurumangoumurundaumurundiumurundoumurundugushuumurungaumururanoumururashashiumururumbaumururumoumururuzaumururweumurutaumuruturutuumurwaumurwanoumurwiumuryaumuryabagoreumuryabarendaumuryabaryabaumuryabasazaumuryabashenyiumuryaneumuryangoumuryankaumuryanyoniumuryaryaumuryasengeumuryawabasazaumuryegeumuryeziumuryohaumuryoheraneraumuryongoumuryoriumusaumusabanyamaumusabikeumusabukaumusaduka

umusagambaumusagaraumusagavuumusagoumusagukoumusagweumusakaumusakaroumusakasakaumusakavuumsakiraumusakuumusakuraumusamaumusamamagaraumusamanzukiumusambaumusambiumusamboumusambosamboumusambyaumusanaumusandeumusandiumusanganoumusangasangeumusangeumusangoumusanguumusanzuumusarabaumusarabatemyeumusaraboumusaranganyoumusaraniumusararaumusarasiumusareumusarendaumusaruroumusarweumusasaumusaswaumusatsiumusasakwayaumusasankwareumusaturannyoumusaveumusayaumusayo

umusayukoumusazirwaumuseumusebeumusebeyaumusegaumusegeumusegeteraumusegetiumusegoumusekeumusekenyureumusekeraumusekerasukaumusekurumeumusekuzoumusemburoumusemoumusenaumusengaumusengeroumusengeshiumusengesiumusengoumusenoumusenyiumuseraumuserebanyaumuserebekoumuserebeyaumuseregeumuserekoumuserezaumuseriseriumuserukoumusesampekeumuseseumusesekareumsesekaazoumusesekoumuseseroumusesoumusesureumusezeroumushaumushabaumushabararaumushabiumushabishabiumushagiriro

umushaharaumushahiumushakiumushamagiroumushambagiroumushamiumushamurankokoumushanaumushananaumushandikoumushangaumushangashangaumushangiumushanjaumushanyaumushanyeumusharanyotaumushariumusharikeumusharikoumusharitaumusharwangondoumushashaumushasharaumushashiumushayayoumushayishanyiumushayoumushegeshiumushegweumushekeumushenguroumushenyeumusherekaumusherisheriumusheruumusherweumushesheumusheshiumushetoumushibaumushibuumushibukaumushihaumushihambeheumushikaumshikeumushikiriumushikuzanyoumushimari

umushimbiriumushimuumushingaumushingatiumushingiroumushinjaumushinjoumushinoumushinyaguzoumushinyariumushipiumushirabwikoumushiranyotaumushireumushishaumushisheumushishiumushishimeumushishiroumushitoumushitsiumushobeumushogoroumushogweumushohaumushoheraumushokabagaboumushokabashiumushomaumushomorankoumushongeumushongiumushoreumushoroumushoshoumushoshweumushubiumushubuumushukoumushukuumushumahoumushumiumushumikoumushunguruumushungweumushunziumushushiroumushushweumushwanoumushwari

umushwaroumushwatiumushwedukoumushweroumushwigaumushyaumushyamangoumushyambashyambaumushyararaumushyiguraumushyiguriumushyikaumushyikiranoumushyikirizaumushyikirwaumushyimboumushyimboshyimboumushyingoumushyishyitoumushyitsiumushyoumushyogiumushyondoriumushyongoshyoreumushyoshyoumushyuhiraumushyukweumushyunduumushyungushyureumusiumusibiraumusiboumusibyaumusibyarugendoumusigatiumusigirireumusigitiumusimaumusimariumusimuumusindarupiyaumusineumusingeumusingiumusingizwaumusinziroumusipiumusitaumusitariumusito

umusitweumusiziumusoumusobaneumusogoumusogoboumusogongeroumusogweumusokoumusokoroumusombosomboumusomyoumusongaumusongatiumusonobariumusoreumusoroumusoromoumusororoumusosoumusotoumusoziumusozoumusubikoumusubiraneumusubizoumusugiumusukoumusumaumusumariumusumarupiyaumusumbaumusumbakaziumusumbarukenkeumusumburukoumusumeniumusumiranoumusumoumusunaumusundiumusundukeumusundweumusungaumusununuumusuraumusureumusuriumusurirabakonziumusurubaumusurupiya

umusururuumusurusuruumususaumususiraneumususuumususumangoumususuruumususweumuswaumuswariumusweroumuswiumusyegeumusyiumutabaumutabanaumutabashwaumutagaumutagaraumutagaraumutagashyaumutagatagoumutagatoumutahanoumutaheumutahoumutakaumutakampunguumutakeumutakoumutambaraumutambashaumutambikoumutamboumutambyaumutamirizaoumutamiroumutamuumutanaumutandarapanyaumutangaumutangazoumutangiumutangirizoumutanogaumutanukaumutanyuumutapfunwaumutarabanaumutarabanda

umutaramaumutaratasiumutaratiumutarazaumutareumutariumutarimbaumutarishongaumutaroumutaruumutarweumutasuumutavuumutegabagenziumutegagihumbiumutegeumutegengeriumutegoumuteguroumutejaumutekaumutekampengeriumutekanoumutekeumutekeroumutekoumutembankokoraumutembeumutemberaumutemberoumutembetembeumutemeriumutendeumutengatoumutengetoumutepfuumuteraumuteranoumuteranshucuumutereumuterekeroumuterekoumuteremangoumuteremukoumutereriumutereroumuteroumuteteumuteziumuti

umutibaumutibwaumutifuumutigitoumutikimeumutimaumutimagaboumutimagoreumutimanamaumutimbaumutingitoumutiniumutinikaumutinsyiumutinzaumutiraburaumutiriumutitiumutiyorosaumutobeumutoboumutobororoumutobotoboumutogaumutogonyoumutogotoumutokweumutomaumutondeumutonderanoumutondoraumutonoreumutontomoumutonyiumutonziumutoryiumutotoumutovuumutoyiumutozoumutsamaumutsiumutsibeumutsibiraumutsiboumutsibuumutsimbiumutsimboumutsinaumutsinda

umutsindabaroziumutsindoumutsindukaumutsiriumutsiritsiriumutsitsiumutsomoreumutsuraumutuumutubuumutubyampambaumutugoumutugundaumutugunguruumutukuraumutukuruumutukuzaumutumbaumutumbiumutumbikajuruumutumbureumutumburukoumutunaumutundwaumutundweumutungaumutungoumutunguumutunguruumuturaumuturabugumaumuturamuginaumutureumuturiumuturikaumuturirwaumuturoumuturukaumuturukoumuturumbukoumuturumburoumuturuturuumututuumututumboumutuzoumutwaroumutwatwaumutwazoumutweumutwero

umutwitwiumwibikiraumwufeumwugaumwugariroumwuhiroumwuhoumwukaumwukoumwumanoumwumbaumwumbatiumwumiraumwumvuriumwunaumwunamukoumwuneumwungabereumwungoumwunguumwunuumwunureumunyuumwunzuriumwuraumwiriramashyigaumwurirashyigaumwururuumwuzureumwuzuroumwuzuzaumuvandaumuvaruziumuvinyoumuviviumuvoumuvoboumuvogaumuvogoumuvovoumuvuumuvubaumuvubukaumuvubyiumuvudukoumuvugangomaumuvugoumuvugutoumuvukaumuvuke

umuvukoumuvumavumoumuvumbaumuvumbiumuvumbuumuvumburamfiziumuvumburampongoumuvumburankwavuumuvumbuzoumuvumeumuvumerezaumuvumerezambogoumuvumerezoumuvumfuumuvumoumuvumuumuvumuraumuvumuvumuumuvumvuumuvunanoumuvundeumuvundoumuvungavungoumuvuungovungoumuvunoumuvuraumuvureumuvuroumuvurunganoumuvurungoumuvurungutanoumuvutavutaumuvutoumuvutsaumuvuvuumuvuvuriroumuyabuzaumuyagaumuyageumuyangeumuyangoumuyanzaumuyavuumuyazaumuyebayeboumuyebeumuyengayengoumuyenzanyoumuyenziumuyeye

umuyeyuumuyigiumuyimbaumuyiraumuyobeumuyoboumuyoboraumuyoboroumuyogeraumuyogomaumuyogoroumuyogozoumuyokaumuyokoumuyomberoumuyomboumuyongaumuyonzaumuyoraumuyoveumuyugiriumuyuguumuyuguguyuumuyujaumuyumbuumuyukiumuyuyeumuzabibuumuzabizaumuzagamiraumuzaganuraumuzagayureumuzahazaumuzajoroumuzamureumuzanaumuzeumuzebeumuzengaumuzenganwaumuzengukoumuzengurukoumuzetiumuzetweumuziumuzibaumuzibazibaumuzibiraumuziboumuzibura

umuziburoumuzibweumuzigaumuzigamfiziumuzigangoriumuzigarurimiumuzigoumuziguroumuzihaumuzikaumuzikiumuzimazikoumuzimbweumuzimirazikoumuzimireumuzindaumuzindaroumuzingaumuzingeumuzingoumuzinzigiriumuzinzingiriumuzirabaraumuzirafiumuziraheraumuzirakugwaumuzirambazoumuzirankurweumuziranyenziumuzirarondweumuzirazubaumuziringanoumuziririzoumuziroumuziroziroumuziziumuzoumuzonibariumzonobariumuzonubariumuzukaumuzurungutanoumuzurunguturano4imyamaimyanzoimyatanoimibere

imiberehoimibungoimidugararoimidumbuzoimyendezoimigendoimigenzoimigitiimihanaimihandaimihiniimihogoteroimihoroimyijimaimyinyoimijugujuguimikanuimikiziimikugutuiminsiiminweiminzereriimyomaimipangaimiramaimirambizoimirarukoimirarweimirengeimirizoimirongoimirundiimiryaimisanzuimisazireimishihambeheimishitaimishongiimishonoimishwaroimishwegeroimisigiimisoziimisuhaimisumbiimisusireimitandaimitaraimitegoimitezi

imitomaimitsiimitsindoimitumbaganoimitumbatumboimitutumboimitwaimyunaimyunyuimiyongaimiyoveimizageimizimuingahe5/6Au-CM-Stema. i-ri-stem/a-ma-stemb.i-0-stem/a-ma-stemri>ry before vowela. i-ri-stemirigandairigashiiryengeiryinyoijishoiryoyairigunguirigunguruirigunuirihigiirihimairihimbanoirihindairihunahunairikebanyairikenkeirikombatiirikombeirikungairikuzairikwanairikwezairinanairinanda

irindaziirindoyiiringogoirininiirinjyanjyairinyogoteirinyoniirishamvuirishiraniroirishubiirishyamyiiritimbairivarugandairiyungub. i-0-stemThe majority of nouns in this class lack the class marker.ibabaibabazaibagiroibakweibambaibambasiibambeibambiroibambuzaibandaibandaniroibangaibangaraibangoibanoibanzeibaraibarabaraibarateibarazaibareibaruraibaruraibatiibatirizoibavuibenderaibenderaibereiberegeibereshiibereshi

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izeruiziribainyikirizo9a/10a9a doesn’t have an augment. Sometimes it has the onomastic prefix. 10 takes the morphemeza before the noun, but za is never attached to the noun.abusorosiyoaderesiagisidakabakigikabugombarwabusarwabushungwekabutandarekabutindikabuzirerwagakocorwagararwagashogorokaherarwakabogerirwakayihurarwakayondobwakirwakibokoakorudeworwakizirikorwakungerwakamagatarwamamaraamandekamarungukamatsibagerwambamambaambasadikambereambiransimwambiyaamburiyajebyambwenuamerikaniamibeampururwampakakamugobeko

kamugotekamuhirimakamujwarakamurarikamuzanaavokacyamwihakamwoyobanabazanyakanamakanangazikanantukucyandanikangungucyanjojorwankebyaanketiankirositonerwantambiantenirwanyamiyagarwanyamwiharebanyaruhungurarwanzaraapareyearabikaarefumwaribashungwearikidiyosezirwarikamavubiarimaaritarirwarugerekakarugumaarukorokarutaremwaryirwasereraasensiyocyashabwashiriniasideasikarisiasimaasomusiyocyasumanikatamahambakatangacyayayabadada

ubagabagetibaharakubuyebahatibahemabambaratetekabambarembambarugarabambiranebambubambandamabandebanjibankibankonibantanabantungirubwizabanyangirumukazanabanywanyinshibapfagabarabeshyabarafukabaragarabarahuruyebarakatsimbararakibarikobaruganjemobasabosebaserinyangebasiketibasumbagutirabasyitakambatamabatiribatisimubavugirijebayakibayarubayabayobazotayirebebenibenyeberegamabereyingomabeririruberoruberwa

kaberorubetebetobezebibiriyabibiriyotekimbiruribicinumabicumubiribihindirikuzimubijebikikibirinembirimbiribiringobiririmbirirwabiriwigabombirizibisibitugukwahakibogombogobogokibojwekibokombombogombomborobompurukibonambugabonemabonoruborogakabucibucyandundujebudenyeribudugukibugenzakibugikibugubugubujimabundabunguribyatoruburamunsiburankariburasiyeribureburetiburibyareburikerubirikiseburikoko

kaburitimburugumburungubururuburusuburyumwebusorosiyokabutibutikebutikibwakeyebutebwanabwatumunyicabwazirumakabwebwembwenubwerinumambwirirengarubyagirakabyagirakabyakintarebyanguhavebyumvuhoregacacuzicaguwagacakurarucamutimacandaricangacangacerucinyacongorucumitamugabobucumucumu na nkonimacundamicunda na minagamucunyigicurasicuruhutagacyaricyayayacyendabahuzecyendecyosecyimumugizidadagarudahinduricumumadanganyondanyango

dariyarudasakwadekagaramadekameterodekariitirodemarerikadendedendorudengediregisiyodereridesigaramadesimeterodesiritirodetayimadigibudigikidimundimukarendimutamudinamodiporomediradivadivayidiyabetidiyamadiyosezidodomudomanyidombwerudomomudomyimadondidongoburonirudorikadoridorigishyimbonduhadumbudumbuduruwadushekeborwegoekwatericyerarweraeregitirisiterwererabwerere

wererebwererirwerureetajimwezankonofagitirifamiliyarifantafarandiriyakifarufarumasiferabetoferiferiyerigafififindifindifirigofokofondasiyoforongoforonsifufufugafufutafukadorufukumfundefunefunefundigurukafuwayegamagabarigabaridinengabitsinzebagabobarabonabagabobararyabugabobwikamugabowabugoremugabowamakuzamugabowiibikambangaboyigihangamugabudasumirwamugabuzirugagazamagagimugambirarugandebugangamagangagangabukarimugara

ugararugaragazangaragirangaragirwangaramagaramagaramafonigarantigarasiyerigaridebugarideshenigaridevugariyamoshimagarubigarukagarukundoregarukunsubiregarurinyanagashogasigetirugatamagatabugatagatarinagatigissimugatorikagaterubukirirwamumasorugayarugayantetemagazigazikagembegembekagememagendungengangengabukungumugengeringerekerogereveriyagerezangereremugerwabugeserarugetanamugetirugeyomugeziwanwayifubigezomugezutanyobwamageza

gicamunkonigicenawekagingobugingongingwijanangiranagiripengiriramagiriranegirisingirwangiryigisidagitanigitansigitarigodiremugogokagogomugogozimugogutarengwakigomangomarugomakagomarugomberangombwarugonabugondekigondorugondokagondobugondorugongomugongowatembobugonyamagoremugorewamazimbutorugorigororugorogondogoromisherimugoruhetsemugorunukanabigoyigoyirugozigudirekigufibugufimugufinyirazo

mugugukaguhangundarugundirabugunekagungumaguranemukiragomagurubugurubwindingabugurubwinkwarekagurukamwerugumiramugumizibiguruntegegurupemaguruyinkwaremaguruyurubabarakagutangwamuremagwandingwizaharuhabompagarararuhagogahagoruhahamahahagihakempamampambiruhameruhamyaruhanamamuhananompanduramahangarimpangubuhangwabuhanyaharabikaruharambaruhareharinyanaruharwaruhashyaruhashyandururuhayagihazihe

uhebebahegitarihegitogaramahegitometerohegitoritiroruhehabiheheherumuhekahekaruruhekemuhekenyiruhekurirababyeyigahemuzaruhennyimaheramperagahereribuheriherimuhezagahigagahimagahimakaziruhimbazabasazimpimbomahindabuhindabuhindoruhingamuhingamyiruhingikampingompungwebuhinjagahinyuzampirimihiroruhiryigahitagihogabihogoruhogompogonyoruhokobuhomagihomeruhomobahomoragahongobuhoro

gihororohositiyahoterigahumahubusompugaruhugampugumpugunyuruhugurampuhamuhuhereziruhuhezimuhuhirizigihuhumamahumampumbyaruhunahunagahundamahundazampundugahurumpurumuhushyigihutahutihutimpuzamahangagahuzuruhwarwagihandabahuzamahwanempwenyarwibakeborwicabiticyigambabanyorobwigemerwiharirarwihishwamwikorezicyimezamwimbyiindepandaindepandansiiniverisiterwinumarwipakururacyinyorwirahirabwite

iyakarerwiziringamujagamojakarandajambojandarumerikajangwekajanjarujaragatajemusijidojigitarujijiburajinjajinikijinjarujinjarujinyiburamujinyajokajishorujogarujogonjojotijokerimujonjorujorakujorimujubakajugujugukijugunyajugunywakajugunywakajujukajumbakajurajurukajwigamujyokabakigikabatongoyekaburitikabushesherukabukirarukacararakadirikadokajemunkangarakamaramahanokamaramasenge

ukamatakambambiribukambakambererukamburakamenamasekekampunikamukotikanakarukandagikandagirakandorekanokanserikantakantinekantokantonigikarakapakapitarikarabasasukaraboshyakarabutsirwerukaragamigerarukarakarakaramekarandiriyerukararukabukarasakaremakarekarendarikaribobokariharyakarihejurukarijanakarikopokarimisotokarisakarisiyumukarisorikaritasikariyerikarokarokarosorimakarurukarurukakasakakasike

kasiketikatangakatedararikateyekawasakimakayaborukayamiginakazingashyankenemarengerirukenemurakenkinamikenokentarirukenyamibyizikepikeremunkerianketeanketinketikibekiberinkakibonumwekikibukikirirukimiranakimputurukindumakingankingokinnyamagarakiragutsekiragweragwerakiramwaramwarakiraninakiribitikirimabokokirimadamukirimwabokirinosorikirinozorikiripakirisimakiriyangerezikirizekiriziyakirokirogaramakirometero

kirometerokarekirorinikiroritirokirorogakizankobarukobarukobarwamazinkandanimyambazonkoberukoberarukoborakoboyibukobwabukemukobwamakobwamukobwantumvemobukobwekogotagikokokokobekokorishebakokwekomamakomagakomarukomatanyokomfitirekominekomisariyakomisiyokomitebikomokompakomunikasiyogakondomukondomikondokongoreshigikongoronkongwabukonjinkonjogakonkogakonkwakonsekarasiyokonsirikontabiritekontakikontwarikonyake

kopakoperativekoranikorekorejikorejyakoremanimakorewarukorogakorokorokoromekoronerukonozamakotakotonkotwankozirukubabukubarukubamihetomakubirarukubiranamakubirimukubitarukokomikukumukukugikukururukumbimakumyabirirukungagizamakungurukungugugakungugurukunkumurabishingwekupakupamukurakurakuriyemukurumukurumubiburugerinkurunzizarukururarukururanamukuruwamemerukuruzimukushigakushwakuyerabikuyo

makuzungukwadaragezimamakwakwamukwararayenkwashigakwegebukwenabwishywagikwigakwikwinkwagezimagikwirarukwirumwemukwizamadiriyemagisimakakumakarasimakaronimakayabomakuburimakuratamamborewomanarumanamanayezemandamandarinimanemanemangamangumangumanigansimanimanimaniverirumanurarumanurimbabamanuverimanyimaparamanerumaramarakucamarakujamarakujyakamarampakakamarampambakamarankonimarariyakamaratetemarayikakimarimarisi

maritinimariyajemariyajimasitikemasoterakimatuzimaterinitemayimayidenimayomazutumbagarumbisembambiranembangukirambasaderimbesaboambiransimbiransimbisabahitambonabyombimburumbonyerumehakamenarumenabibwamenajerikamenamasazikamenamutwekameremerisedesimeriserezamamesamesankogoshemeterometerobudahinemeterobuhinemeterobushumimeterokaremeterokibekamezamiryangomezirimfashanyaremfumbatamfumebupfamiamibemibemikoromikorobemikorosikopirumina

minimineminisiterikaminuzakamirabagabokamirantetekamiranzovumirigaramamiriritiromiriyameteromiriyarimiriyonimisamiserimisiyonimitingimizemokasemokomokokamonyokimonokamorimoropiyamoshimosomoterimucagashinomudendeburemugezikamberemugirimbwamuhatigicumuromuhemuheneremuhentagipfuyemuhimpundumuhuhebemuhurwemuhutacemuhutemujyuwanemukasemundoreremunnyegemuntahirizemunyangiremurahakagurumusagimbehemuserebezemushawiyamemushingirire

mutaranukamutemutuntoremuvomamuzikamviyomvokamwambakamwangakamyokamyokamyokararunabaminagaminagwerunakanamuhayenanarunanganangagasagenangamandumbunangamadeninangayivuzarunangunanguruvugomunanguzinasasiyikawandakwizeyendamirabanandamirumusazandayumugabondekurandigabondimugashangandingumbagendiriyinkandomborobundoyindyamenebundoyinegatifurunengerunetengarukirangayimbwigarukangirengoturwanebunguringurime

manigansiminigonikerikanikinikizenikodemukaningonironisaniniverisitenketinkizurubangonkubonyenkubabayenkurikirankurimwongankuyinungakinnyangarikinnyocyinguzukinnyocyinkonanoherinonkorunonkonoronorumarinotisinovemburinshwanyabagenzinshimanshimawinshinganijosinshogeyemunsinsigabinnyansigansabitsensizerubayensubizahumvanyensuzumiransuzumirurushakontagokantamakirirontambakungerintambamungerintamushoborantankingintawuntegekantawutumundintiburumbantirikindurantumarimyambintumpatsentunkandagire

ntunshingehontunyanjwehontunsigenshutikinubikinukabunurenusukotenusurupiyarunwakanwakabiminwibirirunyanyababyeyinyabagendwanyabahindanyabigoronyabinginyabinyatsinyabitabonyabokeranyaboshwanyabubarenyabugengenyabuhoronyabukondogoronyabukwenenenyabunashyonyabuninganyabunyinyanyaburegenyaburezinyabuturinyabuyogeranyabwenanyabwijutekanyabwoyanyacyerunyagacanyagafurunguzinyagahandanyagahenderinyagahininyagapfurunguziinyagapfurumbuzinyagashekenekonyagashekenyukanyagashekenyuranyagashekenyuzinyagashubinyagatege

nyagitanzinyakagandanyakajerinyakamashinyakanganyakanyoronyakatsinyakayanzanyakayegonyakayoganyakazurunyakibazinyakibinyakibokonyakijoronyakimenyakotsinyakoyanyakubahwanyakujyanyakurekwanyakurikinyamanyamabaranyamabondonyamabumbanyamagomanyamanyengakanyamanzanyamatanganyambatanyamibandenyamiconyaminaganyamiringanyamiryangonyampundunyamubaronyamuguturanyamuhaburanyamuhibonanyamukanurakinyamukokwenyamukonoranyamukukanyamunininyamunsinyamuragiranyamuragirakunanganyamuraza

nyamurigitanyamuririmanyamurondoranyamurumbikanyamuteranyamuturukanyamwandaranyamwangagusekwanyamwangazigendanyamwerunyamweyonyamwihinanyamwinshinyamwishyukanyamyijimanyamyumbakanyanganyangenyangiranyankobwanyankwararanyanshacanyanshinonyantebonyantinyantukunyarisonganyarubabinyarubambanyarubombwenyarugabonyarugambanyaruhangarinyaruhindanyarumbwenyarusharanyarutandaranyarwegenyarwandanyatsinyawantananyawihinanyawijutanyawisunganyanyawisumanyawiyahuranyejurumanyengamanyenyanyenyeri

nyerekanyerekeranyesinyirabadadanyirabahanyanyirabahayanyirabahogomanyirabarajonjonyirabaratihembenyirabarazananyirabarazoyonyirabatabivomonyirabayazananyirabayenganyirabayogeranyirabubyinonyirabudomangirenyirabudorinyirabuhurinyirabuhuruturwanyirabuhwigirinyirabukaranyirabunurenyirabunyagwanyirabusandinyirabusihanyirabutegenyirabutinyirabutumbwenyirabututunyirabutuyunyirabuyoganyirabuyuginyirafurwenyiragacunshunyiragahombonyiragahondonyiragahunganyiragahururanyiragakuryinyiragasambunyiragasekenyiragashabararanyiragashihanyiragashuhezinyiragasogerezanyiragasubirizanyiragasuranyiragatenderinyiragikori

nyiragitandanyiragitenderinyirahukunyirakabisinyirakadorinyirakagandanyirakajenyirakajaramanyirakajenjegerinyirakajererinyirakanyamunyonyirakanyoronyirakayangenyirakayobenyirakayogeranyirakayuzinyirakinimbanyirakiragweragweranyirakunyunyiramabuyenyiramacumunyiramagandunyiramageninyiramahangarenyiramahenekanyiramahorenyiramakwenenyiramakwengerinyiramakwikwinyiramameranyiramaningirinyiramasakanyiramasibiranyirambonabihitanyiramigandanyiramirindinyiramivumbinyiramubandenyiramubyeyinyiramudihinyiramudorinyiramugenderinyiramugerinyiramugeyonyiramugezinyiramuugufinyiramuharinyiramuhimanyiramuhondonyiramuhurura

nyiramukonyiramukobwanyiramukururanyiramunukanyiramunukanabinyiramunukenyiramurironyiramurobanyiramurobyinyiramurondonyiramusambinyiramutebenyiramuyangenyirandendenyirandimanyirandushenyirangaramanyirankabarinyirankoborenyirankononyirankubanyirantanegurwanyirantonyorenyiranyamwumbenyiranyoninyiranzoganyiranzovunyirarubabanyirarucuriranyirarudabarinyirarugabonyirarugomonyiraruhwibanyirarukoreranyirarumogonyirarumondonyirarunonkonyirarureshwanyirarwurinyirasacyambanyirasakwesakwenyirasogerezanyirasojyanyirayeyenyirishyambanyirizinanyonintirimenyemunyoniwanjwirikanyonyombakanyoro

kinyoterikanyugunyugubinyukanyumanyumvanzabibirananzarimirananzirenzirikanaodiforomarwogarwogabicuofisiogusitoogutobureogutoburicyokoracyokungundarwomabwomberwomberabwomborwomubuhinjarwonarwonandarocyonzaoranjenyorocyoromworocyoroshyaotobisimwotsicyoyakoyakoyakamugabocyozipandarivemipangakapangapanikuratapanopansiyopantufureparaparadizoparafomaparamaneparasitikiapareye

pareyeparikajiparikiparimehutuparitiparuwasipaseripashenipasikapasiporopasiyopavomapavumapenaritepenaritipenitensiyapenisirinepentekositipepinyeripipinyerimperaperefasipurefasiperefegiturapurefegituraperezaperezidansiperimiperisiripeteroripeyizanamfanemfumbatwagipfumfurimupfumuraguramupfunamukomeremfunsimupfuwishyambagapicapinebaropinyapinyepinyopipinyeripireteripirimusipirizopiyanopoperinaporicipolitike

politikiporitikeporitikiporogaramuporombiporopogandeporotebagajeporotobagajeporutobagajeporutebagajeporutuwagajepotopotopotopoyopungutatapurapurafopurasitikipurimipurugatoripurugeripurusarakarabukiranwaraderiradiyomaragarandagarakaragoramazanimurambararokirandamarandakarandakarandiriyerandorovekirangamirwaraporokararambamurarambugararerurasanirumugaboratomuratwamirayikarayirayirayirurazirereferendumu

efukiregaruregaregezaregirimaregiteriburekaburekweruremankwaciruremankwashikenekirengemurengumurenguzirepuburikakareremarereresansemaresepasereshoresitoraretareterirevorisiyorezeruvarakaribataridorigirimarimarurimbikarimbokirimbuzikarimikamwebirindikaringaburingaruringaruringanizamuringawanziraripasuriporurirakariranwamurirorisansirisanikarisirisituruneritiroriturujiya

urokiriziyakarizomurobafimurobozimurobyikirogoyarohorojisitererejisitirikarohwarojyorojyokirokimweromorukekarondarurongoramironkoronironokiroriburororosorirosorondoterakarotirobinerozarikarubarubagimpanderubasitinirubirabuhiyerubitsemundarudakangwimishananarugayanteterugayibimbarugendamunkarugiramazarugondiheneruhaburindayaruhigamajeriruhimimburubururuhitamokiruhurakiruhurirangumbarujukundirukororukubinamarukungishwamabuyerumanurimbabarumarinkwi

umaripfamarumbarumbarumbiyarumoniyarumurikirabaswitsirunarikirundoburundukarunduraburungakarungumarungumurungurungurunnyamazikarurakarurumarusansemarusherusiferorutarabahanzirutemikirereruterinonirutigitarutorishakarutsiburinzererezirutumarutumumuburuvakwayaruvugamadagoruvugamadandiruvuginunuruvukuringimbiruvunabatakaruwaruwapiriruwataturuwayineruzerefurwagetanarwahitarwajyarwazarwesingimbirwicamakomberwigerurumpemurwimubirwomubuhinjarwoshyibimugamurwumwe

karyabagomemuryamokiryanamaryaneryarengakaryarugokaryetakamuryoryohasabusagasabogisabosabududusabukenesabukurusabyombisacyambasafarisafigasagegasahomasakagisakasakabakasakarandarusakesakindisakiriregosakirisitiyasakondwesakwesakwesambwesamihingosamisegosamuhurisamusuresamutuntusanangogasandagasangamusanganyasangararusangerusansomasansiyarisantigaramasantimeterosantiritirosantiyari

sapfunwasapuresigasarabasaradesaradibusapfumasaresarinyasarobusarosarongosaroreyasarudomasaruharasaruhembesarukongosarupandesarwungeribusatasatanibusatagasatebusatosasabugarigisayuramisazimusazigonamusazugonamasesebinaganasebujishoseburikokosebutegesebutemburisebutimbirisebutuwajezimasecokosedondirusebwegasegeretisegiterisegizagezimamasekasekabazanesekadegerisekadorisekagandasekaterigasekeruseke

sekenisekereterisekibisekigaturasekimondosekoragasekurusemutenengerigisemyisentigaramasentiritirosenyamigandasenyamwitasenyengesebutuwajezimarusenzisenyawitabiseraserabetoserajweserayiserejwaserengerirusereraseretifikaserikariseritifikaserudonyoriserumondoserurunyareserusineserutorogoserwakiragisesekabisesemerusetabibwaseterongeriterengeritereviziyoterigariterinkokoteritwaributimbomutimbuzitimorotimumutindotingatingatinyabakwebitokibyamadamu

utomatikitomborarutomeranziragitonyirutumatumbanyakimetumbakanamabushabishashakarandagashambarashamburayerishamburiyerimishamayigwashampiyonashampumabishandibishandimushandimushandigashangarabishangibushangirushangugasharasharamariyabusharisharitisharukorosharupandebushatigishegeshashengerushenguragashenyirushenzisheshiyashigishagishigishamushikagemushikakemushikirwanshingashingeshingurashinyayabanyiginyagishinyikashinyorishirikoroshishishishikarashitani

shitishiyotegashogashogororushogorokashoshojagashokibushokoroshondishondirushorerashorinyanyagashororomashubamashurwagishuheshumbishumbubashungamashuwagashwambaragashwangaragashwangugashwanyugashwibushyabishyagashyantareshyarigishyigagashyigagashyimborushyogozamushyotorishyugurigashyuhasigasibankorasidasidegisigasigigisikarisisikisimabusikasimbaburangamasimbirusimbizwabusimbosimbo

simusigasindanobusindikirirusinesingarukasinkangwagasambusinsengerasinsubiramosintashyesinzanosinzigihisemusinzirambugurusinzirizasipasiparadarasipunisirotegisitasitadisitajisitoromasosodasogasojyarusokabusokozigasopogisoresorosorofejisoryososiyarimasoteragasovusoyamasoyinyenzigisubisubiruguzesufimusuhurisujipegasukubusukumusukumosumakumusumbazosesumusunabusunzu

superefegituragasuramatongogasurerusurimasurirusururugasutamobusuzisuwaruswagaswaringagaswendesweyabuswigasyetitatabaruhennyetaberinakurorutaburabitangagitagatatakatakarutakegitamatambagitamisimutamugatamuragitanagatanamatandimutangagitangarutangarutangirarutangirabagenzigatanirutankandatantaritigatanyamutaramantaramakururutarararutarentaregitarimatarisimatarishitaromutatashyambatatutatu

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ubugeriubugiubugigiubugingoubugiraubugirigiriubugobogoboubugomboroubugondoubugoneshaubugonyiubugoraubugoroubugororangingoubugororantokiubuguguubugumbaubugungumirizaubugungumizaubugunzeubugunzoubuguriguriubugurutsaubugushaubugutuubuguziubugwahabiubugwanabiubugwateubugweubuhagazeubuhaharaubuhahishoubuhakeubuhamaubuhambeubuhamyaubuhandaubuhangaubuhanzaubuharihariubuharuramwukoubuhendabanaubuheneubuhetureubuhezezaubuhihiubuhihoubuhindigiriubuhinge

ubuhiriubuhomeubuhozozoubuhuhaubuhuheranoubuhungeubuhungiroubuhunguubuhunyuhunyuubuhurutureubuhwaubuhwemaubuhwiubuhwihwiubwiboneubwicarizeubwigaubwiganoubwigengeubwigobekoubwihanganeubwihishoubwihugikoubwijagashaubwikingiraneubwikingoubwikuzoubwimbaubwimikaubwinshiubwiraubwirabureubwirakabiriubwirarireubwireubwiruubwisanzureubwishajishoubwishimeubwitabireubwiteubwiyabireubujanaubujarijariubujejeubujijiubujoganoubujumbaubujumboubujurire

ubujyahabiubujyakeraubujyeriubujyeweubujyuriubukagaubukambaubukambaraubukanaubukandaubukankabukaubukarateubukayideubukeubukebaubukeboubutemberaubukemureubukeneubukengeriubukenureubukenyaubukiubukiraubukireubukirigitwaubukoubukoboramabyaubukocoubukomaubukombeubukondogoroubukonjokeubukonjorokeubukorezahoubukorikoriubukotsiubukozoubukubamunwaubukubitagihuruubukuboubukukuubukumagaraubukumburiubukumoubukunaubukundirizaubukunguubukurireubukurugutwa

ubukururamwekoubukutaubukuzagaraubukweubumanikoubumanziubumaraubumeneubumenyiubumuntuubumweubunanaubunaniubunarinariubungaubunigaubunihuraubunjagariubunnyanahejuruubunombeubununguriubunyagaubunyakantuubunyamwigirizaubunyanaubunyatsiubunyinyaubunyoniubunyukweubunyundoubunyunyuzwaubunyurweubwobaubwogoubwokameubwokoubwokoreubwomeubwoneubwonkoubworoubwoteroubwoyaubwoyoubupadiriubupfubyoubupfunduramwekoubupfuyamasouburauburagaza

uburaguziuburambukirweuburamuuburarangaziuburariuburarireuburasirazubauburazeuburebureubureheuburemereuburenganzirauburengeuburengerouburereuburetiuburetwauburetwankariubureziuburibauburibweuburigatampezouburimauburimiuburimirouburindoubuririuburirimauburishouburizauburouburogweuburondweuburongouburosouburoteuburoziuburuheuburumauburumbeuburumbukeuburunduuburungauburungurukiroubururuuburwiuburyababiuburyamiraneuburyaryauburyaryate

uburyouburyoheuburyoherauburyoheramfiziubusaubusabusaubusagaraubusageubusamaubusameubusangweubusanzweubusarureubusasaubusateubusaserudotiubusaziubuseubusembereubusembwaubusengengeubusenyeubuseturaubushagariraubushahiubuashakeubushandaubusharaubushararaubusharireubusharweubushazaubusheraubusheriubushingamugandaubushinganeubushingatiubushingoubushirukanyeubushishiubushitaubushokeubushorishoriubushotogoroubushunguruubusigoubusizeubusogosogoubusurirabagenziubususuruke

ubuswegegeriubusyataubusyunyuroubushwegegeriubushwiubushwimaubushyaubushyakabiriubushyenziubushyinguroubushyirahamweubushyoubushyuheubusinzirizeubusitaniubusitareubusoubusobusoubusumbaneubusunyoubutaubutabereubutagezwaubutaheubutakaubutameubutandaubutandareubutangwaubutannyantibunyareubutanshiraubutareubutaretsaubutatuubutayuubuteubutebeubutegetsiubuteziubutikorwaubutindiubutiriganyaubutitaubutitsaubutongeranoubutoreubutoritonziubutorotonziubutsembeubutsitare

ubutsunaubutsuneubutumbaubutumbeubutumbiubutumbuubutumbutumbuubutumwaubutunaubutunamabyaubutundaubutureubuturoubuturuubututubaubutwaubutwariubutwikoubwubaheubwubakeubwubatsiubwugamoubwuguguubwumaubwumakanwaubwumvikaneubwungoubwunyuguzwaubwururukanzuubwuzuubwuzukuruubuvazubaubuvivaguzwaubuviviubuvivureubuvumoubuvunderiubuyangeubuyanjaUbuyapaniubuyayuubuyongaubuyoreubuyororaubuyunzaubuyuyuubuyuzaubuzareubuzigaubuzige

ubuzikiraubuzimaubuzinduubuziraherezoubuzireubuzukiraubuzutuu Buberukau Bubiliigu Budageu Bufaransau Bufunduu Bugandeu Buganzau Bugeserau Bugoyiu Buhindeu Buholandiu Bumbogou Bunyamiririu Burundiu Burusiu Busanzau Busasamanau Bushinwau Bushiruu Butaliyaniu Bwanacyambweu Bwanamukariu Bwongereza15/6Au-CM-stemu-ku-stem/a-ma-stemku>kw before the vowels i, e and aku>k before the vowels o and uku>gu before stems starting with a voiceless consonantukubokoukubozaukuriugutwiugushyingirwaugushyingoukwahaukwakiraukweziukwiramiraugusigwa

ukuzimu16 : -ha-Au-CM-Stema-ha-stemahantuahaniniClass 19ikagairwahandaikambereikamuganiimbaraikadibweibugezwamasoibugibwaikantarangeihambavuimuhandambugairuhandeiwanjyeiwaweiweiwacuiwanyuiwaboijabiroirukiraibumaniinaganabirengeibuntuibunyamainyanakainyokoromeirembeiremuirengerazubaimuroriisamoyaisambiriisatatuisayineisatanuisasitaisasabaisamunani

isacyendaisakumiisakumi n’imweisakumi n’ebyiriibusakazatakaisumbaimuhiraimuhanaimbereinyumairuhandeibumosoiburyoiburagurabanaiburyasaziikantarangeimutweiburengerazubaiburasirazubaikuzimuibutumvingomaishyangaiswaivureibuyunguiyobigwaiziAll classesumugurwambyeyiumugwanzovuumuhahanoumuhanyaumuhebwaumuhozanyoniumwinginganoumumirabakecuruumunaguraumurambaumurameumuraraneumusabanoumutekeranoumutindiumutindagasaniumutirano

umuvaburayiumuvamahangaumuvangeziumuvavugandaumuvunamuhetoumuvundeumuzananoumuzunguKinyarwanda verbs.This lists presents almost all Kinyarwanda infinitive verbs. The language has more than20,000, however. The reason the number has been reduced for the spell checker is due tohomonymy and homography. There are many words in the language which accidently lookthe same without being semantically related such as [gusoma] ‘to read’ and [gusoma] ‘to kiss’or ‘to have a sip’. There are tousands of words which in the official orthography look thesame but which are phonetically different because of tone or vowel length which are notallowed such as kubara which is phonetically realized as [kubara] ‘to count’ without a toneand [kubára] when it means ‘to tell’. The verb kubaga refers to either [kubága] ‘to be light’or [kubáaga] ‘to butcher’.The infinitive verb consists of the prefix ku-, the stem and the final vowel –a.The infinitive marker is the morpheme ku- which changes to gu- before verb stems whichstart with a voiceless consonant (Dahl’s Law), k- before verb stems which start which theback vowels o and u, kw- before verb stems which start with the vowels i, u and a and kubeforeverb stems which start with voiced consonants.gu-stem-agucagucabagurizagucabanyagucabararagucabarikagucabikagucabiranyagucabukagucacagucacaburizagucacacacagucacanagucacuragucafuragucagaguragucagagurikagucagaguzagucagasagucagatagucaguragucagurikana

kucagurikanyagucakaragucakiragucakiranagucakuragucamakazagucamakazwagucamarirwagucamatagucambagucambacambagucambambagucambirwagucamburagucambwagucamukagucamuragucamutsagucanagucandagucangagucangamukagucanganyagucaniragucaniriragucanjagucanshagucanshabiranyagucanshaburagucanshaburizagucanshamagucanuragucanuzagucanyagucapagucapanyagucapfuragucapiragucapuragucaracaragucarikagucarukagucayukagucayuragucebagucebukagucecebaguceceberezagucecekaguceka

gucekaguragucekangagucekangizagucekwagucemererwagucemerezagucemerwagucemezagucenagucendekagucengagucengacengagucengeragucengezagucenshagucensheberezagucenshebukagucensheburagucensheburizagucenshuragucerembagucerembanyagucerembatanyagucerenganyagucerengatanyagucererezagucererwagucerezaguceyukaguceyuragucezagucibwagucicagiraguciciburizagucicikanagucigatiragucikagucikagurikagucikanagucikanwagucikanyagucikanyaragucikaragucikiragucikiranyagucikirizagucikukagucikuragucimbagucimbagura

gucimbukagucimburagucinyagucinyangaguciraguciraguraguciranyaguciriraguciririkaguciririkanyagucishagucishirizagucishishagucobekagucobokagucoboragucocagucocaguragucoceragucocezagucocobagucogagucogogagucogoragucogozagucoheragucokagucokeragucokozagucokomberagucokombokagucokomboragucokonyokagucokonyoragucokoragucokoranyagucokorokagucokororagucokozagucomagucomekagucomokagucomoragucongagucongeraguconshomaguconshomeraguconshoraguconshozagucora

gucorekagucubagucubacubagucubagizagucubanganagucubatagucubiragucubizagucubukagucuburagucubyagucucagiragucucamagucucikagucucikanyagucucubikanagucucumagucucumukagucucumuragucucunyuragucucuragucucurukagucudikagucudukuragucugagucugikagucugitagucuguragucugusagucuhuragucukagucukikagucukiranagucukirizagucukukagucukumbukagucukunyukagucukunyuragucukuragucukurikagucukurukagucukurutsagucukuruzagucumagucumacumagucumaguragucumanganyagucumangatanagucumazagucumba

gucumbacumbagucumbagiragucumbekagucumbikagucumbikiragucumbukuragucumikagucumitagucumukuragucumukuruzagucumukuzagucunagucunaguzagucundagucundabanyagucundagatanyakucundanyagucundugutagucunduragucunereragucungagucungamiragucungarwagucunguragucunshumukagucunshumuragucunukuurzagucunuzagucupiragucuragucuracuragucuragiragucuraguragucuragurikagucuramagucuramukagucuramuragucuranagucuraganagucurangagucurangatanagucurangukagucuranguragucuranukagucuranuragucuranwagucuranyagucureragucurikagucurikira

gucurikiranagucurikirizagucuriragucuriranagucuriranyagucurucumbagucurungutanyagucururukagucuruzagucutiranyagucutsagucuyagucuyukagucuzagucwabaguragucwacwanyagucwekeragucwendekagucwezagucwiragucwiruragucyagucyahagucyamagucyamukagucyamuragucyanagucyocyoragucyuragucyuraguragucyuriragucyuzagufafanuragufafarikagufagiragufanguragufaringagufashagufashanyagufatagufatafatagufatanagufatanuragufatanyagufatikagufatikanyagufatiragufatiranagufatirizagufatisha

gufaturagufatwagufefekagufenagufenekagufenuragufifikagufigizagufindagufindafindagufindikanyagufindikiranyagufinduragufininagufininikagufinyangagufirafiragufirifiragufirigitagufiriragufiritagufitagiragufitiragufobaganagufodokagufofiragufokagufokoragufomoragufomozaguforaguforodaguforogaguforogotaguforomozaguforokagufororagufotagufotagufotoragufoyagurikagufubagufubaganyagufubanganyagufubarikagufubikagufubiragufubukagufubukuragufudika

gufufumagufufumangagufufuragufufuragufufutagufufuzagufugutwagufuhagufukagufukukagufukuragufukuzagufumagufumbagufumberezagufumbiragufumbyagufumyamogufunagufungagufunganagufunganyagufungiragufungiranagufungizagufungukagufunguragufunguriragufunguzagufunikagufunyangagufurafuragufuragiragufuragurikagufurahagufurebagufurekagufureragufurikagufuriragufuririzagufirizagufurufumbagufurugutagufurukagufurumbagufurungiragufururagufushyagufutama

gufuteragufutsagufutukagufutukuragufuturaguhaguhabaguhababaguhabanaguhabaraguhabukaguhaburaguhabwaguhabyaguhacaguhadikaguhadukaguhagaguhagagaguhagagahaguhagamaguhagamwaguhaganaguhaganyaguhaganyikaguhaganyuraguhagaraguhagararaguhagarariraguhagarikaguhagarikiraguhagataguhagatiraguhagazaguhagikaguhagishaguhagukaguhagurukaguhagurutsaguhahaguhahagurikaguhahamukaguhahamuraguhahanaguhaharaguhaharikaguhahataguhahayikaguhahiriza

guhahukaguhahutsaguhahuzaguhakaguhakanaguhakaniraguhakanyaguhakiraguhakirizwaguhakuraguhakwaguhamaguhamagaraguhamagazaguhamagiraguhamahamaguhamangiraguhamanyaguhambaguhambaraguhambiraguhambiranaguhambizaguhambukaguhamburaguhambyaguhamirizaguhamukaguhamuraguhamvuraguhamyaguhanaguhanaguraguhanamaguhanamiraguhanantukaguhananturaguhandaguhandiraguhanduraguhangaguhangamaguhangamukaguhangamuraguhanganaguhangangaguhangaraguhangararaguhangarizaguhangayika

guhangazaguhangikaguhangikanaguhangiraguhangishaguhangukaguhangukwaguhanguraguhanikaguhanikiraguhanishaguhanjagaraguhanjuraguhanukaguhanuraguhanyaguhanyaguraguhanyagurikaguhanyahanyaguhanyanyazaguhanyukaguhanyuraguharaguharabanaguharabikaguharadukaguharagaguharagataguharagiraguharagizaguharambaguharambanaguharanaguharangaguharanguraguhararaguhararukaguhararukwaguharataguharaturaguharikaguharikanyaguhariraguharirikanyaguharukaguharukaguharurukaguharurukwaguharuzaguhasha

guhashaguraguhashanaguhashuraguhashyaguhataguhatahataguhatanaguhatangiraguhatanuraguhatirizaguhatururaguhavuraguhayaguhayahayaguhayuraguhazaguhaziraguhazwaguhebaguhebebaguhebuzaguhebyaguhecaguhehaguhehamaguhehemaguhehemukaguhehemurraguheheraguheherezaguhehetaguhehezaguhehukaguhekaguhekanaguhekenyaguhekeranaguhekuraguhemaguhembaguhemberaguhembezaguhembukaguhemburaguhemekaguhememaguhemukaguhemuraguhenaguhenagurika

guhenahenwaguhenamaguhenanguraguhenantukaguhenanturaguhendaguhendahendaguhendekaguhendekerezaguhenderaguheneberaguhenekaguhenengeraguhenenguraguhenentukaguhenenturaguheneranaguhenerezaguheneshaguhengaguhengamaguhengekaguhengekeraguhengeraguhengeranyaguhengerezaguhengezaguhenguraguhenjaguhenjaguraguhenjagurikaguhenjukaguhenjuraguhenukaguhenuraguhenururaguhenyaguheraguherahezaguheranaguherangaguheranwaguheranyaguhereburaguheredukaguheregetaguherekaguheregetaguherekeranyaguherekeza

guherengaguhereraguhererekanaguhererekanyaguhererezaguhereturaguherezaguherukaguherukanaguheruraguherwaguheshaguheshanaguheshyuraguhetaguhetahetaguhetamaguhetsaguheturaguheyaheyaguhezaguhezeraguhezezaguhezuraguhigaguhigamaguhiganwaguhigigaguhigikaguhigimaguhigimangaguhigimbaguhigiraguhigitaguhigizaguhiguraguhiguraguhihaguhihibikanaguhihibikanyaguhihimaguhihimiragihihiraguhihiranyaguhihizaguhihururaguhimaguhimahimaguhimakazaguhimba

guhimbagiraguhimbaraguhimbarwaguhimbazaguhimbikaguhimuraguhinaguhinagaguhinagaraguhinahinaguhinamaguhinamiranaguhinanaguhinanturaguhinararaguhindaguhindaganaguhindaganwaguhindagaraguhindaguraguhindamukaguhindamuraguhindanaguhindigiraguhindikaguhindiraguhindukaguhindukiraguhinduraguhinduranaguhinduranyaguhindurizaguhindurwaguhingaguhingamaguhinganaguhinganyaguhingararaguhingarikaguhingikanaguhingikiranaguhingiranaguhingirizaguhingukaguhinguraguhingutsaguhinikaguhinintiraguhininturaguhinira

guhinirizaguhinjuraguhinukaguhinuraguhinyagaraguhinyagiraguhinyangaguhinyararaguhinyoraguhinyukaguhinyuraguhinyururaguhinyuzaguhinzakaraguhiraguhiraguraguhirahiraguhiramaguhiranaguhiriburanaguhirigitaguhirikaguhirikiraguhirimaguhirimbaguhirimbanaguhirimbiraguhirimbukaguhirimburaguhiringitaguhiringuturanaguhiriraguhiritaguhirwaguhishaguhishahishguhishiraguhishuraguhitaguhitahitaguhitanaguhitanishaguhitanyaguhitiraguhitirizaguhitishaguhitizaguhituraguhitwaguhivura

guhiyaguhiyahiyaguhizanaguhizukaguhizuraguhobagiraguhoberaguhoberanaguhobobaguhodokaguhogaguhoganaguhogeraguhogomaguhogombaguhogoraguhogororaguhogoteraguhogozaguhohaguhohomeraguhohotaguhokaguhokonyoraguhokwaguhomaguhombaguhombaganaguhombanaguhombekaguhombekeraguhombekerezaguhomberezaguhombezaguhombokaguhombokokaguhombokoraguhomboraguhomekaguhomeraguhomereraguhomerwaguhomokaguhomomaguhomoraguhomvaguhonaguhondaguhondaguraguhondagura

guhonderaguhondoberaguhondogaguhondogoraguhondokaguhondoraguhonezaguhongaguhongaguraguhongeraguhongereraguhongobokaguhongoboraguhongokaguhongoraguhongororaguhonjaguhonjyaguhonyokaguhonongeraguhonoraguhonoreraguhonororaguhonyaguhonyokaguhonyoraguhopforaguhoraguhorahoraguhorahozaguhoreraguhorobaguhorobekaguhoroberaguhorobyaguhorogomaguhorogotaguhoromberaguhororokaguhororombaguhoroshyaguhorotaguhoryongwaguhoshaguhoshyaguhotoraguhotororaguhotswaguhovaguhoyongwa

guhoyoyaguhozaguhozagaraguhozagiraguhozozaguhubaguhubaguraguhubagirrikaguhubanaguhubanganaguhubanuraguhubikaguhubikanyaguhubiraguhubiranaguhububaguhubukwaguhubukaguhuburaguhubuzaguhubyaguhigaguhugahugaguhugamaguhuganaguhugenzaguhugikaguhugiranaguhugukaguhugukiraguhugumaguhuguraguhugutaguhuguzaguhuhaguhuheraguhuhezaguhuherezaguhuhetwaguhuhezaguhuhiraguhuhukaguhuhumaguhuhuraguhuhutaguhuhutwaguhunjungaguhukaguhukumaguhukunyura

guhukuraguhukwaguhukwahukwaguhumaguhumagiraguhumagurikaguhumaguzaguhumanaguhumangaguhumanyaguhumbaguhumbaguzaguhumbahumbaguhumbezaguhumbikaguhumbiraguhumburaguhumbyaguhumekaguhumeraguhumirizaguhumukaguhumuraguhumurizaguhumuzaguhunaguhunahunaguhunamaguhundaguhundagaraguhundazaguhunduraguhundwaguhunentwaguhungaguhungabanaguhungetwaguhungezaguhungikaguhungiraguhungizaguhungukaguhungungwaguhunguraguhungurukaguhungururaguhunikaguhunikiraguhuniraguhunja

guhunjaguraguhunjiranyaguhununtukaguhununturaguhununukaguhunyagiraguhunyagizaguhunyahunyaguhunyezaguhunyiraguhunyizaguhunyuraguhunzaguhuraguhurahuraguhuramaguhurikaguhuriranyaguhuririzaguhurizaguhurubukaguhuruburaguhurudukaguhurumaguhurumbaguhurumuraguhurungukaguhurunguraguhurunguturaguhururaguhururukwaguhuruturaguhuruzaguhurwaguhushaguhushaguraguhushanyaguhushuraguhushwaguhutaguhutagizaguhutaraguhutazaguhuteraguhutikanyaguhutukazaguhuturaguhuzaguhuzagurikaguhuzura

guhwabaraguhwagahwagaguhwaganyaguhwahukaguhwahuraguhwahwanyaguhwamaguhwamikaguhwamiriraguhwanaguhwanganyaguhwanyaguhwanyaguraguhwanyukaguhwanyuraguhwararaguhwedekaguhwegaguhwehuraguhwekaguhwekeraguhwemaguhwenyegeraguhwenyekeraguhweraguhwerahweraguhwerezaguhwerumaguhweturaguhwezaguhwibaguraguhwibagurikaguhwibikaguhwihwisaguhwihwitaguhwikaguhwikiraguhwikwaguhwininaguhwirahwiraguhwishaguhwitanaguhwituragukabagukabaganyagukabaguragukabakabagukabikagukabiranya

gukabirizagukabukagukabukanagukabukiragukaburagukabuzagukabyagukacagukacaguragukacangagukacararagukaciragukaciranagukadukagukiganagukagashiragukagashyagukagatagukagatiragukagatizagukagiragukagukagukaguragukagururagukiakagukakambagukakanyaragukakanyuzagukakaragukakazagukakiragukamagukamagiragukamatagukambagukambagirizagukambakambagukambikagukambukagukamburagukamiragukamiriragukamirizagukamishagukamukagukamuragukanagukanagagukanaguzwagukanantuka

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gutengamaragutengamatiragutengatagutengeneragutengengagutengeragutengeranagutengetagutenguhagutengukagutenguragutentebukagutenteburaguteraguteraganaguteragiraguteragiranaguteraguzaguteranaguteranukaguteranuraguteranyaguterateranaguterateranyagutelefonaguteregaguteregaramaguterekaguterekangaguterekeraguterekeranyaguteremukaguterengagutereragutereranagutererezaguterererwaguterezaguterukaguteruraguteruzagutesekaguteshaguteshaguzwaguteshangwaguteshanyagutesheranyagutesheshaguteshukaguteshukwa

guteshwagutetagutetebagutetemekaguteteragutetereraguteterezaguteterwagutetezaguteturagutetururagutezagutezukagutezurirwagutezuragutibagutibaganagutibagaragutibaguzagutibatibagutibikagutibukagutiburagutigagutigatigagutiginyuragutigiragutigisagutigitagutikagutikimagutikiragutikiranyagutikishagutikizagutikuragutikururagutikwagutikwatikwagutimakazagutimazagutimbagutimbaguragutimbanyagutimbaragutimbikiranagutimbiragutimburagutimbyagutimfunura

gutimirizagutimizagutimuragutinagutinangagutinarikagutindagutindaganyagutindaguragutindagurikagutindaharagutindiganyagutindikagutindikiragutindukagutinduragutingarwagutingitagutinikagutininikagutintimagutintimukagutintimuragutinukagutinuragutinyagutinyatinyagutinyiriragutinyukagutinyuragutiragutiratiragutiiikagutiriganyagutirimbukanyagutirimukagutirimuragutiringutanyagutiririkanyagutirukagutiruragutitibagutitibiranyagutitiburizagutitikagutitimagutitimangagutitimiragutitiragutitiriza

gutiyuragutizagutizanyagutobagutobaguragutobatobagutobekagutoberagutobokagutoboragutobororagutogeragutogatogagutogogagutogonyokagutogonyoragutohagutohamagutohatohagutohokagutokagutokanyagutokeragutokeranyagutokomberagutokoragutokorwagutomberanyagutombokagutombokoragutombokwagutombozagutomeragutomokagutomokwagutomoragutomvokoragutonagutondagutondagiragutondaguragutondekagutomdekanagutonderagutondokagutondoragutondorakagutondororagutonekagutonekara

gutoneshagutonngagutonganagutonganyagutongeragutongezagutomgokagutomgoragutongozagutononzoragutonoragutonoragutontomagutontomokwagutontomoragutonyagutonyangagutonyanzagutonyokagutonyonzoragutonyoragutonyorokagutoragutoranagutoranyagutoratoragutorekagutoreragutoreyagutorobozagutorogagutoroganyagutorokagutorokwagutoromagutorongeragutororagutororokanyagutosagutotagutatagiragutotagiranagutotamagutotezagutotobekagutotobozagutotomagutotoragutoyagutoza

gutsaragutsarikagutsembagutsetagutsibagutsibadukagutsibagagutsibaguragutsibaturagutsibikagutsibukagutsiburagutsikagutsikamagutsikambagutsikanagutsikaragutsikikagutsikimbagutsikiragutsikiranagutsimbagutsimbaguragutsimbararagutsimbukagutsimburagutsinagutsindagutsindagiragutsindagirizagutsindikagutsindiragutsindukagutsinduragutsinikagutsinsimukagutsinsimuragutsinsukagutsinsuragutsinuzagutsiragutsiratsiragutsiratsizagutsirikagutsirimagutsirimuragutsirimuzagutsiritagutsiritsimbagutsiromba

gutsirotagutsiruragutsisagutsitaragutsikazagutsitsimuragutsitsuragutsitsuranagutsomeragutsomerwagutsomoragutsomyagutsotsoragutsukagutsunagutsunekagutsuragutubagutubanukagutubanuragutubiragutubukagutuburagutubutsagutubyagutugagutuganagutugarikagutugengezagutugerezagutugishagutugushyagutugutagutukagutukanagutukatukwagutukiragutukishagutukuragutukurizagutukuzagutumagutumagizagutumaguragutumbagutumbaganagutumbagiragutumbagizagutumbamagutumbanya

gutumbararagutumbarikagutumbatumbagutumbazagutumberagutumbikagutumbiragutumburagutumburukagutumbururagutumbuzagutumikagutumiragutumirizagutumizagutumukagutumuragutunagutunaguzagutunaguzwagutunamagutunaragutunarikagutunatunagutundagutundagiragutundamagutundararagutundurukagutundururagutunegagutunekagutunekwagutunengagutunerezagutunezagutungagutungamagutungamiragutunganagutunganirwagutunganyagutunganyirizagutungarikagutungerezagutungikagutungiragutungishaguutungukagutungura

gutunguranyagutungutagutungutiragutungutwagutunguzagutuntumukagutuntumukwagutuntumuragutunturagutunukagutunuragutunuzaguturaguturagaguturaganaguturagaraguturagiraguturagirizaguturaguraguturagurikaguturagurwaguturamaguturanuraguturanyaguturaturaguturikaguturiraguturiranyaguturubikaguturubikanaguturubuzaguturugaguturukaguturukiraguturumbaguturumbanyaguturumbukaguturumburaguturumbyagutururagutururukaguturutsaguturuzagututagututikagututiragututiranagututsikazagututsuragututuba

gututubikanagututumbagututumukagututumukwagututuragututuzagutuyagutuzagutwagagutwaganyagutwamagutwaragutwaranagutwariragutwariranagutwariranyagutwaririkanyagutwaririzagutwarizagutwarwagutwazagutwekagutwengagutweragutwereragutwikagutwikiragutwikururagutwitagutyakagutyaragutyaruzagutyazagutyorak-stem-akobekakoborakogakogerakogerezakogezakogogakogogozakogombakogoranyakogororakogorozakogosha

kogozakohamakohekakoherakoherezakohohakohokakohoshyakokamakokanyakokerakokezakokokakokorakomakomanzakomatanakomaturakombakombanyakomberakombokakomekakomekerezakomokakomonganakomorakomorokakomororakonakondakonderakondoberakondorakoneshakongerakongeranyakongerezakongorakongorerakongozakonjorokakonkakonkororakononakononekarakonorakonsakonzakora

korekakorerakorezakorohakoroherakoroherezakoroherwakoromakoromyakororakororokakororozakorosakoroshyakorosorakorozakosakoshyakoshyoshyakosororakotakotezakotorakototakoyakozakubakubaguzakubahakubahirizakubahukakubahurakubakakubamakubarakubararakubikakubikirakubikirizakububakubukakubukukakubukurakuburukakubururakufagirakufirakufururakugama

kugarakugarirakugariranakugaririzakugugakugumbakugugumbirakugurakugurukakugururakuguruzakugushyakuhakuhagirakuhanyakuhirakuhurakuhururakukakumakumagarakumagazakumagirakumaguzakumanakumararakumararirwakumatanakumbugurwakumbukirwakumburakumirakumiranakumirizwakumirwakumukakumumirizakumumyakumurukakumururakumurutsakumvakumvagurikakumvanakumvikanakumvirakumviranakumvirizakumvirwakumvisha

kumvumvakumyakunakunamakunamikakunamirakunamirizakunamukakunamurakungakunganirakungiranyakungukakungurakunguruzakunikakunukakunurakunyuguzakunyukakunyurakurirakuriranakurizakururakururukakururutsakusakusirakutakutururakuzakuzangakuzurukuranyakuzukuruzakuzukuzakuzurakuzurizakuzurukakuzururakuzuzaku-stem-akubakubabakubabagurakubabanakubabarakubabarira

kubabazakubabirakubabukakubaburakubabwakubadadukakubadikakubadukakubagakubagabagakubagagurakubagarakubagayurakubagurakubagururakubajukakubajurakubakakubakagurakubakagurikakubakirakubakiranakubakirwakubakurakubambakubambadukakubambamakubambarakubambaturakubambikakubambirakubambiranyakubambukakubamburakubanakubandakubandagarakubandamakubandanakubandanukakubandanyakubandararakubandikakubandishakubandukakubandurakubandwakubangakubangabangakubangagurika

kubangaguzakubangamakubangararakubangarikakubangatanakubangazakubangikanakubangirakubangukakubangurakubanguranyakubangurirakubanguzakubanirakubanjishakubanjurakubanzakubanzirizakubarakubarabarakubaragarakubaragazakubaragurakubaragurikakubaranganakubararakubarabazakubarikakubarirakubariranyakubaririkanyakubaririkishakubaririzakubarizakubarukakubarurakubarutsakubaruzakubashakubashukakubashurakubatakubatabatakubatamakubatamukakubatamurakubatararakubatishakubatizakubatura

kubayabayakubayagurakubayurakubazakubazaguzakubazurakubazwakubeberakubebetakubegakubegerakubehurakubekakubekerakubembakubemberezakubembukakubendabendakubendegerezakubendurakubengakubengeranakubengezakubengukakubenjakubenjabenjakubenjagirakubenjamakuberakuberaberakuberaberukakuberabezakuberagirakuberamakuberanakuberangakuberegetakuberekakubererakuberngetanakubererakubererekakuberurakubeshakubeshukakubeshurakubeshyakubeshyabeshyakubeshyerakubeshyuza

kubetakubetanakubeterakubeturakubeyabeyakubeyurakubibakubibiranakubibisakubibitakubiburakubigakubigarirakubigagizakubihakubihiranyakubihirwakubihishakubikakubikirakubikirizakubikurakubimbakubimbagirakubimbizakubimburakubindakubindigirizakubindikiranyakubindurakubingakubingirizakubingurakubirakubiragirakubirandukakubirandurakubirigisakubirigitakubirikakubirikirakubirimakubirindukakubirindurakubiringakubiringitiranyakubirurakubirurukwakubisakubisahara

kubishakubishyakubisikanakubitsakubiturakubizakubobakuboberakubobezakubocorakubogakubogabogakubogamakubogamukakubogamurakubogekakubogekerakubogekerezakubogokakubogorakubogozakubohakubohanakubohekanakubohokakubohorakubojorakubomakubomagurakubombakubombarikakubombekakubombekerezakubombogorakubombogotanakubomborakubomboranakubomborekanakubomokakubomorakubonakubonabonakubonanakubondakubondokakubondorakubonekakubonekerakubonekerwakubonera

kuboneranakubonezakubongerakubonjyakuborakuborerakuborogakuborogoshorakuboyongwakubozakububararakububurakububusakububutakubucagurakubudikakubudukakubugakubugabugakubugabugwakubuganirakubuganizakubugirakubugumakubugurakubuguranyakubugutakubugutirakubuguzakubukakubukabukakubumbakubumbabumbakubumbagirakubumbagurikakubumbatanakubumbatanukakubumbatanurakubumbatirakubumbaturakubumbirakubumbukakubumburakubumbuzakubunaguzakubundakubundabundakubundagarakubundaguzakubundama

kubundamukakubundamurakubundagarakubundikakubundikirakubunduguzakubundukakubundurakubungakubungabungakubungengakuubungerakubungeserakubungiranakubungirizakubungukakubunuzakubunzakuburakuburabundakuburaburakuburabuzakuburagirakuburanakuburangatanakuburanirakuburanyakuburirakuburiranakuburizakuburungakuburungushurakuburungutanakuburwakubusanakubushabushakubutakubutabutakubutamakubutamukakubutamurakubutararakubuturakubuyakubuyerakubuyongwakubuzakubwagabwagakubwagaguzakubwagura

kubwakarakubwanabwanakubwanagirakubwatabwatakubwatararakubwegekakubwejagurakubwejangakubwejurakubwerabwerakubweraguzakubweraguzwakubweterakubwiguzakubwikakubwirakubwirikiranyakubwirizakubyagararakubyagarikakubyagirakubyagizakubyagurukakubyagururakubyarakubyarirakubyarurakubyarurukanyakubyazakubyibuhakubyigakubyiganakubyiganyakubyigitakubyigurakubyimbakubyimbabyimbakubyimbaganakubyimbanakubyimbirwakubyimbukakubyimburakubyinakubyinagirakubyindirwakubyinirirakubyirakubyirigitakubyirigitakubyiringira

kubyirukakubyirukakubyirurakubyitururakubyizakubyogakubyogagirakubyogorozakubyorogakubyorogotakubyorongakubyukakubyukirakubyukirwakubyukurukakubyukurutsakubyutsakudahakudabadakudabagabakudabaganakudabagarakudabagazakudabagirakudabagizakudabangakudabanganakudabanganyakudabukakudaburakudadagizwakudadangirakudadirakudagakudagadwakudagagizwakudagazakudagurakudaguzakudahakudahanurakudahirakudahurakudakurakudamadamakudamangakudamararakudambuzakudanangirakudandabirana

kudandazakudaikakudandikanyakudandurakudanyangakudarakudarikakudavagurakudavanyangakudayurakudebakudebagurakudebekakudeberezakudebukakudeburakudeburakudebururakudedebakudederakudedembakudedererakudedezwakudegadegakudegagizwakudeganakudegembyakudegerakudegukakudehekeshakudeherakudendagurakudendebekakudendeburakudendekakudendekeranyakudenderakudendezakudendurakudengurakudenurakudenyerakudepanakuderaderakuderembakudererakuderezakudevagurakudeyakudeyadeya

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kudodomakudodombakudodonganyakudodorakudogadogakudogagirakudogerakudogerezakudogorakudogozakudohakudoherwakudohokakudohorakudomakudomagizakudomangirakudombakudomberanyakudomekakudomerakudomokakudomorakudondakudondadondakudondekakudondobekanyakudondozadudongerakudonyakudonyorakudoradorakudorekakudubadubakudubagizakudubikakudububakudubukurakuduburakududakududagirakududirakududubakududubirakududubizakududurakudugararakudugarikakudugirakuduguda

kudugudwakudugumbyakuduguzakuduhakuduhagirakuduhirakudumakudumbakudumbagurakudumburakudunamakudunarikakudundakudundaguzakudundamakudundararakudundarikakudunderezakudundezakudundishakudunduguzakudunduzakudunikakudurakuduranyakudurikakuduruburakudurumanzakudurumbyakuduyaduyakudwangakudwangadwangakudwanganyakudwedwezakudwengurakudwingakugabakugabagabagugabagabanakugabagabanyakugabanakugabanukakugabanurakugabanyakugabanyukakugabarakugabirakugabishakugabiza

kugabukakugaburakugaburirakugabururakugabuzakugadikakugadukakugafurakugagakugagambakugagamirizakugagamukakugagamurakugaganyarakugaganyukakugaganyurakugagarakugagaranakugagazakugagurakugahukakugahurakugajukakugamakugamagamakugambakugambagurikakugambanakugambararakugambirakugambirirakugambirizakugamburukakugambururakuganakuganahakuganamakuganashyakugandakugandagandakugandagazakugandagurikakugandamakugandarakugandikakugandukakugandurakugangabarakugangaguzakugangahura

kugangamakugangararakugangarikakugangurakuganikakuganirakuganirizakuganizakuganukakuganurakuganyakuganyaganyakuganyarakuganyirakuganyirizakuganyukakuganyurakuganzakuganzikakugarakugaragambyakugaragarakugaragazakugaragirakugaragurakugaragurikakugaramakugaramangakugarambakugarambukakugaramburakugarambyakugaramikakugaramirakugaranzukakugaranzurakugaratakugarikakugarishyakugaritakugarukakugarukanakugarukirakugarukiranakugarukwakugarurakugarutsakugaruzakugaryurakugasana

kugasanurakugashakugashagurakugashamirakugashikakugashurakugashuzakugashyakugasirakugatagurikakugatamakugaturakugavurakugayakugayagayakugayagurikakugazakugazagazakugazagirakugazurakugegemakugegenakugegerakugegurakugegurukakugegururakugemakugemagizakugemukakugemurakugenakugendakugendagendakugendanakugendekakugenderakugenderanakugendererakugendererwakugendezakugendukakugenekerezakugengakugengagengakugengararakugengaturakugengekakugengerakugengeserakugengetereza

kugengeturakugengurakugenurakugenyakugenyerakugenzakugenzagenzakugenzanyakugenzerezakugenzurakugerakugeragezakugeranyakugerekakugerekanakugerekerakugerekeranakugerekurakugerenjurakugererakugereranyakugererezakugerezakugerukakugerurakugeruzakugesakugeserakugeshurakugeturakugewukakugezakugibwakugidukakugigakugigagurakugiganakugigimakugigimirizakugigimurakugigirakugigizakugigurakugimbakugimbanirwakugimbanyakugimbishakugimbukakugimburakugina

kuginanwakugingakugingimiranyakugingirakuginurakugirakugirigakugirimakugirurakugishakugishukakugiturakugobakugobagobakugobagobanyakugobamakugobanyakugobedekanyakugobekakugoberakugoberanyakugoberwakugobodokakugobokakugoborakugobotorakugobozakugobwakugobyakugobyorakugodokakugodokerakugoforakugogakugogerakugogomakugogomerakugogorakugohekakugoherakugojorakugokakugomakugombakugombekakugomberakugomborakugomekakugomerakugomerana

kugomokakugomorokakugomororakugomwakugonakugondakugondagondakugondagurakugondamakugondekakugondokakugondokerwakugondorakugondozakugonerakugoneshakugongakugonganakugongerakugongoberanakugongomakugongomorakugongorakugongozakugononokerwakugononwakugonorakugonyakugonyagonyakugonyekakugonyerakugonyokakugonyonzorakugonyorakugorakugoragorakugoragozakugoramakugoramangakugoramikakugoramurakugoranakugorekakugorobakugoroberezakugorofanyakugoromekakugoromokwakugoronzokakugoronzora

kugororakugororerakugororokakugorwakugoryamakugoshakugoshyakugosorakugotakugotezakugotomerakugotorakugotsakugoyakugoyagoyakugoyagurikakugoyerakugoyorwakugozakugozagirakugozagozakugozerakugozonokwakugubagurikakugubamakugubangukakugubangurakugubanurakugubarakugubikakugubirakugubukirwakugubwakugudikakugudukakugufurakugugakuguganirwakugugarakugugiranakugugubakugugumbakugugumirizakugugunakugugurakuguguzakuguhurakugujakugujurakuguma

kugumagumakugumagurakugumanakugumanyakugumbahakugumbashyakugumirizakugumirwakugumyakugunakugunamakugunararakugundarikakugundagundakugundamakugundamirakugundamiranakugundanakugundirakugundukakugundurakugungakugungaharakugungirakugungishakugungumikakugungumirizakugungumizakugungurakugungurizakugunguzakugunikakugunikirizakugunjakugunukakugunurakugunzakugunzurakugurakuguranurakugurikakugurimbakugurirakugurizakugurizwakugurubakugurukakugurumakugurumanakugurumbanya

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kwitabakwitabarakwitabirakwitabishakwitakanakwitakumakwitambakwitambikakwitangakwitaratazakwitarikakwitarurakwitaturakwitaturakwitazakwitazanurakwitazirakwiteenengezakwitegakwitegerakwitegerezakwitegurakwitembagazakwitemberezakwitembutsakwitenekezakwiterakwiterekakwiterurakwiteshaguzakwitiginyurakwitigirakwitikakwitimbirakwitimburakwitinakwitirakwitiranwakwitirirakwitirwakwitisakwitondakwitondorakwitongakwitongorakwitononzorakwitonyakwitonyonzorakwitonzorakwitora

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kwiyaganakwiyagirizakwiyagurakwiyahakwiyahurakwiyakakwiyakatsakwiyakirakwiyakuzakwiyamakwiyamamazakwiyamanwakwiyamanzakwiyamatsakwiyambayambakwiyambazakwiyambikakwiyamirirakwiyamizakwiyandakwiyandarikakwiyangakwiyangirakwiyangurakwiyanikakwiyanurakwiyarakwiyararazakwiyarurakwiyasakwiyayakwiyegekakwiyegekerezakwiyegeranyakwiyegerezakwiyegurakwiyemerakwiyemezakwiyendakwiyendaguzakwiyerekakwiyerekanakwiyerurutsakwiyesurakwiyibakwiyibayibakwiyibukakwiyicarirakwiyimakwiyimba

kwiyimbirakwiyimurakwiyishyuzakwiyitabakwiyizihizakwiyizirakwiyobagizakwiyobonzakwiyogororakwiyombakwiyomekakwiyongeranyakwiyongezakwiyonkakwiyononakwiyorakwiyorobekakwiyoroshyakwiyubaganakwiyubaganakwiyubagiurakwiyubahakwiyubarakwiyubikakwiyubikizakwiyubururakwiyugugirakwiyuhagirakwiyuhizakwiyumanganyakwiyumirizakwiyumvakwiyumvirakwiyumyakwiyunamirakwiyungakwiyungayungakwiyunyuguzakwiyurizakwizanakwizengererakwizenukakwizerakwizibukirakwizigamakwizigirakwizigurakwizigurukakwizihirakwizimba

kwizindurakwizinongakwizinurakwizirikakwiziringakwizirirakwizirirakwizozorakwiramiraKINYARWANDA OTHER CATEGORIESParticlesdanyaseesembeseInterjections :Interjections are words which express feelings such as wonderment, surprise, disapproval,fear, anger, joy , etc. They are the only words which don’t respect the general phonologicalrules of the languages. They can with consonants. They can also be written with long vowels.aaaaacaahaahahahahahahaaheahoahoreambaararararaashiashishishishiatuawaawawaawiawowoasyiayeayiayiyibababababububububugutibuguti

cyacyacyacyacyecyecyecyecyocyocyocyocyocyonocyokoracyokozecyanecyanecyanedododododododudududueeeeeegoego eweego koeheemweendaeregaerererereeweforegambegaguruguruguswuhanhanhahavehehehehihihihohogihohohohoyihoshihubihuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuiririririishiishiyeeeisyikaribukoyokuci

mamama shengemama wemaweyambambateyembiswambegamporenjyooooooododododoohoororororooyapagaripepopopoporatasakweshshishishishshshshyemweshyusyitansiyotsetyouuududududuuhuuhuhuununununuunyunyunyunyuuuuuwawagayabababayagapfe yagapfeyahayahahayararararayayayayayeyeeyebabaweyegapfe yegapfeyegewe

yegoyego koyego mamayeheyeheheye mweyerererereye weyeyeyeyeyiriririyiririririyiyiyiyooyoooyoboboboyoboboboboyohoyororoyororororoyoyoyoyoyoyuuyububububuyohohoyuhuyuhuhuyururururuyuyuyuyuVocativesyewemweshashahu!"#$%&$'#()Ideophones are formally similar to interjections. They can long vowels written and they alsouse a lot of reduplication, triplication and quadriplication. They are used most used to imitatesounds or movements.bababaribarararabibibibiribobobobobomboribombori

omborocobrararararabubugubuguburiburibwebwebwibyigucabaricabaricaburicaburicecukucukucwededebedebedondidore redoreredudubudududududumburidwifagagagagagereregigiigigigigiigiri gigirigirigirigiriririgitugoguguguguhugugugugugugutugutugwihamahihihuhubuhuhuhuuuhwaishishishishijaburijaburijagarijegejegejerere

jererijorojorojugujugujyororokakakakakirigitikocokokokokokonokugucikugucimbumbwimeeemecumirumugucimugumugunka nkannyati nnyatinogonotonyabunanyabunekanyamunanyamunekanyagucwanyawupapacipapapapapfukupfukupfumupipipipipipopupwapyatupyipyiriripyopyomopyoroririririryogoryogoshwashwarararashyashyashyaritabu

tamutatatatatetetetetikutiriritogotogotsibutsiritsiriritsiritsiritsitsitukutukuvuruguvuruguvutuwiwowuyayaaayapoyawizituzoboPrepositionsikumukurimuriFree preprefixThe preprefix u of class 14 is detached from both the stem and the prefix in the name ofRwanda.uPresentativesdorenguwongabongiyongiryongayongicyongibyongizo

ngurwongakongutwongubwongubwongukongahonguriyangabariyangiriyangaririyangayariyangikiriyangibiriyangiziriyangurururiyangakariyanguturiyanguburiyangukuriyangahariyanguryangabaryangiryangiriryangaryangikiryangibiryangiziryangururyangakaryanguturyanguburyangukuryangaharyanguwongabongiyongiryongayongicyongibyongizongurwongakongutwongubwongukongaho

*"+#,-./#()The term adjective is used here to refer to words which are used to modify the head noun suchas demonstratives, numerals, qualitative which take the prefix of the head noun.1.Demonstrativesuyuabouwoiyoiryoayoicyoibyoizourwoakoutwoubwoakoahouriyabariyairiyaririyaariyakiriyabiriyaziriyaruriyakariyaturiyaburiyakuriyahariyauwoabo,uwoayoiryoayoicyoibyoizourwo

akoutwoubwoakoahobowabayaryayacyabyazarwakatwabwakwahauryabaryairyaaryakiryabiryaziryaruryakaryaturyaburyakuryaharyaburyaharyaunobanoinorinoanokinobinobinozinorunokanotuno

unokunohanouriyabariyairiyaariyakiriyabiriyaziriyaruriyakariyaturiyaburiyakuriyahariya2. HybridsThe following can also use the infinitive prefix (class marker 15 : ku-)atebateuteiteritegitebiterutegatedutebutegutehatentemuteatyabatyautyaityarityagityabityazityarutyagatyadutyabutya

gutyahatyantyamutyaatyobatyoutyoityorityogityobityozityorutyogatyodutyobutyogutyohatyontyomutyo3. Regular adjectivesRegular adjectives agree with the prefix of the head noun.mubibabimibiribimabikibibibimbirubikabitubibubikubihabimubisibabisimibisiribisimabisikibisibibisimbisirubisi

kabisitubisibubisikubisihabisimwizabezamyizaryizamezacyizabyizanzizarwizakezatwizabwizakwizahezamuremurebarebaremiremirerireriremaremarekirekirebirebirendenderurerurekarekaretureturebureburekurekurehareharemuzimabazimamizimarizimamazimakizimabizimanzimaruzimakazimatuzimabuzimakuzimahazima

mutaragabataragamitaragaritaragamataragagitaragabitaragantaragarutaragagataragadutaragabutaragagutaragahataragamuninibaninimininirininimaninikininibininininiruninikaninituninibuninikuninihaninimutobatomitoritomatogitobitontorutogatodutobutogutohatomugufibagufimigufirigufi

magufikigufibigufingufirugufikagufitugufibugufikugufihagufimushyabashyamishyarishyamashyagishyabishyanshyazishyarushyagashyadushyabushyagushyahashyamukurubakurumikururikurumakurugikurubikurunkuruzikururukurugakuruçdukurubukurugukuruhakurumugaribagarimigaririgarimagarikigaribigari

ngarizigarirugarikagaritugaribugarikugarihagaribangaheingaheangahebingahezingahekangahetungahebungahehangahewundibandiyindirindiyandikindibindizindirundikanditundibundikundihandiwuhebaheyiheriheyahecyihebiheziheruhekahetuhebuhekuhehahewese

osewoseyoseryosecyosebyoserwosezosekosetwosebwosehosetwesemwesewenyinebonyinewonyineyonyineryonyinecyonyinebyonyinerwonyinezonyinekonyinetwonyinebwonyinehonyinetwenyinemwenyinebombiyombibyombyizombitwombibwombihombibombimusabasamisarisamasagisabisansazisarusa

gasadusabusagusahasamwinshibenshimyinshiryinshimenshicyinshibyinshinyinshizinshirwinshikenshitwinshibwinshihenshimukebakemikerikemakegikebikenkerukegakedukebukegukehakemukeyabakeyamikeyarikeyamakeyagikeyabikeyankeyazikeyarukeyagakeyadukeyabukeyagukeyahakeya

nzigirinyamunigiriyabanigiriyaminigiriyarinigiriyamanigiriyakinigiriyabinigiriyanigiriyazinigiriyarunigiriyakanigiriyatunigiriyabunigiriyakunigiriyahanigiriyamunigiyabanigiyamnigiyarinigiyamanigiyakinigiyabinigiyanigiyazinigiyarunigiyakanigiyatunigiyabunigiyakunigiyahanigiyamunuyabanuyaminuyarinuyamanuyakinuyabinuyanuyazinuyarunuyakanuyatunuyabunuyakunuyahanuya

The following adjectives which all mean ‘very small’ which happen to be a phonetic variationof –nigiriya, -nigiya, -nuya above also take the prefix of the class marker.These are :-nuguru, -nugurunya, -nuguruyu, -nuguyu, -nuru, nyunyuzwa, -nyuya, -nzunya, -nziginya4. Quantitative adjectives and numeralsQuantittive ajectives like demonstratives use the prefix u- for class 1 and 3, i- for class 4 and9, a-, and a- for class 6, instead of the regular prefix mu- for class 1 and 3, mi- and –n- forclass 4 and 9, and –ma- for class 6.wenyinebonyinewonyineyonyineryonyinecyonyineèbyonyinezonyinerwonyinekonyinyetwonyinebwonyinehonyinejyenyinetwenyinebyonyinemwenyinetwembimwembibombizombiyombibyombihombibwombiwesebosewoseyoseryosecyosebyosezoserwosekose

twosebwosehosetwesemweseumwebamweimwerimweamwekimwebimwezimwerumwekamwetumwebumwekumwehamwebabiriibiriabiribibiriebyirizibirikabiritubiribubirikubirihabiribatatuitatuatatubitatueshatuzitatudutatubutatugutatuhatatubaneineanebineenyezine

tunebunekunehanebatanuitanubitanueshanuzitanudutanubutanuhatanubatandatuitandatuatandatubitandatuesheshatuzitandatudutandatubutandatugutandatuhatandatubarindwiirindwiarindwiindwizirindwiturindwiburindwikurindwiharindwiPronounsjyejyewewowewetwetwebwemwemwebwemwaNote :

All adjectives can prominizalized by adding the preprefix of the noun they stand for byadding the preprex. Thus -bi ‘bad’ given above when prminalized becomes :mubi>umubibabi>ababimibi>imibiribi>iribimabi>amabikibi>ikibibibi>ibibimbi>imbizibi>izibirubi>urubikabi>akabitubi>utubibubi>ububikubi>ukubihabi>ahabiAssociativesnanonkankonanjyenawenatwenamwenabonkanjyenkawenkatwenkamwenkabocyanjyecyawecyecyacucyanyucyabonyawenyabonyayonyaryonyayo

nyacyonyabyonyazonyarwonyakonyatwonyabwonyahontawentabontayontaryontacyontabyontazontakontatwontabwontahoCoordinators and subordinatorsaharibyiburabyabuzebyangwabyanzebikunzebyibuzecyaburacyakoradore kocyakoracyakozeicyakoraicyokoraicyobikoraicyobikozenabanangwanaburankanswenankanswengonibaniburankahononehonukonyamara

yamarauretseyabayaburayabuzeyangwaubonyeubanzaumenyayabaiyabaiyibaiyobakabishywekabonekikokokukombesekandiParalococatives/Paratemporalsahakweruejohafihagatikurehakuryahakunohakweruhambavuhamberemberehanyumanyumahanzehasihehehehejuruhemanahinohiryaimbaramunsimunonimugorobanimunsinimusi

ninjororugururwagativubaOther invariable wordsburigoyigoyivubavubanabinezanambaningogankananyineKinyarwanda Personal and Place NamesNote: In both personal and place names, the letter “l” is allowed.Personal names behave exacly like nouns in class 1a and 2a. Names in the singular form (1a)use the vowel ‘a’ for subject agreement and ‘u’ for demonstratives and possessives and thethe class marker –mu- for for others.Ex. uyu Kimenyi ‘this Kimenyi’Kimenyi arasoma ‘Kimenyi is reading’Kimenyi mukuru ‘the old Kimenyi’ba Kimenyi ‘the Kimenyis’With personal names, the possessive morpheme –a can either take the vowel prefix of class 1or the vowel prefix for (class 1, 3, 4, 6 and 9) and class prefix (class 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13,14 and 15) if the initial consonant resembles the consonant of the prefix. Examples are givenbelow.Bandora wa Nkusi ‘Bandora of Nkusi’Bandora ba Nkusi (class 2)Kimenyi wa Bazimya ‘Kimenyi of Bazimya’Kimenyi cya Bazimya (class 7)Kabayiza wa Byirigiro ‘Kabayiza of Byirizingiro’Kabayiza ka Byiringiriro (class 12)Rudodo wa Muhire ‘Rudodo of Muhire’Rudodo rwa Muhire (class 11)Riniga wa Sebalinda ‘Riniga of Sebalinda’Riniga rya Sebalinda (class 5)Bigirimana wa Kabano ‘Bigirimana of Kabano’Bigirimana bya Kabano (class 8)Kwezi wa Mbanda ‘Kwezi of Mbanda’

Kwezi kwa Mbanda (class 15)Bugingo wa Minani ‘Bugingo of Minani’Bugingo bwa Minani (class 14)Masabo wa Nkurunziza ‘Masabo of Nkurunziza’Masabo ya Nkurunziza (class 6)Ndori wa Ndahiro ‘Ndori of Ndahiro’Ndori ya Ndahiro (class 9)Zitoni wa Samvura ‘Zitoni of Samvura’Zitoni za SamvuraAbijuruAhishakiyeAkimanaAkimanizanyeAyinkamiyeBadegeBagaboBagabobarabonaBagazaBagambikiBagirishyaBajyagaheBakameBakarishongaBamenyaBampireBandoraBandushaBanyagaBapfakureraBarakanaBarambazaBaravugaBarihutaBarikungeriBaritondaBasaboseBasaninkindiBasaninyenziBavakureBavugirijeBazatohaBayingana

BazimyaBendaBerahoBemerikiBenegusengaBenimanaBenzingeBicuraBideriBigirimanaBigirumwamiBikingdBikomaguBimenyimanaBinamaBirasaBirasinkwareBirasubutareBirikunziraBisamazaBisangwaBisengimanaBiserukaBisesemeBisetsaBisetsimandwaBisomimbwaBitarihoBitinditemeBitunguramyeBivugimanaBizimanaBizimunguBizindeBizumuremyiBongoBoramunguBucaguBucyanaBucyanayandiBugingoBugirandeBuhigiroBukubaBukuruBumariBunyenyeziBuregeyaBusananeBushakiro

BusyayijaBusyetiButareBuziziBwabyumaBwakiraBwankokoBwizaBwengeBwimbaByagutungaByemeroByiringiroByumvuhoreByusaCacanaCandariCocaCondoCyibukayireCyigenzaCyirimaCyimanaCyitatireCyubahiroCyusaCyuzuroDansilaDasiyanaDesideriDidasiDisiDominaDomitilaDoroseraDoroteyaDukuzumuremyiDusabeDusaidiFaransisikoFatumaFiyatiFocasiForoduwaridiFundiFurahaFurereGacakureGacinyaGafaranga

GagaGahakwaGahamaGahamanyiGaheneGahigiGahigiroGahimaGahongayireGahuhuGajuGakaraGakireGakokoGakumbaGakwandiGapfisiGasabwoyaGasamageraGasamunyigaGasarabweGasarasiGasasiraGasazamigeriGasengayireGasigaGasigwaGasihaGasimbaGasindikizaGashabiziGashagazaGashakuGashikaziGashirabakeGashongoreGashuheGashyurishyuriGatabaziGatambaraGatarayihaGatariGatemanyiGateraGateteGatikabisiGatoranoGatoyiGatsinziGatwa

GenerozaGeturaGitambaroGiteraGitoriGombaniroGumiraHabamenshiHabarugiraHabaruremaHabimanaHabinezaHabiyakareHabiyanbereHabonimanaHabyarimanaHagumaHagumagutumaHajabajigaHakizabamiHakizimanaHakizumwamiHarerimanaHarerinkaHategekimanaHavugimanaHavugiyaremyeHavugumwamiHigiroHimbaraHitayezuHitimanaHitiyiseHodariIbambasiIfurudundiIngabireInsonereInzageIribagizaIrivuzumwamiIyakareIyakaremyeIyamuremyeIzabirizaKababiKabagaboKabagemaKabangoKabahita

KabandaKabandaheKabandanaKabangoKabanoKabariraKabatsiKabayitaKabayizaKabarebeKabejaKabengeraKaberaKabibiKabiziKabutoKabukwisiKaburameKabwaKadafiKadageKadamariKagabaKagaboKagajuKagambageKagameKagerukaKagezaKagiranezaKagoroKagoyireKaguruKagurubeKagurukiziKajeguhakwaKalimaKalisaKamaberaKamagajuKamaliKamanayoKamanziKamarizaKamasaKamatariKamazinaKambirigiKamegeriKamikazi

KamiyaKamondoKamongiKampayanaKampirwaKamugemaKamugireKamugungaKamuzinziKamwenubusaKanaKanamugireKanangaKanayogeKandagayeKandekeKandekweKangeyoKanimbaKaniziyoKanjogeraKankaziKankuyoKankwanziKanobanaKantamatiKantaramaKantengwaKanyamahangaKanyamanzaKanyambugaKanyamibwaKanyamugengeKanyamuhandaKanyarengweKanyarutokeKanyemeraKanyenziKarakeKaramaKarambiziKarangwaKaraniKararaKaregeKarekeziKaremaKaremangingoKarengeraKarenzi

KarenzoKareraKaribwamiKarigirwaKarikurubuKaringanireKarinijaboKaririmaKaroliKarurangaKaruretwaKatabarwaKataramukaKavunaKavutseKayaboKayibandaKayigambaKayigiKayigumireKayihundaKayihuraKayijamaheKayijukaKayirangaKayirebwaKayisireKayishemaKayitabaKayitakirwaKayitankoreKayitesiKayitsingaKayondeKayongaKayumbaKenyataKibuyeKigeliKimenyiKimiziKimonyoKinyoniKiraboKiraziKizitoKirohaKirombaKubwimanaKubwumukiza

KweziLumumbaMabanoMafeneMagamboMaganyaMagayaneMagezaMaguruMaguruyasarwayaMajoroMakombeMakuzaMamboMandelaManiragabaManiraguhaManirahoManziMapenguMariyaMasaboMashiraMasokubonaMatabaroMatayoMatataMateneMategekoMatiyasiMavugabandiMayiraMazarakizaMazaratiMazimpakaMazinaMbandaMbangukiraMbanzaMbaragaMbarubukeyeMbarushimanaMbarutsoMbateyeMbishibishiMbonyumutwaMbungiraMfurutaMiburoMicombero

MigaboMigezoMinegaMinaniMinyarukoMirimbaMirimoMisekeMobutuMoyiMpambaraMpatswenumugaboMpitabakanaMpogaziMpomibivaMpungaMubashankwayaMuberukaMubirigiMucumangendoMudaheranwaMudengeMuforomaMugabeMugaboMugabowakigeriMugabowashemaMugabowindekweMugabukengaMugabushakaMugangaMugaraguMugaruraMugenziMugemahicaMugemanaMugemanshuroMugorewaseMugorewicyezaMuhakwaMuhiganaMuhigirwaMuhikiraMuhimpunduMuhireMuhirwaMuhongwansekoMuhongereMuhongerwaMuhutu

MujakaziMujawamariyaMujijimaMujinyaMujunganjiMukabagireMukabanyanaMukabyagajuMukagagaMukagashugiMukadisiMukagatareMukakabanoMukakaberaMukakigeriMukakimenyiMukamaMukamafeneMukamanziMukamazimpakaMukamazinaMukamfiziMukamishaMukamitariMukamugemaMukamurerwaMukamusanaMukamusoniMukamutaraMukamuyangoMukamwambutsaMukamweziMukamwizaMukandamageMukandekeziMukandoriMukandutiyeMukangamijeMukansangaMukantagaraMukantabanaMukantwariMukanyangeziMukanyarwayaMukanyemaziMukanyongaMunzenzeMukaperezidaMukarageMukaremera

MukarumongiMukarungwaMukaruginaMukarurindaMukarutabanaMukarushemaMukarutesiMukaruzigaMukeshimanaMukigaMukunziMukuriraMukurarindaMukuruMukwendeMukwiyeMurenziMurindabigwiMunanaMunaniraMundereMunganyinkaMuntumubiMunyagashekeMunyakarambiMunyakayanzaMunyampunduMunyandamutsaMunyangogaMunyangangoMunyanzizaMunyanezaMunyarigogaMunyebinjaMunyemanaMunyengangoMunyentwariMunyeragweMunyeshuriMunyeshyakaMunyeyingaMunyinyaMupagasiMurangamirwaMurangiraMuraraMurasandonyiMurekateteMurekeyisoniMurekezi

MurigandeMurihanoMurorunkwereMurutamangaMusaMusafiriMusaniwaboMusabyimanaMusayaMusanimanaMusemakweriMuseminariMuserukaMuseveniMusheshambuguMushiMushikiwaboMushonganonoMushumbaMusingaMusirikareMusodaMusomakweriMusoniMutabagishaMutabarukaMutabaziMutagishaMutambarunguMutambukaMutamurizaMutanganaMutaraMutarambirwaMutembeMutembereziMuterahejuruMuteteriMutezintareMutoniMutumwambaziMutumwinkaMutungeMutungireheMututsiMuvaraMuvunyiMuyenziMuzimaMuzungu

MvuyekureMwambarangweMwambutsaMwangacucuMwemeziMwerekandeMweziMwitendeMwizaNagahunguNahayoNahimanaNahoNayigizikiNcamihigoNdabakengaNdabambarireNdagijeNdagijimanaNdahiroNdahindurwaNdakazaNdakorerwaNdamageNdangamyambiNdanguzaNdayambajeNdayitabiNdayisengaNdatebaNdayizigiyeNdekeziNdekeziNdemeyeNengejehoNdimbatiNdimukagaNdimurwangoNdindaNdizeyeNdongoNdoriNduwayezuNgaboNgaboyisongaNgabonzimaNgamijeNgangoNgangureNgarambe

NgegeraNgendandumweNgirabakunziNgiruwonsangaNgogaNgomanzunguNgundaNgurumbeNibishakaNibiziNicyoriberaNijyimbereNikwigizeNishakaNitiriheNiyibiziNiyishakaNiyonsabaNiyontezeNiyoyitaNkeraNkerabigwiNkeramihigoNkeramugabaNkezabaganwaNkezaberaNkomatiNkongoriNkoronkoNkotayiNkubitoNkubiriNkundaNkundabatwareNkundaberaNkundabakizeNkurangaNkurunzizaNkusiNsabimanaNsanzabaganwaNsanzaberaNsanzeNsanzurwimoNsekarijeNsengimanaNsengiyumvaNshogozabahiziNtabahwanaNtabomvura

NtabyeraNtagandaNtaguguraNtahobariNtakamaroNtakavuroNtakirutinkaNtamabyariroNtamahungiroNtamakemwaNtambabaziNtambaraNtampuhweNtamavukiroNtandayeraNtangoNtareNtashamajeNtaweNteziryayoNtibendaNtibihanganaNtidenderezaNtigashiraNtiginamaNtirushwaNtukamazinaNtukanyagweNtuyahagaNumukobwaNzabamwitaNzabandoraNzabarindaNzabonaribaNzajyibwamiNzambaNzamwitaNzananaNzarambaNzarubaraNzigamasaboNzigiraNziraNziraguseswaNziroreraNzizaNyabunyanaNyabyendaNyagahakwaNyagakecuru

NyagatareNyagisazaNyakabwaNyakarashiNyakazunguNyamacumuNyamadigiNyaminaniNyampingaNyamubiNyamucensheraNyamuteziNyamvumbaNyaritwaNyandwiNyanebyiriNyanshyaNyatanyiNyanziraNyemaziNyeteraNyirababirigiNyirabagenziNyirabahutuNyirarundiNyirabasareNyirabashiNyirabatwaNyirabishwiNyirabundibundiNyiraheneNyirahukuNyirahunguNyirahwandariNyirahwehweNyiragatwaNyiragukuraNyirakabwaNyirakarangwaNyirakigeriNyirakigweneNyirakimonyoNyirakobwaNyiramarizaNyiramashashiNyiramavugoNyirambebaNyiraminaniNyiramondoNyiramongi

NyiramugwahashasheNyiramugweraNyirankokoNyirankomoNyirantagoramaNyirantamatiNyirasafariNyirayuhiNyiraweraNyirimbirimaNyiriminegaNyirimiringaNyirindekweNyiringaboNyiringangoNyiringondoNyirinkindiNyirinkwayaPadiriPapiyasiPangarasiPeteroPiyoPolisiPolepoleRangiraReberoRekerahoRibakareRibanjeRibarabajeRibayeRinguyenezaRinigumugaboRobwaRozaRozariyaRizindeRubadukaRubagengaRubagumyaRubandaRubangisaRubanguraRubashamuhetoRuberanzizaRuberwaRubonekaRubibiRubuye

RubwenjangaRucekeriRucinyaRucogozaRudacogoraRudahigwaRudakemwaRudasingwaRudasigwaRudasumbwaRudatsikiraRufagariRufariRufukuRuhamirizaRuhamyambugaRuhamyandekweRuhashyaRuhinankikoRuhorahozaRuhumurizaRugambaRugegeRugemintwazaRugerimisareRugerinyangeRuginaRugiraRugiramasasuRugobokaRugomwaRugumireRukabuRukaraRukebaRukebeshaRukeribugaRukikamosoRukimiranaRujindiriRulindaRumanyikaRumiyaRupariRurangirwaRuribikiyeRusagaraàRusangwaRusatsiRusenyi

RushenyiRusihaRushemezaRushingabigwiRushondaRutagaramaRutagayisasoRutagengwaRutagiragahuRutamuRutangaRutaremaraRutarindwaRutayisireRutebukaRutegamihigoRutegeraRuterandongoziRutenderiRutiRutinywaRutirwicyuguRutiyombaRutsindintwaraneRuvunantwariRuvushaRuzibizaRuzindanaRyangombeRyumugabeRwabigwiRwabugiriRwabukwisiRwabutogoRwabyumaRwagajuRwagafiritaRwagasanaRwagasoreRwagatareRwajekuruhaRwakaRwakayiruRwakigaramaRwamakubaRwamasiraboRwamuRwamuhiziRwamulindaRwangombwa

RwanyagasoreRwalindaRwasaRwasamanziRwasiboRwasubutareRwegoRwemarikaRwerereRwidegembyaRwigemaRwigemeraRwirunguRwitsibaguraRwiyamiriraRwogeraRwubahukaRwubusisiSagahutuSakindiSamukondoSamvuraSangwaSankaraSaroSarumeSayinzogaSebabirigiSebantuSebasazaSebasareSebasoreSebatigitaSebatwaSebatwareSeberaSebititawehoSebuguruguruSebuhinjaSeburikokoSeburimbwaSebunyenyeriSebusaSebutoSecyuguSedogoSefukuSeheneSegoreSekanyambo

SekidaSekinankaSemabingaSemaheSemujangaSemajegeSemanziSemasakaSemasukaSematamaSemavengeSembebaSeminariSeminegaSemubiSemugeshiSemuhanukaSemuhunguSemukanyaSemushiSemutwaSendagariSendarasiSendanyoyeSendashongaSendegeyaSendingaSengaboSengoroSengugeSenkokoSentabyoSentamaSentashyaSenteteriSentoreSenyabuzanaSenyamadariSenyamibwaSenyanaSenyanzobeSenyombyiSenyoniSerombaSerubugaSerudonyoriSerugarukiramfiziSerutweSeruvumbaSesonga

SetukuruSeziberaSezirahigaShamiShamukigaSharangaboShumbushoSharitiShemaShumbushoShyakaShyerezoShyirambereSilasiSimbiSimbiyaraSimbiziSimbiSimpungaSindambiweSindayigayaSindikubwaboSingirankaboSisiSomayireSongaSubikaSunzuSurwumweTabaroTangishakaTemahagariTereburaTerebushiTererahoTereriyoTugireduteTumugireTuratsinzeTuzindeTwahirwaTwagiraTwagiramutaraTwagiramunguTwagirayezuTwagirimanaTwagirumukizaUdahemukaUgirimfuraUkobizaba

UmuberwaUmubyeyiUmugwanezaUmulisaUmutangampunduUmutesiUmutoniUmutoniwaseUnyuzimfuraUramukiweUrayenezaUrujeniUshizimpumuUwabandiUwamugiraUwamunguUwanyirigiraUwibambeUwihanganyeUwimanaUwingabireUwintoreUwishemaVugizoVunabandiVunabatakaYakoboYobokaYohaniZararayeZiberaZihabamweZihabandiZihakwinshiZikamabahariZikurizaZirimwabagaboZimurindaZirajeZiruguruZitoniKinyarwanda Place NamesPlace names without prepositions belong to class 9a. Many place names which refer tocountries, regions and provinces belong to class 14, however, and thus take the preprefix u-and the prefix –bu- before the stem. The preprefix deletes if the non is preceded with a vowel.

Ex. Ubufaransa ‘France’mu Bufaransa ‘in France’There are some names also, especially rivers, which belong to class 12, thus having thepreprefix a- and the prefix –ka-. The preprefix a- also deletes if there is a prepositionpreceding it.Ex. Akagera ‘Akagera river’ku Kagera ‘on the Akagera river’It is important to note also that place name which belong to class 9a have the appendix –riadded to prepositions ku- or mu- have –ri if the precede them.ex. muri Tanzaniya ‘in Tanzaniya’mu Budage ‘in Germany’ku Kanyaru ‘on the Akanyaru river’kuri Base ‘on the Base river’

AgasasaAgashyushyangutiyaAgatobweAkabagariAkageraAkanyaruAkaririsiAkavugutoAkazarusenyaAmarangaraAmayagaAmerikaAkanageAngolaAnkoleArabiyaArijeriyaBaseBayiBicumbiBiramboBivumuBotswanaBukavuBukobaBungeBunyaBusengoBusoroButareBuyogaBwankeriBweyeyeByimanaCokoCyabingoCyahinda

CyanikaCyeruCyimbogoCyungoCyimvuzoCyotamakaraDubayiGabiroGacuGafumbaGakoGahingaGasarendaGasekeGashoraGasoroGasoziGasyataGatareGatiGatondeGatunzoGiciyeGihindamuyagaGikomeroGikondoGikongoroGisagaraGisakaGisasaGisenyiGishamvuGishomaGisoroGitaramaGitesiGituzaGitweHindiyaHuyeIcyeshaIcyingogoIcyiri

IgihunyaIjwiImparaImvejuruIrakiIsirayeriItabireIwawaLiberiyaLibiyaLusakaKabareKabarondoKabayaKabgayiKacyiruKadahoKaduhaKagabiroKagitumbaKamembeKamonyiKampalaKanaziKanombeKanyonyombaKanzenzeKarahoKaroraKavumuKaragoKaragweKayanzaKarambiKaramboKarengeraKarongiKarunduraKatabuvugaKayenziKayonzaKibariKibiriraKibiriziKibungoKibuyeKicukiroKidaho

KigaramaKigomaKigemeKigembeKigombeKinaziKinihiraKinigiKinshasaKinunuKinyamakaraKiramboKireheKiruhuraKisanganiKivumuKivumbaKivuyeKiyombeKiyonzaKiyovuKiyumbaMarabaMarabageMalawiMasangoMashyuzaMataMataraMatyazoMazaMbaziMbogoMbuyeMibiriziMihindiMigandoMirengeMisiriMombasaMpandaMubaziMubugaMudasomwaMugambaziMugeseraMuginaMugusaMuhabura

MuhimaMuheroMuhuraMukarangeMukingiMukingoMukunguMuniniMuramaMurambiMurinjaMushihaMutimaMututuMugombwaMusangeMusasaMusambiraMusebeyaMushihaMushirarunguMushishiroMushubatiMusogoMusogoroMutendeMuvumbaMuyagaMwaziMwendoMwimaNamibiyaNashoNayirobiNderaNdizaNdorwaNdugaNgaramaNgendaNgomaNgororeroàNijeriNijeriyaNkomeroNkumbaNkuriNshiriNtaruka

NtongweNtyazoNyabahangaNyabarongoNyabaseseraNyabikenkeNyabisinduNyagasoziNyagatareNyakageziNyakabandaNyakibandaNyakinamaNyakizuNyamagabeNyakinamaNyamashekeNyamiramboNyamiyagaNyamugariNyamureNyamusanzeNyamuteraNyakareNyangeziNyantangoNyanzaNyarubogoNyaruhengeriNyarugengeNyaruguruNyarutaramaNyarutejaNyarutovuNyiragongoNyumbaNyungweOmaniPakisitaniPorutugaliRambaRamburaRemeraRirimaRubengeraRubonaRubyiro

RucunshuRuhangoRugaramaRugungaRuhashyaRuhengeriRuhondoRuhuhaRukaraRukomaRundaRunyinyaRunyombyiRusatiraRusengeRushashiRusiyaRusiziRusumoRutsiroRutondeRutongoRwamaganaRwamataRwamatamuRwamikoRwampangaRwandaRwangamwandaRwanyakizingaRwempashaRweseroRwinkwavuSabyinyoSaheraSakeSaveSatinsyiSebeyaSecokoSenegaliShariShyandaShyorongiSomaliyaSovuSudani

TabaTambweTanganyikaTareTanzaniyaTokiyoTumbaUbuberukaUbubirigiUbudahaUbudageUbufaransaUbufumbiraUbufunduUbuhindeUbuholandiUbugandeUbuganzaUbugerekiUbugeseraUbuhomaUbugoyiUbukambaUbukonyaUbukunziUbumbogoUbunyabungoUbunyambiriUburayiUbureraUburizaUburundiUburusiUburusiyaUbushiruUbusozoUbusuwisiUbutaliyaniUbuyenziUbwanamukariUbwanacyambweUbwishazaUmubariUmureraUrukaryiUrukigaUrukomaUvira

YapaniYemeniYeruzaremuZambiyaZanzibariZazaZimbabwe