Wollof Grammar Manual - Wolof Online
Wollof Grammar Manual - Wolof Online
Wollof Grammar Manual - Wolof Online
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Grammar</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
prepared by<br />
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
PO Box 582<br />
Banjul<br />
The Gambia<br />
tel: 220 392466<br />
1995
3521281&,$7,21 *8,'(<br />
7KH ZRORI SURQRXQFLDWLRQ V\VWHP LV UHODWLYHO\ VLPSOH (YHU\ V\PERO VWDQGV IRU RQO\ RQH VRXQG WKDW<br />
LV HYHU\ V\PERO LV SURQRXQFHG WKH VDPH ZD\ LQ HYHU\ ZRUG<br />
7KH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ VKRUW DQG ORQJ YRZHOV LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW EHFDXVH LW LV VRPHWLPHV WKH RQO\<br />
ZD\ WR GLVWLQJXLVK SDLUV RI ZRUGV ZKLFK KDYH GLIIHUHQW PHDQLQJV /RQJ YRZHOV DUH DOZD\V GRXEOHG<br />
ZKLOH VKRUW YRZHOV DUH QRW<br />
7KHUH LV D ORW RI SUHQDOL]DWLRQ LQ ZRORI 7KHUH XVXDOO\ RFFXU ZLWK QDVDOV VXFK DV P Q HWF<br />
9 2 : ( / 6<br />
$V LQGLFDWHG ZRORI YRZHOV DUH HLWKHU ORQJ RU VKRUW $ ORQJ YRZHO LV LQGLFDWHG D GRXEOLQJ RI WKH<br />
V\PERO DQG LW PXVW EH SUQRXQFHG D OLWWOH ORQJHU WKDQ D VKRUW YRZHO ZKLFK LV QRW GRXEOHG<br />
/RQJ DQG VKRUW YRZHOV FDQ RFFXU DQ\ZKHUH LQ WKH ZRUG<br />
92:(/ 1($5(67 (1*/,6+ (48,9$/(17 :2/2) (;$03/(6<br />
D DEVRUE EDQWD WDSD VDQWD<br />
DD IDU ODDM QDDM FDDEL<br />
H JHW GHP OHP JHUWH<br />
HH ZKHUH VHHW OHHO<br />
p VD\ EpV<br />
pp VDQH ZppU UppU<br />
s ELUG NsU GsJsU<br />
L LQ SLW QLW VLPLLV WLPLV<br />
LL PHHW VLLV OLL NLL<br />
R PRPHQW [RE URPED<br />
y QR QyE VyI<br />
RR GRRU ORR VRR<br />
yy SKRQH JyyU IyyW<br />
X FRRN QX\X XEL<br />
XX PRRQ WXXUX \XX[X<br />
& 2 1 6 2 1 $ 1 7<br />
E ER\ EXQWD EDQ<br />
F FK LQ FKXUFK FDDEL FHHE FDDPRx<br />
G GRJ GHI GDUD<br />
I ILUH IDV IHWHO IR ND<br />
J JRRG GRJDO GXJJD<br />
M MRE MDERRUH MR[<br />
N FRRO NDDOD NXPSD<br />
O ODQG ORROX ODDO<br />
P PRRQ PHHZ GHP<br />
Q QRE QLW QD[<br />
x RQLRQ Q\ xHHEH JDDxX<br />
KDQJ PD<br />
S SDUN SDUH VRRSD<br />
U UDW UD[DV UHHU<br />
V VLJQ VLLV VDIDUD<br />
W VWDPS WXEDDE DDWH<br />
Z ZDU ZDDZ UHHZ<br />
[ EHWZHHQ K DQG N [DOH [DDOLV<br />
\ \RXU \DD\ \XX[X
35(1$6$/,=(' &21621$176<br />
PE PEp\ PEDDP<br />
QG QGH\ QGLJWH<br />
QM QJRU QJD<br />
QJ ODPSD<br />
PS WD ND OX ND<br />
N<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
*2$/<br />
%\ WKH HQG RI WKH JUHHWLQJV OHVVRQ OHDUQHU ZLOO EH DEOH WR JUHHW HIIHFWLYHO\ XVLQJ WKH JHQHUDO VSHFLILF<br />
DQG OHDYH WDNLQJ ZLWK WKH DSSURSULDWH FXOWXUDO SURWRFRO<br />
2%-(&7,9(<br />
/HDUQHU ZLOO EH DEOH WR JUHHW HIIHFWLYHO\ WKH GLIIHUHQW DJHV E\ WKH HQG RI WKH FODVV<br />
*(1(5$/ *5((7,1*6<br />
2PDU 6DODDPDDOHHNXP 3HDFH EH XSRQ \RX<br />
0RRGX 0DDOHHNXP VDODDP 3HDFH UHWXUQ WR \RX<br />
2PDU -DDPD QJDDP 'R \RX KDYH SHDFH $UH \RX LQ SHDFH "<br />
0RRGX -DDPD UHN 3HDFH RQO\<br />
2PDU 1DND QJD GHI +RZ DUH \RX +RZ GR \RX GR "<br />
0RRGX 0DDQJL IL UHN , DP KHUH RQO\ , DP ILQH<br />
2PDU 6D \DUDP MDDPD ,V \RXU ERG\ LQ SHDFH<br />
$UH \RX LQ JRRG KHDOWK<br />
0RRGX -DDPD UHN 3HDFH RQO\<br />
2PDU $QD ZDD NsU JL :KHUH DUH WKH SHRSOH DW KRPH"<br />
+RZ LV \RXU IDPLO\ "<br />
0RRGX fXQJD ID 7KH\ DUH WKHUH 7KH\ DUH ILQH<br />
2PDU 0EDD GHIXxX GDUD , KRSH QRWKLQJ LV ZURQJ ZLWK WKHP<br />
+RSH WKH\ DUH ILQH<br />
0RRGX 'pHGpHW GHIXxX GDUD 1R QRWKLQJ LV ZURQJ ZLWK WKHP<br />
7KH\ DUH ILQH<br />
2PDU 1DND OLJpH\ EL +RZ LV WKH ZRUN<br />
0RRGX 0DDQJL VL NRZDP QGDQND QGDQND<br />
, DP RQ LW VORZO\ VORZO\<br />
75$16)250$7,21<br />
4XHVWLRQ $QVZHU<br />
1DND QJD GHI 0DDQJL IL UHN<br />
1DQJD GHI 0DDQJL IL UHN<br />
1RR GHI 1LL UHN<br />
$QD ZDD NsU JD JL fXQJL IL xXQJD ID<br />
1DND ZDD NHU JD 1XQJ ID -DDPD UHN<br />
1DND QMDERRW JL fXQJL FL MDDPD 6DQWD \DOOD<br />
&8/785$/ 127(6<br />
1DQJD GHI " 0DDQJL IL UHN<br />
7KLV IRUP RI JUHHWLQJ LV XVHG IRU RQH V SHHUV RU MXQLRUV ,W LV QRW FRQVLGHUHG UHVSHFWIXO WR XVH WKLV<br />
W\SH RI JUHHWLQJ ZLWK HOGHU SHRSOH *UHHWLQJV XVXDOO\ JR WRJHWKHU ZLWK KDQGVKDNH VRPH PHQ GR QRW<br />
VKDNHKDQGV ZLWK ZRPDQ EHFDXVH RI UHOLJLRQV UHDVRQV 7KHUHIRUH ZRPHQ VKRXOG ZDLW IRU PHQ WR<br />
PDNH WKH PRYH HVSHFLDOO\ LQ DQ XQIDPLOLDU PLOLHQ *UHHWLQJV DUH YHU\ LPSRUWDQW LQ *DPELDQ VRFLHW\<br />
DQG PXVW EH XVHG WR RSHQ FRQYHUVDWLRQ EXVLQHVV WUDQVDFWLRQV HWF
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
+HUH DUH RWKHU IRUPV RI LQIRUPDO JUHHWLQJV XVHG DPRQJ SHHUV<br />
4XHVWLRQ $QVZHU<br />
1DNDP 1LL UHN ILQH<br />
1LPX GHPHH .XXO<br />
'ULOOV WR EH XVHG LQ WKLV GLDORJXH<br />
:KROH WH[W OLVWHQLQJ GULOO<br />
6HQWHQFH PLPLFU\ GULOO<br />
6HQWHQFH SURGXFWLRQ GULOO<br />
6LPXOWDQHRXV GULOO<br />
8WWHUDQFH UHVSRQVH GULOO<br />
*UDPPDU XVHG LQ WKLV GLDORJXH DUH<br />
1JD
2PDU 1DND QJRRQ VL +RZ LV WKH HYHQLQJ"<br />
0RRGX 1JRRQ VDDQJL IL UHN 7KH HYHQLQJ LV KHUH RQO\<br />
7KH HYHQLQJ LV ILQH<br />
2%-(&7,9(<br />
/HDUQHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR XVH WKH QLJKW JUHHWLQJV E\ WKH HQG RI WKH FODVV<br />
1LJKW *UHHWLQJV 1X\RR *XGGL<br />
2PDU 1DND JXGGL JL +RZ LV WKH QLJKW"<br />
0RRGX *XGGL JDDQJL IL UHN 7KH QLJKW LV KHUH RQO\<br />
7KH QLJKW LV ILQH<br />
75$16)250$7,21<br />
4XHVWLRQV $QVZHUV<br />
1RR IDQDDQHH -DDPD UHN<br />
1RR HQGRR -DDPD UHN<br />
1RR QJRRQD OHH 1LL UHN RU FL MDDPD<br />
1X JXGGL JL GHPHH 1LL UHN<br />
'ULOOV WR EH XVHG LQ WKHVH GLDORJXHV DUH<br />
:KROH WH[W OLVWHQLQJ GULOO<br />
6HQWHQFH PLPLFU\ GULOO<br />
6HQWHQFH SURGXFWLRQ GULOO<br />
6LPXOWDQHRXV GULOO<br />
8WWHUDQFH UHVSRQVH GULOO<br />
*5$00$5<br />
1RR +RZ WKH TXHVWLRQ ZRUG QDND PHDQLQJ KRZ LV IXVHG ZLWK QJD WKH<br />
QG VLQJXODU REMHFW HPSKDVLV<br />
1X +RZ DOVR LV D VODQJ ZRUG IRU QDND DQG LV XVHG LQ IXQFWLRQDO ODQJXDJH<br />
/($9( 7$.,1*<br />
*2$/<br />
/HDUQHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR XVH OHDYH WDNLQJ DW WKH GLIIHUHQW DSSURSULDWH WLPHV E\ WKH<br />
HQG RI HDFK OHVVRQ<br />
2%-(&7,9(<br />
/HDUQHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR PDNH WKH GD\ WLPH OHDYH WDNLQJ E\ WKH HQG RI WKH FODVV<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
'D\ 7LPH /HDYH 7DNLQJ 7DDJRR %HFsN<br />
2PDU 0DQJHH xLEL , DP JRLQJ KRPH<br />
0RRGX %D[ QD xX HQGRR MDDPD 2ND\ OHW V VSHQG WKH GD\ LQ<br />
SHDFH<br />
2PDU -DDPD DN MDDPD 3HDFH DQG SHDFH<br />
0RRGX 1JD QX\XO PD VHHQ ZDD NsU
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
(YHQLQJ $QG 1LJKW /HDYH 7DNLQJ 7DDJRR 1JRRQ $N *XGGL<br />
2PDU 0DQJHH xLEL , DP JRLQJ KRPH<br />
0RRGX %D[ QD EH HOpN 2ND\ WLOO WRPRUURZ<br />
2PDU fX IDDQDQ DN MDDPD /HW XV VSHQG WKH QLJKW LQ SHDFH<br />
0RRGX -DDPD DN MDDPD 3HDFH DQG SHDFH<br />
0RRGX 1JD QX\XO PD VHHQ ZDD NsU
75$16)250$7,21<br />
4XHVWLRQV $QVZHUV<br />
1DND QJD WXGGD" 0RRGX ODD WXGGD<br />
1DQJD WXGGD" 0DDQJL WXGGD 0RRGX<br />
1RR WXGGD"<br />
7XU ZL"<br />
1DND QJD VDQWD" 1MDD\ ODD VDQWD<br />
1DQJD VDQWD" 0DDQJL VDQWD 1MDD\<br />
1RR VDQWD" 1MDD\<br />
6DQWD ZL" 1MDD\ OD<br />
)DQ QJD MRJpH"%DQMXO ODD MRJpH<br />
)RR MRJpH" %DQMXO ODD MRJpH<br />
0ERNNL IDQ" 0ERNNL %DQMXO<br />
:DD IDQ QJD" :DD %DQMXO ODD<br />
92&$%8/$5<<br />
1RXQV<br />
%sFsJ EL $IWHUQRRQ 'DUD 1RWKLQJ VRPHWKLQJ<br />
'pHGpHW 1R )D 7KHUH<br />
*XGGL 1LJKW -DDPD 3HDFH<br />
.sU &RPSRXQG 0EDD +RSH<br />
0ERNNL 5HODWLYH RI 6DQWD 6XUQDPH ODVW QDPH<br />
6L 7KH LQ 6XEED VL 0RUQLQJ<br />
7XGGD 1DPHG 7LXU ZL 1DPH<br />
:DD ,QKDELWDQWV
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
%DD\ )DWKHU<br />
0DJ PDJ EX JyRU ROGHU EURWKHU<br />
5DNND EX JyRU
)XNND DN MXUyRP 1DDU )XNND<br />
fDDU IXNND DN EHQQD fDDU IXNND DN MXUyRP EHQQD<br />
fDDU IXNND DN xDDU fDDU IXNND DN MXUyRP xDDU<br />
fDDU IXNND DN xHWWD fDDU IXNND DN MXUyRP xHWWD<br />
fDDU IXNND DN xHQHQW fDDU IXNND DN MXUyRP xHQHQW<br />
fDDU IXNND DN MXUyRP fHWWD IXNND IDQZHHU<br />
)$1:((5 7KLV LV IRUPHG E\ WKH ZRUG IDQ ZKLFK PHDQV GD\ DQG ZHHU ZKLFK<br />
PHDQV PRQWK WKH QXPEHU RI WKH GD\ LQ D PRQWK<br />
fHWWD IXNND DN EHQQD RU )DQZHHU DN EHQQD LV<br />
fHQHQW IXNND 7HHPpHU<br />
-XUyRP IXNND 7HHPpHU DN EHQQD<br />
-XUyRP EHQQD IXNND 7HHPpHU DN xDDU IXNND DN MXUyRP<br />
-XUyRP xDDU IXNND 1DDU WHHPpHU<br />
-XUyRP xHWWD IXNND -XUyRP xHQHQW WpHPpHU<br />
-XUyRP xHQHQW IXNND -XQQp<br />
'5,//6<br />
:KROH WH[W OLVWHQLQJ GULOO<br />
6HQWHQFH SURGXFWLRQ GULOO<br />
6LPXOWDQHRXV SURGXFWLRQ GULOO<br />
8WWHUDQFH UHVSRQVH GULOO<br />
3URQRXQFLDWLRQ GULOO<br />
6XEVWLWXWLRQ GULOO<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
*5$00$5<br />
, ,W LV D UHODWLRQVKLS PDUNHU ZKLFK LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV WKH DPRXQW RU QXPEHU RI VRPH<br />
PHDVXUDEOH RU FRXQWDEOH VXEVWDQFH RU PDWHULDO 7KH H[DPSOHV EHORZ DUH PDGH ZLWK TXDQWLW\ D<br />
FRQWDLQHU<br />
(;$03/(6<br />
7KHVH DUH WKUHH ERRNV
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
, KDYH WKLUW\ ILYH SODQWV $P QDD xHWWD IXNND DN MXUyRPL QML\HHI<br />
(;(5&,6(<br />
75$16/$7( 7+( )2//2:,1* 72 (1*/,6+<br />
7H\ MsQGD QDD xHWWD PEXEED<br />
6XPD 3DSD DP QD MXUyRP xHWWL IXNNL DW<br />
+DGL MR[ QD PD IXNNL WDDWL OLPR<br />
'LQDD Ep\ xHQHQWL pNNL PDDOR UsQ<br />
%HQQD QpHJL xD[ OD %LOOL VDPSD<br />
'DPD ZDUD DP QGDMH DN WpHPpHUL MLJpHQ<br />
$'',7,21 %22/(<br />
2%-(&7,9(<br />
/HDUQHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR DGG XS ILJXUHV E\ WKH HQG RI WKH OHVVRQ<br />
6RR ERROHH DN GLQD WRROX FL<br />
,I \RX DGG DQG LW ZLOO HTXDO<br />
6RR ERROHH DN GLQJD DP<br />
,I \RX DGG DQG \RX KDYH<br />
6RR ERROH DN GLQD QHNND<br />
,I \RX DGG DQG LW ZLOO EH<br />
48(67,216<br />
6RR ERROHH DN xDDWD ODD WRROX"<br />
,I \RX DGG DQG KRZ PXFK ZLOO LW HTXDO WR"<br />
6RR ERROHH DN xDDWD OD ZDUD QHNND"<br />
,I \RX DGG DQG KRZ PXFK VKRXOG LW EH"<br />
6RR ERROHH DN xDDWD QJDD DP"<br />
,I \RX DGG DQG KRZ PXFK ZLOO \RX KDYH"<br />
(;(5&,6(<br />
7UDQVODWH WR (QJOLVK DQG $QVZHU LW LQ :RORI<br />
6RR ERROHH MXUyRP xHQHQW DN IXNND DN MXUyRP xDDWD OD"<br />
6RR ERROHH IDQZHHU DN xDDU IXNND DN xHWWD xDDWD OD"<br />
6RR ERROHH xHQHQW IXNNL [DOH DN MXUyRPL [DOH xDDWD [DOH QJD ZDUD DP"<br />
6RR ERROHH xHWWL WDDWL VRUDDQV DN MXUyRP xDDU IXNNL WDDWL VRUDDQV GLQJD DP xDDWD WDDWL<br />
VRUDDQV"<br />
6RR ERROHH xHWWD IXNND DN QHWWD DN xHQHQW IXNND DN MXURyP xHQHQW xDDWD QJDD\ DP"<br />
68%75$&7,21 *e(1e( :$$1(( 68%75$&7<br />
2%-(&7,9(<br />
/HDUQHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR VXEWUDFW E\ WKH HQG RI WKH FODVV<br />
6RR JpHQpH xDDU FL IXNND GLQD GHV MXUyRP QHWWD<br />
,I \RX VXEWUDFW WZR IURP WHQ LW ZLOO UHPDLQ HLJKW<br />
6RR ZDDxHH MXUyRP EHQQD FL IXNND DN MXUyRP xHQHQW IXNND DN QHWWDD\ GHV<br />
,I \RX VXEWUDFW VL[ LQ QLQHWHHQ WKLUWHHQ ZLOO UHPDLQ
48(67,216<br />
6RR JpHQpH FL xDDWDD\ GpV"<br />
,I \RX VXEWUDFW LQWR KRZ ZLOO UHPDLQ"<br />
6RR ZDDxHH WRRJX FL WRRJX xDDWD PRR ZDUD GpV"<br />
,I \RX VXEWUDFW FKDLUV LQWR FKDLUV KRZ PXFK VKRXOG UHPDLQ"<br />
(;(5&,6(<br />
7UDQVODWH WR (QJOLVK DQG $QVZHU LQ :RORI<br />
6RR ZDDQpH MXUyRP FL xHQHQW IXNND xDDWDD\ GpV"<br />
6RR ZDDQpH FL xDDWD PRR\ GpV"<br />
6RR JpHQpH FL xDDWDD\ GpV"<br />
6RR ZDDQpH FL xDDWDD\ ZDUD GpV"<br />
6RR JpHQpH FL xDDWDD\ GpV"<br />
6RR ZDDQpH WDDWL JX\DDE FL WDDWL JX\DDE xDDWD PRR\ GpV"<br />
'5,//6<br />
:KROH WH[W OLVWHQLQJ GULOO<br />
6HQWHQFH SURGXFWLRQ GULOO<br />
6XEVWLWXWLRQ GULOO<br />
8WWHUDQFH UHVSRQVH GULOO F\FOHV<br />
92&$%8/$5<<br />
%RROH $GG<br />
:DDxL 7R UHGXFH WR FXW GRZQ WKH SULFH<br />
*pHQpH 7R WDNH DZD\ WR VXEWUDFW<br />
'pV 7R UHPDLQ<br />
*X\DDE *XDYD<br />
&855(1&< ;$$/,6<br />
2%-(&7,9(<br />
7R IDPLOLDUL]H OHDUQHUV ZLWK WKH ORFDO FXUUHQF\ DQG WR XVH LW E\ WKH HQG RI WKH FODVV<br />
%XUp\ EXWXWV 7DQND DN xDDUL NRSDU EXWXWV<br />
fDDUL NRSDU EXWXWV 7DQND DJ xHWWDD EXWXWV<br />
fHWWDD fHWWL NRSDU EXWXWV 7DQND DJ xHQHQWL NRSDU EXWXWV<br />
fHQHQW NRSDU EXWXWV 7DQND DJ MXUyRPL NRSDU EXWXWV<br />
-XUyRPL NRSDU EXWXWV 7DUDQVX EXWXWV<br />
7DQND EXWXWV 7XODDULEDU *HQDZDDOD EXWXWV<br />
7DQND DN EXUp\ EXWXWV fHWWL WDUDQVX EXWXWV<br />
'sUsP ' 'DODVL RU '<br />
fDDUL GsUsP '<br />
fHWWL GsUsP '<br />
fHQHQWL GsUsP '<br />
-XUyRPL GsUsP '<br />
)XNNL GsUsP '<br />
)XNND DN MXUyRPL GsUsP '<br />
fDDU IXNNL GsUsP '<br />
)DQZHHUL GsUsP '<br />
-XUyRPL IXNNL GsUsP '<br />
7pHPHpUL GsUsP '<br />
-XUyRPL WpHPpHUL GsUsP '<br />
-XUyRPL xHQHQWL WpHPpHUL GsUsP '<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong>
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
-XQQp QMXQQp GsUsP '<br />
([HUFLVH<br />
7UDQVODWH WR :RORI<br />
EXWXWV E E E E<br />
' E ' E ' E ' E ' E ' E<br />
' ' ' ' ' '<br />
' ' ' '<br />
([HUFLVH<br />
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ LQ WR (QJOLVK<br />
7DQND DN xHQHQW NRSDU<br />
fDDUL MXUyRPL NRSDU<br />
7DUDQVX DN xHWWDD<br />
7XODDULEDU DN WDQND DN EXUp\<br />
fHWWL WDUDQVX DN MXUyRP xHQHQW NRSDU<br />
'sUsP DN WXODDULEDU WXODDOLEDU<br />
fHWWL GsUsP DN xHWWL WDUDQVX<br />
-XUyRP QDDUL GsUsP<br />
-XUyRP xHQHQW IXNNL GsUsP DN MXUyRP xHWWD DN WDQND<br />
'5,//6 )25 7($&+,1* &855(1&<<br />
:KROH WH[W OLVWHQLQJ GULOO<br />
3URQRXQFLDWLRQ GULOO<br />
6HQWHQFH SURGXFWLRQ GULOO<br />
6XEVWLWXWLRQ GULOO<br />
8WWHUDQFH UHVSRQVH GULOO<br />
0$5.(7 6+233,1* 1'8*80 0$56(<br />
2%-(&7,9(6<br />
/HDUQHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR DVN IRU WKH SULFH RI LWHPV DQG EDUJLQ E\ WKH HQG RI WKH OHVVRQ<br />
/HDUQHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR DVN IRU WKHLU FKDQJH DQG OHDYH WDNH E\ WKH HQG RI WKH GLDORJXH LQ WKH FODVV<br />
6LHUUD .LOL\DDQ MDDPD QJDDP<br />
'R \RX KDYH SHDFH FOLHQW"<br />
0ED\ -DDPD UHN NLOL\DDQ ORR EXJJD"<br />
3HDFH RQO\ FOLHQW ZKDW GR \RX ZDQW"<br />
6LHUUD /LxR DN SRPSLWHHU ODD EXJJD NLOR xDDWD OD"<br />
, ZDQW RQLRQV DQG SRWDWRHV NLOR LV KRZ PXFK"<br />
0ED\ .LOR OLxR DN SRPSLWHHU xHWWL GsUsP DN WXODDULEDU OHxX<br />
2QLRQV DQG SRWDWRHV NLOR LV WKUHH GDODVLV ILIW\ EXWXWV HDFK<br />
6LHUUD .RQ MDD\ PD xHWWL NLOR OLxR DN xHQHQWL NLOR SRPSLWHHU EH SDUH QJD ZR[ ZD[ PD<br />
\pS xDDWD OD<br />
7KHQ VHOO PH WKUHH NLORV RI RQLRQV DQG IRXU NLORV RI SRWDWRHV DQG WKHQ \RX WHOO PH DOO<br />
LV KRZ PXFK<br />
0ED\
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
9RFDEXODU\ 7UDQVODWLRQ<br />
%DWDQVH *DUGHQ HJJ<br />
'DDOD 6KRHV<br />
'DUDE %HG VSUHDG<br />
-D[DWX %LWWHU WRPDWRHV<br />
-LPERR PDML 0DJJL FXEHV<br />
.DDQL EX VHZ 3HSSHU VPDOO<br />
.DDQL EX GLMD %LJ SHSSHU<br />
.DQMD 2NUD<br />
/DDM *DUOLF<br />
/LxRØ 2QLRQV<br />
0DNDUyRQL 0DFDURQL<br />
0EXEED 'UHVV VKLUW<br />
fHHEH %HDQV<br />
3HUVL 3DUVOH\<br />
3RPSLWHHU 3RWDWR<br />
3RREDU %ODFN SHSSHU<br />
6DDEX 6RDS<br />
6XNXU 6XJDU<br />
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
0DDP /DD\ 0DDOHHNXP VDODDP 2PDU JHM QDD ODD JLV WRURS IRR QHNNRRQ"<br />
3HDFH EH ZLWK \RX 2PDU , ORQJ WR VHH \RX YHU\ PXFK ZKHUH ZHUH \RX"<br />
2PDU 'DPD QHNND VL D\ WRSRWRR , DP LQ VRPH WUDQVDFWLRQ<br />
0DDP /DD\ 0RRWD[ PD JsM ODD JLV 7KDW V ZK\ , KDYHQ W VHHQ \RX IRU D ZKLOH<br />
2PDU 0DDP GDPD EXJJD WXNNL *UDQQ\ , ZDQW WR WUDYHO<br />
0DDP /DD\ )RR\ GHP PEDD GRR ID \DDJD<br />
:KHUH DUH \RX JRLQJ KRSH \RX ZLOO QRW VWD\ ORQJ<br />
2PDU $[DNDx MXUyRP EHQL DW ODD IDD DP GDPDD MDQJL<br />
2I FRXUVH , OO EH WKHUH IRU \HDUV , DP JRLQJ IRU VWXGLHV<br />
0DDP /DD\ :DD\ GLQJD PD ZHHWDO \DO QJD HHJD DN MDDPD WH QJD DP OLQJDD XWL<br />
%XW , ZLOO PLVV \RX PD\ *RG JXLGH \RX LQ \RXU HQGHDYRXUV<br />
2PDU -HUHMsI PDDP $PLQ 7KDQNV JUDQQ\ $PHQ<br />
6833/(0(17$5<<br />
$)7(51221 )$5(:(// 7$$*$722 %(&¶* %(&¶.<br />
6DDP 0DQJHH GHP GDPD \DDNDPWL , P JRLQJ , P LQ D KXUU\<br />
6LUD /RR\ \DDNDPWL WRRJDO WXXWL QX ZD[ QJHOD<br />
:KDW DUH \RX KXUU\LQJ IRU VLW IRU D ZKLOH OHWV WDON SOHDVH<br />
6DDP :DDW QDD GLQDD GHOOXVL HOsN , VZHDU , ZLOO UHWXUQ EDFN WRPRUURZ<br />
6LUD %DD[ QD GLQHxX JLVpH ,W V RND\ ZH ZLOO VHH WRPRUURZ<br />
6DDP 1X\XO PD VD MHNDU DN VD GyRP 6HQG P\ JUHHWLQJV WR \RXU KXVEDQG DQG<br />
FKLOG<br />
6LLUD 'LQHxX NR GpHJD 7KH\ ZLOO KHUH LW<br />
1,*+7 )$5(:(// 7$$*$722 *8'',<br />
92&$%8/$5<<br />
*LVHH 7R VHH HDFK RWKHU<br />
7pGGL 7R JR WR EHG<br />
*pPDQWX 7R EH VOHHS\<br />
;DDMDQJXW 1RW \HW KDOIZD\<br />
7HHO 7R EH HDUO\<br />
;DDUDO :DLW<br />
'DDO ([SUHVVLRQ RI FHUWDLQW\<br />
7DD\L 7R EH WLUHG<br />
7XNNL 7R WUDYHO<br />
1RSDOHNX 7R UHVW<br />
'5,//6<br />
:KROH WH[W OLVWHQLQJ GULOO<br />
6HQWHQFH SURGXFWLRQ GULOO<br />
*OREDO H[SODLQDWLRQ GULOO<br />
3UH SURGXFWLRQ DQG HDUO\ SURGXFWLRQ GULOO<br />
8WWHUDQFH UHVSRQVH GULOO<br />
6XEVWLWXWLRQ GULOO<br />
%DFNZDUG EXLOGXS GULOO<br />
*5$00$5<br />
1JD
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
0XVWDIDD :DDZ DP QDD NR QHxX GHP QJD VHHW<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
'DDM 1DLO 0EDDMD %ODQNHW<br />
6LPHQW &HPHQW $OPRRU &XSERDUG<br />
3RPSH 7DS 6DDNHW )HQFH<br />
7HHQ :HOO 1GDD 1GDDO -DU<br />
&DDEL .H\ )DWD 7R SDWFK<br />
.DUQDDW 3DGORFN 5DD[ 7R SODVWHU WR FHPHQW<br />
.RUVH /RFN 0DVWLN 0DVWLTXH<br />
6pOXXU /RFN )LULM 5HIULJHUDWRU<br />
/RQNX ODQND +RRN<br />
5(17,1* $ )22' %2:/ /8
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
,VQ W LW \RX ZKR SURPLVHG WR YLVLW DQG , GLG QRW VHH \RX<br />
.HHEDD fRZ QDD ID ZDD\ IHHNX PD OD ID<br />
, FDPH WKHUH EXW , GLG QRW PHHW \RX WKHUH<br />
6DWXXUX :D[ QJD GpJJD GXPD GHH WHHOD ZDFFD ZDD\ VDPGL ZDOOD GLPDDV GXPD\ GHP IHQ<br />
,W V WUXH , GRQ W ILQLVK ZRUN HDUO\ EXW VDWXUGD\ DQG VXQGD\ , GRQ W JR DQ\ZKHUH<br />
.HHEDD %DD[ QD GLQDD ID xRZ VDPGL EX\ xRZ ERRUL MXUyRPL ZR[WX<br />
$OULJKW , ZLOO FRPH WKHUH QH[W VDWXUGD\ DURXQG R FORFN<br />
6DWXXUX 'LQDD OD VpHQWX , OO ORRN IRUZDUG WR \RXU FRPLQJ<br />
75$16)250$7,21<br />
:DD\ ZDQWH 1LL UHN PDQJL ILL UHN<br />
:DFFD MHH[DO OLJHH\ xLEVL :D[ QJD GpJJD GpJJD OD<br />
92&$%8/$5<<br />
7pGGX ,VQ W LW
0XVX 6pHQWX PD JDQDZ WLPLV WXXWL<br />
([SHFW PH D OLWWOH DIWHU GXVN<br />
0XVWDIDD %DD[ QD $OULJKW<br />
68%67,787,21<br />
.RQ GLQDD VDQWDDQH
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
*DQDDU &KLFNHQ<br />
%DQ IDVRØ EDQ NDOLWH<br />
6X SDUH GLQJD EpJ NRQWDDQ<br />
'DPD EXJJD QJD xDZDO PD 7XEp\<br />
6LPLV<br />
0DULQpHU<br />
6LSD<br />
5RRED<br />
&DD\D<br />
&DD\D DZVD<br />
;DIWDDQ<br />
7XEp\ EX JXGGD<br />
0EXEED<br />
0DODDQ<br />
NDED<br />
%X PX %XP GDØ %X EDDW EL Us\<br />
\RORP WDQND \L [DW<br />
JDDWD QGLJJD OL EL RSSD<br />
JXGGD SRRV \L WXXWL<br />
UpHPED<br />
1JD MHOVL NR sOOsN FL QJRRQ<br />
ORQGL EX\ xRZ<br />
WH\ FL EsFsJ EHFsN<br />
JDQDZ sOOsN<br />
EpV EX DD\<br />
VRPHQ EX\ xRZ QLL<br />
EHV EX DD\ ELL VX GHOOXVHH<br />
'DPD EXJJD QJD xDZDO PD<br />
GRJDO<br />
ZDDxLO<br />
WLSLO<br />
RyPEDO<br />
HPDOHO<br />
WpMDO<br />
NXUVHO<br />
xDDPEDDVDO<br />
&20021 3+5$6(6 .$$'8 1$:/8<br />
8EL NR GDID [DW 2SHQ LW LW V WLJKW<br />
1D ILUpHNX FL ZHW \L /HW LW EH IUHH DW WKH VLGHV<br />
0DDV EX JXGGD ODD VR[OD , QHHG D ORQJ VOHHYH VKLUW<br />
'HIDO PDDV EX JDDWD 0DNH VKRUW VOHHYHV IRU PH<br />
1D HP EXPX RSSD OHW LW ILW OHW LW QRW EH RYHUVL]HG<br />
92&$%8/$5<<br />
0DDV OR[R B VOHHYH<br />
5pHPED B WR EH ORRVH<br />
7pM B WR FORVH<br />
8EL B WR RSHQ<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong>
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
'DJLW B EORXVH<br />
fDDPEDDV B WR OHQJWKHQ<br />
0DODDQ B VKDURQJ ZUDS DURXQG<br />
;DI B SLHFHV RI FORWK MRLQHG WRJHWKHU<br />
&DD\D B HQRUPRXV ORFDO SDQWV ZRUQ E\ DOO WULEHV H[FHSW 0DQMDJRHV DQG $NXV<br />
&DD\D DZVD GUDZ VWULQJ SDQWV 3HDFH FRUSV SDQWV<br />
0DULxHHU IHPDOH ORRVH ILWWLQJ EORXVH<br />
5RRED GUHVV<br />
:Rx WKUHDG<br />
3XUVD OR[R QHHGOH<br />
3XUVD PDVLQ PDFKLQH QHHGOH<br />
7XEp\ WURXVHU<br />
6LPLV VKLUW<br />
1JHQVR WDQJ WRS<br />
%LWRØ ERWRQ EXWWRQV<br />
*HQRJ PXVRRU KHDGWLH<br />
*DUDDQ PEXEED<br />
'sSSs KXJH WUDGLWLRQDO JRZQ IRU PHQ DQG ZRPDQ<br />
)RURN IURFN<br />
'DZPH HPEURLGHU\<br />
6LVR VFLVVRUV<br />
5DV JDWKHUV<br />
%RURRV UXQQLQJ VWLFKHV<br />
'XEOXXU XQGHUOLQLQJ<br />
0EXXVH ORRVHG<br />
'pQD FKHVW<br />
5p\ ELJ<br />
;DW WLJKW<br />
(;(5&,6(<br />
1HJDWH WKH IROORZLQJ<br />
DP QDD PEXXUX PXQJHH EDOH QpHJDP<br />
GDID IHHEDU GpHPED OHHND QHxX EH VXXU<br />
JDDxX QJD EX EDD[<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
%2'< 3$576 $1' +($/7+ 7(506<br />
2%-(&7,9(6<br />
%\ WKH HQG RI WKH FODVV OHDUQHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR QDPH DWOHDVW WHQ RW WKHLU ERG\ SDUWV 7KH\ ZLOO DOVR EH<br />
DEOH WR H[SODLQ WKHLU KHDOWK FRQGLWLRQV<br />
7DQND OHJ %DDUDDPL OR[R ILQJHU<br />
/R[R KDQG 7HHSD[ SHOYLF<br />
1RSSD HDU 3R[RWDDQ DUPSLW<br />
6LNLP FKLQ &RQFR HOERZ<br />
%DNHQ QRVH
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
6LUD $PLQ MHUHMHI $PHQ WKDQNV<br />
75$16)250$7,21<br />
/X ODD PpHWL OX OD MRW OX OD GDO"<br />
68%7,787,21<br />
6XPD WDQND EH\ PHHWL<br />
ELLU<br />
ERSSD<br />
GHQD<br />
GLJL JDQDZ<br />
QRSSD<br />
ERx<br />
QD[D<br />
\DUDP<br />
'DID DP ELLU EX GRZ<br />
VH[DW<br />
ELLUL WHxH<br />
QMDPEDWDDQ<br />
SR\LLV<br />
ØDV<br />
92&$%8/$5<<br />
PpHWL WR SDLQ WR KXUW JDDxX WR EH KXUW<br />
VRFF WR KDYH D IOX RU FROG WDQVL\RØ KLJK EORRG SUHVVXUH<br />
IR[RM VSUDLQ GLVORFDWLRQ Up[D VSUDLQ<br />
DDSROR ZDDQHW FRQMXQWLYLWLV WDDS ERLO<br />
MXPEXM D ERLO RQ WKH H\H OLG [RMRJRRQH KXQFK EDFN<br />
ZDJJD VFDELHV VLELWX VLELUX IHYHU PDODULD<br />
ELLU EX\ GRZ GLDUUKHD ELLUL WHxH G\VHQWHU\<br />
VH[DW FRXJK QMDPEDWDDQ ZKRRSLQJ FRXJK<br />
SR\LLV MDXQGLFH ØDV PHDVOHV<br />
ERSSD EX\ PpHWL KHDGDFKH Ws[ GHDI<br />
ELLU EX\ PpHWL VWRPDFKDFKH OXX PXPX GXPE<br />
JXPER EOLQG SHUVRQ GRI NDQDVX FUD]\<br />
QJDDQD OHSURV\ MRW GDO UHDFK<br />
xDDND GHUHW DQDHPLF<br />
*5$00(5<br />
\DQJL \RX DUH QG SHUVRQ VLQJ ORFDWLYH GHWHUPLQDQWV<br />
OX ODQ PRR ZKDW<br />
GDPD , VW SHUVRQ VLQJ YHUE SUHGLFDWRU<br />
ODD \RX QG SHUVRQ VLQJ REMHFW SURQRXQ YDULDQW D<br />
VXPD P\ VW SHUVRQ VLQJ SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYH<br />
QDD , VW SHUVRQ FRPSOHWLRQ PDUNHU<br />
QJD \RX QG SHUVRQ FRPSOHWLRQ PDUNHU
&203/,0(176<br />
2EMHFWLYH<br />
OHDUQHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR JLYH DQG UHFHLYH FRPSOLPHQWV E\ WKH HQG RI WKH OHVVRQ<br />
0XVX 1DQJD GHI" 'DPD OD VRRSD<br />
+RZ DUH \RX" , OLNH \RX"<br />
'LL\HH 0DQJL IL ZDD\ PDD OD UDZ<br />
, DP ILQH EXW , VXUSDVVHG \RX OLNH \RX PRUH<br />
0XVD )RR GHNND"<br />
:KHUH GR \RX OLYH"<br />
'LL\HH %XQGXØ ODD GHNND<br />
, OLYH LQ %XQGXQJ<br />
0XVD 'LQDD OD VHWVL<br />
, ZLOO YLVLW \RX<br />
'LL\HH %DD[QD GLQDD OD VpHQWX<br />
$OULJKW , ZLOO H[SHFW \RX<br />
&20021 3+5$6(6 $1' 5(63216(6<br />
/DOQDD FL FDQFLWH JL /DOL QDD<br />
, OLNH WKH ZD\ \RX GUHVV , ZHOFRPH \RXU VDWLVIDFWLRQ<br />
0DDQJL FL VL VD PEXEED EL
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
\HO QD OD \DDOD VXWXUDO WH PH\ OD QMDERRW JXEDUL WH EDUNH<br />
0D\ *RG VHFXUH \RX D ORQJ PDUULDJH DQG JLYH \RX D ODUJH DQG EOHVVHG IDPLO\<br />
'5,//6<br />
:KROH WH[W OLVWHQLQJ GULOO<br />
7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ GULOO<br />
%DFN ZDUG EXLOG XS GULOO<br />
*5$00$5<br />
OD \RX REMHFW SURQ QG SHUVRQ VLQJ<br />
PDQJL KHUH , DP VW SHUVRQ VLQJ ORFDWLRQ GHWHUPLQDQWV<br />
VD \RXU QG SHUVRQ VLQJ SRVVHVLYH DGM<br />
EL WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH<br />
ELL WKLV RQH GHPRQVWUDWLYH DGM<br />
PDD , VW SHUVRQ VLQJ VXEMHFW HPS<br />
QJD \RX QG SHUVRQ VLQJ REM HPSKDVLV<br />
\DQJL \RX QG SHUVRQ VLQJ ORFDWLRQ GHWHUPLQDQW<br />
QDD , VW SHUVRQ VLQJ FRPSOHWLRQ PDUNHU<br />
QJD \RX QG SHUVRQ VLQJ FRPSOHWLRQ PDUNHU<br />
VX LI KH VKH LW UG SHUVRQ VLQJ FRQGLWLRQDO LI<br />
VRR LI \RX QG SHUVRQ VLQJ FRQGLWLRQDO LI<br />
WH DQG<br />
VHHQ \RXU QG UG SHUVRQ SOXUDO SRVVHVVLYH DGM<br />
NR KH VKH LW UG SHUVRQ VLQJ REMHFW SURQRXQ<br />
xX ZH VW SHUVRQ SOXUDO REMHFW SURQRXQ<br />
&8/785$/ 127(6<br />
35,9$&< $1' %(,1* 6,&.<br />
3HRSOH H[SUHVV WKHLU V\PSDWK\ WR VLFN SHRSOH E\ YLVLWLQJ WKHP<br />
7KH SDWLHQW IHHOV YHU\ JUDWHIXO LI VRPH WLPH LV VSHQW ZLWK KLP KHU DW<br />
OHDVW IRU RQH KRXU RU PRUH 7KH VLFN SHUVRQ LV QRW DOZD\V OHIW DORQH WR<br />
VOHHS RU UHVW IRU D ZKROH GD\ WKHUH ZLOO EH SHRSOH FRPPLQJ LQ DQG RXW XQWLO<br />
QLJKW IDOOV VR \RX ZRXOG ILQG RXW WKDW WKH QDWLRQ RI SULYDF\ DV NQRZQ LQ WKH<br />
VWDWHV GRHV QRW H[LVW KHUH<br />
:KHQ YLVLWLQJ D VLFN SHUVRQ LQ WKH XUEDQ DUHD \RX DUH H[SHFWHG WR WDNH DORQJ IUXLWV<br />
PRQH\ RU IRRG<br />
,Q 7KH *DPELD SHRSOH DUH RQO\ DGPLWWHG DW ELJ KRVSLWDO DQG %DVVH KRVSLWDO<br />
DQG 0DQVDNRQNR KRVSLWDO DQG )DUDIHQL KRVSLWDO IRU DOO RWKHU LOOQHVVHV<br />
7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO KHDOWK FHQWUHV DQG FOLQLFV DURXQG WKH XUEDQ UXUDO DUHDV IRU<br />
WUHDWLQJ PLQRU LOOQHVVHV DQG GHOLYHULHV 3UHVHQWO\ WKH PHGLFDO DQG +HDOWK<br />
'HSDUWPHQWV KDV UHOHDVHG D ODZ WKDW SDWLHQWV VKRXOG EH JLYHQ WLPH WR UHVW DQG<br />
EH DORQH IRU D ZKLOH VR D UHVXOW RI WKDW YLVLWLQJ KRXUV LQ ELJ KRVSLWDOV LV S P<br />
WR S P HYHU\ GD\ H[FHSW 6XQGD\ ZKLFK LV S P WR S P 3HRSOH GRQ W YLVLW VLFN<br />
SHRSOH DW QLJKW<br />
68%67,787,21<br />
'DPD OHHQ EXJJD [DPDO QL QX\ GHIDUHH<br />
ZRQ URRVH VXX[ QML\pHI<br />
MDQJDO MD[DVH PEDOLW<br />
MsPEDWH JDUDE<br />
OL PXQ QD JHMHIDO<br />
WRR\DO<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong>
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
ZRZDO<br />
QRR\DO<br />
GXQGDO<br />
&8/785$/ 127(6<br />
,W LV EHVW WR KHOG RU RUJDQLVH PHHWLQJV ZLWK YLOODJHUV RQ WKHLU RII GD\V ZKLFK \RX KDYH WR ILQH RXW<br />
IURP WKHP 6SHHFK PXVW EH VPRRWK DQG VLPSOH 7U\ WR JHW WKH SHRSOH WHQGHU ELJ WUHHV WR JHW VKDGH<br />
0DNH VXUH \RX LQYROYH WKHP LQ WKH DFWLYLWLHV<br />
92&$%8/$5<<br />
WHHZ WR EH SUHVHQW PEsJWH SOHDVXUH<br />
X\X UHVSRQG [DPDO WR PDNH NQRZQ WR QRWLI\<br />
GDMDOH WR FROOHFW WR JDWKHU [DP WR NQRZ<br />
ROEDWL WR WXUQ WDPEDOL WR VWDUW<br />
MD[DVH WR PL[ MLL\HH SODQW ZLWK<br />
ODMWH WR DVN WRR\ WR EH ZHW<br />
JHMHI WR VRIWHQ E\ VRDNLQJ QRE WR URW<br />
ZD[WDDQ FKDW<br />
'5,//6<br />
:KROH WH[W OLVWHQLQJ GULOO<br />
6HQWHQFH SURGXFWLRQ GULOO<br />
*OREDO H[SODQDWLRQ GLDORJXH GULOO<br />
8WWHUDQFH UHVSRQVH GULOO<br />
*5$00(5<br />
\pHQ \RX QG SHUVRQ SOXUDO LQGHSHQGHQW SURQ<br />
PDQJL , VW SHUVRQ VLQJ ORFDWLRQ GHWHUPLQDQWV<br />
OHHQ LPSHUDWLYH SOXUDO H J GHP OHHQ<br />
VHHQ \RXU QG UG SHUVRQ SOXUDO SRVVHVVLYH DGM<br />
PD PH VW SHUVRQ VLQJ REMHFW SURQRXQ<br />
QJHHQ \RX QG SHUVRQ SOXUDO VXEMHFW HPSKDVLV<br />
QX ZH WKH\ VW UG SHUVRQ VXEMHFW HPSKDVLV<br />
GDPD , VW SHUVRQ VLQJ YHUE SUHGLFDWLRU<br />
GDQJDD\ \RX QG SHUVRQ VLQJ YHUE SUHGLFDWRU YDULDO <<br />
QJD \RX QG SHUVRQ GLQJ VXEMHFW HPSKDVLV<br />
NR KH VKH LW UG SHUVRQ VLQJ REMHFW SURQRXQ<br />
PX KH VKH LW UG SHUVRQ VLQJ VXEMHFW HPSKDVLV<br />
VX LI KH VKH LW UG SHUVRQ VLQJ FRQGLWLRQDO LI<br />
QD KH VKH LW UG SHUVRQ VLQJ FRPSOHWLRQ PDUNHU<br />
OHxX ZH WKH\ VW UG SHUVRQ SOXUDO REMHFW HPSKDVLV<br />
92&$%8/$5<<br />
MXW MXU DQLPDO VKHHS JRDW FKLFNHQ DQG FDWWOH<br />
SXXS GHIDFDWLRQ VWRRO<br />
QD[ JUDVV [RE OHDYH<br />
SRW WLQ FDQ QD\LORQ SODVWLF Q\ORQ<br />
QGR[ ZDWHU EHUHE SODFH<br />
VLZR VL\R EXFNHW<br />
60$// &219(56$7,21 21 7+( :$< 72 7+( 1$$.22<br />
2%-(&7,9(6
HDUQHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR GR LQIRUPDO FRQYHUVLRQ RQ WKH ZD\ WR WKH QDDNRR ZLWK WKH<br />
ZRPHQ RU \RXQJ FKLOGUHQ<br />
.DGLL -HUp QJHHQ MsI JDD\ \L 3UDLVH WR DOO RI \RX<br />
NLULVWLQ :DDZ JRRUD \pHQ *UHDW \RX DOO<br />
.DGLL
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
9RFDEXODU\<br />
VDQJX WR EDWK ERUH WR ZUHVWOH<br />
GRJ WR FXWIR WR SOD\<br />
QRSSDOHNX WR UHVW JDV WR GLJ<br />
([HUFLVH ,' 7UDQVODWH<br />
VDQJXNDD\ OD GRJXNDD\ OD<br />
QRSDOHNXNDD\ OD ERUH XNDD\ ERUHNDD\<br />
IR XNDD\ OHQX IRXNDD\ JDVXNDD\ OHQX<br />
1RWH WKDW WKH ZRUG LQ SDUDQWKHVHV DUH DFWXDOO\ ZKDW SHRSOH VD\<br />
7KH 1HJDWLYH IRUP '8<br />
7KH FKDUW EHORZ JLYHV WKH GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI WKH SDUWLFOH '8 7KH SDUWLFOH FDQ KDYH WKH PHDQLQJ RI<br />
LV QRW ZKHQ LW LV IROORZHG E\ D QRXQ<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ 'XPD 'XxX 'Xx<br />
QG 3HUVRQ 'RR 'X QJD 'XQJHHQ 'RROHHQ<br />
UG 3HUVRQ 'X 'XxX 'Xx<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
'XPD ZDD *DPJL\D , DP QRW D *DPELDQ<br />
'RR :RORI
'HPRQVWUDWLYH $GMHFWLYHV<br />
/LL WKLV WKLQJ )LL WKLV SODFH NLL WKLV SHUVRQ<br />
%LL 7KLV RQH WKLV XVHG ZKHQ RQH ZDQWV WR EH VSHFLILF DERXW<br />
WKH DUWLFOH RI UHIHUHQFH<br />
/HOH ODOH WKDW WKLQJ )HOH IDOH WKDW SODFH WKHUH<br />
.HOH NDOH WKDW SHUVRQ %HOH EDOH WKDW RQH<br />
4XHVWLRQV :RUGV<br />
/DQ ZKDW )DQ ZKHUH<br />
.DQ ZKR %DQ ZKLFK<br />
/LL ODQ OD" /LL VLLV OD /DOH ODQ OD" /DOH RSSXNDD\ OD<br />
7KLV ZKDW LV" 7KLV FKDLU LV 7KDW WKLQJ LV ZKDW" 7KDW WKLQJ LV D IDQ<br />
ZKDW LV WKLV" WKLV D FKDLU<br />
)DOH IDQ OD" )DOH ORSLWDDQ OD 7KHUH LV ZKHUH" 7KDW SODFH LV D KRVSLWDO<br />
)LL IDQ OD" )LL %DQMXO OD +HUH LV ZKHUH" 7KLV LV %DQMXO<br />
.DOH NDQ OD" .DOH EH\NDDW OD :KR LV WKDW SHUVRQ" 7KDW SHUVRQ LV D IDUPHU<br />
.LL NDQ OD" .LL )DDWX OD 7KLV ZKR LV" 7KLV )DDWX LV<br />
%DOH EDQ OD" %DOH ODPSDOD :KLFK RQH LV WKLV" 7KDW RQH LV D ODPS<br />
6XEVWLWXWLRQ 3RVLWLYH 'HVFULSWLRQ<br />
/LL /DQ /D" )LL )DQ /D"<br />
/LL VLLV OD ILL OLJpH\XNDD\ OD<br />
WXEH\ GHQFXNDD\<br />
PRQWDU ORSLWDDQ<br />
GDDOD MDQJXNDD\<br />
QpHJ PDDUVH<br />
ZDDx ZRQDJ ZDQDN<br />
VDDNXV NsU<br />
.LL .DQ /D"<br />
.LL MDQJDOHNDW OD<br />
OLJpH\NDW<br />
WRRJDNDW<br />
MDD\NDW<br />
MDQJDNDW<br />
6XEVWLWXWLRQ 1HJDWLYH 'HVFULSWLRQ<br />
/LL GX VLLV )LL GX OLJpH\XNDD\<br />
WXEp\ GHQFXNDD\<br />
PRQWDU ORSLWDDQ<br />
GDDOD MDQJXNDD\<br />
QpHJ PDDUVH<br />
ZDDx ZRQDJ<br />
.LL GX MDQJDOHNDW<br />
OLJpH\NDW<br />
WRRJDNDW<br />
MDD\NDW<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong>
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
MDQJDNDW<br />
MDQGDNDW<br />
7KH ,QGHSHQGHQW 6XEMHFW 3URQRXQV<br />
7KH ,QGHSHQGHQW 6XEMHFW 3URQRXQV DUH JUDPPDWLFDOO\ LQGHSHQGHQW RI QRXQV DQG YHUEV 6LQFH LW LV<br />
QRW QHFHVVDU\ IRU ,QGHSHQGHQW 6XEMHFW 3URQRXQV WR EH WLHG WR D YHUE RU QRXQ WKH\ DUH WKH RQHV<br />
ZKLFK DUH XVHG WR IRUP RQH ZRUG FRQVWUXFWLRQ XVXDOO\ TXHVWLRQV RU DQVZHUV WR TXHVWLRQV LQ ZKLFK<br />
WKH SURQRXQV VWDQGV DORQH ,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW WKH ,QGHSHQGHQW VXEMHFW SURQRXQV FDQ EH XVHG LQ<br />
WKLV ZD\ UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU WKH FRQWH[W LPSOLHV D VXEMHFW RU REMHFW JUDPPDWLFDO IXQFWLRQV )RU<br />
LQVWDQFH NDQ OD" ZKR LV LW 0DQ , 7KH\ DUH DOVR XVHG ZLWK SUHSRVLWLRQV OLNH DJ DQG FL LQ DW HWF<br />
EH WR XS WR XQWLO QJLU EHFDXVH RI DQG SXU IRU )LQDOO\ WKH ,QGHSHQGHQW 6XEMHFW 3URQRXV DUH<br />
XVHG IRU HPSKDVLV RU WR FODULI\ WKH SHUVRQ UHIHUHQFH RI FHUWDLQ SURQRXQV<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ 0DQ fXQ<br />
QG 3HUVRQ
FKDSWHUV<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
([HUFLVH<br />
3XW WKH IROORZLQJ YRFDEXODU\ LQWR VHQWHQFHV XVLQJ ,QGHSHQGHQW SURQRXQ DQG WKH REMHFW SUHGLFDWRU<br />
([DPSOH<br />
PELQGDDQ PDLG PRRP PELQGDDQ OD VKH LV D PDLG<br />
MDQJDOHNDW WHDFKHU PDQ MDQJDOHNDW ODD , DP D WHDFKHU<br />
'LPEDOHNDW KHOSHU DVVLVWDQW )DMNDW FXUHU GRFWRU<br />
0DVRØ PDVRQ 0LQLVH FDUSHQWHU<br />
:RQHNDW H[KLELWRU 1DZNDW WDLORU<br />
8XGH OHDWKHU ZRUNHU<br />
'HILQLWH ,QGHILQLWH $UWLFOHV<br />
'HILQLWH $UWLFOH<br />
$ :RORI QRXQ RIWHQ RFFXUV ZLWK D VSHFLDO ZRUG ZKLFK ZLOO FDOOHG QRXQ GHWHUPLQHU 7KH GHWHUPLQHU<br />
DUWLFOH LV XVHG IRU VSHFLILFLW\ 7KLV PHDQLQJ FRUUHVSRQGV QRW H[DFWO\ EXW IDLUO\ FORVH WR WKH DUWLFOH<br />
7KH<br />
7KH VHFRQG PHDQLQJ RI WKH ZRORI GHWHUPLQHU LV WKDW VSDWLDO UHODWLRQ WR WKH VSHDNHU 2QH IRUP RI WKH<br />
DUWLFOH LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH UHIHUHQFH LV UHPRWH 7KLV LV LQGLFDWHG E\ L IRU SUR[LPLW\ DQG D IRU<br />
UHPRWHQHVV<br />
7KHUH DUH HLJKW VLQJXODU GHILQLWH DUWLFOHV LQ :RORI DQG WZR SOXUDO DUWLFOHV :RORI QRXQV DUH GLYLGHG<br />
LQWR HLJKW GLIIHUHQW FODVVHV E\ WKH NLQG RI VLQJXODU DUWLFOH WKH\ WDNH ,Q JHQHUDO HDFK ZRORI QRXQ<br />
EHORQJV WR RQH FODVV 1RXQV RI WKH EL FODVV DUH E\ IDU WKH PRVW FRPPRQ DQG DOO ERUURZLQJV IURP<br />
RWKHU ODQJXDJHV DUH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR LW )XUWKHU PRUH WKHUH LV D PDUNHG WHQGHQF\ IRU QRXQV ZKLFK<br />
ZHUH RUJLQDOO\ RI RWKHU FODVVHV WR FRPH LQWR WKH EL FODVV ,I WKH DSSURSULDWH FODVV LV LQ GRXEW RU KDV<br />
EHHQ IRUJRWWHQ WKH XVH RI WKH EL FODVV LV WKH PRVW FRPPRQ DQG DFFHSWDEOH SUDFWLFH<br />
1RXQ 'HWHUPLQH 5HPRWHQHVV 3OXUDO 3OXUDO<br />
SUR[LPLW\ SUR[LPLW\ UHPRWHQHVV<br />
WRRJX EL ED \L \D<br />
VR[QD VL VD \L xL \D xD<br />
MLJJHQ ML MD \L xL \D xD<br />
PXXV PL PD \L \D<br />
QGHNNL OL OD \L \D<br />
JDUDE JL JD \L \D<br />
ZDDx ZL ZD \L \D<br />
QLW NL ND xL xD<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
0DQ MLJHHQ ML ODD ZD[ , WKH ZRPDQ , VDLG<br />
, VDLG WKH ZRPDQ<br />
)LL NsU JL OD +HUH LV WKH FRPSRXQG<br />
fXQ QLW QL OHxX JLV :H VDZ WKH SHRSOH<br />
/LL QGHNNL OL OD 7KLV LV WKH EUHDNIDVW<br />
)DOH ZDDx ZL OD 7KDW SODFH LV WKH NLWFKHQ<br />
%LL QGR[ PL OD 7KLV RQH LV WKH ZDWHU<br />
9RFDEXODU\<br />
1RXQV 9HUEV
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
NsU JL 7KH FRPSRXQG ZD[ WR VD\<br />
QGR[ PL 7KH ZDWHU JLV WR VHH<br />
2QO\ WKH QRXQ QLW SHUVRQ WDNHV NL DQG xL IRU WKH SOXUDO IRUP RWKHU QRXQV UHODWLQJ WR SHRSOH WDNH<br />
ERWK \L DQG xL IRU WKH SOXUDO IRUP<br />
'HILQLWH $UWLFOH :LWK &RPSOHPHQW<br />
7UDQVODWH<br />
WRRJX EL OD VR[QD VL OD MLJJHQ xL OHxX<br />
PXXV \D OHxX QGHNNL OL OD JDUDE \L OHxX<br />
ZDDx ZD OD QLW ND OD QGR[ PD OD<br />
7UDQVODWH<br />
,W LV QRW WKH FKDLU SUR[LPLW\<br />
6KH LV QRW WKH ODG\ UHPRWHQHVV<br />
,W LV QRW WKH FDWV UHPRWHQHVV<br />
,W LV QRW WKH NLWFKHQ SUR[LPLW\<br />
,W LV QRW WKH SHUVRQ UHPRWHQHVV<br />
7KH 3UHVHQWDWLYH DQJL<br />
7KH EDVLF IXQFWLRQ RI DQJL DQG LWV YDULDQWV LV WR SUHVHQW RU FDOO DWWHQWLRQ WR VRPHWKLQJ RU VRPHRQH<br />
H[LVWLQJ RU GRLQJ VRPHWKLQJ DW WKH WLPH RI VSHDNLQJ 7KH ILQDO YRZHO L LQ DQJL LQGLFDWH ZKDW LV<br />
UHIHUUHG WR LV FORVH DW KDQG ,I WKH SHUVRQ RU WKLQJ UHIHUUHG WR LV QRW FORVH DW WKH ILQDO YRZHO XVHG LV D<br />
DQG WKH IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQWDWLYH LV DQJD LQVWHDG DQJL KDV WKH (QJOLVK PHDQLQJ RI KHUH LV DQG DQJD<br />
WKHUH LV<br />
7KH SUHVHQWDWLYH DQJL FDQ EH DWWDFKHG GLUHFWO\ WR WKH QRXQ RU WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH DQG DOVR WR WKH<br />
,QGHSHQGHQW SURQRXQ<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
WDDEXODQJL KHUH LV WDEOH WDEXOEDQJL KHUH LV WKH WDEOH<br />
VLLVDQJD WKHUH LV FKDLU VLLV EDQJD WKHUH LV WKH FKDLU<br />
PDDQJL KHUH , DP PXQJL KHUH KH VKH LW LV<br />
xXQJL KHUH ZH DUH \HHQDQJD WKHUH \RX SO DUH<br />
\DQJL KHUH \RX DUH xXQJD WKHUH WKH\ DUH<br />
([HUFLVH<br />
+HUH LV D PDQ 7KHUH LV D ZRPDQ<br />
7KHUH LV D WUHH +HUH LV WKH PDQ<br />
7KHUH LV WKH ZRPDQ 7KHUH LV WKH WUHH<br />
([HUFLVH<br />
7UDQVODWH WR (QJOLVK<br />
ZDDx ZDQJL PXXVDQJL<br />
QLW NDQJD QGHNNL ODQJL<br />
VR[QD VDQJL ZDDxDQJL<br />
MLJHHQ MDQJD JyRU JDQJD<br />
,QGHILQLWH $UWLFOHV<br />
,Q WKH VLQJXODU WKHUH DUH QR LQGHILQDWH DUWLFOHV OLNH D RU DQ LQ ZRORI DV WKHUH DUH LQ (QJOLVK ZRORI XVHV<br />
WKH QXPHULFDO EHQQD RQH RU DE %HQQD RU DE LV SODFHG EHIRUH WKH QRXQ ,Q WKH SOXUDO IRUPV D\ LV<br />
SODFHG EHIRUH WKH QRXQ
([DPSOHV<br />
DE WDDEXO OD ,W LV D WDEOH<br />
DE MDQJDOHNDW QJD
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
:KHQ WKH QRXQ PRGLILHG E\ D UHODWLYH SURQRXQ LQ GHWHUPLQHG WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH FRPHV DJ\HU WH<br />
SKUDVH UDWKHU WKDQ GLUHFWO\ DIWHU WKH QRXQ<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
1RXQ 5HODWLYH 3URQRXQ 6WDWLYH 9HUE $UWLFOH<br />
1GHNNL/X 1HH[ /L<br />
%UHDNIDVW :KLFK 1LFH 7KH<br />
*DUDE *X *DDWD *L<br />
7UHH :KLFK 6KRUW 7KH<br />
1LW .X %DD[ .L<br />
3HUVRQ :KR *RRG 7KH<br />
3RVVHVVLYHV<br />
7KH :RORI SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQV IXQFWLRQV IDLUO\ VLPLODUO\ WR WKHLU (QJOLVK HTXLYDOHQWV -XVW DV<br />
(QJOLVK XVHV WKH VDPH IRUP \RXU IRU ERWK VLQJXODU DQG SOXUDO VHFRQG SHUVRQ FDWHJRULHV $OVR DV<br />
ZLWK RWKHU ZRORI SURQRXQV RQH IRUP LV XVHG IRU WKH WKLUG SHUVRQ VLQJXODU ZLWK QR GLVWLQFWLRQ RI<br />
JHQGHU<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ VXPD VDPD VXxX VXx<br />
QG 3HUVRQ VD VHHQ<br />
UG 3HUVRQ DP VHHQ<br />
1RXQV<br />
;DULW IULHQG 7XEH\ 7URXVHUV<br />
.sU &RPSRXQG 1HHJ 0RXVH<br />
7DDEXO 7DEOH 7HHUH %RRN<br />
'yRP &KLOG ;DM 'RJ<br />
'pNDQGRR 1HLJKERXU :RQDN %DWKURRP<br />
.DPD 7RLOHW 7DZHO VDUEHW 7RZHO<br />
0H\HNDW *LYHU IXQ FUDFNHU<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
.LL VD [DULW OD 7KLV SHUVRQ LV \RXU IULHQG<br />
.LL VXxX [DULW OD 7KLV SHUVRQ LV RXU IULHQG<br />
)LL QHHJDP OD +HUH LV KLV KHU KRXVH<br />
0RRGX VDPD [DULW OD 0RRGX LV P\ IULHQG<br />
/LL VHHQ WpHUH OD 7KLV LV \RXU WKHLU ERRN<br />
.DOH GyRPDP OD 7KDW SHUVRQ LV D KHU KLV LWV FKLOG<br />
1RWH<br />
7KH ,QGHSHQGHQW 6XEMHFW 3URQRXQ ZLOO KHOS WR FODULI\ ZKDW FRXOG KDYH EHHQ DQ DPELJRXV VWDWHPHQW<br />
([DPSOH<br />
fDOH VHHQ D\ GyRP OHxX )DOH GX VD ZRQDN VXPD NDPD OD<br />
([HUFLVH % 7UDQVODWH WR :RORI<br />
7KLV LV RXU NLWFKHQ 7KLV LV KLV WUHH<br />
7KHVH DUH RXU FKDLUV 7KHVH DUH WKHLU IULHQGV<br />
7KHVH DUH P\ VKRHV 7KHVH DUH KHU KRXVH<br />
/DD\ LV KLV WUDQVODWRU $ONDDOL LV P\ EURWKHU<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
5HODWLRQVKLS 0DUNHU<br />
7KH 3DUWLFOH X DQG L<br />
$ SRVVHVLYH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ RQH QRXQ DQG DQRWKHU LV LQGLFDWHG LQ :RORI E\ SODFLQJ WKH QRXQ<br />
UHIHUULQJ WR WKH WKLQJ SRVVHVVHG WKH PRGLILHG QRXQ EHIRUH WKDW UHIHUULQJ WR WKH SRVVHVVRU WKH QRXQ<br />
PRGLILHG ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH ILUVW RU SRVVHVVHG QRXQ LV XVXDOO\ IROORZHG E\ D VSHFLDO JUDPPDWLFDO<br />
PDUNHU ZKLFK PDUNV WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH WZR QRXQV 7KLV UHODWLRQVKLS PDUNHU KDV WZR<br />
IRUPV X DQG L 7KHVH DUH XVHG LQGLVFULPDWHO\ GHSHQGLQJ RQ ZKHUH \RX DUH ORFDWHG<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
7DDEXO L 2PDU 7DEOH RI 2PDU 2PDU V WDEOH<br />
7XEH\ L -RKQ 7URXVHUV RI -RKQ -RKQ V SDQWV<br />
7KLV UHODWLRQVKLS PDUNHU DOVR H[LVW LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQV ZLWK D SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYH ,WV H[LVWHQFH GRHV<br />
QRW LQWHUIHUH ZLWK JUDPPDWLFDO VWUXFWXUHV
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
-XUyRP fDDU 6HYHQ -XUyRP fHWWD (LJKW<br />
-XURyP fHQHQW 1LQH 5DND
7KH WDEOH LV PLQH 7KH ERRNV DUH WKHLUV<br />
7KH WDEOHV DUH RXUV 7KH KRXVH LV \RXUV<br />
7KH ILVK DUH WKHLUV 7KH WURXVHUV DUH KLV<br />
([HUFLVH % 7UDQVODWH 7R (QJOLVK<br />
0XXV PL VXPD ERV OD *RRU JL VD QLMDD\ OD<br />
-LJpHQ MX ERVDP OD :DQ ZL VHHQ ERV OD<br />
.HU \L VD \RV OHxX 7HHUH \L VXQX \RV OHxX<br />
([DPSOH 'X<br />
)LL GX VXPD SDODDV +HUH LV QRW P\ SODFH<br />
%LQGD ELL GX ERVDP 7KLV ZULWWLQJ LV QRW KHU V<br />
([HUFLVH $ 7UDQVODWH 7R (QJOLVK<br />
*yRU JL GX EDD\DP
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
SURQRXQ LV PRGLILHG E\ WKH SUHVHQWDWLYH DQJL<br />
0DQJL GL OHNND KHUH , DP HDWLQJ<br />
0XQJL GL WRRJD KHUH 6KH LV FRRNLQJ<br />
0XXVDQJL GL WRE KHUH ,V D FDW MXPSLQJ<br />
1LWDQJL GL GR[ KHUH LV D SHUVRQ ZDONLQJ<br />
7KH SDUWLFOH GL LV IXVHG ZLWK WKH VXEMHFW SURQRXQV DQG WKH SUHVHQWDWLYH WR JLYH WKH IROORZLQJ IRUPV<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ 0DDQJHH fXQJHH<br />
QG 3HUVRQ
ZR[ WR WDON WR VSHDN ZR[WX WLPH<br />
GDDQX WR IDLO UyEED KXQW<br />
IHH\ VZLP<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
7KH &RPSOHPHQW DQG 2EMHFW 3UHGLFDWRU ZLWK WKH 3DUWLFOH 'L<br />
,Q :RORI WKH REMHFW RI D YHUE LV HPSKDVL]HG E\ SUHGLFDWLQJ LW E\ PHDQV RI ODD QJD OD HWF QRW E\<br />
JLYLQJ LW VSHFLDO VWUHVV DV LQ (QJOLVK 7KLV OHVVRQ ZLOO VKRZ KRZ ODD QJD DQG OD DUH WUDWHG DV 2EMHFW<br />
3UHGLFDWRUV<br />
([DPSOHV 'LUHFW 7UDQVODWLRQ<br />
%DQMXO ODD GL GHP %DQMXO , DP JRLQJ , DP JRLQJ WR %DQMXO<br />
0EXXUX QJD GL OHNND %UHDG \RX DUH HDWLQJ
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
'HVFULSWLRQ RI $FWLYH $QG 6WDWLF 9HUEV<br />
:RORI KDV QR DGMHFWLYHV DQG IHZ LI DQ\ DGYHUEV RI PDQQHU VXFK DV YHUEV 3KUDVHV DUH XVHG WR<br />
PRGLI\ QRXQV DQG YHUEV DGMHFWLYHV DQG DGYHUEV RI PDQQHU LW ZLOO EH KHOSIXO WR FRQVLGHU :RORI YHUEV<br />
DV EHLQJ RI WZR GLIIHUHQW W\SHV $FWLYH YHUEV DQG VWDWLYH YHUEV<br />
$FWLYH 9HUEV $UH WKRVH ZKLFK LQGLFDWH DQ DFWLRQ RU SURFHVV H J /HNND WR HDW<br />
QDDQ WR GULQN<br />
6WDWLF 9HUEV $UH YHUEV ZKLFK LQGLFDWH EHLQJ LQ D SDUWLFXODU VWDWH RI PLQG RU VWDWLF<br />
FRQGLWLRQ 7KHUH DUH QR WUXH DGMHFWLYHV LQ :RORI WKHUHIRUH YHUEV<br />
DGMHFWLYH IDOO XQGHU VWDWLYH YHUEV (J WDQJD WR EH KRW JXGGD WR EH<br />
ORQJ [LLI WR EH KXQJU\<br />
$FWLYH 9HUEV 6WDWLYH 9HUEV<br />
OHNND WR HDW VHGGD WR EH FROG<br />
QDDQ WR GULQN DP WR KDYH<br />
ZR[ WR WDON PDU WR EH WKLUVW\<br />
IRyW WR ZDVK FORWKHV QHH[ WR EH VZHHW QLFH<br />
UD[DV WR ZDVK QHNND WR EH ORFDWHG<br />
VDQJX WR EDWKH RQHVHOI xRU WR EH FRRNHG<br />
IRPSD WR ZLSH xDDZ WR EH XJO\<br />
SDDVH WR LURQ UDIHW WR EH SUHWW\ EHDXWLIXO<br />
OHP WR IROG QMRRO WR EH WDOO<br />
GHIDU WR PDNH PHQG JDDWD WR EH VKRUW<br />
WRRJD WR FRRN VRUL WR EH IDU<br />
QRSSDOHNX WR UHVW MHJH WR EH QHDU<br />
ZR[WDDQ WR FKDW WDD\L WR EH WLUHG<br />
JLV WR VHH \DGDDN WR EH GXOO<br />
VHHWL WR YLVLW GRI WR EH VWXSLG<br />
LQGL WR EULQJ QRR\ WR EH VRIW<br />
MHO WR WDNH FROOHFW GHJHU WR EH KDUG<br />
\REEX WR FDUU\ WDNH WR ZRZ WR EH GU\<br />
GHP WR JR IHHEHU WR EH VLFN LOO<br />
ZRFFX WR YRPLW [LLI WR EH KXQJU\<br />
JDV WR GLJ WLOLP WR EH GLUW\<br />
URFFL WR SXOO RXW WRR\ WR EH ZHW<br />
WDDSHW WR EH WLPLG<br />
7KH IROORZLQJ YHUEV IDOO XQGHU ERWK FDWHJRULHV 7KH\ DUH FRQVLGHUHG DV DFWLYH YHUEV ZKHQ RQH LV LQ<br />
WKH SURFHVV RI SHUIRUPLQJ WKH SUHVFULEHG DFWLRQ 7KH FRQWLQRXV WHQVH PDUNHU PXVW XVHG WR LQGLFDWH<br />
DFWLRQ ,Q WKH DEVHQFH RI WKH FRQWLQXH WHQVH PDUNHU WKH\ DUH FRQVLGHUHG VWDWLYH YHUEV 7KH\ DUH<br />
VWDWLYH EHFDXVH RQH LV LQ WKH GHVFULEHG FRQGLWLRQ<br />
WRRJ WR VLW VXNND WR NQHHO<br />
PDDWD WR ELWH WD[DZ WR VWDQG<br />
VHJJD WR ERZ EHQG IURP WKH ZDLVW WHGGD WR OLH GRZQ<br />
WDDQX WR OLH RQ RQH V EDFN NDØX WR OLH RQ RQH V VLGH<br />
,Q WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOHV WKH FRQGLWLRQ RI WKH SHUVRQ RI UHIHUHQFH LV GHVFULEHG VHH WKH OHVVRQ RQ<br />
FRPSOHWLRQ PDUNHUV<br />
WD[DZ QDD , DP VWDQGLQJ<br />
WRRJ QJD
VXNND QD +H LV NQHHOLQJ<br />
PDDWD QHxX :H DUH ELWLQJ<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
&RPSOHWLRQ 0DUNHUV<br />
:KHQ XVHG ZLWK VWDWLYH YHUEV LW LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH FRQGLWLRQ RU VWDWH RI PLQG LV FRPSOHWHG WKHUHIRUH<br />
RQH EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D SUHVHQW WHQVH PDUNHU IRU VWDWLYH YHUEV ZKHQ XVHG ZLWK DFWLYH YHUEV WKH<br />
FRPSOHWLRQ PDUNHU FRPSOHWHV WKH DFWLRQ RI WKH YHUEV DQG WKHUHIRUH FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D VLPSOH<br />
SDVW WHQVH PDUNHU IRU DFWLYH YHUEV<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ QDD QDxX QHx<br />
QG 3HUVRQ QJD QJHHQ<br />
UG 3HUVRQ QD QHxX QHx<br />
1RWH<br />
7KH SHUVRQ RI UHIHUHQFH LV LQGLFWHG E\ XVLQJ WKH DSSURSLDWH FRPSOHWLRQ PDUNHU 7KH UG SHUVRQ<br />
VLQJXODU VWDQGV IRU KH VKH LW<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
$FWLYH YHUEV<br />
OHNND QDD PEXXUX , DWH EUHDG<br />
'HP QJHHQ
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
2EMHFW 3UHGLFDWRU DV &RPSOHWLRQ 0DUNHUV<br />
:KHQ WKH REMHFW SUHGLFDWRU LV XVHG ZLWK $FWLYH YHUEV ZRWKRXW WKH FRQWLQRXV WHQVH SDUWLFOH WKH<br />
VHQWHQFH FDQ EH UHJDUGHG DV EHLQJ LQ WKH VLPSOH SDVW :KHQ XVHG ZLWK VWDWLYH YHUEV LW LV LQ WKH VLPSOH<br />
SUHVHQW 7KH REMHFW SUHGLFDWRUV ZLOO DSSHDU LQ WKH IROORZLQJ IRUPV<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW SHUVRQ ODD OHxX ODxX OHx<br />
QG SHUVRQ QJD QJHHQ<br />
UG SHUVRQ OD OHxX ODxX OHx<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
[DDOLV ODD DP ,W LV PRQH\ , KDYH<br />
[DDOLV ODD JLV ,W LV PRQH\ , VDZ<br />
1RWH<br />
7KH HPSKDVLV LV RQ WKH REMHFW<br />
([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WR :RORI<br />
7KHVH VHQWHQFHV DUH ZULWWHQ DV WKH\ ZRXOG EH VDLG LQ :RORI<br />
7KH FKLOG , VDZ %UHDG , DWH<br />
6WRQHV WKH\ ERXJKW %HG \RX VLQJXODU KDYH<br />
+RXVH \RX ERXJKW 5LFH ZH FRRNHG<br />
9HUEDO 1HJDWLYH<br />
:RORI YHUEV DUH XVXDOO\ QHJDWHG E\ PHDQV RI VSHFLDO VXIIL[ ZKLFK LV DGGHG GLUHFWO\ WR WKH YHUE LWVHOI<br />
7KH VXEMHFW SURQRXQ XVHG LQ D QHJDWLYH YHUEDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ DOZD\V LPPHGLDWHO\ IROORZ WKH QHJDWLYH<br />
VXIIL[ WKH QHJDWLYH SDUWLFOH DQG SURQRXQ DUH VRUW RI IXVHG WRJHWKHU 6HH WKH SDUDGLJP EHORZ<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ XPD XQX<br />
QG 3HUVRQ XORR XOHHQ<br />
UG 3HUVRQ XW XO XQX<br />
7KH UG SHUVRQ VLQJXODU LV XVHG LQGHVFULPLQDOWHO\ ,Q D YHUEDO QHJDWLYH FRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH GLIIHUHQFH<br />
EHWZHHQ VWDWLYH DQG DFWLYH YHUEV UHPDLQ WKH VDPH 9HUEV HQGLQJ LQ D ORRVH WKH D LQ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
VHHWL QDD 2PDU 6HHWLQD 2PDU<br />
ELQGD QD OHHWDU EL ELQGXPD OHHWDU EL<br />
GHP QDD PDDUVH GHPXPD PDDUVH<br />
IyRW QJD PEXEED PL IyRWXORR PEXEED PL<br />
/HNND QHxX PDQJR PDQJR OHNNXxX PDQJR<br />
SDVVH QJHHQ PDODDQ PH PDODDQ SDDVHZ XOHHQ PDODDQ PL<br />
UD[DV QD ERRO EL UD[DVXW ERRO EL<br />
OHP QJD [DIWDDQ EL OHPXORR [DIWDDQ EL<br />
QDDQ QHxX QGR[ PL QDDQXxX QGR[ PL<br />
JLV QJHHQ VHHQ [DULW \L JLVXOHHQ VHHQ [DULW \L<br />
2EMHFW 3UHGLFWRUV $QG 9HUEDO 1HJDWLYH 3KDUDVHV
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
:KHQ DQ REMHFW LV HPSKDVLVHG LQ D VHQWHQFH E\ PHDQ RI DQ REMHFW SUHGLFDWRU WKH UG SHUVRQ VLQJXODU<br />
LV DWWDFKHG WR WKH YHUE WR QHJDWH LW<br />
([HUFLVH D<br />
'DDOD OHxX VROXW 6KRHV ZH GR QRW ZHDU<br />
1GHNNL QJHHQ GHIXW %UHDNIDVW \RX SO GLG QRW GR<br />
0LQWL OD PRFFXW &DQG\ KH GLG QRW PXQFK<br />
3LLV ODD DPXW )DEULF , GR QRW KDYH<br />
6D [DULW OD JLVXW
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ PDD\ xRR\<br />
QG 3HUVRQ \DD\ \HHQD\<br />
UG 3HUVRQ PRR\ xRR\<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
0DD\ GHP %DQMXO , DP JRLQJ WR %DQMXO<br />
EH XQWLO FL NDQDP ODWHU<br />
xHP IRRG EXEDD[ YHU\ JRRG ZHOO<br />
DN DJ ZLWK DQG SLLV IDEULF<br />
\RPED FKHDS<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
1HJDWLYH ,PSHUDWLYH<br />
7KH SDUWLFOH EX H[SUHVVHV GRQ W DQG LV XVXDOO\ IROORZHG E\ WKH DSSURSULDWH VXEMHFW SURQRXQ WR<br />
LQGLFDWH SHUVRQ RI UHIHUHQFH<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ EXPD EXxX<br />
QG 3HUVRQ EXO EXOHHQ<br />
UG 3HUVRQ EXPX EXxX<br />
$V RSSRVHG WR WKH SRVLWLYH LPSHUDWLYH DO DQG OHHQ WKH QHJDWLYH LPSHUDWLYH DOZD\V SUHFHHG WKH YHUE<br />
([DPSOH<br />
EXO \DDNDQWL GRQ W EH LQ KXUU\<br />
EXPX GHP GRQ W KH JR<br />
EXOHHQ ZD[ GRQ W \RX SOXUDO WDON<br />
([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WR (QJOLVK<br />
%XO MDD\ QDJ EL %XxX \sQJDO PDDIH EL<br />
%XxX IRPSD VXPD WRRJX \L %XOHHQ LQGL \HUHHP \L<br />
9RFDEXODU\<br />
¶HJ \sHJ 7R FOLPE (E 7R ORDG<br />
7RE 7R MXPS -pHP 7R WU\<br />
'LPEDOH 7R KHOS :DQxL 7R GHFUHDVH UHGXFH<br />
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
,Q :RORI DOVR VSHFLDO IRUPV H[LVW IRU SURQRXQV XVHG DV REMHFWV RI ZKLFK WZR IRUPV DUH LGHQWLFDO<br />
ZLWK HDFK RWKHU<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ PD PH xX XV<br />
QG 3HUVRQ OD \RX OHHQ \RX<br />
UG 3HUVRQ NR KLP KHU LW OHHQ \RX<br />
,PSHUDWLYH ZLWK REMHFW SURQRXQV<br />
:KHQ DQ REMHFW SURQRXQ LV XVHG ZLWK WKH LPSHUDWLYH IRUP WKHUH LV D GLIIHUHQFH GHSHQGLQJ RQ ZKHWKHU<br />
WKH VLQJXODU RU WKH SOXUDO LV XVHG 7KH VLQJXODU DO LV GURSSHG EXW WKH SOXUDO OHHQ LV NHSW<br />
3OHDVH H[SODLQ WKH XVH RI /$ DQG ZKHQ DQG KRZ WR XVH /$<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
JLV PD sOOHN 6HH PH WRPRUURZ<br />
JLVOHHQ PD sOOHN
\RNND QJHHQ NR GHIDUDO QDD NR EXQWD EL<br />
WRRJDO QJD PD PDDOR PL MDQJDO QD NR :RORI<br />
ELQGDO QHxX OHHQ OHHWDU EL MHQGDO QJHHQ xX MHQ \L<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
&L 6L $QG 1RXQ 3UHSRVLWLRQDO 3KUDVHV $QG 7KH 9HUE 1HNND<br />
&L FRQYH\V PRUH VSHFLILF LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW VSHFLDO UHODWLRQVKLS LQ SKUDVHV ZKHUH LW LV XVHG LQ<br />
FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK FHUWDLQ QRXQV 7KHVH QRXQV DUH WKH FRPELQDWLRQ ZKLFK WKH\ IRUP ZLWK FL DUH DV<br />
IROORZV<br />
GLJJD FL VL GLJJD FL VL GLJJ L<br />
PLGGOH LQ WKH PLGGOH LQ WKH PLGGOH RI<br />
ZHW FL VL ZHW L<br />
VLGH ,Q WKH VLGH RI EHVLGH<br />
ERRU &L VL ERRU L<br />
VLGH QH[W WR EHVLGH QH[W WR<br />
NDQDP FL VL NDQDP FL VL NDQDP L<br />
IURQW IDFH LQ IURQW LQ IURQW RI<br />
JDQDDZ FL VL JDQDDZ FL VL JDQDDZ L<br />
EDFN EHKLQG DW WKH EDFN EHKLQG DW WKH EDFN RI EHKLQG<br />
ELLU FL VL ELLU<br />
LQVLGH VWRPDFK LQVLGH WKH<br />
ELWL FL VL ELWL<br />
RXWVLGH RXWVLGH<br />
NRZ VL FL NRZ 6L FL NRZL<br />
RQ RQ WRS RQ WRS RQ WKH WRS<br />
GLJDQWH VL FL GLJDQWH<br />
EHWZHHQ LQ EHWZHHQ<br />
VXXI FL VL VXXI FL VL VXXI L<br />
ERWWRP DW WKH ERWWRP DW WKH ERWWRP<br />
GRZQ GRZQ EHQHDWK<br />
URQ FL VL URQ<br />
XQGHU XQGHU QHDWK XQGHU WKH<br />
7KH DERYH WDEOH VKRZV KRZ SUHSRVLWLRQV DUH XVHG ZLWK &L 7KH DVWHULVN LQGLFDWH WKH RQHV WKDW FDQ EH<br />
XVHG ZLWK WKH UHODWLRQVKLS PDUNHU<br />
3UHSRVLWLRQDO 3KUDVHV ZLWK 7KH &RQWLQRXV 7HQVH<br />
([DPSOH<br />
0DQJHH pHJ FL NRZ JDUDE JL , DP FOLPELPJ RQ WRS RI WKH WUHH<br />
&L NRZ JDUDE JL ODD\ pHJ ,W V RQ WRS RI WKH WUHH , DP FOLPELQJ<br />
WKLV VHQWHQFH HPSKDVL]HV WKH REMHFW WKH<br />
([HUFLVH D 7UDQVODWH WR (QJOLVK
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
0DQJHH ELQGD OHHWDU FL ELLU QpHJ EL fXQJHH OLJJH\ FL URQ JDUDE JL<br />
.RZL $QD JROR JL" 7DDWL JDUDE<br />
%RRUL $QD [DOHO EL" 1HHJ<br />
'LJDQWH $QD xRRP 6DP" *HHM<br />
%LLU $QD ZD[DPEDDQH\L ER\V fDDUL MLJpHQ \L<br />
-DDNDDUORR $QD 3HDFH &RUSV RIILFH" DN ODQDWL<br />
([HUFLVH F<br />
9RFDEXODU\<br />
6LQHPD &LQHPD 6HHWDQ 7R ZDWFK<br />
0DDQJR 0DQJR ;DU 7R WHDU<br />
6RUDDQV 2UDQJH 'DZDO 7R GULYH<br />
6DD\NXO %LF\FOH 'DZ 7R UXQ<br />
-DQ[D *LUO
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
3UHGLFDWRUV ZLWK 6WDWLYH 9HUEV<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
GDPD DP [DDOLV , KDYH PRQH\<br />
GDQJD UDIHW
([HUFLVH F<br />
'RJ 7R FXW 3LLV )DEULF<br />
(NNDWL 7R OLIW 6LPHQW &HPHQW<br />
)HNND 7R PHHW 6XXI 6RLO VDQG<br />
)H\ 7R SD\ %XXP 5RSH<br />
*pHQD 7R JR RXW 'XURRV 8QGHUZHDU SDQWV<br />
;DODDW 7R WKLQN 6DDNHW )HQFH<br />
-D[DVH 7R PL[ 7DNND 0DUULDJH WLH<br />
-L 7R SODQW .HSSD 7R FOLS<br />
.DI 7R MRNH *pQWD 7R GUHDP<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
'LIIHUHQW &RQVWUXFWLRQV ZLWK WKH 3DVW 7HQVH 0DUNHU<br />
7KH PDUNHU LV XVHG ZLWK YHUEDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV DQG LWV SRVLWLRQ LQ WKH VHQWHQFH GHSHQGV RQ ZKDW NLQG<br />
RI HPSKDVLV \RX ZDQW WR PDNH %HORZ LV D VXPPDU\ RI WKH GLIIHUHQW ZD\V WKLV PDUNHU FDQ EH XVHG<br />
$IILUPDWLYH 1HJDWLYH<br />
'HPRRQ QDD %DQMXO 'HPXPDZRRQ %DQMX<br />
/HNNRRQ QJD PEXXUX /HNNXORRZRRQ PEXXUX<br />
*LVRRQ QD WpHUH EL *LVXORRQ WpHUH EL<br />
2EMHFW (PSKDVLV<br />
%DQMXO ODD GHPRRQ %DQMXO ODD GHPXWRRQ<br />
0EXXUX QJD OHNNRRQ 0EXXUX QJD OHNNXWRRQ<br />
7HHUH EL OD JLVRRQ 7pHUH EL OD JLVXORRQ<br />
9HUE 3UHGLFDWRUV<br />
'HPD GHPRRQ %DQMXO 'DPD GHPXWRRQ %DQMXO<br />
'DQJD OHNNRRQ PEXXUX 'DQJD OHNNXWRRQ PEXXUX<br />
'DID JLVRRQ WpHUH EL 'DID JLVXWRRQ WpHUH EL<br />
6XEMHFW (PSKDVLV<br />
0DD GHPRRQ %DQMXO 0DD GHPXWRRQ %DQMXO<br />
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
&L URQ JDUDE JL OHQX WHGGD<br />
'DDOD EL ODD MHQGD FL ERRU L PDDUVH EL<br />
9(5% 35(',&$7256<br />
$)),50$7,9( 1(*$7,9(<br />
GDPD ZDUD GHP %DQMXO GDPD ZDUXWD GHP %DQMXO<br />
, VKRXOG JR WR %DQMXO , VKRXOG QRW JR WR %DQMXO<br />
GDID PXQRRQD GDZ GDID PXQXWRRQD GDZ<br />
+H ZDV DEOH WR UXQ +H ZDV QRW DEOH WR UXQ<br />
2%-(&7 35(',&$7256<br />
%DQMXO ODD ZDUD GHP %DQMXO ODD ZDUXWD GHP<br />
%DQMXO , VKRXOG JR WR %DQMXO , VKRXOG QRW JR WR<br />
%HQDFLQ OD PXVD OHNND %HQDFLQ OD PXVXWRRQD OHNND<br />
%HQDFLQ KH KDV RQHV HDWHQ %HQDFLQ KH KDV QHYHU HDWHQ<br />
68%-(&7 (03+$6,$6<br />
PDD PXQD WRRJD PDDOR PDD PXQXWRRQD WRRJD PDDOR<br />
, DP DEOH WR FRRN ULFH , DP QRW DEOH WR FDQQRW FRRN ULFH<br />
QRR ZDUD OLJpH\ HOOsN xRR ZDUXWD OLJpH\ HOOsN<br />
ZH VKRXOG ZRUN WRPRUURZ ZH VKRXOG QRW ZRUN WRPRUURZ<br />
([HUFLVH D 7UDQVODWH WR (QJOLVK<br />
GDPD OD JDDZD \REEX FL URQ JDUDE JL GDDODDP \L GHxX [DOD [DZD ZHUWD<br />
WDPDDWH QJD JsMD MHQGD FL PDDUVH EL $ZD PRR JHQD OLJpH\ )DDWX<br />
GDQJHHQ \LL[D LQGL [DOH EL FL ORSLWDDQ EL PDDQJHH VRRJD ELQGD OHHWDU FL RORI<br />
PXVX PDD GHIDUDO VXPD \DD\ UDMR EL SLVV EX EXORR OHQX ZDUD MHQGD<br />
GHxX EXJJRRQD IHNND MDQJDOHNDW \L FL ERRU L NsU JL<br />
GDPD JHMD JLV SLFFD EX QXXO GDID EDxD GHOOX GHNNDDP<br />
FL ELWL OD EDxD JHQQD MHHPXWD MDQJD RORI<br />
EXJJXWD [DODDW PELU L UDNDDP GDQJD ZDUD NHSSD VLPLV EL FL EXXP EL<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
([SUHVVLQJ )XWXUH 7HQVH 3RVLWLYH 1HJDWLYH<br />
7KH SDUWLFOH GL ZDV GHVFULEHG DV DQ DX[LODU\ YHUE WKDW LQGLFDWHV LQFRPSOHWH WHQVHV<br />
7KH SDUWLFOH GL LV DOVR XVHG LQ :RORI WR LQGLFDWH WKH IXWXUH WHQVH 7KH ZD\ LW LV XVHG ZKHQ<br />
H[SUHVVLQJ WKH IXWXUH SRVLWLYH WHQVH LV LQ FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK WKH PDUNHU QD 7KH GLIIHUHQW IRUPV<br />
DSSHDU LQ WKH SDUDGLJP EHORZ<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ GLQDD , ZLOO GLQHx X ZH ZLOO<br />
QG 3HUVRQ GLQJD \RX ZLOO GLQJHHQ \RX DOO ZLOO<br />
UG 3HUVRQ GLQD KH VKH LW ZLOOGLQHxX WKH\ ZLOO<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
GLQDD ELQGD OHHWDU FL RORI , ZLOO ZULWH D OHWWHU LQ :RORI<br />
GLQDD OD MR[ [DDOLV , ZLOO JLYH \RX PRQH\<br />
([HUFLVH D 7UDQVODWH WR (QJOLVK<br />
9RFDEXODU\<br />
&L NDQDP WXXWL ,Q D OLWWOH ZKLOH VDDNX VDFN
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
*DQDDZ HOOsN 'D\ DIWHU WRPRUURZ VDDN EDJ<br />
7H\ FL QJRRQ 7KLV DIWHUQRRQ 'DMDOH WRJHWKHU JDWKHU<br />
7H\ FL VXEED 7KLV PRUQLQJ 7HHQ ZHOO<br />
(OOsN FL QJRRQ 7RPRUURZ HYHQLQJ 8WL WR JR ORRN IRU<br />
(OOsN FL VXEED 7RPRUURZ PRUQLQJ /HE WR ERUURZ<br />
$\ IDQ FL NDQDP ,Q D IHZ GD\V WLPH /DDND WR EH DEOH WR VSHDN D<br />
ODQJXDJH<br />
%HV EX DD\ :HHN %HV \X DD\ ZHHNV<br />
GLQDD VHHWL VXPD [DULW \L FL NDQDP WXXWL<br />
JDQDDZ HOOsN GLQJD URRWL FL WHHQ EL<br />
WH\ FL QJRRQ GLQDD VDQGL GDDOD \X \DD[X \L<br />
EHQQD EHV EX DD\ FL NDQDP GLQHxX GDMDOH ERRO \L<br />
GLQJHHQ ERUH DJ ZDD 6HUHNXQGD D\ IDQ FL NDQDP<br />
QDDU L EHV \X DD\ FL NDQDP GLQDD XWL OLJpH\<br />
GLQJD OHE QHWW L VDDNX PDDOR FL MDD\NDW EL<br />
GLQD PD EDOHO VXPD QpHJ EL WH\ FL EsFsN<br />
GLQHxX NR UHH HOOsN FL VXEED<br />
D\ IDQ FL NDQDP GLQJHHQ PXQD ODDND ZRORI<br />
$ FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH SDUWLFOH GL DQG WKH YHUEDO QHJDWLYH IRUP WKH IXWXUH QHJDWLYH WHQVH 7KH<br />
GLIIHUHQW IRUPV DSSHDU LQ WKH SDUGLJP EHORZ<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ GXPD , ZLOO QRW GXxX ZH ZLOO QRW<br />
QG 3HUVRQ GRR GXQJD \RX ZLOO GXQJHHQ GRROHHQ \RX ZLOO QRW<br />
UG 3HUVRQ GX KH VKH LW ZLOO QRW GXxX WKH\ ZLOO QRW<br />
1RWH<br />
7KH QG SHUVRQ VLQJXODU GXQJD LV QHYHU XVHG LQ IXQFWLRQDO ZRORI EXW WKH FRQWUDFWLRQ GRR 7KH QG<br />
SHUVRQ SOXUDO KDV WZR IRUPV ZKLFK FDQ EH XVHG LQGLVFULPLQDWHO\<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
GXPD ELQGD OHHWDU FL RORI , ZLOO QRW ZULWH D OHWWHU LQ :RORI<br />
GXPD OD MR[ [DDOLV , ZLOO QRW JLYH \RX PRQH\<br />
([HUFLVH E 7UDQVODWH WR :RORI<br />
'DQJD ZDURRQD GHP SDVNL VD PDN GX xRZ ILL<br />
'LQD xLEL ZDQWH GX WH\<br />
'XxX IyRW VXxX PEXEED \X WLOLP \L SDVNL DPXxX VDDEX<br />
&L NDQDP WXXWL GLQDD QRSSDOHNX SDVNL GDPD WDD\L WRURS<br />
'RROHHQ VHHWDDQL ERUH SDVN L DPXOHHQ PRWR<br />
'LQJHHQ WXNNL QDDU L IDQ FL NDQDP ZDQWH GRROHHQ \DDJD<br />
%DODD QJRRQ GLQD LQGL [DDOLV EL<br />
'LQJD xDZ VD VLPLV EX [DU EL EDODD HOOsN<br />
%Dx QD PDD MHQGDO UREED ZDD\ GLQD MHQGDO MDQ[DDP EL<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
7KH 7HPSRUDO 5HODWLYH %X 6X<br />
,Q :RORI WKHUH LV D VSHFLDO UHODWLYH SURQRXQ ZKLFK LV XVHG WR UHIHU WR WKH WLPH LQ ZKLFK WKH DFWLRQ RI<br />
D YHUE WDNHV SODFH 7KLV WHPSRUDO UHODWLYH LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH WLPH UHIHUUHG WR LV HLWKHU DQWLFLSDWHG L H<br />
,Q WKH IXWXUH RU K\SRWKHWLFDO LH FRQGLWLRQDO ZLWKRXW DQ\ IRUPDO GLVWLQDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR<br />
SRVVLELOLWLHV 7KLV URXJKO\ FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH (QJOLVK ZKHQ RU LI<br />
7KH WHPSRUDO UHODWLYH LV XVXDOO\ IROORZHG E\ D VXEMHFW SURQRXQ 6HH WKH SDUDGLJP IRU WKH GLIIHUHQW<br />
IRUPV<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ EXPD VXPD EXxX VXxX<br />
QG 3HUVRQ ERR VRR %RROHHQ VRROHHQ<br />
UG 3HUVRQ EX VX EXxX VXxX<br />
1RWH<br />
7KH QG SHUVRQ VLQJXODU EXQJD DQG VXQJD DUH QRW XVHG LQ IXQFWLRQDO ZRORI EXW WKH FRQWUDFWLRQV ERR<br />
DQG VRR %RWK WKH EX VX IRUPV FDQ EH XVHG LQGLVFULPLQDWHO\<br />
7KH YHUE ZKLFK FRPHV DIWHU WKH WHPSRUDO UHODWLYH HQGV LQ D ORQJ YRZHO 7KH YHUE HQGLQJ GHWHUPLQHV<br />
WKH IRUP RI ORQJ YRZHO WR EH DWWDFKHG 9HUEV HQGLQJ LQ FRQVRQDQWV DQG YRZHOV H DQG L WDNH WKH HH<br />
HQGLQJ<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
6XPD JLVHH OHHWDU EL ,I ZKHQ , VHH WKH OHWWHU<br />
%RR VHHWL HH VD [DULW ,I ZKHQ \RX YLVLW \RXU IULHQG<br />
%XxX EDOH HH QpHJ EL ,I ZKHQ ZH VZHHS WKH KRXVH<br />
9HUEV HQGLQJ LQ D WDNH DQ DD HQGLQJ RU WKH HH HQGLQJ ZKHQ WKH D LV GURSSHG<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
6RR VDQJRR ,I ZKHQ \RX EDWKH \RXUVHOI<br />
:KHQ WKH WHPSRUDO UHODWLYH LV IROORZHG E\ WKH SDVW FRQWLQLRXV WHQVH GRRQ WKH IROORZLQJ YHUE ZLOO<br />
QRW WDNH WKH HH HQGLQJ<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
%LPD GRRQ ZD[WDDQ JLVRRQ QDD VD [DULW EL :KHQ , ZDV FKDWWLQJ , VDZ \RXU IULHQG<br />
%DPX GRRQ QHOHZ GHPRRQ QDD ID :KHQ KH ZDV VOHHSLQJ , ZHQW WKHUH<br />
%XPD GDDQRR ,I ZKHQ , IDOO<br />
1RWH<br />
:KHQ XVHG ZLWK REMHFW SURQRXQV WKH REMHFW SURQRXQV VKRXOG DOZD\V FRPH EHIRUH WKH YHUE
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
6XPD OD JLVHH ,I ZKHQ , VHH \RX<br />
%X NR LQGL HH ,I ZKHQ KH EULQJV LW<br />
([HUFLVH D 7UDQVODWH WR (QJOLVK<br />
.RQWDDQ EHJ 7R EH KDSS\ SOHDVHG 7DZ 7R UDLQ<br />
7RR\ 7R EH ZHW 0HU 7R EH PDG DQJU\<br />
.RQ 7KHUHIRUH 7KHQ .HQ 1R RQH<br />
LW LQGLFDWHV WKH FRPSOHWLRQ RI RQH HYHQW EHIRUH WKH IROORZLQJ RQH LV HPSKDVLVHG<br />
EH XQWLO WLOO<br />
SDUH WR EH UHDG\ WR EH ILQLVKHG<br />
QRSSL WR EH ILQLVKHG WR VWRS WR EH UHDG\ WR EH TXLWH<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
ELPD ZD[HH EH SDUH GDPD GHPRQ xLEL<br />
ZKHQ , ILQLVKHG WDONLQJ , ZHQW KRPH<br />
EDPX DxHH EH QRSSL GDID GRRQ QHOHZ<br />
ZKHQ KH ILQLVK OXQFKLQJ KH ZDV VOHHSLQJ<br />
([HUFLVH F 7UDQVODWH WR :RORI<br />
)HHEDU 7R EH VLFN<br />
5DE $QLPDOV<br />
'HH 7R GLH<br />
'pHJD 7R KHDU<br />
2R 7R FDOO<br />
'HJOX 7R OLVWHQ WR<br />
'XJJD 7R HQWHU HQWUH<br />
:KHQ , ZDV LQ %RVWRQ , YLVLWHG KHU IDWKHU<br />
7KH\ ZHQW WR 'DNDU ZKHQ WKH\ ZHUH LQ 6HQHJDO<br />
+H ZURWH WKH OHWWHU ZKHQ KH ZDV ZRUNLQJ<br />
:KHQ \RX ZHUH WUDYHOOLQJ \RX VDZ WKH DQLPDOV<br />
:KHQ VKH ZDV VLFN VKH ZHQW WR WKH 'RFWRU<br />
:KHQ RXU IULHQG GLHG ZH FULHG<br />
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
([HUFLVH D<br />
7UDQVODWH WR :RORI XVLQJ 9HUE 3UHGLFDWRUV<br />
, DOZD\V YLVLW P\ IULHQG<br />
+H DOZD\V ZDVK KLV GLUW\ VKRHV<br />
:H DOZD\V SOD\ ZLWK WKH NLGV<br />
7UDQVODWH WR QHXWUDO VWDWHPHQW LQ ZRORI<br />
, GR QRWDOZD\V UHFRJQLVH WKH WZR NLGV [DDPHH<br />
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
/RRO DQG 7RURS KDYH QR VSHFLDO YHUE WR PRGLI\<br />
H J<br />
[LLI WRURS ORRO YHU\ KXQJU\<br />
WLOLP WRURS ORRO YHU\ GLUW\<br />
UDIHW WRURS YHU\ EHDXWLIXO<br />
WDDQJD ORRO ZLW MLU YHU\ KRW<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
GDPD [LLI ORRO , DP YHU\ KXQJU\<br />
PDDQJRUR EL GDID xRU [RP 7KH PDQJR LV YHU\ ULSH<br />
VL\R EL GDID IHHV WHE 7KH EXFNHW LV YHU\ IXOO<br />
VLLV EL GDID ZRZ NRØ 7KH FKDLU LV YHU\ GU\<br />
QpHJ EDDQJL [HVHZ [XQ 7KH KRXVH LV YHU\ VPHOO\<br />
QGR[ PL VHGGD QD JX\ 7KH ZDWHU LV YHU\ FROG<br />
PEXEED EL GDID HP URN 7KH GUHVV ILWV ZHOO<br />
( J<br />
GR[ DGR[ ZDON D JUHDW GHDO<br />
xXXO D xXXO YHU\ YHU\ EODFN<br />
ERQ D ERQ YHU\ YHU\ EDG RU GHWHVWDEO\ EDG<br />
'DPD GR[ D GR[ EH VRQQD , ZDONHG XQWLO , ZDV WLUHG<br />
6L ELWL GDID xXXO D xXXO NXN 2XWVLGH LV YHU\ YHU\ EODFN<br />
'DID ERQ D ERQ +H VKH LV YHU\ EDG<br />
'(6&5,%,1* 3(23/(<br />
'HVFULELQJ VRPHRQH RU VRPHWKLQJ<br />
D 7KH TXHVWLRQ 1DND OD PHO ZKDW LV KH VKH LW OLNH"<br />
&DQ ERWK UHIHU WR ERWK SK\VLFDO DQG PRUDO GHVFULSWLRQ DQG GDID IRUP LV RIWHQ<br />
XVHG WR DQVZHU WKHVH TXHVWLRQV<br />
PHO WR EH OLNH ORRN DOLNH<br />
QMRRO WR EH WDOO WDOO<br />
JDDWD WR EH VKRUW VKRUW<br />
Up\ ELJ WR EH ELJ WR EH IDW<br />
\HP HP WR EH PHGLXP VL]H WR ILW WR EH RI RYHUDJH VL]H<br />
( J 1DND OD PHO"<br />
GDID QMRRO +H VKH LV WDOO<br />
GHx X JDDWD 7KH\ ZH DUH VKRUW<br />
VXPD [DULW EL GDID HP 0\ IULHQG LV PHGLXP VL]H<br />
NsU JL GDID Up\ 7KH FRPSRXQG LV ELJ<br />
,I WKH GDID IRUP LV QRW XVHG D FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZLWK D UHODWLYH SURQRXQ FDQ EH<br />
VXEVWLWXWHG<br />
( J GDID QMRRO +H VKH LV WDOO<br />
.X QMRRO OD +H LV D WDOO SHUVRQ<br />
GHxX JDDWD 7KH\ DUH VKRUW<br />
xX JDDWD OHx X 7KH\ DUH VKRUW
E 'HVFULSWLRQ 9RFDEXODU\<br />
QXXO WR EH EODFN GDUN<br />
[HHV WR EH RI OLJKWHU VNLQ<br />
[HHUHHU WR EH LQ EHWZHHQ GDUN DQG OLJKW<br />
VpZ WR WKLQ<br />
UDIHW WR EH SUHWW\ WR EH EHDXWLIXO<br />
MHHND WR EH HOHJDQW<br />
PDDJHW WR EH ROG<br />
GRI VWXSLG FUD]\<br />
UHHZ UXGH<br />
ÙRRWD VWLQJ\<br />
UHHOX IXQQ\<br />
VRRI GXOO<br />
EDD[ JRRG<br />
ERQ EDG<br />
DP \DUDP WR EH IDW<br />
DP EsW EyW WR KDYH ELJ H\HV<br />
DP MsPPD WR EH WDOO VWDWXV FRPPDQGLQJ DSSHDUDQFH<br />
DP WD[DZDD\ WR EH WDOO<br />
DP WDDU WR EH SUHWW\<br />
DP WDDW WR KDYH D ELJ ERWWRP<br />
DP [HO WR EH VPDUW WR EH EUDLQ\<br />
DP [DP [DP WR EH NQRZOHGJHDEOH<br />
DP ZRUVDJ ZRUVDN WR EH OXFN\<br />
DP EDUNH WR EH EOHVVHG<br />
DP GRROH WR EH VWURQJ<br />
DP DOHO WR EH ULFK<br />
DP ID\GD WR KDYH SHUVRQDOLW\ WR EH VHULRXV<br />
DP MRW WR EH IUHH WR EH OHVV EXV\<br />
F $QRWKHU ZD\ RI JLYLQJ D GHVFULSWLRQ LV ZLWK WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ DP SOXV WKH QRXQ<br />
H[DPSOHV<br />
0DD\NHO DP QD [HO 0LFKDHO LV VPDUW<br />
2WKHU H[DPSOHV<br />
GDQJD [HHUHHU MHNND DN DP [DP[DP<br />
\RX DUH IDLU LQ FRPSOH[LRQ HOHJDQW DQG NQRZOHGJHDEOH<br />
GDID UHHOX WRURS VKH KH LV YHU\ IXQQ\<br />
GDQJHHQ GRI \RX DUH VWXSLG FUD]\<br />
GDPD xXXO DN DP WDDU , P EODFN DQG SUHWW\<br />
1RWH WKDW xXXO [HHV DQG [HHUHHU DUH XVHG WR GHVFULEH VRPHRQH V FRPSOH[LRQ<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
(TXDOLW\<br />
7KH (QJOLVK FRQVWUXFWLRQ DV DV H[DPSOH -RKQ LV DV WDOO DV 1DQF\ LV UDUHO\ XVHG LQ ZRORI<br />
7KH HTXLYDOHQW VWUXFWXUH LV LQ WKH IRUPV JLYHQ EHORZ<br />
PDDVH WRRORR WR EH WKH VDPH VL]H DV VRPHRQH<br />
QLUyR WR ORRN DOLNH
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
3DDWH DN %XXED xRR WRRORR 3DDWH DQG %XXED DUH RI WKH VDPH VL]H<br />
9LQFHQW DN ,OLPDDQ xRR QLUyR 9LQFHQW DQG ,OLPDDQ ORRN DOLNH<br />
0XVX DN 5DPX xRR HP 0XVX DQG 5DPX DUH HTXDO<br />
$QRWKHU ZD\ RI H[SUHVVLQJ HTXDOLW\ LV ZLWK WKH XVH RI WKH ZRUG EHQD DQG<br />
WKH SUHGLFDWRU OD<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
1pHJ \L EHQD OHx X 7KHVH KRXVHV DUH WKH VDPH<br />
$PHHULND DN $QJDOWHHU EHQD OHxX $PHULFD DQG (QJODQG DUH WKH VDPH<br />
6XSHULRULW\<br />
D *pQ 7R EH VSDFLRXV<br />
( J<br />
0XVX PRR JHQD QMRRO $ML 0XVX LV WDOOHU WKDQ $ML<br />
6LLV ELL PRR JpQD Up\ VLLV EL 7KLV FKDLU LV ELJJHU WKDQ WKLV FKDLU<br />
7RRO \LL xRR JpQD \DDWX WRRO \LL 7KHVH ILHOGV DUH ZLGHU WKDQ WKHVH ILHOGV<br />
0DQ PDD JpQD JDDWD IDDWX , DP VKRUWHU WKDQ )DWRX<br />
E &RUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH DP SOXV D QRXQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ 7R EULQJ FRPSDULVRQ RI<br />
VXSHULRULW\ ZH XVH ySSD<br />
¼SSD WR EH LQ H[FHVV WR EH WRR ELJ WR EH WRR ODUJH<br />
H J .XPED PRR ySSD $ZD [HO .XPED LV VPDUWHU WKDQ $ZD<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
XWpH ZXWpH WR EH GLIIHUHQW GLIIHUHQFH<br />
WDDEXO ELL DJ DN WDDEXO EpOp GHx X XWpH WKLV WDEOH DQG WKDW WDEOH DUH GLIIHUHQW<br />
xDDUL FDDEL \L GHx X ZXWpH WKH WZR NH\V DUH GLIIHUHQW<br />
GHx X EHQD PHDQLQJ QRW WKH VDPH LV DOVR XVHG WR H[SUHVV GLIIHUHQFH<br />
H J<br />
*DPEL\D DJ DN DPHHULND GXx X EHQD *DPELD DQG $PHULFD DUH QRW WKH VDPH<br />
6HHQ MLNNR\L GXx X EHQD 7KHLU KDELWV DUH QRW WKH VDPH<br />
,QIHULRULW\<br />
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
([HUFLVH<br />
7UDQVODWH WR (QJOLVK 9RFDEXODU\<br />
OHW WKHP HDW WKH ULFH OHNND HDW<br />
OHW WKHP XVH P\ EHG MHIRR XVH<br />
OHW PH FOHDQ WKH SODWHV UD[DV FOHDQ<br />
OHW KHU JR WR 6HHUHNXQGD IHHVDO ILOO<br />
OHW WKHP ILOO WKH EXFNHWV ZLWK ZDWHU GDDQX IDOO<br />
OHW WKH FKDLU IDOO WD[DZ VWDQG<br />
OHW WKH WDEOH VWDQG GLPEDOH KHOS<br />
OHW XV KHOS HDFK RWKHU MHHNDOL FRPSOHWH<br />
OHW PH FRPSOHWH P\ ZRUN URRVH ZDWHU<br />
OHW WKHP ZDWHU WKH JDUGHQ IRU XV DQWH HDFK RWKHU<br />
QDDNR JDUGHQ<br />
0,1,0$/ 9(5%$/ &216758&7,21<br />
7KLV FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV FDOOHG PLQLPDO EHFDXVH LW GRHV QRW XVH WKH SDUWLFOH DQJL QD GDI RU OD 7KH XVH<br />
RI WKLV SDUWLFXODU FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV SUHVHQWHG KHUH ZLWK YHUEV ZH FDOO YHUEV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ 6XFK<br />
YHUEV DUH OLNH ZD[ WR WDON QH WR VD\ DQG DQ\ YHUE WKDW LQKHUHQWO\ FRQWDLQ WKH LGHD RI YROLWLRQ DFW<br />
SRZHU RI XVLQJ RQH V ZLOO RI FKRRVLQJ PDNLQJ D GHFLVLRQ H J EXJJD WR OLNH ZDQW<br />
,Q (QJOLVK WKH LQILQLWLYH ZRXOG EH XVHG IRU WKLV NLQG RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ DV LQ<br />
7HOO KLP WR JR ZD[ NR PX GHP<br />
,Q :RORI WKH PLQLPDO YHUE FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRQVLVW RI WKH VXEMHFW IROORZHG E\ WKH YHUE 7KH<br />
FRPPXQLFDWLYH SURQRXQ WDNH WKH IROORZLQJ IRUPV<br />
68%-(&7 &20081,&$7,9( 3521281<br />
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO<br />
VW 3HUVRQ PD xX<br />
QG 3HUVRQ QJD QJHHQ<br />
UG 3HUVRQ PX xX<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
%XJJD QDD PX xRZ , ZDQW KLP WR FRPH<br />
0X QH QJD GHP +H VDLG \RX JR<br />
:D[ OHHQ xX GXJJD 7HOO WKHP WR JR LQ<br />
([HUFLVH<br />
7UDQVODWH WR (QJOLVK<br />
( ; 3 5 ( 6 6 , 1 * QR ORQJHU DQG QR PRUH<br />
$VWX GRRWXO [DOHO $VWR LV QR ORQJHU D FKLOG<br />
'RRWRR JDQ
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
RI D SURIHVVLRQ EXW PHUHO\ WR D GRRU RI VRPH DFWLRQ<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
MDQJD WR WHDFK GDZ WR UXQ<br />
MDQJDOHNDW WHDFKHU GDZNDW UXQQHU<br />
MDD\ WR VHOO xDZ WR VHZ<br />
MDD\NDW VHOOHU xDZNDW WDLORU VHPWUHVV<br />
DDW DDWL DWL<br />
7KH DGGLWLRQ RI WKH VXIIL[ DDW WR YHUE UHVXOWV LQ PRGLILFDWLRQ RI WKH PHDQLQJ LQ JHQHUDOO\ LV WKH VDPH<br />
ZD\ WKH PHDQLQJ RI (QJOLVK YHUEV DUH PRGLILHG E\ WKH SUHIL[ UH WR UHSHDW WKH DFWLRQ VSHFLILHG E\<br />
WKH YHUE EDVH<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
MsO WR WDNH GHIDU WR PDNH<br />
MsODDW WR UHWDNH GHIDUDDW UHPDNH<br />
:KHQ WKH YHUE HQGV LQ D YRZHO RWKHU WKDQ D WKH IRUP RI WKH VXIIL[ LV XVXDOO\ ZDDW 7KH Z LV D<br />
JOLGH LQ SURQRXQFLDWLRQ<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
IDDWH WR IRUJHW LQGL WR EULQJ<br />
IDDWHZDDW WR IRUJHW DJDLQ LQGLZDDW WR EULQJ DJDLQ<br />
GHOOX WR JR EDFN<br />
GHOOXZDDW WR JR EDFN DJDLQ<br />
VLQ<br />
7KH PRVW ZLGHO\ XVHG SUHIL[ LQ ZRORI LV VLQ 7KLV SUHIL[ KDV D GLPLQXWLYH IXQFWLRQ LW LQGLFDWHV D<br />
VPDOO VL]H RI VRPHWKLQJ ,W LV DOVR XVHG WR PDNH WKLQJV SHRSOH ORRN LQVLJQLILFDQW<br />
JROR PRQNH\ VLØRRO D OLWWOH PRQNH\<br />
PXXV FDW VLQPXXV D NLWFKHQ<br />
VRUDDQV RUDQJH VLQVRUDDQV D OLWWOH RUDQJH<br />
GDDOD VKRH VLQGDDOD ZRUWKOHVV VKRH<br />
DQWH<br />
:KHQ DQWH LV DWWDFKHG WR D YHUE D PXWXDO EHQHIDFWLYH VLWXDWLRQ LV FUHDWHG SDUWLHV UHIHUUHG WR<br />
EHQHILWV<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
IyRQ WR NLVV IyRQDQWH WR NLVV HDFK RWKHU<br />
)DDWX DJ DN 2PDU IyRQDQWH QHxX )DDWX DQG 2PDU NLVVHG HDFK RWKHU<br />
,Q VRPH FRQVWUXFWLRQV WKH EHQHIDFWLYH VXIIL[ DO DOVR FRPHV LQWR SOD\<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
IyRW WR ZDVK FORWKHV IyRWDODQWH WR ZDVK FORWKHV IRU HDFK RWKHU<br />
)DDWX DJ DN 2PDU IyRWDODQWH QHxX )DDWX DQG 2PDU ZDVK HDFK RWKHU V FORWKHV<br />
ORR FDXVDWLYH
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
7KH DGGLWLRQ RI WKH VXIIL[ ORR WR D YHUE EDVH LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH DFWLRQ RI WKH YHUE KDV EHHQ FDXVHG E\<br />
WKH VXEMHFW RI WKH VHQWHQFH<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
ELQGD WR ZULWH ELQGDORR WR PDNH FDXVHG WR ZULWH<br />
ELQGDORR QDD IDDWX , PDGH FDXVHG IDDWX WR ZULWH<br />
ORR DQWH ORRDQWH PXWXDO FDXVDWLYH<br />
,Q WKH PXWXDO FDXVDWLYH WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ WDNHV WKH IROORZLQJ IRUP<br />
IRPSD WR ZLSH IRPSDORRDQWH FDXVH WR ZLSH IRU HDFKRWKHU<br />
)RPSDODQWH QHxX WDDEDO EL ZH PDGH FDXVHG HDFKRWKHU ZLSH WKH WDEOH<br />
X HHNX 5HIOH[LYH<br />
7KLV RFFXUV LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQV ZKHUH WKH REMHFW LV WKH VXEMHFW RI WKH VHQWHQFH<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
VDQJD WR EDWKH VDQJX WR EDWKH RQHVHOI<br />
VHOHP WR ZDVK WKH IDFH VHOPX WR ZDVK RQH V IDFH<br />
YHUEV HQGLQJ LQ D LQ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ YHUEV HQGLQJ LQ L WDNH HHNX<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
XEL WR RSHQ XEpHNX WR RSHQ RQHVHOI WR EH RSHQHG<br />
WDDWL WR VWUDLJKWHQ WDDOHHNX WR VWUDLJKWHQ RQHVHOI<br />
WKH L LV GURSSHG LQ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ WR EH VWUDLJWHQHG<br />
DGL<br />
7KH VXIIL[ DGL PRGLILHV WKH YHUE EDVH WR IRUP DQ DQWRQXP RI WKH YHUE 7KH GHULYHG ZRUG IRU<br />
[DP WR NQRZ LV [DPDGL XQNQRZOHGJHDEOH<br />
xRU WR EH FRRNHG xRUDGL WR EH XQFRRNHG<br />
GR\ WR EH HQRXJK GR\DGL WR EH QRW XQZLVH<br />
xRU WR EH ZLVH xRUDGL WR EH VWXSLG<br />
([DPSOHV<br />
VDQJXNDD\ EDWKURRP WRRJXNDD\ FRRNLQJ XWHQVLO<br />
Ep\XNDD\ IDUPLQJ WRRO ySSXNDD\ IDQ<br />
GHxFXNDD\ D VWRUH<br />
HHO<br />
7KH DGGLWLRQ RI WKH VXIIL[ HHO WR D QXPEHU LQGLFDWHV WKH DGMHFWLYH RI WKH QXPEHU 6HH IROORZLQJ<br />
H[DPSOHV<br />
EHQD RQH EHQD ILUVW<br />
xDDU WZR xDDUHHO VHFRQG<br />
xHQHQW IRXU xHQHQWDO IRUWK
Peace Corps The Gambia<br />
IXNND WHQ IXNNpHO WHQWK<br />
xHWWD IXNND WKLUW\ xHWWD IXNNpHO WKLUWKLHWK<br />
WpHPpHU KXQGUHG WpHPpHU JL KXQGUHWK<br />
2QO\ WKH ILJXUHV RQH DQG WHQ EHQD IXNND HQG LQ WKH YRZHO D 7KH\ ORRVH WKH D LQ WKH<br />
FRQQHFWLRQ<br />
OX<br />
7KH VXIIL[ OX LQGLFDWHV D UHODWLRQ RI EHQHIDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH VXEMHFW RI WKH YHUE DQG VRPH WKLUG<br />
SDUW\ LHV<br />
IyRW WR ZDVK FORWKHV<br />
IyRW QDD VXPD VLPLV EL , KDYH KDG P\ VKLUW ZDVK IRU PH<br />
XW WR VHDUFK<br />
XWOX QD WpHUpHP EL KH KDV KLV ERRN VHDUFKHG IRU KLP<br />
L ML GLVSODFHG $FWLYLW\<br />
7KH VXIIL[ L DGGHG WR WKH EDVH RI D YHUE LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH DFWLRQ RI WKH YHUE ZLOO QRW WDNH SODFH DW<br />
ZKHUH LW ZDV VDLG LQ RWKHU ZRUGV WKHUH PXVW EH VRPH IRUP RI JRLQJ 7KH DFWLYLW\ RI WKH YHUE LV<br />
GLVSODFHG KHQFH WKH QDPH GLVSODFHG DFWLYLW\<br />
URRW WR GUDZ ZDWHU OHNND WR HDW<br />
URRWL WR JR DQG GUDZ ZDWHU OHNNL WR JR DQG HDW<br />
GLQDD URRWL VL WHHQ EL , ZLOO JR DQG GUDZ ZDWHU DW WKH ZHOO<br />
GLQD OHNNL VL ZDDx ZL +H ZLOO JR DQG HDW DW WKH NLWFKHQ<br />
YHUEV HQGLQJ WKH YRZHO D GURS WKH D LQ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ<br />
:KHQ D YHUE HQGV LQ H R X ML LV DGGHG WR WKH YHUE<br />
6HH WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOHV<br />
UD[DDVX WR ZDVK<br />
UD[DVXML WR JR DQG ZDVK<br />
PDDQJHH UD[DVXML VL QGDDO PL , DP JRLQJ WR ZDVK DW WKH MDU<br />
WHUH WR SUHYHQW<br />
WHUHML WR JR DQG SUHYHQW<br />
PXQJHH WHUHML [DOH \L [HH[ KH LV JRLQJ WR SUHYHQW WKH NLGV IURP ILJKWLQJ<br />
,Q WKH IROORZLQJ YHUEDO GHULYDWLRQ 7KH YHUEV UHRFFXUV ZLWK WKH VXIIL[ OX WR LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH<br />
DFWLRQ RI WKH YHUE LV QRW SHUIRUPHG LQ WKH VWULFWHVW VHQVH RI WKH WHUP ,W VLPSO\ PHDQV WKDW WKH DFWLRQ<br />
RI WKH YHUE LV SUHWHQGHG E\ WKH SHUVRQ UHIHUUHG WR<br />
6HH WKH IROORZLQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQV<br />
OHNND WR HDW PXQ WR EH DEOH WR<br />
OHNND OHNNDOX WR SUHWHQG WR HDW PXQ PXQOX WR SUHWHQG WR EH DEOH<br />
JLV WR VHH<br />
JLV JLVOX WR SUHWHQG WR VHH<br />
0XQJHH OHNND OHNNDOX +H VKH LV SUHWHQGLQJ WR HDW<br />
<strong>Wollof</strong> <strong>Manual</strong>