Malayala Kavitha Purvaghattam -IV Sem Core Course

School of Distance Education
ae-bmf IhnXþ]qÀÆ-L«w
CORE COURSE
For
BA MALAYALAM
IV SEMESTER
(2011 Admission)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635
145
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 1

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
BA MALAYALAM
IV SEMESTER
CORE COURSE
ae-bmf IhnX ˛ ]q¿∆-L´w
Prepared by: - Sri. N. Balakrishnan,
Njayath House,
P.O. Mulayamkavu, Kulukkallur.
Scruitnised by - Dr. K.M. Priyadarsanlal,
‘Swathi’, Malapparamba,
Kozhikode - 673009.
Layout: Computer Section, SDE
(c)
Reserved
School of Distance Education
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 2

School of Distance Education
Df-f-S°w t]Pv \º¿
samU-yqƒ ˛ 1 5
samU-yqƒ ˛ 2 63
samU-yqƒ ˛ 3 73
samU-yqƒ ˛ 4 102
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 3

School of Distance Education
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 4

samU-yqƒ ˛ 1
cma-N-cnXw
School of Distance Education
BZn Imh-y-ambn hm-evaoIncmam-b-WsØ hnti-jn-∏n-bv°m-dp-f-f-Xp-t]mse ae-bm-f-Ønse
{]mNo-\Xa- -amb Imh-y-ambn cma-N-cn-XsØ ]cn-K-Wn-bv°p-∂p. sFXn-lm-knI {]Xn-`-\mb Hcp
alm-Ihn Iev]-\m-ssh-`-h-tØmsS ]m´ns‚ coXn-bn¬ `mc-Xob CXn-lm-k-ß-fn¬ apJ-y-amb cmam-b-W-
I-Ysb P\-km-am-\-y-Øns‚ kmln-X-y-cq-]-Øn-tebv°v BZ-y-ambn ]I¿∂p-sh-®-XmWv
cma-N-cn-Xw. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kz-X-z-{]-Im-i-\-Øn-\p-ff [oc-km-l-kn-I-amb BZ-ysØ Im¬
sh-∏mbn CXns\ IW-°m-°mw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Im-hy Ncn-{X-Øn¬ kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp
\mgn-I-°-√m-Wn-Xv.
cma-N-cn-X-Øns‚ I¿Ømhpw Imehpw C∂pw X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Wv. F¶nepw {In.]n 12mw iX-I-
Øn¬ cNn-bv°-s∏´ Hcp IrXn-bm-Wn-sX∂v s]mXpsh `mjm-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ kΩ-Xn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. Xangv
alm-Ihn Iº-cpsS Ime-Øn\p tijhpw \ncWw Ihn-Iƒ°p apºpw D≠mb IrXn-bm-sW∂v Iº-cmam-b-W-Øn\pw
IÆ-»-cm-am-b-W-Øn\pw cma-N-cn-X-hp-am-bp-ff ]c-kv]c kz-m-[o-\X ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬
hy-‡-am-Ipw.
thWmSp cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ Hcp Nocm-a-\mWv cma-N-cnX I¿Øm-sh-s∂mcp sFXn-l-y-ap-≠v.
""BXn-tX-h-\n-e-angv¥ a\-Im-ºp-Sb No˛
cma-\-ºn-s\m-Sn-b‰n\ Xan-gv°-hn''
F∂p kqN-\-bp-f-fXv Cu A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v Dt]m¬_-e-I-hp-am-Wv. bp≤-`o-Xn-bn¬ Ign-bp∂ \m´nse
`S-P-\-߃°n-S-bn¬ hoc- ckw t{]m÷-z-en-∏n-bv°p-hm≥ th≠n cmPm-hmb Ihn hmfloIn cmam-b-W-
Ønse bp≤-Im-WvUsØ tI{µo-I-cn-s®-gp-Xnb Imh-y-am-Wn-sX∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ihn cmPmthm
£{Xn-bt\m Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xn\v hy-‡-amb sXfn-shm-∂p-an-√. am{X-a√ sX°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]nd∂
Imh-y-am-Wn-sX∂pw JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-q-Iq-Sm. {]tX-y-In®v hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønse aWn-bmWn \mb≥am¿
BZ-cn-bv°p∂ Cu Imh-y-Øn¬ hS-°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ am{Xw {]Nm-c-ap-ff Nne {]mtZ-in-I-]-Z-ßfpw ImWp-
∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ sX°pw hS°pw Hcp t]mse {]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ {K‘-am-Wn-sX∂pw sXfn-n-´p-
≠v. AXp-sIm≠v DØ-c-tI-c-fo-b-\mb Hcp ]WvUn-Xs‚ cN-\-bm-Wn-sX∂pw h∂p-Iq-Sm-bvI-bn-√.
thWm-´nse £{Xn-bcpw tIme-Øncn cmP-hw-i-hp-ambn ]g-b-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ kº¿°w Cu
IrXn-bpsS {]Nm-csØ kzm-[o-\n-®n-cn-bv°m\pw hgn-bp≠v;
AXn-_-r-l-Ømb cma-N-cnXw Km\-Im-h-y-Øn¬ 164 ]S-e-ß-fn-embn 1814 ]m´p-I-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. ]gb
Xangv Imh-y-ß-fn-se-∂-t]mse Hcp ]S-e-Øn¬ ]Xn-s\m∂v ]m´m-Wp-f-f-Xv. ]Øp ]m´p hoXhpw ]{¥≠v
]m´p hoXhpw Dff Nne ]S-e-ßfpw Cs√-∂n-√. cmam-b-W-Ønse bp≤-Im-WvU-amWv apJ-y-{]-Xn-]m-Z-yw.
kpµ-c-Im-WvU-Øntebpw Bc-W-y-Im-WvU-Øn-tebpw IY-Ifpw kmµ¿`n-I-ambn kw-{K-ln®p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
bp≤-h¿Æ-\-bmWv {]Xn-]m-Z-y-sa-¶nepw cma-N-cn-X-Øn¬ `‡nbv°p {]m[m-\-y-ap-ff kµ¿`-߃
hf-sc-bp-≠v. Hcp \nebv°v tIc-f-Ønse `‡n-{]-ÿm\ then-tb‰wkqNn-∏n-bv°p∂ BZ-ysØ D∂X
Xc-w-K-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv cma-N-cnXw F∂p IqSn ]d-tb-≠-Xp-≠v' F∂v vtUm-I-S¿ Fw. eoem-hXn A`n-{]mb-s∏-Sp-∂p.
s]mXpsh hmevao-In- cm-am-b-W-tØbpw Iº-cm-am-b-W-tØ-bpw- D-]-Po-hn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 5

School of Distance Education
{iocm-as\ Ah-Xm-c-ambn ImWp∂ Iº-cpsS hgn-bn-emWv Xm¬]-c-yw. G‰hpw ]gb ae-bmf IrXn
F∂-Xn-ep-]cn ]m´p {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Xan-gp-]m-c-º-c-y-Øn\v A\-i-z-c-amb Hcp kvamcIw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.
Xan-gn¬\n∂v XnI®pw kz-X-¥-amb ae-bm-f-Øn¬ _rl-Ømb cq]-in-ev]hpw al-Ømb `mh-in-ev]hpw
HØn-W°n cNn-bv°-s∏´ BZn-Im-h-y-amWv cma-N-cn-Xw. h¿Æ\m kma¿∞-yw, kw{Kl]mS-hw, `mhhnkvXcWw,
Ae-¶mc {]tbm-K-Ønse HuNn-X-yw, ]Z-{]-tbm-K-]m-Shw, `mh\ XpS-ßnb KpW-߃ cma-N-cn-X-
Øn¬ \ndp \n¬°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.Npcp-°-Øn¬ alm-Ihn Df-fq¿ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xp t]mse
i_vZm-K-a⁄¿°pw kmln-Xy ckn-I¿°pw AX-y¥w BI¿j-Wo-b-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp
DØaImh-y-amWv cma-N-cn-Xw.
GXm≠v Ccp-]-tXmfw hy-X-y-kvX-hr-Ø-߃ (hn-cp-Ø-߃) cma-N-cn-X-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. ]n∂oSv
Infn-∏m-´p-I-fnepw Xpf-f¬Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep-sa√mw D]-tbm-Kn-bv°-s∏´ ae-bmf hrØ-ß-fpsS ]q¿∆ cq]-ßfmWv
Cu hrØ-߃.
Df-f-S° kw{Klw
- cma-N-cnXw H∂mw ]S-e-Ønse BZ-ysØ ]Øp ]m´nepw ]gb k{º-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v CjvS
tZ-h-Xm-h-µ\w \S-Øp∂ awK-fm-N-c-W-am-W-Xv. ]Xn-s\m∂mw ]m´n¬ CXnhr-Øn-tebv°p {]th-in-°p-
∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv \nWw Ihn-Ifpw Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—-\p-sam-s° Imh-y-߃ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\
-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v {i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
cma-N-cnXw aq∂mw-]-S-ew.
H∂mw ]S-e-Øn¬ CjvStZ-h-Xm-h-µ-\hpw Imthym-t±-iiyhpw {KŸkz-`m-hhpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.
c≠mw ]S-e-Øn¬ koXm-t\-z-jWw I-gnp Xncn-s®-Ønb l\p-am≥ {iocm-a-t\mSv koXsb I≠
hnh-chpw cmh-Ws‚ ssk\-y-_ehpw a‰pw DW¿Øn-°p∂p.
koXsb {]tem-`n-∏n-°m≥ Ag-Inb cmhWs‚ AtimI h\nIm {]thiw XpSßn Xm≥ I≠
hkvXp-X-Iƒ l\p-am≥ hni-Zo-I-cn®p XpS-ßp-I-bmWv ]mT-y-`m-K-amb aq∂mw ]S-e-Øn¬.
]m´v ˛ 1 Ccp-¥-hÆw = Ccp-∂-t]m-se, ad¥v + ad-v, CS-Xp-d+ CS-Xq¿∂v, ]c-¥+ ]c-∂, sh¨Nhcn
+ sh¨Nm-a-cw, Ic-¥p= Ic-p, (C-hnsS D®-Øn¬ F∂¿∞w ), aS-hm¿ + kv{Xo, XpXn= kvXpXn,
sNbvb°-\n-hn¬ = Zb-tbmsS sNøp-tºmƒ, h¥m≥ = h∂p, t]msegpw = t]mse-bp-ff CsX-Øm≥
= lnX-Øm¬˛ CjvS-tØm-sS.
AXp-hsc ad-n-cp∂ Ccp´v s]s´∂p IS∂p hcp-∂-Xp-t]mse vC-S-Xq¿-∂-ssk-y-߃, sh¨
sIm-‰-°p-S, sh¨Nm-acw XpS-ßnb cmP-Iob {]Xm-]-ß-tfm-sS,-kp-µ-cn-am¿ D®-Øn¬ at\m-l-c-ambn
kvXpXn-Ko-X-߃ ]mSn-s°m≠v Np‰pw IqSn A\p-K-an-bv°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ Idp-Øn-cp≠ taLw t]msebp-ff
cmh-W≥ henb Xm¬]-c-y-tØmsS Atßm-´p-h-∂p.
]m´v ˛ 2 CXw = lnXw, Cabv°v = IÆnash-´p-I, Xfn-cnS = Xfn-cp-Iƒ°nS-bn¬, ]X-Ø-fn¿ = ]Zw
(Im¬), Xfncv = hoÆp = hoW-p ]X-dn-°p-e = t]Sn-®p-hn-d-°p-∂, Nme-Øp-Xn®p = hgn-t]mse
kvXpXn-®p, \mep-hgn = NXp-c-]m-bw˛ kma-Zm-\-t`-Z-Z-WvUw =- \√ hm°p ]d-b¬, kΩm-\-߃ \¬I¬,
Iq´p-Im-cn¬ \n∂v H‰-s∏-Sp-ج, in£.
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School of Distance Education
A¥m-Zn-{]mkw {i≤n-°pI ˛ Hcp ]m´ns‚ Ah-km-\sØ hm°p sh®p ASpØ ]m´v
Bcw-`n-bv°p-∂p.
D¬km-l-tØmsS cmh-W≥ hs∂Øn Ca sh´p-∂-Xn\p aptº l\p-am≥ inwin-]m-hr-£-Øntebv°p
NmSn-°-bdn AXns‚ Ipfn¿Ø Xfn-cp-Iƒ°p-f-fn¬ ad-n-cp-∂p. cmh-W≥ t]Sn®p
hnd-bv°p∂ koX-bpsS Im¬Ø-f-ncp-I-fn¬ hoWp \a-kv°-cn®v th≠ hn[-Øn¬ Ahsf kvXpXnbv°m≥
XpS-ßn. ^e-an-s√-∂p-I≠p NXp-cp-]m-b-ßfpw {]tbm-Kn-®p. ho≠pw sXmgp-Xp-sIm≠vv ]dp.
]m¿´v ˛ 3 sNm∂h ]gnv = ]d Imc-y-ßsf ]gn®v Hcp sNm√n¬ + H‰-hm-°p-sIm≠v
Dc-sN-bvX-bmƒ + H∂p+-A-∂-\-S-bmƒ. AXp°v = AXn-\v, Nn\w- CuSn = tZjyw s]cp-In,
]nf¿¥v=-]n-f¿∂vv, ]cpIn =\pW-®p-Ip-Sn-®p, -F-∂n-S¿ = Fs‚ Zp.-Jw. AW¥m≥ = AW-p.
At∏mƒ koX cmh-Ws‚ hm°p-Isf Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. Hscm‰ hm°p-sIm≠v adp-]Sn ]dp
B Ac-b∂ Ka-\. AXp-tI-´-t∏mƒ ISpØ tIm]-tØmsS \ns‚ Cu icocw sh´n -s]m-fn®v NpSptNmc
kzm-tZmsS IpSn®v C\n Fs‚ Zp;Jw Xo¿°p-∂p≠v F∂p ]dp cmh-W≥ koXbv°p t\tc
ASpØp.
]m´v ˛ 4 Xncp-hp-S-ºn¬ = Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬, Aangpw ap≥ = Xmgp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv, IpWw -In-f¿ = \∑-bp-f-f,
\n-Nm-Ncn = \nim-Ncn, IpXn-¿Øp = IpXn-®p, aWw XIp-a-e¿°p-g¬ = kpK-‘-ap-ff ]q°ƒ apSn-bn¬
NqSn-b-hƒ ,˛kpµ-cn-bmb aS-¥-b¿ = k{XoIƒ, hW¶ = hµn-°-th, aX-ao-S-n- = aZws]-cpIn,
ad-¥m≥ = ad-m≥.
cmh-W≥ Hmßnb hmƒ koX-bpsS ico-c-Øn¬ X´p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]mbn \√-h-fmb Hcp cm£kn
(a-t≠m-Z-cn) Xncn-s®Øn XSp. kpµ-cn-bmb a‰p cm£-kn-am-sc√mw hµn-®p-\n¬s° Al-¶m-cn-bmb
cmh-W≥ Xncn-®p-t]m-bn.
]m´v ˛ 5 ad-¥-\-\-c-°≥ = cm£k≥ ad--t∏mƒ, hf¿N-qew = hen-b-iq-ew, \nd-¥-\=-\n-d-,
Npg-s∂-gpw= Np‰pw \n¬°p-∂, ad-¥-\-\n-cm-a≥ = ad∂ cma≥
cmh-W≥ Xncn-®p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ henb iqe-ßfpw hmfp-Ifpw ssII-fn-te¥n Np‰pw \n¬°p∂
cm£-kn-I-fn¬ Nne¿ ""\ns∂ \jvS-s∏-´-Xn-\p-tijw ad-∂p-I-f cma≥ Xncp h∂-sXm-∂p-an-√t√m''
F∂pw a‰pw koX-tbmSv ]dp XpS-ßn.
]m´v- ˛ 6 F‚pw = F∂pw (H-cp-Im-e-Øpw) CWßn hcm = tN¿®-bmp≠m-In-√, a‚n¬ = a∂n¬,
hmgv= hmgvhv ˛ Pohn-Xw, sh‚n-In-f¿ = hnPbw \nd (sF-i-z-cy ]q¿Æ-amb )s]cnIv = henb
Hcp ImeØpw \n߃ XΩn¬ C\n IqSn-t®-cp-I-bn-√. cma\v `qan-bn¬ C\n Gsd-Imew Pohn-Xhp-an-√.
sFi-z-c-y-]q¿Æmb cmPyw shdpsX Ifp t]m∂-h-\-t√? Ah≥ \n m-c≥ Xs∂. AXp-
X-s∂-bmWv AXn\p Imc-Ww.
]m´v ˛ 7 NcXw - ----------- = kXyw , Ime-an-S-bn-´-dn-bemw = Ime-{I-taW a\- n-emIpw \n\-°nX = \n\°v
lnX-am-bn-´p-f-fXv \√-Xv, sNm√nt‚mw = R߃ ]d-bp-∂p.
CXp-hsc Cu cm£-ksc shdp-sX- hnSm≥ CX-√msX a‰p Imc-W-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√ F∂-XmWv
bYm¿∞w. A√tbm kpµcn \n\°v \≥a- h-cp-Øm-\p-ff \ne-bmWv R߃ D]-tZ-in-bv°p-∂Xv .
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 7

School of Distance Education
]m´v -˛ 8 Ccm-I-h≥ = cmL-h≥, \n∂≥]v = \n∂ kvt\lw H∂p-h-f-cn‚Xv Cßv = ChnsS
hf-cp∂Xmbm¬, B\m¬ = F¶n¬ CS¿ = ZpJw , \n\°v Ad \nebv°pw = \n\°v Adth
th-scm-sS) C√m-Xm-hpw.
C∂p-ap-X¬°v C\n cma-t\m-Sp-ff \ns‚ kvt\lw cmhWt\mSm-bm¬ AXn¬ sXs‰-¥v? cmh-
Ws‚ at\m-l-cam-b -In-S∏-d-bn-tebv°p t]mIm≥ Ct∏mƒ \o kΩ-Xn-bv°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AtXmsS
\ns‚ IjvS-X-I-sf√mw \nt»jw Xocpw.
]m´v ˛ 9 \ne-bv°-bn√ = Ah-km-\n-bv°p-∂n-√, s]cpa = aln-a(-tbm-K-y-X), Nen-∏p-h-sc√mw = Cf°w
(tIm-´w) D≠m-th≠ XN-ap-I≥ = Zi-ap-J-≥, ]ndhn = P∑w, \Æn = hnNm-cn-®v, ape-Øn-b-\ v= ]pkvX-y-\v,
\¥-\≥ = ssa¥≥ = a-I≥, \ew = tbmK-yX
\ns‚ Xd-hm´p aln-a-bm-tem-Nn®v tN¿® ImWp-∂n√ F∂m-sW-¶n¬ cmh-Ws‚ P∑sØ (Ip-ea-ln-a)
tbm¿Øv Hcp tIm-´hpw hcm-\n-√. ]pe-kvXy al¿jn-bpsS ]p{Xs‚ (hn-{i-h- ns‚)
]p{X-\m-Wn-h≥. C-hs‚ Xd-hm-Sn\pw tbmK-y-Xbv°pw h√ Ipd-hp-apt≠m ?
]m´v ˛ 10 \nΩn¬ = \n߃ XΩn¬, Xh = X] v , ]nf∂v = ]nf¿∂v, NI-entØ = iI-en-®v, Xp≠p
Xp≠m-°n, Ipcp-Xn-°fn = tNmc-°p-gºv , ]cp-Int≥dmw =R-߃ cpNn-bmbn `£n-bv°pw.
Cßs\ cmh-W\v bmsXmcp \yq-\-X-bp- -an-√. C-\nbpw Xo cmh-W-\p-ambn tNcm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Gsd-
°mew X]- p-sNbvX \ns‚ Cu icocw sh´n-°o-dn, Xp≠p-Xp-≠m°n R߃ Chn-sS-bn-cp∂v \n∂v CSbv°-Sbv°v
\ns‚ sNt©m-cbpw IpSn-bv°pw.
]m´v ˛ 11 IpS-¥v= IpS-v, Nne = hn√v, Xcn-Øc N¿ tIm≥ = [cn® alm cmPm-hv, ASn-a-e¿°n-ga¿¥-Xv=
ASn-a-e-cn\v Iogvs∏-´Xv, H√m-]n-cn-h≥ = ]ncn-bm-\m-hn-√, Dc-mƒ = Ahƒ Dc®p ]d-p.
XpS¿∂v koX adp-]Sn ]d-p. \n߃ s]cpw- iq-e-߃ Fs‚ ico-c-Øn¬ IpØn-bn-d°n
IpSv tNmc IpSn-®mcpw hn√mfn hoc-\mb N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS (tImZ-fi-]m-\n-bmb
{iocm-as‚) Ime-Sn-I-fn¬ ]Xn Fs‚ kvt\lsØ th¿]n-cn-bv°m≥ -I-gn-bn√m.
tNmZ-y-߃
1. eLp tNmZ-y-߃
\qdp hm°ntem \q‰-ºXp hm°ntem DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠h
1) "Nm-e-Øp-Xn®v ]ns∂ \mep-h-gnbpw sXmgp-Xp-sN-∂m≥' kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
2) ""IpWw Ipfn¿ \nNm-Ncn IpXnØp ]nSn-s]-´mƒ B¿ ? Bsc ? Ft∏mƒ ]nSn-s]´p ?
3) cm£-kn-Iƒ koX-tbmSp ]d--sX-s¥√mw ?
4) Ipe-Øn\pw \e-Øn\pw hnhcw Ipd-hp-t≠m? kµ¿`hpw A¿∞hpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI
5) koX Imh¬°m-cmb cm£-kn-am-tcmSv ]d adp-]-Sn-bpsS Hu-Nn-Xyw ]cn-tim-[n-°pI
D-]-]-ymk tNmZ-y-߃
1. ]m´ns‚ e£Ww Fgp-Xn- B {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ cma-N-cn-X-Øn-\p-ff ÿm\w hne-bn-cp-ØpI
2. cma-N-cnXw AXp-≠mb ImesØ ae-bm-f-∏m-´n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ kmln-Xy `mj-bn-emWv cNn-
®n-´p-f-fXv " Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNøpI
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 8

kpµ-c-Imfiw
IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw
sN¥-an-gns‚bpw kwkvIr-X-Øns‚bpw ta¬t°m-bva-bn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS
Bflm-hns\ kz-X-{¥-am-°m≥ Xan-gv, kw-kvIrX `mj-I-fn¬ Hcp t]mse ]WvUn-X≥am-cmb alm-I-hn-
Iƒ \S-Ønb Bflm¿∞-amb ]cn-{i-a-amWv \ncWw IrXn-Iƒ. Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ae-bmf kmln-Xy
temI-Øn¬ sImSn-IpØn hmWn-cp∂ aWn-{]-hmf {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mjm-ku-µ-cyw ae-bm-f-∏m-´n-tebv°v
hym-]-cn-∏n-®-XmWv \nc-Ww-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS {]tX-y-IX. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Ønse ]m´p-{]-ÿm-\-
Øns‚ c≠mw L´-ambn CXns\ ImW-Ww. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bpsS ico-c-Øn-s\bpw Bflm-hn-t\bpw
C{X-am{Xw kzm-[o-\n® IrXn-Iƒ hfsc hnc-f-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v ae-bmf `mjm-km-ln-Xy Ncn-{X-
Ønse Hcp \mgn-I-°-√mbn \ncWw IrXn-Isf IW-°m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
eoem-Xn-e-I-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-ff ]m´ns‚ e£-W-Øn¬ \n∂v Imc-y-amb Hcp hy-Xn-N-e\w
\ncWw Ihn-I-fpsS ]m´p-I-fn¬ ImWmw. "{Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£c \n_≤w' F∂ H∂m-a-sØ- \n-b-a-
Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv Cu am‰w. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ CXv ]m´p {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXnb N{I-hmfw
krjvSn-®p. kw-kvIr-X-an-{i-amb aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v a-e-bmf IrXn-Isf th¿Xn-cn®p
ImWn-bv°m-\mWv eoem-Xn-e-I-Øn¬ ]m´n\v e£W Iev]\ \S-Øn-b-Xv. F∂m¬ `mjm-]-c-ambn aWn-
{]-hm-f-k-z-`m-hsØ ]m´p-I-fn-tebv°v hne-bn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv \ncWw Ihn-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv. e£-W-samØ
]ms´∂v AwKo-Imcw t\Snb cma-N-cn-X-Ønse `mj Ir{Xn-a-amsW∂pw AXns‚ hnI-e-k-z-`mhw ae-bfn-Iƒ°v
Atcm-N-I-am-sW∂pw - - t\-cn´p a\- nem°n `mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ am{Xw aWn-{]-hmf coXn kzo-I-cn®v
C-Xn-hrØ kzo-I-c-W-Ønepw hrØ {]tbm-K-Ønepw BJ-ym-\-co-Xn-bnse `mh-Øn\pw ]m´ns‚
k-{ºZmbw Xs∂ \ne-\n¿Øp-I-bp-amWv \nc-Ww- I-hn-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv. ]m´p-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ CXv
al-Ømb Hcp hn]vf-h-Øn\p \mµn Ipdn-®p.
\ncWw Ihn-Iƒ
School of Distance Education
am[-h-∏-Wn-°¿, i¶-c-∏-Wn-°¿, cma-∏-Wn-°¿, F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p Ihn-I-sf-bmWv \ncWw
Ihn-Iƒ AYhm IÆ-»-∑m¿ F∂ t]cn¬ hy-h-l-cn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. Ch¿ Htc IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-ßfm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw
-A-√, F√m-hcpw \nc-W-Øp-Im-cm-b-Xp-sIm≠v Cßs\ hnfn-®np h-cm≥ CS-h-∂-XmsW-∂pw-
c-≠-`n{]mbw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ D≠-mbn-cp∂p. Ihn-Xm-co-Xn, `mjm-k-{º-Zmbw, hrØ-
{]-tbmKw F∂o Imc-y-ß-fn¬ kmZri-y-ap-ff ]m´p Imh-y-ß-fmWv i¶-c-I-hn-bpsS `m-cX-am-ebpw am[-h-
∏-Wn-°-cpsS `mjm `K-h-ZvKo-Xbpw cma-∏-Wn-bv°-cpsS cmam-b-W-hpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-bv°Ww
Cu Ihn-Isf ka-Im-eo-\-cmtbm Htc IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-ß-fmtbm kwi-bn-bv°m-\nSh∂-Xv.
Ch-sc-°q-SmsX cma-∏-Wn-°¿ Xs‚ Kpcp-hmbpw ]q¿∆nI\mbpw D`-b-Ih-zn-i-z-c-\mbpw kqNn-∏n-bv°p∂
Hcp Icp-tW-i-\-ap-≠v. Fß-s\-bmWv At±lw D`-b-I-ho-i-z-c-\m-bXv Ft∂m At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ
GsX-√m-am-Wv Ft∂m Df-f-Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-sfm-∂p-an-√.
Xncp-h-√-bn¬ \ncWw {Kma-Ønse {]kn-≤-amb Xr°-]m-eo-i-zc t£{X-Øn-\-SpØv IÆ-»≥
]-dºv Fs∂mcp ]pc-bnSw D≠v. cmam-b-W-I¿Øm-hmb cma-∏-Wn-°-cpsS `h\w Chn-sS-bmWv.
Icp-tW-i-s\∂ ]q¿∆-I-hn-bpsS a°-fmWv i¶-c\pw am[-h-\p-sa∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ aI-fpsS aI-\mWv
cmam-b-W- I¿Øm-hmb cma-∏-Wn-bv°-sc∂pw alm-Ihn Df-fq¿ tIcf kmln-Xy Ncn-{X-Øn¬
{]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ i¶-c≥ sh≈m-ß-√q¿°m-c\pw am[-h≥ ae-bn≥Iogv kztZ-in-bp-am-sW∂v
D]-cn- Kth-j-W-ß-fm¬ hy-‡-am-bn-´p-≠v. Ch-cpsS Ime-L-´hpw hy-X-y-kvX-am-Wv. hrØ-k-zo-Im-c-Ønse
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 9

v
School of Distance Education
sFI-y-cq-]-y-amWv Ch¿°v s]mXp-th-bp-f-f-Xv. \nc-W-Øp-Im-c≥ cma-∏-Wn-°¿ am{X-am-Wv. cmam-b-W-
Øn\p ]pdta `mK-hXw ]m´v, `mcXw ]m´v, inh-cm{Xn amlm-flyw F∂o IrXn-IƒIqSn cma-∏-Wn-bv°-cpsS-Xm-sW-∂mWv
]WvUn-X-a-Xw. cma-∏-Wn-bv°-cpsS Pohn-X-Im-ehpw JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-bm-\m-hn-s√∂pw
sIm√-h-¿jw Bdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-am-sW-∂mWv s]mXpth Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ AwKo-I-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. GXm-bmepw Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-®\p apºmWv F∂ Imcyw IrXn-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-ck-zm-[o-\Xm
]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw t_m-≤-y-am-Ipw.
IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw
kpµ-c-ImWvUw
Df-f-S-°w; IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw kpµ-c-Im-WvU-Ønse BZ-ysØ ]Xn-s\m∂p
]m´p-I-fmWv ]mTy-hn-j-bw.
]m´v 1 : A¿∞ kqN\
B¿Ien = kap{Zw, ]pIp¥p = {]th-in®v F∂pw = F∂, -sa-∂-S-bmƒ = `wKn-bn¬ \S-°q-∂-hƒ
( kpµ-cn) aoƒh≥ = Xncn-®p-hcpw , sh∂n = hnP-bw, \oSm¿ ta\n-In-f¿∂ = \o≠ (D-∂-X) ico-c-tØmSp
-Iq-Sn-b≥, NnIcw = inJcw = sImSp-ap-Sn, aoXn-eIp = Db¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂p.
kmcw = kap{Zw NmSn-°-S∂v e¶-bn¬ sN∂v kpµ-cn-bmb koXsb I≠p thK-Øn¬ Rm≥
aS-ßn-h-cp-∂p≠v F∂v Xocp-am-\n® hnP-b-Øn¬ hni-zm-k-tØmsS D∂-X-i-co-c-\mb l\p-am≥, Rm≥
CXn¬ \n∂v IpXn®p NmSp-tºmƒ Cu ]¿∆-X-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw sshj-ayw kw`-hn-bv°ptam Cu
ae Ipep-ßn-t∏m-Iptam Fs∂√mw i¶n®v AX-dn-bm≥ BImiw ap´n \n¬°p∂ sImSp-ap-Sn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-
Snb atl-{µ-sa∂ {]kn-≤-amb ]¿∆-XsØ H∂p-e®p t\m°n.
]m´v 2 a¶-b-tcm-Sp-IqS = kv{XoI-tfm-sSmØv aIngv¥v = kt¥m-jn®v , am\n-\n-am-cp-ambv + Aw_-cw
(-B-Im-iw)
]¿∆Xw hnd-®t∏mƒ AXn-t∑-ep-ff ]qa-c-߃ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff ]qag s]mgn-®p. At∏mƒ
]¿∆-X-Ønse Kpl-I-fn¬ Iman-\n-am-tcm-sSmØv ckn-®n-cn-bv°p∂ tZhtbm\n hnti-j-ß-fmb In∂c∑m¿,
Dc-K-߃, Nmc-W-∑m¿, XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Xn∂pw IpSn®pw ]m´p-]m-Snbpw ]e-X-c-Øp-ep-ff t\c-tºm-°p-Ifn¬
apgp-In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. s]´∂v ]¿∆Xw hnd-®-t∏mƒ h√mØ `b-∏m-tSmsS Xo‰bpw IpSnbpw
\n¿Øn Iq´p-Im-cn-I-tfm-sSm∏w BIm-i-Øn-te-bv°p-b¿∂v ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Cf°w t\m°n \n∂p.
]m´v 3 Bcg-temSpv = henb Zp.-J-tØmsS, `qX-PmXn = Poh-Pm-ew, \nI¿ = -Xp-e-yw, ]¥n=-Iq-´w(-]w‡n)
Iq¥¬ = apSn, t\cf = \o≠ amfw)
B ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ hknbv°p∂ ]e Xc-Øn-ep-ff h\y Pohn-I-fpsS i_vZ-Øm¬ , Cu ]¿∆Xw
I-Tn-\-amb Zp;Jw sIm≠v hmhn-´p-I-c-bp-I-bmtWm F∂p tXm∂n. IÆo-cn\p Xpe-y-ambn shffw [mcmfw
Hen-®n-d-ßn. ]¿∆-tXm-]cn BIm-i-Øn¬ Nn∂n-∏-c-∂p-I≠ taL-߃ NnX-dnb apSn-t]mse tXm∂n®p
]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff [mXp-°fpw , ]qsºm-Sn-Ifpw Ie¿∂ Pew I≠m¬ tNmc-sbm-en-bv°p-I-bmtWm
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 10

School of Distance Education
F∂p tXm∂pw shf-f-an-√m-Øn-SØpw shf-f-ap-s≠∂p tXm∂n®p (N-e-\-Ønse Xnf°w Imc-Ww)
IpS¬ ame shfnbv°p NmSpw t]mse \o≠ amf-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff ]mºp-Iƒ ]p-dØp
NmSn. Aßs\ BsI Xf¿∂ B ]¿∆vXw Zb-\o-bm-h-kvY-bn-em-bn. ({iol¿js‚ kw-kvIrX Nºq
cmam-bWw kpµ-cImWvUØnse BZy `mK-Øp-ff \o≠ KZ-y-sØ-bmWv c≠pw aq∂pw ]m´n¬ Ihn
A\p-k-cn-®n-´p-f-f-sX∂p tXm∂pw. CX-ns‚ Ombm-\p-I-cWw IrjvW-Km-Y-bnepw ImWmw.)
]m´v 4 \nd-∂= at\m-l-c-amb, Gj = B (A-h≥) CuSnb = hf¿∂, amcp-Xn-bm-RvP-t\-b≥ =
acp-Øns‚ (Im-‰v)-bpw ARvP-\-bp-tSbpw ]p{X≥ ˛ l\p-am-≥ , tadn = B{K-ln®v, hm-[-sbm-gnbv°pw =
_m[ (i-e-yw) \o¿°pw Db-cØv = BIm-i-Øv, X\q-P≥= ]p{X≥
alm-_p-≤n-im-enbpw hm\-c-\m-b-I-\pw, hmbp `K-hms‚bpw ARvP-\-bp-sSbpw ]p{X-\p-amb
l\p-am≥ G‰hpw hen-bXpw tim`-tb-dn-b-Xp-amb ico-c-tØmsS ss[c-y-k-taXw IS-en¬ ÿnXnsN-øp∂
e¶-bn¬ {]th-in-bv°p-hm≥ atl{µ ssie-Øn¬ Ibdn Hcpßn \n∂p. At∏mƒ BIm-i-
Øn¬ \n∂v tZh-∑m¿ FXncn-√mØ ]cm-{I-an-bmb Ch≥ aq∂p-e-In-ep-ffhcp-tSbpw D]-{Z-h-߃
C√mXm°pw F∂p {]iw-kn®v Gsd kt¥m-j-tØmsS ]qa-g-s]m-gn-®-t∏mƒ tXP- m¿∂ ico-c-tØmsS
apº-tØ-Xnepw Gsd hoc-y-tØmsS \n∂p.
]m´v 5 `hXmw = \nß-fp-sS, Ce¶ = e¶, hnIev]w = c≠p-]£w
At∏mƒ (a-tl-{µ-]¿∆XØn\p Xmsg) \n∂v Xs∂ {]iw-kn-bv°p-∂-h-cmb hm\-c-ho-c≥am-tcmsS-√m-h-tcm-Sp-ambn
]cn-ip-≤-\mb l\p-am≥ hn\-b-tØmsS Cßs\ ]d-p. C∂v Rm≥ e¶-bn¬
sN∂v koX-tbbpw I≠v kk-t¥mjw Xncn-®p-h-cpw. AX-s√-¶n¬ th≠n-h-∂m¬ tZh-tem-I-Øn¬
sN∂n´p {iocm-a-]Xv\nsb Rm≥ thK-Øn¬ ImWpw. \nß-fpsS a\- n¬ bmsX#cp thh-em-Xnbpw
th≠, AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp Imcyw sNømw. cmh-W\pw a‰p cm£-k-∑m-cp-a-S-ßp-∂ -e-¶sb Fs‚
Hcp-ssI-bn¬ ]pg-°n-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm≠p hcpw. CXn¬ bmsXmcp i¶-bp-an-√.
]m´v 6 GsXmcp PmXn = F{]-Imcw , sNmeve= sNm√p-tºmƒ , \mw Ccnt∏mw = {Inbbv°v enwK-]p-cpj-h-N\
{]X-ybw tN¿Ø cq]w, -sN-¥m-a-c-ao-X¿Ω=-sN-¥m-a-c-bn¬ IpSn-sIm-f-fp-∂, hncn-©≥= {_“mhv
A∂v + B¿Ien =A-∂m¿I-en, Xp\np = Hcp-sº´v
Fß-s\-bmtWm cma-_mWw t]mIp-∂Xv A{]-Imcw Rm≥ bmsXmcp XS- -hp-an-√m-sX t]mbn
\njv{]-bmkw Xncn-®p-hcpw F∂v l\p-am≥ ]d-bsh R߃ ChnsS Ccnbv°mw. kpJ-am-bnt]m-bn-h-cnI
F∂v hmc≥am¿ adp-]Sn ]d-p. A—-\mb hmbp-tZ-h-t\bpw , kqc-y-tZ-h-t\bpw Ac-hn-
µ-`-h-\mb {_“m-hn-t\bpw tZth-{µ-t\bpw a‰p tZh∑m-tcbpw hWßn kapt{Zm-]cn NmSp-hm≥ Hcp-ßn-\n-
∂p.
]m´v 7 B\-Xp-Imew = A-t∏mƒ,- sIm-sS‰n = Np-g-‰n,- A-ap°n = Aa¿Øn, \n¥v + AN-e-Øn¬,-DuSp-cphn-∂-hmbp
= {]mW-hmbp, Xmgzn-b-emX = Xmgvhv (C-f-∏w)C√mØ
B ka-bØv kap{Zw NmSn-°-S∂v sXt°-°-c-bn¬ (e-¶) FØp-hm≥ bmsXmcp {]bm-k-hp-an-
√msX t\sc-bp-ff hgn t\m°n-°≠v l\p-am≥ hm¬ Npg‰n ImSp-Iƒ \nd ]¿∆-XsØ H∂-a¿Øn.
icocw Ipep-°n, taL-ß-sf-t∏mse Aedn (C-Sn-\m-Zw) Ip\np .\n∂v ]¿∆-X-Øns≥d aosX
Imep-Iƒ \∂m-bp-d-∏n-®v, sasøm-Xp-°n, {]mW-hm-bp-hns\ sNdpØv Df-fn-sem-Xp°n Fßpw ]cm-P-b-
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 11

School of Distance Education
ta¿°mØ B hm\-c-ho-c≥ kap-{Z-Øn\p aosX IS-°m≥ AXn-bmb thK-ho-c-y-_-e-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn
IpXn-®p-b¿∂p.
]m´v 8 thK-h-ti\ = thKw Imc-Ww, \oSm¿ = henb, Im¿ap-In-tem-N= Im¿ap-In-sem-®,
]ncn-Iq-d-p-s]-t´= X≠m-bn-∏n-cn-p. t]mIn-Iƒ=-t`m-Kn-Iƒ ˛ k¿∏-߃, ssh\-tX-b≥ = hn\-Xm-]p-{X≥-
˛-K-cp-U≥
BIm-i-tØ-bv°p-b¿∂ l\p-ams‚ thKX \nanØw B henb ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ apI-fn¬ \n∂ncp∂
ac-߃ IqSn At±-l-Øns‚ ]n∂mse IS-]p-gßn Iptd- -Zqcw ]n∂mse ]mdn IS¬
sh-f-f-Øn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS sImgnp hoWp. (C-hn-sSbpw Nºp-cm-am-b-W-tØmSv _‘w)
l\p-ams\ {]Io¿Øn®psIm≠v In∂-c-∑m¿ XpS-ßnb tZh-K-W-߃ sXfnp ]mSn, l\p-ams‚
Nm´Øns‚ Du°v BIm-i-Øn¬ CSn\mZw t]mse apg-ßn. BIm-i-Øn¬ ]mdn-t∏m-Ip∂
taL-ßfpw Icp-tØ-dnb IS¬Øn-c-sh-f-fhpw c≠mbn ]Ip-°-s∏-´p. k¿∏-߃ CXm-K-cp-U≥ ]d-∂p
-h-cp∂p F∂p IcpXn `b-s∏- -t´m-Snsbmfn-®p.
]m´v 9 Agnhv = \miw, C√-bmX = C√m-Ø-h, A\-Ø v= F√mw, shø-h≥= kqc-y≥, ]gn= \nµ, ]cn-Nv
= hn[-Øn¬, Ic-]¥n = IX ]w‡n (In-cW Pmew), Nn¥n-\≥ + A¶v (A-ßv) apgp-aXn = ]q¿Æ N{µ≥,
A≥]v + Cg-In\ (kvt\-l-ap-f-f) ssa¥≥ = ]p{X≥.
Hcn-°epw \mi-an-√m-Ø-h-\pw, k¿∆-Po-h-Pm-e-߃°pw Poh-\m-bn-´p-f-f-h-\pw, B¿°pw
hy-‡-ambn Adn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ cq]-ap-f-f-\hpw BZn-tZ-h-\p-amb kqc-y≥ Bt£-]-Øn-\nS hcmsX
l\p-ams‚ ico-cØn\vv ]qtS¬∏n-°msX XWp-t∏-Ipw- hn[w Zb-thmsS Xs‚ civan Pme-ßsf Ahs‚
ta¬ s]mgn®p. ]q¿Æ-N-{µ-s\-t∏mse ico-c-`w-Kn-bp-ff l\p-am≥ Im¿ta-L-am-e-Iƒ°p-f-fn¬ IS∂p
adpw CSbv°p ]pd-Øp-h∂pw sX‰p-]-‰mØ t\¿h-gn-bn-eqsS t]mIp-tºmƒ hm’-e-y-\n-[n-bmb hmbptZ-h≥
AcnsI h∂v ]p{Xs‚ icocw Xtem-Sn.
]m´v 10 Xc¶ ]¥n-Iƒ = XcwK ]w‡n-Iƒ, s]men-¥m≥ = tim`n-®p, shø-h≥ = kqc-y≥
t]m¬ + A¶v (A-ßv) + Ah\v + B\-\w. Achw = ]mºv,
a¥-c-am-a-e= aµ-c-]¿∆-Xw s]men-hp-‰nXv + BSv+ Ac-h-߃
Db¿∂v h∂ Xnc-am-e-I-fpsS Iq´w BImiw ap´pw hn[w h≥k-ap-{ZsØ Cf-°n-a-dn-®p-sIm≠v
t]mIp∂ l\p-ams‚ hmep-sIm≠v hebw sNbvXp tim`n-bv°p-∂-i-cocw ]cn-th-j-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb
kqc-y-a-WvUew t]mse-bp≠v. At∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ apJw k‘-ym-k-a-bØv XpSp-Øp-Im-Wp∂
kqc-y-a-WvUew t]mse tim`n®p s]cpØ aµ-c-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Ccp-]p-d-Øp-ap-ff Kpl-I-fn¬ \n∂v
s]cp-ºm-ºp-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse At±-l-Øns‚ \o≠ c≠pIcXmcp-Ifpw \nh¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p.
]m-´ v11 Xm¿°p-g¬ = ]qthWn (kp-µ-cn) amXv = AΩ, Xpbcv = Zp;-Jw, C-f-bv°n¬ = sNøm-Xn-cp-
∂m¬, Acpw ]gn = ISpØ Bt£-]w, Hcp tbmP-\= kpam¿ A©p In.ao
kpµ-cn-bmb koXm-tZhn A\p-`-hn-bv°p∂ sImSpw Zp:-J-Øn\p kam-\-amb kap-{Z-Øns‚ aosX
bmsXmcp Xf¿®-bp-an-√msX l\p-am≥ IpXn®p apt∂-dp-tºmƒ At±-l-Øns‚ thK-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb
\ng¬ ]Øp-tbm-P\ hoXn-bnepw AXns‚ aq∂n-c´n \of-Ønepw ImW-s∏-´-t∏mƒ kap{Zw Nn¥n-®p. cma-
Zq-X-\mb Chs\ Rm≥ kvt\l-]q¿∆w k¿°-cn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. AXn¬ hogvN h∂m¬ Zp;-J-Øn\v Imc-
W-amb \µn-tI-Smhpw. ImcWw ]≠v kqc-y-Ip-e-Øn¬ P\n® cmP-Ip-am-c∑m-cmWv Fs∂ hep-Xm-°n-b-Xv.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 12

School of Distance Education
kqNn-X-I-Y: kqc-y-hwi cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ kK-c\v tIin-\n, F∂pw kpaXn F∂pw, c≠p ]Xv\nam-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Ah-cn¬ tIin-\nbv°v Hcp aI\pw kpa-Xnbv°v Adp-]-Xn-\m-bncw a°fpw D≠m-bn.
F√m-hcpw Icp-Ø-∑m¿, Aß-s\-bn-cns° kK-c≥ Hcp Ai-z-ta[w Bcw-`n®p \qdp-bmKw ]q¿Øn-bm-
°n-b-h¿ C{µ-]-´-Øn\v A¿l-cmWv. AXn-\m¬ Bsc-¶nepw bmKw XpS-ßn-bm¬ C{µ≥ AXp-ap-S-°phm\pw
{ianbv°pw. `mhn-bn¬ X\n-bvs°mcp {]Xn-tbm-Kn-bp-≠m-I-cp-X-t√m. CØ-hW kK-cs‚
bmKm-i-zsØ C{µ≥ ]nSn-®p-sIm≠p t]mbn ]mXm-f-Øn¬ X]- -\p-jvTn-°p∂ £n{]-tIm-]n-bmb I]ne
aj¿jn-bpsS B{i-a-Øn¬ Xf®p. bmKm-i-zsØ At\-z-jn®p ]pd-s∏´ kKc]p{X≥am¿ Adp-]-Xn-\mbncw
t]cpw `qan-bn¬ Fßpw AXns\ ImWm--Xn-\m¬ ]mXm-f-Øn¬ At\-z-jn-°m≥ `qan Ipgn®v
Xmtgm´p t]mbn B Ipgn-I-fmWv kap-{Z-ß-fmbn ]cn-W-an-®Xv kK-c-\-c-]-Xn-X-\-b-sXs∂ h-f¿°-bm¬
kmKcw F∂p sNm√p∂p F∂v Infn-∏m´v kpµ-c-Im-WvU-Ønse {]kvXmhw {i≤n-bv°p-I. kK-c-]p-
{X≥am¿ I]n-es‚ tIm]m-·n-bn¬ Zp¿ar-Xn-b-Sp Ah-cpsS Bflm-°-fpsS k¬K-Xn-bv°p-th≠n
kK-cs‚ s]u-{X-\mb `Ko-c-Y≥ `Ko-c-Y-{]-b-Xv\-Øn-eqsS kz¿§KwKsb ]mXm-f-Øn-se-Øn®p F∂mWv
]pcm-W-I-Y.
tNmZ-y-߃
I \qdp-hm-°ntem \q‰-º-Xp-hm-°ntem DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠h
1 ae-bv°p-≠mbv hcptam Ipep-°-hp-sa-∂-tXm¿Øp Bcv ? Ft∏mƒ ? AX-dn-bm≥ F¥p- sNbvXp?
2 atl-{µ-]¿∆Xw H∂p Ipep-ßn-b-t∏mƒ In∂-tcm-c-K-Nm-c-W-∑m¿ F¥p sNbvXp?
3 atl-{µ-]¿∆Xw l\p-am≥ Ipep-°n-b-t∏mƒ ]¿∆-X-Øn-\p-≠mb ssZ\-ym-hÿ hnh-cn-bv°pI
4 \n¿Ω-e-\mb hmbp X\q-P- \m-Z-c-thmSp sNm∂m≥ BtcmSv ? sNm∂-sX¥v ?
5 kap-{Z-ew-L-\-Øn-\p-ff l\p-ams≥d Xømsd-Sp∏v Nn{Xo-I-cn-bv°p∂Xnse Ihn-bpsS \nco-£W
]mShw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
6 t]mIn-Iƒ ssh\-tX-b-\n-h≥ hcp-∂-h-s\-∂-gn-¥m¿ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Ipdn-bv°p-I.
7 h¥p-X-c¶ ]¥n-I-f-ºcw XS-hp-¥cw \oƒ h≥ IS-se-°-e-°n\ thK-sam-sSgpw amcp-X-Ønv≥
\¥-\-s∑bv Npg-∂n-e-In∂ hmen-s\m´pw s]men-¥m≥ \≥]-I-tem-\-S≥ ]-cn-th-j-tam-Sp-b-cn-
∂t]mse
A¥n\-ndw Ie¿∂p Nph∂ shø-h≥ a≠ew t]me-¶m-h-\m-\\w s]men-hp‰n XmS-c-h-¶-fo-Sm¿
a¥-c-am-a-e-bv°Iw \n∂p h¥n-cp-]mSpw \ofpw. hÆw \nh¿Øn \≥ I]o-ho-c≥ \oƒI-c-Xm-cnc≠pw
Cu ]Z-y-Ønse Imhy `wKn- ]-cn-tim-[n-°pI
II D]-\-ymk tNmZ-y-߃
1. cma-N-cn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v IÆ-»-cm-am-b-W-ØnseØptºm-tgbv°pw ]m´p {]ÿm-\-Ønse
`mjbv°p h-cp∂ hy-X-ym-k-߃ DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw Nq≠n-°m-´pI
2. IÆ» cmam-b-W-Ønse h¿Æ-\-I-fpsS NmcpX hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 13

IrjvW-KmY
tla¥ h¿Æ\
sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xncn
School of Distance Education
ae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-X-y-Øns‚bpw hnImk ]cn-Wma ]≤-Xn-bnse Hcp hgn-ØncnhmWv
IrjvW-Km-Y. AYhm IrjvW-∏m-´v. kma-am-\y P\-߃°n-S-bn¬ {]N-cn-®n-cp∂ \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-fptSbpw
]WvTn-X≥am¿°v am{Xw e`n-®n-cp∂ kwkvIrX kmln-X-yØns‚bpw kwkv°mc ka-\-z-b-amWv
IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. \mtSmSn Km\-hr-Ø-ß-fpsS ssien-bn¬ kmln-Xy KpW-k-ºp-jvS-ambn
ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠mb H.-∂m-asØ alm-Im-h-y-amWv IrjvW-KmY F∂p]d-bmw. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚
Bcw-`-Øn¬ D≠m-b-sX∂v hni-z-kn-°m-hp∂ Cu IrXn-bn-ep-]-bp-‡-amb ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kmc-fyw C∂pw
A¤p-Xm-h-l-am-Wv. kwkvIrX `mj-bnepw kwkvIr-X-Øn\v ap≥Xq-°-ap-ff aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønepw am{Xw
Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-∂Xv `qj-W-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂ ImeØv Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-°hn FgpXnb kmln-X-y-aq-e-y-apff
Hcp IrXn F∂ khn-ti-j-Xbpw AXn-\p-≠v. `mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ a-e-bm-f-tØmSpw BJ-ym\ ssienbn¬
aWn-{]-hmf k{ºZmb-tØmSpw tN¿∂p \n¬°p∂p F∂-XmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS as‰mcp
{]tX-y-I-X. ip≤-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-ß-fpsS Hc-]q¿∆ tiJcw IqSn-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y. F-gp-Ø-—\v apºv
]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ BJ-ym\w sNbvX Hcp anI® Imhyw F∂ \nebv°pw B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-Øns‚
Bcw`w kqNn-∏n-bv°p∂ IrXn F∂ \nebv°pw IrjvW-Km-Y-bv°p-ff {]m[m-\yw hnkva-cn-bv°m-h-X-√.
sNdp-t»cn Xºq-Xncn
tIme-Øncn cmPm-hmb Hcp DZ-b-h¿Ωs‚ B{in-X-\m-bn-cp∂p sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xn-cn-sb∂pw
At±-l-Øns‚ Bh-i-y-{]-Imcw cNn-®-XmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-sb∂pw Imh-y-`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂v kv]jvS-am-Wv.
"]mem-gn-amXp Xm≥ ]men-®p-t]m-cp∂
tImem-[n-\m-Y-\p-Z-b-h¿Ω≥
BPvR-sb-s®-bvI-bm¬'
F∂ {KŸm-cm-w`-Ønse kqN-\bpw
'B⁄bm tIme `q]-ky
{]m⁄-tk-ym-Z-b-h-ΩWm ˛
IrXmbmw IrjvW-Km-Ybmw'
F∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff A≤ymbß-fpsS Ah-km-\-ß-fpw CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.
Ihn-tbbpw Pohn-X-Im-e-tØbpw Ipdn®v CXn¬°q-Sp-X¬ sXfn-shm∂pw e`n-®n-´n-√. IrjvW-
Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv cmam-b-Ww, `mcXw XpS-ßnb {]kn≤ aWn-{]-hm-f-N-ºp-°-fpsS I¿Øm-hmb
]p\w \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂pw Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. IrjvW-Km-Y-sb-t∏mse alm-`m-c-XKm-Y-sb-s∂mcp IrXnbpw
Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. AXpw DZ-b-h¿Ω cmPm-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw cNn-®-sX-∂mWv kqN-\. Cu c≠p
KmY-Ifpw GI I¿Ør-I-am-sW∂pw Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 14

School of Distance Education
IrjvW-Km-Y, `mc-X-Km-Y, cmam-b-W alm `mcX Nºp-°ƒ F∂n-h-bnse BJ-ym-\-co-Xnbpw
`mjm-co-Xnbpw Ah hn`n∂ I¿Ør-I-ß-sf∂v hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂p-sh-∂mWv ]WvUn-X-a-Xw. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬
sNdp-t»cn C√w A\yw \n∂v ']q\w' C√-Øn¬ ebn-®p-sh-s∂mcp sFXn-l-yhpw {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v. Cu
IY Adn-bp-∂-h≥ IrjvW-KmY ]p\-Øns‚sX∂pw A√m-Ø-h¿ sNdp-t»-cn-bp-tS-sX∂pw ]dp
h∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-bv°Ww IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv ]p\w \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂ hni-zmkw D≠mb-sX∂v
alm-Ihn Df-fq¿- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. IrjvW-Km-Ym-Im-cs‚ t]cv i¶-c≥ F∂m-bn-cp-∂psh∂pw
\ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ s]mXpth C-√-t∏-cn¬ Adn-p-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xn\m¬ At±lw sNdp-t»cn F∂
t]cn¬ ]n¬°m-e-Ø v{]-kn-≤-\m-b-Xm-sW∂pw Dulnbv°mw. {InkvX-z_vZw ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠mWv
IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS cN-\m-Imew F∂v `qcn-]£w kmln-X-y-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-∂p.
{KŸ-k-z-cq]w
`‡n-c-k-{]-[m-\-amb `mK-h-X-Ønse Zi-a-kvI-‘-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bnse IYm-h-kvXp. Ihn
DZ-b-h¿Ω cmPm-hp-ambn NXp-cwKw Ifn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ cmPm-hn\v Ifn-bn¬ hnP-bn-°m≥ th≠
kqN\ \¬In-s°m≠p cm⁄n Hcp Xmcm-´p-]m-Sn-sb∂pw B Xmcm-´ns‚ coXn-bn¬ "Ziaw' IYsb
Ah-ew-_n®v Hcp ae-bmf Imhyw cNn-bv°m≥ cmPmhv Ihn-tbmSv \n¿t±-in-®p-sh-∂p-amWv IrjvW-Km-YbpsS
Dev]-Øn-sb-∏-‰n-bp-ff {]kn-≤-amb sFXn-l-yw. IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ `mK-hXw Zi-a-kvI-‘-Øn¬
hnh-cn-°p∂ {ioIrjvWm-h-Xmcw apX¬ kz¿§m-tcm-l-Ww-h-scbp-ff ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv
apJ-y-ambpw h¿Æn-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw ]Xn-s\m∂pw ]{¥≠pw kvI‘-ß-fn-tebpw Nne `mK-߃ hnh-cn-
°p-∂p-≠v. `mK-h-X-I-Y-IfpsS icn-∏-I¿∏mb Hcp ]p\-cm-Jy-m\-a√ IrjvW-Km-Y. aqe-I-Ysb kz¥w
A`n-cp-Nn-bv°-\p-k-cn®vv Npcp-°n-∏-d-bm\pw hnkvX-cn-®p-]-]m-Zn-°m\pw At±-lw a-Sn-®n√. "kp`-{Zm-l-cWw"
t]mse aqe-Øn¬ Npcp°n {]Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xns\ Hcp ]q¿Æ Imhy cq]-Øn-em°n h¿Æn-°p∂ `mK-ß-fpw
D-≠v. Hcp kz-X{¥ Imh-y-Øns‚ coXn-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ kzo-I-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. kwkvIr-X-Øntebpw
ae-bm-f-Øn-tebpw ]q¿∆-I-hn-I-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Bi-b-߃ kzo-I-cn®v \qX\ `wKntbmsS
kz¥w IrXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-Xnepw sNdp-t»cn t]mcmbva I≠n´n-√. ]c-Io-bm-i-b-߃°v
kz¥w `mh-\m-hn-emkw sIm≠v sau-en-I-Xzw hcp-Øp-∂-Xnepw At±lw _≤-{i-≤-\m-bn-cp∂p
]ma-c-∑m-cn¬ ]pcm-W-I-Ym-J-ym-\-Øn-eqsS `‡n Dd-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw sshcmKyw P\n-∏n-bv°p-I-bp-amWv
Imh-y-e-£vyw.
tla¥ h¿Æ\w
Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS
Imfnb-a¿±\w IYbv°v tijamWv IrjvW-KmY-bn¬ EXp-°-fpsS h¿Æ-\-bm-cw-`n-bv°p-∂-Xv.
{ioIr-jvW≥ Iuamc {]mb-Øn¬ tKm-]-∑mcpw tKm]n-I-am-cp-samØv {IoUn®p \S-°p-tºmƒ Imem-hÿ-Iƒ
amdn amdn h∂p F∂ a´n-emWv h¿Æ-\w. Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ Bdv EXp-°-tfbpw As√-¶n¬ Ahbn¬
Nne-Xn-t\-sb-¶nepw h¿Æn-bv°Ww F∂Xv alm-ImhyØns≥d e£-W-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p
""]q¶m-hmgn hnhm-l-a-{Z-n\-Kcw sZu-Xyw Ipam-tcm-Zbw
irwKmcw arKbm hnt\m-Z\ ar-Xp-°q´w hk-t¥m-’hw
Nµm¿t°m-Z-b-h¿Æv\w, \ni-bp-j- m-a-{¥-Ww-\m-b-tIm¬
°¿jw sXm´ at\m-⁄-hkvXp \nhlw h¿Æn-bv°n¬ h≥Im-h-yamw""
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 15

School of Distance Education
alm-Im-h-y-Øns‚ GI-tZi e£-W-an-XmWv IrjvW-KmY {Zmhn-U-hr-Ø-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´
BZ-ysØ alm-Im-h-y-am-Wv.
sNm¬s°m≠p \ns∂mcp .....................................
sI¬∏tc sh∂n-Sm-sa-t∂-bp-ffp (1-˛10)
sNm¬sIm≠p = {]kn-≤-am-b, tla-¥-Imew = ap-Imew, sI¬∏¿ = i‡¿, Ba-µw=-sas√
sas√, {]mte-bw=-av , NWvU≥ = D{K≥, H∏v = tbmPn-∏v, ]¶-P-\m-Y≥, Xma-c-bpsS `¿Ømhv
(kq-c-y≥) ˛ Aßs\ Ihn-k-t¶-Xw
t]cp tI´ B \√-Imew Aßs\ t]mbn-°-gn-p. (sXm´p ap≥]v ic¬°mesØbmWv
h¿Æn-®n-´p-f-fXv ic-Øn\p ]n∂mse tla¥w h∂p) XWp-t∏-dnb ap-Imew {ItaW FØn-t®¿∂p.
]m¬°-S-ense ip≤amb shfp-Ø-sh-ffw ap°n-Øq-hp-∂Xp t]mse ap s]øm≥ XpS-ßn. Pz-en®p
\n∂n-cp∂ kqc-y-a-fiew At∏mƒ aßn-h-im-bn. \n m-c-∑m¿°pw HsØm-cp-an-®m¬ {]_-e-∑m-sc Pbn°mw
F∂m-W-Xns‚ kqN-\.
hmcp-‰-Im¥n Ie¿s∂mcp ....................................................
Iq¿∏mkw ta\n-bn¬ tN¿®-]q-°p (11-˛20)
hmcp‰ ˛ `wKn-tb-dnb , kz-kvXn-Im-_‘w = kz-kvXn-I-s°´v (C-hnsS ssI amdØv ]nW®p
shbv°¬ hmbv]m¿∂v = \√, Im¿∏mkw = ]cp-Øn. Iq¿∏mkw = Ip∏mbw
at\m-l-c-ambn tim`-tbmsS \n∂n-cp∂ Xma-c-Iƒ Hmtcmt∂mtcm-∂mbn aßn-sbm-Sn-bm≥ XpSßn
(kq-c-ys‚ ]Xv\n-bmWv Xma-c. an¬ kqc-y-a-WvVew aßn. ap-Im-eØv Xma-c-Iƒ°pw tim`
Ipd-hm-Wv˛ ImcWw (Ihn ASpØ hcn-I-fn¬ Duln-bv°p-∂p.)
`¿Øm-°≥am-cpsS tim`-Ip-d-bp-tºmƒ `mc-y-am-cpsS apJhpw hmSp-a-t√m. ITn-\-amb XWp-∏psIm≠v
F√m-hcpw Ipg-ßn. Ft∏mgpw ssIIƒ sIm≠v amdØv kz-kvXnI _‘n-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn.
\√ ]cp-Øn-°p-∏m-b-߃ F√m-hcpw AWn-bm≥ XpS-ßn.
BZn-Xy tkhbpw ]mh-I-tk-h-bpw........
sIm¶-I-sf∂ t]mse (21-˛32)
BZn-Xy tkh = shbn¬ Imb¬, ]mhI tkh = XoIm-b¬, DtZ-ym-Kw = -D¬kmlw,
hoX-߃ = AS--h, hmcn-hn-lmcw = Pe{Io-U, N{µ-in-em-Xew = shÆ-°¬Ød
shbn¬ sImf-fepw Xo Imb-ep-ambn A°m-eØv ]e-cp-tSbpw ]Wn. ]qt¥m-´-Øn¬I-fn-bv°m≥
B¿°pw D¿km-l-an-√. hmXn-ep-I-sf√mw AS-bv°-s∏-´p. Pe-tI-fn-Ifpw B¿°pw th≠ ico-c-Øn¬
Nµ\w ]pc-´¬ Ipdp h∂p. \nemhv G¬°p-∂-Xns‚ Imcyw ]d-bp-Itb th≠. at\m-l-c-ß-fmb
shÆ-°¬Ø-d-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ B¿°pw th≠. AXv ssh[hy Zp:Jw A\p-`-hn-bv°p∂ kv{XoI-fpsS
kvX\-߃ t]mse Bh-i-y-°m-c-\n-√m-Xm-bn.
amtebw \o°n \¬°p-¶p-a-am-°n-\mƒ................
...................................................\oimcw ]q≠ßp \n∂o-sXßpw (33-˛40)
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 16

School of Distance Education
amtebw = Nµ-\w, -cmKw = Cfw Nph∏v F∂pw A\p-cm-K-sa-∂pw, taXn¬ = `qan-bn¬, Bi =
Zn°v \olmcw = av,- \o-imcw = ]pX∏v
bph-Xn-I-sf√mw amdn¬ Nµ-\-Øn\p ]Icw C-t∏mƒ Ip¶paw ]qim≥ XpS-ßn. kv{XoIƒs°m∂pw
shfp-∏{X Imc-y-a-√. Nph∏p ffn-SsØ A\p-cmK ap≠mhq (A-Xp-sIm-≠mtWm Ip¶paw ]qin-b-Xv-
F∂p tXm∂pw) `qan-bn¬ \ndp Ihn-- X-Wp∏p kln-bv°m-\m-hm-n-´mtWm F∂pw tXm∂pw
a´n¬ Zn°p-I-sf√mw avsIm≠p-ff ]pX-∏p-sIm≠v ]pX®p ImW-s∏-´p.
tImI-ß-sf√mw ]pe¿∂p XpS-ßn-\m≥
Nmse hnd®p Xpßo-X-t∏mƒ (41-˛52)
tImI-߃ = N{IhmI߃ , kqIcw = ]∂n,- A-`n-km-cnI = ]pcp-j-s\-tØ-Sn-t∏m-Ip∂ kv{Xo,
PmcX = ]ckv{Xo _‘ kz-`m-h-w
N{I-hm-I-∏£n t\cw ]pe-¿-∂n´pw Zp:-Jn®p sImt≠-bn-cp∂p (kq-c-y-\p-Zn-®n´pw shfn-®-am-hmØ
{]Xo-Xn-bmWv C\n-bp-ff GXm-\pw- h-cn-I-fn¬ hnh-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. N{I-hm-I-∏-£n-Iƒ°v cm{Xn-bn¬ sXm´-
Sp-Øn-cn-bv°p∂ CW-sb-t∏mepw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn√ F∂pw. CW-]n-cn-b¬ Ak-l-y-amb Pohn-IfmWv
N{I-hm-I-߃ F∂pw Ihn kt¶-Xw) cm{Xn Cc tXSn \m´n-en-d-ßnb ]∂n-Iƒ kqc-y-\p-Zn-®n´pw
Im´n-tebv°p aS-ßp-∂n-√. A`n-km-cn-I-amcpw Pmc-∑mcpw t\cw ]pe¿∂n´pw Btcbpw t]Sn-bv°msX
\S-∂p. ap-s]m-gn-bv°p∂ tla-¥-Im-e-am-Ip∂ `qXw Bth-in®v Ien-I-b-dnb shfn-®-∏m-Sp-am-sct∏mse
`qan-bn-ep-ff P\-ß-sf√mw At∏mƒ hnd-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn.
Z¥-ß-sf-s°m≠p Xmfw ]nSn-®n-´pw.........................
.............................-]q≠p XpS-ßn-\m¿ Iman-\n-am¿ (53-˛66)
Pm\p = Im¬ap´v
{_m“-W¿ ]√p-sIm≠v Xmfw ]nSn-®psIm≠v k‘-ym-h-µ\w XpS-ßn. (sh-f-f-Øn¬ Cdßn
\n¬°p-tºmƒ XWp-∏p-sIm≠v ]√p-Iƒ Iq´n-bn-S-nbv°¬) hmbp \ntcm-[amw hÆw Iman-\n-ImapI-∑m¿
Benw-K-\w-_-≤-cmbn hnc-ln-Iƒ. XWp-∏ns‚ ieyw kln-bv°m-\m-hmsX Npcp-≠pIqSn apJw Im¬
ap-´p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]qgvØn-°nS-∂p. a\- n-\n-W-°-an-√mØ Imap-I-∑m-tcbpw At∏mƒ Iman-\n-am¿
Benw-K\w sNbvXp.
shf-f-sa-∂n-ß-s\..................
...........................-D-ffw sXfn-p-ff amap-\n-am¿ (67-˛74)
shf-f-sa∂p tI´m¬ Xs∂ F√m-hcpw hnd-®p-Xp-f-fm≥ XpS-ßn. Xo°p-t]mepw CØncn Xo
Imm≥ sImf-fm-sa∂p tXm∂n-Øp-S-ßn. F∂m¬ Cu i‡-amb XWp-∏ns\ Aev]w t]mepw
IqkmsX al¿jn-t{i-jvT≥ shf-f-Øn¬ Cdßn \n∂v sXfn a\-t msS P]n-bv°m≥ XpSßn (PntX-{µn-b-∑m-cm-Wt√m
Ah¿)
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 17

tNmZ-y-߃
School of Distance Education
I eLp tNmZ-y-߃ ˛ \qdp hm°ntem \q‰-ºXphm°ntem DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠h
1. "" Im¥\p Im¥n Ipd-Xp ImWp-tºmƒ
Im¥-am¿ Im¥nbpw aßp-at√m"" Ihn Cßs\ Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v?
2. " BZn-Xy tkhbpw ]mhI tkhbp ˛
ambn ØpSßn ]e¿°p-a-t∏mƒ ' kµ¿`hpw Bi-b-hp-sa-gp-XpI
3 "DucIw ]qIn-\m kqI-c-sam-∂pta
t]mIp-∂-Xn√m ]pe¿∂p Xm\m¬ ' Ft∏mƒ ? F¥p-sIm≠v ?
4 "Nmse hnd®p XpS-ßo-\-t∏mƒ'
Ft∏mƒ ? Bcv ? GXp t]mse ?
5. ""Xo°pw X∂p-f-fnse tXm∂n XpS-ßosX
Xo°mb thW-sa-\n-bv°p-sa∂v. '' kµ¿`w ImWn®v Bibw hy-I1-X-am-°pI
6. sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS ^enX {]tbm-K-Øn\v tla¥ h¿Æ-\-bn¬ \n∂v c≠p ^enX {]tbm-K-߃
Nq≠n-°m-Wn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI
vII D]-\-ymk tNmZ-y-߃
1. `mjm-co-Xn-bnepw BJ-ym\ coXn-bnepw aWn-{]-hm-f-Øns‚ hgn-bmWv sNdp-t»cn IrjvW-∏m-´n¬
]n¥p-S-cp-∂Xv ˛ Cu {]ÿm-h-\- ]-cn-tim-[n-°pI.
2. sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS h¿Æ-\m-ssh-`hw tla-¥-Ime h¿Æ-\sb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hne-bn-cp-ØpI
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 18

Fgp-Ø-—≥
A≤ym-fl-cm-am-bWw Infn-∏m´v
InjvIn-‘- -ImWvUw
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥
School of Distance Education
ae-bmf `mjbv°pw kmln-X-y-Øn-\pw -am-{X-a√ tIcf kwkv°m-c-Øn\pw Hcp \thm-∞m\w
kw`-hn-bv°p-∂Xv alm-Ihn Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ Imew sXm´m-Wv. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ]nXm-sh∂p
hnfn-bv°p∂ At±-l-sØ-∏‰n alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ.
ss]Xemw ae-bmf `mj-X≥ icn-bmb
PmXIw Ipdn-®n-´-XØn\p \mcmbw Xm≥
F∂p h¿Æn-°p-∂Xv A£cw {]Xn-i-cn-bm-Wv. aWn-{]-hm-f-sa∂pw ]ms´∂pw c≠p imJ-Ifmbn
th¿]n-cnp InS-∂n-cp∂ ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xbv°v c≠p {]ÿ-m\ßfntebpw \√-h-i-߃ kzo-I-cn®v
]WvUn-X-]m-a-c-∑m¿°v Hcp-t]mse kzo-Im-c-y-amb Hcp ]pXnb kw`m-h-\. B Imh-y-`m-j-bv°m-Is´ ]m´nse
Ir{XnaX-ztam aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse ImTn-\-ytam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. _ml-y-ku-µ-cyw am{X-a√ B¥-c-
Ku-c-hhpw AXns‚ {]tX-y-I-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ^yq-U-en-k-Øns‚ XW-en¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ [m¿Ωn-Im-[:-]-X-\-
Øn\p t\sc I¨Xp-d-∏n-®Xpw km[m-c-W-P-\-ß-fn¬ [m¿Ωn-I-t_m-[hpw Bflo-b-Nn-¥bpw DW¿Øm≥
t{]cn-∏n-®-Xp-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-bpsS hnP-bw.
ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ Xncq-cn-\-SpØv Xr°-≠n-bq-cn-ep-ff Xp©≥ ]d-ºn-emWv Fgp-Ø-—≥ P\n-®sX∂pw
]me-°m´p Pn√-bnse Nn‰q (Xp-©≥ aTw)cn¬ sh®mWv Pohn-Xm-¥yw kw`-hn-®-sX∂pw hni-z-kn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ PohnX Imew, IpSpw-_-N-cn-{Xw, IrXn-Iƒ F¥n-\-[nIw t]cp-t]mepw
X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Wv. {InkvX-z_vZw 16mw iXIw (sIm-√-h¿jw 650\pw 750 \pw ≥Sbn¬) BWv At±-l-
Øns‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-sa∂v `qcn-]£w ]fin-Xcpw AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-∂p. ip{Z-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw cma≥
F∂p t]cmbn Kpcp-hm-b -Hcp ktlm-Z-c≥ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em°mw.
A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-Ww, alm-`m-cXw `mK-hXw F∂o Infn-∏m-´p-Iƒ, lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø-\w, ssIh-e-y-\-h-\o-
Xw, Nn¥m-cXv\w, cmam-b-Ww Ccp-]-Øn-\mep hrØw F∂n-h-sb-√mw- A-t±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fm-sW∂p
hni-z-kn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ Xs∂ A`n-{]m-b-t`-Z-ap-s≠-¶n-epw- B-Z-ysØ c≠p Infn-∏m-´p-Ifpw At±-l-
Ønt‚sX∂p F√m-hcpw Aw-Ko-I-cn®p Ign-n-´p-≠v. Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P-s\-gp-Ø-—≥ F∂mWv hnfn®p
hcp-∂-Xv.
Infn-∏m´v
Infnsb k¬°-cn®v kt¥m-jn-∏n®v IY ]d-bm-\m-h-i-y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn®v Infn IY ]dbp-Ibpw
sNøp∂p F∂-XmWv Infn-∏m´v {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kt¶-Xw. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Infn-∏m´p {]ÿm-\-
Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂v Xp©-sØ-g-Ø-—s\ hnfn-bv°p-∂p. shdpw _ml-y-amb kt¶-X-Øn¬ am{Xw
HXpßn \n¬°p∂ Infn-∏m-´ns\ Hcp {]ÿm-\-tØmfw ]pI-gvtØ-≠-Xn-s√∂pw Fgp-ØNvs‚ A≤ym-flcm-am-b-Whpw
alm-`m-c-Xhpw Kuch-ta-dnb Imh-y-cq-]-Øn-ep-ff c≠p k¶o¿Ø\ Imh-y-ß-fm-sW∂pw
kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°-mSn-s\-t∏m-ep-ff ]WvUn-X≥am¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. Xan-gnepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw Infn-Isf
IYm-J-ym\ I¿Øm-°-fm-bn-°m-Wp∂ ]mc-º-cyw ]≠p-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw FgpØ-—s‚ Imew
sXm´v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Infn-∏m´p cq]-Øn-emWv [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-bv°-s∏-´-sX∂v AwKo-Icn-bv°msX hø.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 19

A≤-ymfl cmam-bWw Infn-∏m´v
School of Distance Education
cmam-b-Whpw alm-`m-c-X-hp-amWv \ΩpsS c≠n-Xn-lm-k-߃. cmam-b-WsØ BZn-Im-hyw F∂pw
X¬°¿Øm-hmb hmevaoIn al¿jnsb BZn-Ihn F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. DØ-a-]p-cp-js‚ amXr-
I-bm-bmWv hmevaoIn {iocm-as\ Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. cmas‚ Ab\w (bm{X ˛ Pohn-X-bm-{X)
cmam-b-Ww. cmam-b-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n C¥-y-bn¬ F√m-`m-j-I-fnepw Hcp-]mSp kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
Xp-©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ cmam-bWw Infn-∏m-´n\v Ah-ew_w hm-eva-oIn cmam-bWw A√. A≤ym-flcm-am-b-W-am-Wv.
{io]-c-ta-i-z-c≥ ]m¿∆-Xn-bpsS At]-£-{]-Imcw ]d-p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ Damatl-i-zc
kwhmZ cq]-Øn-emWv A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-W-Øns‚ cN-\. CXn¬ \mb-I-\mb {iocm-as\ Cui-z-cm-h-Xmc-ambn
Nn{Xo-I-cn-bv°p-∂p. `‡nbv°pw A≤-ym-flnIXtX-zm]-tZ-i-߃°p-amWv Imh-y-ku-µ-c-y-Øn-t\-
°mƒ aqe-Ihn {i≤-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-f-f-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Fgp-Ø-—≥ Xs‚ Imh-y-c-N-\m-e-£-y-Øn\v A≤-ym-flcm-am-b-W-amWv
IqSp-X¬ kzo-Im-c-ysa∂p Icp-Xn-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p. aqe-Ir-Xn-tb-°mƒ Cui-z-c`-‡n-bv°pw,
XtØ-zm-]-tZ-i-߃°pw IqSp-X¬ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°n-sIm-≠mWv Fgp-Ø-—s≥d IhnX ]ptcm-K-an-bv°p-
∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZ-ysØ Infn-∏m´pw Xp©sØgpØ-—s‚ BZ-ysØ apJy IrXnbpw A≤-ym-flcm-am-bWw
Infn-∏m-´m-Wv. AXn¬ kmln-vX-y-`w-Kn-bn¬ alm-`m-cXw Infn-∏m-´ns‚ Xmsg-bmWv cmam-bWw
Infn-∏m-´ns‚ ÿm\w.-
InjvIn-‘m-Imfiw
cmam-b-W-Ønse \memw Imfiw (A-≤-ymbw )BWv InjvIn-‘m-Im-fiw. hm\-ckm-{am-P-y-amWv
InjvIn‘. h-\-hm-k-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ cmh-W≥ X´n-sIm-≠p-t]mb koXsb At\-z-jn®p
k¶-S-s∏´p \S-°p∂ {iocm-a\pw e£va\pw hm\c km{am-P-y-Øn¬ FØn-s∏-´p-∂Xpw kp{Ko-h-\p-ambn
kJyw sNbvXv koXm-t\zj-W-Øn\pw CXn-hrØ eI-vj-y-amb cmhW h[-Øn\pw ]›m-Øesamcp-°p-
∂-Xpw Cu Imfi-Øn-em-Wv. CXnhr-Ø-]-c-ambn kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hmWv InjvIn-‘m-Imfiw.
\nk-zm¿∞-Xbv°pw kzm-an-`-‡nbv°pw temtIm-Ø-c-am-Xr-I-bm-b cma-b-W-Ønse DP-ze IYm-
]m-{X-amb l\p-am≥ cmam-bW IY-bpsS kq{X-[m-c-Xzw hln-bv°p-∂Xv InjvIn-‘m-Imfiw apX¬°m-
Wv. temI kmln-X-y-Øn¬ Xs∂ l\p-am\v Xpe-y-\mb Hcp hninjvS IYm-]m{Xw Dt≠m F∂v kwib-am-Wv.
l\p-a¬kw-Kaw,kp-{Ko-h-k-J-yw, {iocm-as‚ bi- n\v Xocm-°-f¶w tN¿Ø _men-h-[w,
B≤-ym-fln-tIm-]tZi {][m-\-amb Xmtcm-]-tZiw , kp{Ko-hs‚ A`n-tj-Iw, koXm-t\-z-j-Ww, kºm-Xn-hm-
I-yw, kap-{Z-ew-L\ ]cn-{iaw F∂n-h-bmWv InjvIn-jv[-Im-fi-Ønse {][m\ kw`-h-߃.
Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS
imcn-I-ss∏-Xte Nmcp-io-te................................
C≠epw Xo¿Øp aµw \S-∂n-Sn-\m¿
imcn-I = X-Ø,- A-\w-Kmcn ˛ Imamcn = inh≥, Ah-c-P≥ = A\p-P≥, ]ºm-k-Xn-Øv+ XSw = ]ºm-\-ZnbpsS
Xocw, kw{]m]y = {]m]n-®n-´v, t{Imiw = Hcp hnfn∏mSv Zqcw, Ievlm-cw= sku-K-‘n-Iw,
aWvUnXw = Ae-¶-cn-bv°-s∏-´, IpapZw = Bº¬,- Im-cfiw = Ipft°mgn, tImbjvSn = \o¿t°mgn ,
kqIcw = ]∂n
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 20

School of Distance Education
Infn-∏m-´ns‚ Nn´-b-\p-k-cn®v Ihn XØsb hnfn-®p-h-cpØn _m°n-bp-ff IY-Ifpw IqSn ]d-bphm≥
Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p. Imam-cn-bmb ]c-ta-i-z-c≥ ]≠v ]Xv\n-bmb ]m¿∆-Xn-tbmSv ]d tijw IY-
Iƒ Rm≥ ]dbmw F∂p ]dv XØ Bc-W-y-Im-fi-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap-ff IY-Iƒ
]d-bm≥ XpSßn (D-am-a-tl-i-z-c-kw-hmZ cq]-Øn-em-Wt√m A≤-ymfl cmam-b-Wm-J-ym-\w).
Zi-c-Yt‚bpw sIu-k-e-y-bp-tSbpw ]p{X\pw k¬Kp-W-k-º-∂-\p-amb {iocm-a≥ A\p-P-\mb
e£va-W-t\m-Sp-IqSn ]ºm-\Zo Xoc-sØØn Bcp-tSbpw a\- n\v kam-[m\w \¬Ip-∂-Xpw, ]e-Xcw
Poh-Pm-e-߃ \nd--Xpw, hncnp \n¬°p∂ Xma-c, sku-K-‘nIw, Icn-¶q-hfw F∂n-h-sIm-≠-e-¶cn-bv°-s∏-´-Xpw,
Ac-b-∂w, Ipf-t°m-gn, h≠v, Ipbn-ev, tImgn, \o¿t°m-gn,- ]mºv, knwlw, \cn, ]∂n
F∂o P¥p-°-fp-f-fXpw Bbn Hcp hnfn-∏m´p hoXn-bn¬ Bcp-tSbpw a\- ns\ BI¿jn-bv°m≥ t]m∂
B ]pW-y-ÿew I≠v A¤p-X-s∏´v sXfn-\ocpw IpSn®v Zmlw Xo¿Øv apt∂m´p \S∂p-Xp-S-ßn.
Imte hk-t¥-kp-io-X-tf..............................................
...........................-an-{X-sa-∂p-f-f-sa-t∂m-SpsN√Ww
NqXm-bp-[≥= Ima-tZ-h≥ (NqXw = amhv amºqhv Bbp-[-am-b-h≥)
B .h-k¥ ImeØv kpJ-io-X-f-amb `qan-bn-eqsS cmP-Ip-am-c-∑m-cmb Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpw
Ei-y -aq-Im-New F∂ ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Xmgvhc-bn¬ s\Sp-ho¿∏n´v koX-sb-∏n-cn Zp:Jw kln-bv°m-\mhmsX
Icp sIm≠v, Ima-t-hZ\ kln-bv°msX k¶-S-tØmsS \S-°p-∂Xp I≠v ]¿∆-X-Øns≥d
apI-fn¬ Ignbp∂ kp-{Ko-h≥ (Zn-\-I-c-]p-{X≥) `b-]-c-h-i-\mbn a{¥n-I-tfbpw Iq´n AXns‚ Db¿∂
(D-ØpwKw) sImSp-ap-Sn-bn¬ (ssi-em-{Kw) Ib-dn. kp{Ko-h≥ t]Sn-®p-sIm≠v l\p-am-t\mSv (am-cpXn =
acp-Øns≥d ˛ Im‰ns‚ aI≥) Cßs\ ]dv F¥n\pw Xøm-dmbn hcp∂ Cu c≠p t]¿ Bcm-Wv.
\o Imc-y-߃ F√mw icn-bmbn a\- n-em°n hcq. ImgvN-bn¬ C-h¿ \√ hoc≥am-cm-Wv. tPy-jvT≥ (_men)
]d--b®v Fs∂ sIm√m≥ hcp-∂-h-cmtWm ? ]cm-{I-an-I-fmb Ch-cpsS tim` Zn°p-I-fn-seßpw ]c-
°p-∂Xp I≠nt√ ? Xm]-k-∑mcpsS thj-am-Wv. ]t£ ssIbn¬ hn√v,- Aºv, hmfv (A-kn) XpS-ßnb
Bbp-[-ß-fp-ap-≠v. \o Hcp {_m“-Ws‚ thjw-[-cn®v Ah-cpsS kao-]-Øp- sN∂v Imc-y-ß-sf√mw
tNmZn®p a\- n-em-°-Ww. apJw, IÆv, kw`m-jW k{º-Zmbw F∂nh {i≤n®v Ah-cpsS `mhw a\- nem°n
\ΩpsS i{Xp-°-fm-sW-¶n¬ \ns‚ ssIIƒ sIm≠v Adn-bn-°pI ( ChnsS c≠¿∞-amhmw
i{Xp-°-fm-sW-¶n¬ \√ ]qip-sIm-SpØv \ΩpsS Du°v Adn-bn-°pI (2) ssIIƒ sIm≠v AS-bmfw
Im´n F\nbv°p kqN\ \¬Ip-I) As√-¶n¬ \ns≥d apJ-{]-km-Z-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]p©ncn sIm≠p-ff
AS-bmfw (kw-⁄) sIm≠ v-Fs∂ Adn-bn-°-Ww.
I¿Ω km£n kpX≥ .......................
..........................................tXm∂p∂p \nc-¥cw
I¿Ω km£n = kqc-y≥, Bew_y = kzo-I-cn-®v, ARvP-km = hgn t]mse, `¿Ør = `cn-bv°p-
∂-hs‚, IRvPw = Xma-c, IpRvPcw = B\, AwK-P≥ = Ima-tZ-h≥, Bfl+-`m-km+-Gh = Bfl`msskh
= kz¥w tXf- p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \nim-I-c≥ = N{µ≥, Btem-Iy = I≠n´v, tNXkn = a\- n¬
, `mXn = tXm∂p-∂p, Ai-z-\o-tZ-h-Iƒ tZh-tem-I-Ønse sshZ-y-∑m-cmb kpµ-c-∑m¿ eoebm = Ifn-bm-bn´v
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 21

School of Distance Education
kp{Koh≥ ]-d-Xp tI´v l\p-am≥ Hcp {_m-“-h-Sphns‚ cq]saSpØv temI-\m-b-I-\mb
{io-cm-as‚ Im¬°¬ ka-kvI-cn-®p. kpµ-c-∑m-cpw, Kw`o-c-∑m-cp-amb Ahsc sXmgp-Xp-sIm-≠p
tNm-Zn®p Ima-tZ-h-t\-°mƒ kpµ-c-∑m-cmb \n߃ Bcm-sW-∂-dn-bm-\m-{K-l-ap-≠v. kXyw ]d-bWw .
kz¥w tXP- p-sIm-≠v temIw apgp-h≥ {]tim-`n-bv°p∂ \n߃ kqcy N{µ≥am-cm-tWm? aq∂p
temI-tØbpw krjvSn® hoc-∑m¿ \nß-fm-sW∂p I≠m¬ tXm∂pw. temI-Ønse G‰hpw anI®
hoc-∑m-cmb \n߃ Aiz-\o-tZ-h-I-fmtWm ? temI-\m-Y-∑m-cmb \n߃ a\p-j-y-th-j-sa-SpØp \S-°p-
I-bmtWm ? `‡-∑msc c£n-bv°p-∂-Xn\p th≠nbpw shdpw hnt\m-Z-Øn-eqsS `qan-bpsS `mcw- Ip-dbv°p-∂-Xn\p
th≠nbpw cmP-Ip-am-c-∑m-cpsS cq]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn® Znh-y-∑m-cmWv \n߃. temI-Øns\
kwc-£n-bv°p-I, \in-∏n-bv°p-I, krjvSn-bv°pI (P-K¬ ÿnXn kwlmc k¿§-MvMƒ) F∂o I¿Ω߃
Hcp hnt\m-Z-ambn kzo-I-cn® \nXy kz-X-{¥-∑m-cm-Ip∂ \n߃ F√m Pohn-Iƒ°pw tam£w
\¬Ip∂ \c-\m-cm-b-W-∑m-cmWv Fs∂-\nbv°v Dd-∏m-bn-tXm-∂p-∂p.
C∞w ]dp sXmgp-Xp...............................
............................-sXm-gpXp Ipcp-l-em¬
]iy = t\m°q , h-Sp-cq-]o-I-cWw = {_m“W {_“-Nm-cn-th-j-°m-c-s\, At\-\-{ipXw =
Ch\m¬ tIƒ°-s∏-´Xv = Ch≥ ]d-Xv , sshbm-I-cW≥ = hym-I-c-W -]-fin-X≥, Im\-\-ko-a\n =
Im´n¬
Cßs\ ]dv sXmgpXp \n¬°p∂ `‡-t\mSv {iocm-a≥ ]d-p, -e-£vaWm t\m°q Cu
{_m“-W-Ip-am-c≥ H∂mw Xcw `mj-bn-emWv kwkm-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. Chs‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ Hcp sNdnb
]ng-t]m-ep-an-√. Ch≥ Hcp hym-I-cW ]WvUn-X-\mWv (kq-c-y-\mWv l\p-ams‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥). ]ns∂
{iocm-a≥ l\p-am-t\mSp ]dp cmas\∂mWv Fs‚ t]cv. Zi-cY-cm-Pm-hns‚ aI-\m-Wv. Fs‚ A\p-
P-\mb e£va-\W\m-Wn-h≥. CXmWv kX-yw. Pm\-In-bmWv Fs‚ `mc-y. A—s‚ Iev]-\ -{]-Imcw
R߃ aqhcpw Im´n¬ X]- p-sN-øm≥ t]m∂p. Aßs\ R߃ "ZfiIw' F∂ Im´n¬ Ign-bptºmƒ
apjvI-c-\mb Hcp cm£-k≥ Ahsf I´p sIm≠p t]mbn. R߃ Ahsf Im´n¬ Xncp
\S-°p-I-bmWv. CXp-h-tcbpw I≠p-In-´n-bn-√. AXn-\n-S-bn-emWv Xm¶sf I≠-Xv. C\n Xm¶ƒ BcmsW∂p
]dbq F∂p-tI-´-t∏mƒ l\p-am≥ sXmgp-Xp-sIm≠p ]dp
kp{Ko-h-\m-In-b-hm-\-tc-{µ≥....................
...........................-\-\p-hm-Zhpw sNbvXm≥
A{X = ChnsS , ]cn-{Klw = `mc-y, kvI‘w = tXmfv
A√tbm cLp-]-tX, kp{Ko-h-s\∂ hm\-c-t{i-jvT≥ Cu ]¿∆-Xm-{K-Øn¬ Xma-kn-bv°p-∂p-≠v.
a{¥n-am-cmb R߃ \mep t]¿ ]ncn-bmsX At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS-bp-≠v. tPy-jvT-\pw, ]cm-{I-an-bpw,
hm\-c-cm-Pm-hp-amb _men A\p-Ps\ \m´n¬ \n∂v B´n-tbm-Sn-®p. kp{Ko-hs‚ `mc-y-tbbpw tPy-jvT≥
X´n-sb-Sp-Øp. Ei-y-ap-Im-New F∂ ÿeØv kpc-£n-X-\mbn kp{Ko-h≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Rm\-t±-l-
Øns‚ Hcp `rX-y≥ am{X-am-Wv. Fs‚ A—≥ hmbp AΩ ARvP\. bmsXmcp k¶-Shpw hcmsX
Fs∂ c£n-bv°-W-ta. kp{Ko-h-\p-ambn Aßv kJyw ssNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ X≠p-t]¿°pw i{Xp-
°sf \in-∏n-bv°mw. AXn-\p-th-≠-sX√mw Rm≥ sNømw -thsd KXn-bn-√. CX-ßbv°p kΩ-X-am-sW-
¶n¬ \n߃°p Fs‚ IqsS-t]m-cmw. F√m k¶-S-ßfpw DSs\ XocpwF∂p ]dp l\p-am≥ Xs‚
bYm¿∞ cq]-Øn¬ \n∂p \ap-°p-t]mImw. \n߃ c≠p-t]cpw Fs≥dtXm-fn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cn-°p-I.-
A-Xp-sIm≠v bmsXmcp hnj-a-hp-am-≠m-In-√. At∏mƒ i_cn t\csØ ]d Imcyw IqSn Hm¿Øp-
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 22

School of Distance Education
sIm≠v {iocm-a≥ kΩXw sImSp-Øp. (B-c-Wy Imfiw Ah-km-\n-bv°p-∂Xv i_-cn-bpsS tam£
{]m]vXn-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. {iocm-a-t\mSv i_cn AhnsS sh®v kp{Ko-hs\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ Imc-y-߃
]dWvv At±-l-hp-ambn kJyw sNøp-∂Xv koXmt\z-j-W-Øn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw ]d-n-cp-
∂p. A°m-c-y-amWv {iocm-a≥ Ct∏mƒ Hm¿Ø-Xv.-
kp{Koh kJyw
{iocm-a-e-£va-W-∑msc .............................
................................-k-¥m-]-kw-Lhpw
hy{Kw = D¬°-WvT, Zmcm∞w = ]Xv\n-bv°p-th-≠n, hn{im¥ tNXkm =a-\:-k-am-[m-\-tØm-sS,
an{X-tKm{Xw = kqc-y-hw-iw, hnjvS]w = `qan, hnjvScw = ]oTw
{iocma e£va-W-∑msc Igp-Øn-te‰n l\p-am≥ \S-∂p. Ahsc kp{Ko-hs‚ ap∂n¬ FØn®
tijw ]d-p. kp{Koh Aßp C\n ]cn-{`-an-bvt°-≠-Xn-√. {iocm-a\pw e£va-W\pw \jvS-s∏´
koXsb At\-z-jn®v ChnsS FØn-t®¿∂Xv \ΩpsS alm-`m-K-y-am-Wv. At∏mƒ temI-\m-b-I-∑m-cmb
cma-e-£va-W-∑m¿ B ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ apI-fn¬ Hcp ac-Ø-W-en¬ k¥p-jvS-cmbn \n∂p. l\p-amb
henb kt¥m-j-tØmsS ho≠pw kp{Ko-h-t\mSp ]dp. C\n Aßp bmsXm-cm-tfbpw t]Sn-bvt°-
≠. AXn-\mWv tbmtK-i-z-c-∑m-cmb cma e£va-W-∑m¿ Ctßm-s´-gp-∂-f-fn-b-Xv. Ahsc sN∂p hWßn
]c-kv]cw kJyw sNbvXp Cui-z-c-`-‡-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-I. k¥p-jvS-\mb kp{Ko-h≥ At∏mƒ _lp-am-
\-tØmsS Fgp-t∂‰v ]cn-{`-a-tØmsS `qan-]-Xn-bmb {iocm-a\v Ccn-bv°m≥ Cfw Xfn-cp-Iƒ s]m´n®v
`qan-bn-en´v Ccn-∏n-S-sam-cp-°n. AXp- I≠ l\p-am≥ e£va-W\pw e£va-W≥ kp{Ko-h\pw Ccn-∏n-S-߃
Hcp-°n. kt¥m-j-tØmsS F√m-hcpw Ccp-∂p. B¿°pw bmsXmcp hnj-ahpw tXm∂n-bn-√.
an{Xm-fl-Pt\mSp e£va-W≥.................
.........................-ap-ºn¬ sh®o-Sn-\m≥
]pjv°-c-am¿§w = BImiw ,`m-an\n = kv{Xo
At∏mƒ kp{Ko-h≥ {iocm-a-t\mSp ]d-p. kv{Xo cXv\amb koXm-tZ-hnsb Rm≥ Xncp
I≠p ]nSn-®p- X-cmw.
Aß-bpsS i{Xp-°sf \in-∏n-°p-hm≥ Rm≥ Hcp `rX-y-s\-t∏mse Ign-bp-∂-sX√mw sNømw.
C°m-cyw Nn¥n®v C\n H´pw Zp:Jw D≠m-I-cp-Xv. Aß-bpsS hnj-a߃ Rm≥ C√mXm°mw.
cmh-Ws\ hwi-tØmsS apSn®v Rm≥ koXsb Xncn-®p-sIm≠p hcmw. Rms\m-cp -kw-`hw ImWp-Ibp-≠m-bn.
AXp ]d-bmw. Rm\pw \mep-a-{¥n-amcpw Cu ]¿∆-X-in-J-c-Øn¬ Ccn-bv°p-tºmƒ Hcp
Znhkw kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp bph-Xnsb Hcp cm£k hoc≥ BIm-i-Øn¬ IqSn sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xp-
I≠p. At∏mƒ c-£n-bv°m-\m-cp-an√msX cmam-cmam F∂p hnfn®p Ic-n-cp-∂p. Ahƒ Aß-bpsS
]Xv\n-bm-bn-cn-bv°-Ww. DØ-a-bmb Ahƒ Rßsf ]¿∆X inJ-c-Øn¬ I≠-t∏mƒ Zb-\o-b-ambn
Xs‚ B`-c-W-߃ DØ-co-b-Øn¬ s]mXnv ae-ap-I-fn-te-bv°n-´p. Rm\Xv FSpØv kq£n-®p-sh-®n-
´p-≠v. thW-sa-¶n¬ Aß-bv°Xp ImWmw. koXm-tZ-hn-bpsS B`-c-W-߃ Aß-bv°-dn-bm-at√m ?
Cßs\ ]dv kp{Ko-h≥ AsX-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-h∂v {iocmas‚ ap∂n¬ sh®p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 23

A¿tÆm-P-t\-{X-s\-Sp-Øp.......................................
...................................... ssiem-t{K-a-cp-hn-\m¿
School of Distance Education
{iocm-a≥ B B`-c-W-߃ I≠ am{X-bn¬ IÆp \ocp-sIm-≠mWv t£am-t\-z-jWw
\S-Øn-b-Xv. Fs∂-t∏mse \nßfpw kpµ-cn-bmb koX-sb-∏n-cn-pthm F∂p ]dp koX-bpsS
t]cv hnfn®p hne-]n-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. At±lw B B`-c-W-߃ amd-Ø-a¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p temssI-I-\m-Y-
\mb {incm-a≥ shdpw km[m-c-W-°m-sc-t∏mse Cßs\ Ic-bm≥ XpSßn. Zp;-Jn®p t_m[-a‰p
InS-°p∂ tPy-jvT-t\mSv e£va-W≥ ]d-p. Aßv Ic-b-cp-Xv. kp{Ko-hs‚ klm-b-Øm¬ hm\-c-
∑msc Iq´n cmh-W-s\-sIm∂v ]Xv\nsb hos≠-Sp-°mw. Aßv {]km-Zn-®m-epw. bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-
√msX Xmh-W-s\-s°m∂v koXsb Xncn-®p-]n-Sn®p Xcmw F∂v kp{Ko-h\pw ]d-p. e£vaW
kp{Ko-h-∑m-cpsS Bi-zmk hm°p-Iƒ tI´ {iocm-a≥ Aev]-sam-∂-S-ßn. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ A·n-
P-z-en-∏n®v \s√mcp aplq¿Ø-Øn¬ Ahsc kJyw sNøn-®p. c≠p-t]cpw apS°w IqSmsX Imc-y-߃
t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂m-i-z-kn®v B ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ Ccp-∂p.
_menbpw Xm\pw ]nW°w ......................
..........................-_men alm-_-e-hm≥ XZm
Zm\-h≥ = Akp-c≥, hne-Z-zmcn = Kplm-apJw
_menbpw kp{Ko-h\pw XΩn¬ hntcm-[-ap-≠m-b-Xns‚ Imc-Whpw kp{Ko-h≥ hnh-cn®p. ]≠v
abs‚ ]p{X-\mbn ambmhn F∂ Hc-kp-c≥ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bp≤-Øn\v FXn-cm-fn-bmbn
Btcbpw In´msX Ah≥ Al-¶-cn®v \S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ Hcn-bv°¬ InjvI-‘-bnepw FØn.
_mensb bp≤-Øn\p hnfn-®p. AXp tI´v sNmSn®v _menbpw ]pdØp h∂p. _men-bpsS CSn-tb‰v
ZpjvS-\mb ambmhn HmSn-Øp-S-ßn. _menbpw ]n∂mse HmSn . AXp-I≠v kp{Ko-h\pw _men-bpsS IqsSs®∂p.
At∏mƒ Akp-c≥ Hcp Kpl-bn-sem-fn-®p. At∏mƒ hm\-c-t{i-jvT-\mb _men kp{Ko-h-t\mSp
]d-p. Rm\o Kpl-bn¬ IS∂v Chs\ XI¿°mw. \o Cu Kp-lm -ap-J-Øp-Xs∂ \n¬°p-I. Kplbn¬
\n∂v ]m¬ Hen®p h∂m¬ Akpc≥ acn-®n-´p-≠m-hpw; A√ tNmc-bmWv Hgp-Inh-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ acn-
®Xv Rm\m-bn-cn-bv°pw. At∏mƒ \o Kplm-Zzmcw I√n-´p-aqSn Xncn®p t]mbn \mSp-hm-gp-I. Cßs\
]dp _men Kpl-bn¬ IS∂p. Rm≥ ]pdØp ImØp-\n-∂p. Hcp amkw ImØp \n∂n´pw _men
Xncn®p h∂n-√. At∏mƒ Kpl-bn¬ \n∂v tNmc-sbm-en®p h∂p. AtXmsS Rm≥ Zp;-Jn-X-\mbn
tPy-jvTs\ alm_e-hm\mb ambmhn sIm∂n-´p-≠m-hp-sa-∂q-ln-®p. k¶-S-tØmsS Rm≥ InjvIn- -‘bn¬
Xncn-s®-Øn. hm\-c-∑mcpw Zp:-Jn-X-\m-bn. GXm-bmepw hm\-c-\m-b-I-∑m¿ Fs∂ hm\-c-cm-Pm-hmbn
A`n-tjIw sNbvXp. ]ns∂bpw Ipd-®p-Iqew IqSn Ign--t∏mƒ i‡-\mb _men Xncn-s®-Øn.
I√n´p Rm≥ hne-Z-zmcw .........................
.................................. cma-`m-jnXw tIhew
Rm≥ I√p-sIm≠v Kplm-apJw AS-®Xv _mensb NXn-®p-sIm-√m-\m-sW∂v _men sX‰n-≤-cn-®p.
AXn-\m¬ Ip]n-X-\mb _men Fs∂ sIm√m\Sp-Øp. Rm≥ HmSn-c-£-s∏-´p. t]mIp-∂n-S-sØ√mw
_menbpw h∂p. Hcn-SØpw Ccn-bv°-s∏m-dp-Xn-bn-√m-Xmbn Aßs\ Rm≥ Eiy-aq-Im-N-e-Øn¬
h∂n-cp-∂p. al¿jn-bpsS im]w ImcWw _men ChnsS hcn-√. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ ChnsS hni-zkn- -®ncn-bv°p-∂p.
Ahn-th-In-bmb _men Fs‚ `mc-y-tbbpw IeymWw Ign-®p. Ct∏mƒ Rm≥ \mSpw
\K-chpw hoSpw `mc-y-bpw H∂p-an-√ms\ Zp;-Jn®p Ign-bp-I-bm-Wv. Xma-c-∏q-t]m- -ep-ff Aß-bpsS
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 24

School of Distance Education
Ime-Sn-Isf sXm´p-h-W-ßm≥ Ah-kcw e`n-®-Xn-\m¬ Ct∏mƒ F√m-k-¶-S-ßfpw Xo¿∂p. kp{Ko-hs‚
(an- -{Xm-fl-P≥) hm°p-tI´v {iocm-a≥ kplr-Øns≥d Zp:Jw (an-{X-Zp:-Jw) \nanØw k¥m-]-tØmsS
IcpW \nd a\-t msS ]d-p. Xm¶-fpsS i{Xp-hn-s\s°m∂v ]Xv\ntbbpw cmP-y-Øn-t\bpw
kº-Øp-I-tfbpw Xncn®p hcp-∂p-≠v. Cu cmas‚ hm°p-Iƒ ]ng-bv°n-√.
am\-th-t{µm-‡n-Iƒ tI´p.................................
.............................-............sXm-gpXp \n∂o-Sn-\m¿
am\-th-t{µm-‡n-Iƒ =a-\p-jy t{ijvTs‚ (cm-as‚) hm°p-Iƒ, `m\p-X-\-b≥ = kqc-y-]p-{X≥,
kz¿-tem-I-\m-Y-P≥ = C{µ-]p-{X≥ , amlnjw = t]mØns‚ , irwKw = sImºv, DØ-amwKw = Xe,
aZ-zm-Iy- -Ku-chw = Fs‚ hm°p-I-fpsS i‡n, aµcw t]mse = aµ-c-]¿∆Xw t]mse
{iocmas‚ hm°p-Iƒ tI´ kp{Ko-h≥ Cßs\ ]d-p. C{µ-]p-{X-\mb _mensb sIm√m≥ CØncn
_p≤n-ap-´p-≠v. Ah-t\mfw i‡n a‰m¿°p-an-√. _men-bpsS ssIøp°p Rm≥ ]d-p-X-cmw. ]≠p
Zpµp`n F∂p t]cmb Hcp Akp-c≥ t]mØns‚ cq]-Øn¬ InjvIn-‘-bpsS tKm]p-c-Øn¬ h∂v bp≤-
Øn\v hnfn®p AXp-tI´v Ien-sIm≠v _men ]pd-Øp-h∂v Ahs‚ sImºp-Iƒ `qan-bn¬ hogvØn Nhn´n
saXn®v Xe ]-dn-s®-SpØv Npg‰n Fdn-p. B Gdn¬ Akp-c-c‡w aXw-K-a-l¿jn-bpsS ]¿Æ-im-ebn¬
sXdn®v Ai-p-≤-ambn. C-ßs\ B{i-asØ Aip-≤-am°nb _men Fßm\pw C\n taen¬ Cu
E-i-y-aq-Im-N-e-Øn¬ Im¬Ip-Øn-bm¬ Ahs‚ Xe s]m´n-sØ-dn®v NØp-t]m-Is´ F∂v aXw-K-a-l¿jn
i]n-®p. AXp-sIm≠v A∂p apX¬ _men ChnsS IS-°p-I-bn√. AXp-sIm≠v Poh-`-b-an-√msX
Rm\pw ChnsS Ign-bp-∂p. Hcp aµ-c-]- -¿∆Xw t]mse B InS-°p-∂-XmWv Zpµp-`n-bpsS Xe. AsX-SpsØ-dn-bm≥
Ign-bn-∂-h\v _mensb sIm√m\pw Ignbpw F∂p-d∏v. CXp tI´v H∂v Nncn®v (Xs≥d i‡nbn¬
kp{Ko-h-\p-ff Bi¶ a\- n-embn F∂-a-´n¬) {iocm-a≥ Xs‚ Imens‚ If-f-hn-c¬sIm≠v B
Xe tXm≠n-sb-dn-p. B Xe \qdp-tbm-P-\-bv°-∏pdw sN∂p ho-Wp. CXp I≠-tXmsS kp{Ko-hs‚
apJw sXfnp a{¥n-am¿ A¤p-X-s∏-´p. tIaw Xs∂ F∂v {]iw-kn®v Ah¿ cma-s\sXmgpXp \n∂p.
]ns∂-bp-a¿°m-∑-P≥...........................
...........................................-Iq-∏nsØmgpXp sNm√o-Sn-\m¿
k]vX-Im-ew= Ggp-ºm-ew, _mew = ]\-t]mse hf-Xp∂ Hscm-‰-Ø-Sn-hr-£w, XqWocw = Bh-\mgn
kp{Ko-h≥ ]nt∂bpw ]d-p. cmPmth Cu ImWp-∂-Xm-Wt√m k]vXkm-e-߃ _menbv°v
ssIØ-cn∏v Xo¿°m-\p-ff Ggp-km-e-ß-fm-Wn-Xv. _men (hr{Xm-c-]p-{X≥) H∂p ]nSn®p Ipep-°n-bm¬
Cu G-gp-a-c-ß-fp-tSbpw Ce apgp-h≥ s]mgn-bpw. Hcp hrØ-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Cu ac-ßsf H‰-b-ºpsIm≠v
]nf¿°m-sa-¶n¬ Abmƒ°v _mensb sIm√m\pw Ignbpw kp{Ko-hs‚ C{]-Im-c-ap-ff hm°p-
Iƒ tI´v B kqc-y-hw-i-cm-Pmhv (A-\-y-tbm-Zv`q-X≥ = Ipe-Øn¬ ]n∂-h≥) hn√v \∂mbn Ipe®v \s√mc-kv{Xw
sXmSp-Øp-hn-´p. h´-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Ggp kme-ß-tfbpw ]nf¿∂v B icw ]mdbpw `qanbpw
Xf-®p-I-bdn D÷-z-en-®p-sIm≠v Xncn-®p-h∂v {iocm-as‚ Bh-\m-gn-bn¬ {]th-in®p InS-∂p. AXp-I≠v
A¤p-X-kvX-_v[-\mb kp{Ko-h≥ Dffp Xpds° Nncn®v {iocm-a-s\-sØm-gpXpsIm≠p ]d-p.
km£m¬ PK-∂m-Y\mw ................
........................................................
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 25

School of Distance Education
Aßv km£m¬ PK-Zo-i-z-\pw, F√m-h¿°pw km£n-`q-X-\p-am-Wv. ]≠p Rm≥ sNbvX ]pWyw
Im≠m-hn-cnbv°mw Aßsb t\cn´p ImWp-hm≥ `mK-y-ap-≠m-b-Xv. P∑-a-c-W-ßfn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-
Sphm≥ (tam£w In´p-hm≥) ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-°ƒ Aßsb `Pn-bv°p-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw tam£w sImSp-
°p-∂-h-\mb Aßv {]X-y-£-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ tam£-a-√msX as‰m∂pw Rm\pw At]-£n-bv°p-∂n-√.
]p{X≥, `mc-y, [\w, cmPyw apX-em-b-h-sb√mw \njv^-e-amWv. AsXms° Aß-bpsS amb
sIm≠p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v alm-a-lm-flmth as‰m-∂nepw F\nbv°v B{Klw (B-Imw-£)-
C-√. temI-\m-bIm F∂n¬ sXfn-tb-Wta . ]c-am-\-µm-\p-`q-Xn-bmbn hym-]n®p \n¬°p∂ Aßsb
`mKyw sIm≠v {]m]n®p Ign-p. Hcmƒ aÆn-\p-th≠n `qan Ipgn®-t∏mƒ \n[n In´n-bXp t]mse-bmbn
F\n-bv°n-t∏mƒ. [¿Ωm-N-c-Ww, Zm\w, {hXm-\p-jvTm-\w, Xo¿∞-kv\m-\w, X]- v, bmKw ({I-Xp, CjvSn)
I¿Ω-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ F∂n-h-sIm≠v am{Xw Hcp-Ø\v temI Pohn-X-Zp:Jw (kw-km-cw) Ah-km-
\n-bv°p-∂n-√. AXv Aß-bn-ep-ff `‡n sIm≠p am{Xw kw`-hn-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Aß-bpsS ]mZm-c-hn-
µ-ßsf F\n-bv°n-t∏mƒ ImWm≥ Ign-Xpw Aß-bpsS A\p-{Klw sIm≠p Xs∂. BcpsS
a\- mtWm Cf-ImsX Aß-bpsS ]mZm-c-hn-µ-ßfn¬ Aev]-k-a-b-sa-¶nepw Dd®p \n¬°p-∂Xv Ah\v
A]-I-S-Im-cn-bmb Adn-hn-√mbva C√m-Xm-Ipw. C\n a\ v Dd®p \n¬°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw `‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn
cma-cma F∂v P]n-bv°p-∂-hs≥d ]m]-ß-sf√mw Xocpw Ah≥ DØ-a-\mbn ]cnip≤-\m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw
sNøpw. aZ-y-]m-\n-bm-sW-¶nepw {_m“-Ws\ sIm∂-h-\m-sW-¶nepw Ah≥ s]s´∂p (k-Z-y) Xs∂ B
]m]-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Ic-I-bdpw. C\n-sb-\nbv°v i{Xp-hns\ sIm√p-∂-Xnepw `mc-y-tbm-sSmØp Ign-bp-∂-
Xnepw bmsXmcp Xm¬∏-c-y-hp-an-√. F\nbv°v tam£w In´p-hm-\p-]-I-cn-bv°p∂ `‡n-b-√msX as‰m∂pw
tht≠ tht≠. Aß-bpsS ]mZ-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ th≠-Xmb `‡n-am¿§w sIm≠v temI-\mYm
Fs‚ ]m]-ßsf ]q¿Ævambpw \in-∏n-®mepw (D-Zv]m-S-b) i{Xp, CS-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂-h≥, _‘p Cßs\-bp-ff
hy-X-ymk Nn¥ Cui-zcm Fs‚ a\- n¬ C√m-Xm-bn. Aß-bpsS ]mZm-c-hn-µ-߃ I≠tXmsS
F\nbv°v kmX-zn-I-⁄m\w e`n®p Ign-p. Fs≥d a\ v Ft∏mgpw Aß-bpsS Imep-I-fn¬
Dd-bv°-Ww. \mW-an-√msX Aß-bpsS \maw P]n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ am{Xw ck-a-\p-`-hn-bv°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-bv°-
Ww Fs‚ \mhvv. Aß-bpsS ]mZm-c-hn-µ-ß-fn¬ Ft∏mgpw ]qP sNøp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-bv°Ww Ft∏mgpw
Fs‚ ssIIƒ. Fs‚ IÆp-Iƒ sIm≠v Ft∏mgpw Aß-bpsS Xncp-ta-\n-Im-Wm≥ km[n-bv°-Ww.
sNhn-sIm≠v Ft∏mgpw Aß-bp-sS, at\m-l-c-I-Y-Iƒ tIƒ°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. AN-yp-X-\mb AßbpsS
t£{X-ß-fn¬ FØm≥ Ft∏mgpw Fs‚ Imep-Iƒ \S-°-Ww. PK-Zo-i-z-cm, Aß-bpsS Ime-Sn-bnse
s]mSn-bm-Ip∂ Xo¿∞w (X-z¬∏m-Z-]mw-kp-Xo-∞w) Ft∏mgpw Fs‚ ico-cmw-K-߃sIm≠v G¬°m≥
Ign-b-Ww. `‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn Aß-bpsS Im¬°¬ Fs‚ Xe-sIm≠v ho≠pw ho≠pw \a-kv°-cnbv°m-dm-I-Ww.
Cßs\ kvXpXn® kp{Ko-hs\ {iocm-a≥ a\- p-sXfn-p Benw-K\w sNbvXp. AwKkwKw
(Aw-K-߃ XΩn-ep-ff kv]¿iw) sIm≠v ]m](I-eva-jw) ߃ thc‰v ]cn-ip-≤-\m-bn-Øo¿∂
kp{Ko-hs\ Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bmb {io cma≥ At∏mƒ cmh-W-h[w F∂ e£y {]m]vXn-bv°p-th≠n ambsIm≠v
tamln-∏n-®p. At±lw Nncn-®p-sIm≠v ]dp \o ]d--X-{Xbpw kXyw Xs∂. {iocma `‡n
{]N-cn-∏n-bv°p-hm≥ Fgp-Ø-—s‚ t_m[-]q¿∆-amb ]cn-{iaw l\p-a¬ kvXp-Xn-bnepw kp{Koh kvXpXnbnepw
ImWmw {iocm-as\ s]s´∂v vC-h¿ Cui-z-c-\mbn Xncn-®-dn-Xp t]mse-bp≠v IYm-K-Xn-bn¬
Xs∂ Ir{Xnaw tXm∂pw)
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 26

_men-sb-s®∂p hnfn°m..........................................
.........................................................................................
_men kp{Ko-h-bp≤w
\ncm-Ipew = B Ipe-X-bn-√msX, ]rY-zo-cqlw = acw , B¿Xym = ZpJ-tØmsS
School of Distance Education
C\n-thKw sN∂v _mensb bp≤-Øn\p hnfn-bv°pI. _men-sb-s°m∂v \n\°v cmP-ym-`n-tj-
Ihpw sNbvXv Rm≥ kwc-£nbv°mw F∂v {iocm-a≥ ]d-p-tI´v Ah-sc-√m-hcpw InjvIn-‘-bn-tebv°p
]pds∏-´p. tKm]p-c-Øn¬ sN∂v kp{Ko-h≥ _men-Isb bp≤-Øn\p hnfn®p a‰p-f-f-h≥ Hcp
hr£w adp \n∂p. _men t]mcn\p h∂p. `¶-c-amb bp≤w \S-∂p. tNmc-bn¬Ip-fn®v BIr-Xnbmepw
{]Ir-Xn-bnepw Hcp-t]m-se-bp-ff Ahsc ZpcØp \n∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ a´n-em-bn. _‘phn\v
B]Øp kw`-hn-bv°ptam F∂ i¶ aqew {iocm-a≥ Akv{Xw {]tbm-Kn-®n-√. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ _menbpsS
a¿±-\-ta‰v tNmc O¿±n®v Ah-i-\mb kp{Ko-h≥ HmSn-c-£-s∏-´p. _men sIm´m-c-Øn-tebv°v
Xs∂ Xncn®p t]mbn. `b-]-c-hi (hn-kv{X-kvX≥) \mb kp{Ko-h≥ acw adp \n¬°p∂ {iocm-as\
iIm-cn-®p.
i{Xp-hns\ s°m≠p..................................
..............................................tam Zme-b-®o-Sn-\m≥
_≤m-{ip-t\-{X≥ = IÆo-tcm-sS, tcmj-th-K-߃ = tIm]-tØmsS thK-Øn-ep-ff {]hr-Øn-
Iƒ, an{X-Lm-Xn-X-z-am-i-¶y = _‘p-hns\ sIm∂-h-\m-bn-Øo-cptam F∂v kwi-bn®v , ap‡-hm-\m-b-Xn√
kv{Xw = A-º-b-®n√, _≤zm = _‘n®v = AWn-bn®v
i{Xp-hns\ sIm≠v Fs∂ sIm√n-bv°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Aß-bpsS Dt±iw F∂-dn-n-√. Rm≥
sIm√-s∏-tS-≠-h-\m-sW-¶n¬ Aß-bpsS Aºp sIm≠p Xs∂ Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ aXn-b-t√m. kX-yamWv
ASn-ÿm-\w F∂p hnNm-cn-®p. AXp shdp-sX-bm-bn. Aßv kX-y-k-‘-\m-sW∂p Rm≥ hnNmcn-®Xpw
]mgn-em-bn. (Z-bm-\n-t[ ic-Wm-K-X-h¬kem XpS-ßnb kwt_m[-\-I-fpsS aq¿® {i≤n-°p-I).
kp{Ko-hs‚ hmIp-Iƒ tI´p IÆo-scm-en-®p-sIm≠v {iocm-a≥ ]d-p. H´pw -`-bs∏tS≠. AX-y¥
tcmj-th-K-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn \nß-fpS bp≤-Øn-\n-Sbv°v A_-≤-h-im¬ Aºv _‘p-hn-t\¬°ptam F∂
Bi¶ \nanØw Rm≥ Bbp[w {]tbm-Kn-®n-√. C\n Cu sX‰p hcm-Xn-cn-bv°m≥ \n\-s°m-c-S-bmfw
D≠m-°mw. i{Xp-hmb _mensb DS-s\-Xs∂ bp≤-Øn\p hnfn-bv°q. _men acn®p Ignp F∂p
Xs∂ Dd-∏n®p sImf-fp-I. Rm≥ cma-\m-sW-¶n¬ Fs‚ hm°v ]ng-bv°n-√. F∂nßs\ kp{Ko-hs\
Bi-z-kn-∏n® {iocm-a≥ e£va-W-t\mSp Hcp ]qam-e-bp-≠m°n kp{Ko-hs\ AWn-bn®v ]S-bv°p- ]-d-b-bv°m≥
]d-p. e£va-W≥ Aßs\ sNbvXp
_men h[w
hr{Xm-cn-]p-{Xs\ .................................
.............................awKZw cmPyw Ipe-©ta
_≤-zm-]-cn-Icw = Acbpw Xebpw apdp°n, `¿Øp-ct{K = `¿Øm-hns≥d ap∂n¬, hn{Klw =
bp≤w, l¥-h-y≥ = h≤-y≥ , DZ¥w = hm¿Ø, h\-ym-i-\≥ = Im´n¬ \n∂p In´p-∂Xv Xn∂p-∂-h≥,
-Ip-e-©tX =Ip-ew+-N+tX Aß-bpsS hwihpw. bmln= t]mbmepw
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 27

School of Distance Education
_mensb kp{Ko-h≥ ho≠pw bp≤Øn\p hnfn-®p. tKm]p-c-Øn¬ \n∂v knwl-\mZw ]pd-s∏-Sphn-bv°p∂
kp{Ko-hs\ I≠v _men A¤p-X-s∏´p. s]s´∂p Ien Ibdn Acbpw Xebpw apdp°n bp≤-
Øn\p ]pd-s∏´ _men-bpsS apºn¬ Xmc-h∂p \n∂v XS-p. Hcn-bv°¬ bp≤-Øn¬ tXmt‰m-Sn-b-h≥
ho≠pw bpZv[Øn\p hnfn-bv°p-tºmƒ Ah\v Icp-Ø-\mb Hcp klm-bn-bp-s≠-∂p-d-∏n-bv°-Ww. F∂p
Xmc ]d--t∏mƒ _men tNmZn-®p. kp{Ko-h\v BcmWv _‘p? F\n-bv°m-cmWv i{Xp? Hcp i{Xp
]Sn-°¬ h∂v t]mcn-\p-hn-fn-bv°p-tºmƒ tI´n-s√∂p \Sn®v Cf-Im-Xn-cn-bv°p-∂Xv BWp-߃°p tN¿∂-
X-√. At∏mƒ Xmc-]p-Xn-sbmcp hm¿Øb-dn-bn®p. Ah-cpsS ]p{X-\mb AwK-Z≥ Im´n¬ \mbm-´n\p
t]mb-t∏mƒ Adn--Xm-W-Xv. {iocm-a\pw kp{Ko-h\pw XΩn¬ kJyw sNbvX IY-bm-WXv (]p-cmW
IY-Ifpw `‡nbpw hmb-\-°m-cn¬ Dd-∏n-bv°m≥ cmam-bWØn¬ ]e Znbv°nepw Bh¿Øn-®p -]-dbp∂
coXn Fgp-Ø-—≥ kzo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Bh¿Ø\w Hcp Imhy tZmj-am-sW-¶nepw e£yw am¿§sØ
km[q-I-cn-bv°p-∂p) Xmc ]d--h-km-\n-∏n-®p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ct∏mƒ kp{Ko-h≥ bp≤-Øn\v ho≠pw
h∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ kp{Ko-h-t\m-Sp-ff i{XpX Hgnhm°n At±-lsØ A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-bmbn hmgnbv°q.
Aßv {io-cm-as\ icWw {]m]nbv°m≥ thKw t]mbmepw Aßs\ Ft∂bpw \ΩpsS ]p{X-\mb
AwK-Z-t\-bpw, cmP-y-tØbpw \ΩpsS hwi-tØbpw c£n-®m-epw .
(Xm-c-bpsS kz-`m-hw, `¿Ør-kvt\-lw˛ hwi-kvt\lw ˛ bp‡n-t_m[w ˛ Zo¿L-Z¿i-\w)
Cßs\ sNm√n-°-c-p..........................
..............................-A-IØp ]q°n-Sn-\mƒ
`qan-`m-c-l-c-Wm¿∞w = `qan-bpsS `mcw Xn¿°m≥, \n¿§p-W≥= {]tX-y-In®v KpW-sam-∂p-an-√m-Øh≥,-
X-Zv+-N-cWw = X®-c-Ww= At±-l-Øns‚ Imep-Iƒ, thiva\n = sIm´m-c-Øn¬
Cßs\ Imep-]n-Sn®p Ic-bp∂ Xmcsb BenwK\w sNbvXmi-z-kn-∏n®v kvt\l-tØm-sS- _men
]dp. kv{Xo kz-`mhw sIm≠p \o t]Sn-°-cp-Xv. F\n-bvs°m´pw `b-an-√. {iocm-a-e-£va-W-∑m¿ h∂n-
´p-s≠-¶n¬ Ah-scs‚ `mK-Øp-tNcpw cmas\ Ft∂mfw kvt\lw a‰m¿°p-an-√. `q`mcw Xo¿°m≥
Ah-X-cn® km£m¬ alm-hn-jvWp-hm-W-t±lw. \n¿KvKpWmflmhmb {iocm-a\v ]£ tZZ-an-√. At±l-Øns‚
Im¬h-Wßn Rm≥ Hcq amfn-I-bn-sebv°v Iq-´n-sIm-≠p-hcpw. At±-l-Øn\v kp{Ko-h-t\-
°mƒ A[nIw D]-Imcw Fs∂ sIm≠m-hpw. Atßm´p `Pn-bv°p-∂-hsc At±lw Ctßm´v tkhnbv°pw.
as‰mcp `mhw Cui-z-c-\n-√. `‡n-sIm≠p am{Xw kao-]n-bvt°≠ km£m¬ Cui-z-c-\m-W-t±lw.
`‡n-bm-Is´ Fs∂-t∏mse B¿°pw C√. \o Zp:-Jn-bv°msX sIm´m-c-Øn¬ t]mbn Ccp-∂m-epw.
C{]-Imcw Ahsf kam-[m-\n-∏n®v th≠-Xmb Hcp-°-tØmsS Ip]n-X-\mbn kp{Ko-hs\ sIm√m≥ bp≤-
Øn-\n-d-ßn. IÆo-scm-gp-°n-s°m≠v Xmc- A-¥:-]p-c-Øn-tebv°p aS-ßn. (_m-en-bpsS ss[c-yw, am\-y-X,
]Xv\o kvt\lw, ip≤-K-Xn, {iocm-a-`‡n s]u-cpjw F∂nh {i≤-n°p-I)
]√pw ISn-®-e-dn-s°m-≠p.......................
...............................-tIm-]m-Ip-e-tN-Xkm
cpjvS≥ = Ip]n-X≥, Ime-Im-e≥ = inh≥, inh-`-‡-\mb am¿Imtfi-bs\ acn-∏n-°m≥ h∂t∏m-gmWv
Ime\pw inh\pw XΩn¬ bp≤-ap-≠m-b-Xv. kmZw = £oWw, hr£-j-fiw= aX-Ø-Sn, hn{Zp-
Xw= thK-Øn¬, tamlw = t_m[-t°-Sv, Z£n-W-lkvXw = hew-ssI, Noc-h-k-\w=-a-c-tØm¬ hkv{Xw,-
Xp-Wo-cw= Bh-\m-Sn, CSw-s]´ = hnim-e-am-b, Nm¿hm-bXw= at\m-l-chpw \o≠Xpw , Zp¿∆m-Z-f—- -hn =
Idp-I-\m-ºns‚ tim`-bp-ff K¿ln®p = \nµn-®p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 28

School of Distance Education
_menbpw kp{Ko-h\pw XΩn¬ ISp-Ø-bp≤w XpSßn B bp≤-Øns‚ ZrIvkm£n hnh-cWw
t]mep-ff Hcp h¿Æ-\-bm-Wn-hn-sS. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ hoc-c-km-hn-jvIm-c-Øn\pw bp≤-h¿Æ-\-I-fnse
\nco-£W ssh`h-Øn\pw kym-`m-hn-I-Xbv°p-sams° Cu `mKw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ]cp-jm-£c ]Z-ßfpsS
kwtbm-Khpw \o≠ hmIy LS-\-bpwsIm≠v h¿Æ-y-hn-j-b-Øn\p tN¿∂ `mj-bmbn Bthiw
P\n-∏n-bv°p-∂p. CXp-t]mse Hcp Zz-µ-z-bp≤w C\n alm-`m-cXw Infn-∏m-´nse I¿Æ-]¿∆-X-Ønse
`oa Zp»m-k\ bp≤-Ønte ImWq. A—≥ sImSpØ Hcp ame (k¿§-Ønse aµm-c-∏q°ƒ-sIm-≠p-≠m-
°n-b-Xv)-_m-enbv°pw {iocm-a≥ sImSpØ ame kp{Ko-h-\p-ap-≠v. CX-√msX Ah¿°v bmsXmcp
hy-X-ym-k-hp-an-√. At∏m-tgbv°pw kp{Ko-h\v bp≤ £X-߃ G¬°m≥ XpS-ßn. £oWn® kp{Ko-h≥
Zb-\o-b-ambn cmas\ t\m°n. ac-Øns‚ ad-hn¬ \n¬°p∂ At±lw amtl{µw F∂ Znhymkv{Xw
_men-bpsS amdn-te-bv°-b-®p. Aºp-sIm≠ _men Hcp Ae¿®-tbmsS hoWp. At∏mƒ `qan
Ipep-ßn. Aev]-t\cw _men-t_m-[-an-√msX InS-∂p. t_m[w sXfn--t∏mƒ Nm] _mW-߃ [cn®v
ac-hp-cn-bp-SpØv Bh-\m-gn-bp-ambn ]p©n-cn®p \n¬°p-∂, at\m-l-c-am-b- P-Sm-`mcw [cn®, hnim-e-amb
amdn¬ ]qam-e-b-Wn-, \o≠p-cp≠ ssIIfpw Idp-I- Z-f-Øns‚ \nd-hp-ap-ff, Ccp-]p-dØpw
e£va-W\pw kp{Ko-h\pw tkhn®p \n¬°p∂ {iocm-as\°≠v _men tIm]-Xm-]-ß-tfmsS
At±-lsØ ]gn-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn.
F¥p Rms\m∂p \nt∂m-Sp............................
.............................-D-Ø-c-am-b-cpƒ sNbvXp cLq-Ø-a≥
Rm\-tß-b°v F¥p sX‰p sNbvXp. shdpsX F¥n-\m-sWs∂ sIm√p-∂-Xv. NXn-bn¬ If-f-∑m-sct∏mse
{]h¿Øn® \o cmP-[¿Ωw sX‰n-®-sX-¥n-\m-Wv? cmP-Ip-e-Øn¬ ]nd∂ \n\°v CXp-sIm≠v
F¥p Io¿Øn-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv? hoc[¿Ωw F∂ {]i-wk In´m-\m-sW-¶n¬ Bcm-bmepw t\cn´p s]mcpXn
Pbn-°-Ww. kp{Ko-h≥ \n\-s°-¥p-sN-bvXp? Rm≥ \n\-°p-th≠n sNøm-Ø-sX-¥m-Wv? cmh-W≥
\ns‚ `mc-y-sb-°-´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-b-Xn-\mWv kp{Ko-hs\ icWw {]m]n®v Fs∂ sIm√p-∂-sX-¶n¬ Fs‚
(am-a-Iw) ]cm-{I-a-߃ Aßv tI´n-´nt√ ? Cu aq∂p temI-Ønepw Fs‚ ssIøq-°-dn-bm-Ø-h-cm-cp-≠v?
{XnIq-Sm-N-etØm-Sp-IqSn e¶-tbbpw cmh-Wt\bpw _‘n®v Ac-\m-gn-I-sIm≠v Rm≥ \ns‚ Im¬°¬
sIm≠p-h∂v sh®p sXmgp-am-bn-cp-∂t√m ? alm-flm-°¬ Aßsb [¿Ωn-jvT-s\-∂p-]-d-bp-∂p. bmsXmcp
ImW-hp-an-√msX Hcp Ipc-ßs\ NXn®p sIm∂-Xp-sIm≠v F¥p [¿Ω-amWv km[n-®-Xv. AXp-sIm-s≠-
¥-`n-am-\-amWv D≠m-bXv ? Ipc-ßs‚ Cd®n \n∂m≥ t]mepw sImf-fn-√. ]ns∂ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv
Cßs\ tXm∂n-b-Xv? Cßs\ ]eXpw ]d _men-tbmSv {iocm-a≥ ]d-p.
[¿ΩsØ c£n-∏-Xn..............................
........................................-]m-]n-Iƒt°‰hpw
[¿ΩsØ c£n-bv°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv Rm≥ Bbp-[-[m-cn-bmbn BtcmSpw a’-c-an-√msX
temI-sØßpw k©-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. ]m]nbpw A[¿Ωn-jvT-\p-amb \ns‚ ]m]w \in-∏n®v [¿Ωw \S-Øm-
\mWv \ns∂ Rm≥ h[n-®-Xv. ambm-h-i-K-\mb \o \ns∂-∏‰n a\- n-em-°n-bn-√. aIƒ (`-Kn-\n)
ktlm-Z-cn, ktlmZ-c-`m-c-y ]p{X-If{Xw (a-Is‚ `mc-y) amXmhv Ch-sc√mw Xpe-y-cmWv F∂mWv
thZ-hm-Iyw. Ahsc `mc-y-bmbn kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-h≥ alm-]m-]n-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Ah¿°p
k¶Sw D≠m-hpw. ac-ym-Z-sX‰n \S-°p-∂-hsc iqc-∑m-cmb cmPm-°-∑m≥ h[n®v [¿Ωw kwc-£n-bv°pw.
temI-Ønse Xn∑-Isf XpS®p \o°m-\mWv temI-]m-e-∑m¿ \S-°p-∂-Xv. [¿Ωw sX‰n \S-°p-∂-h-tcmSv
A[nIw kwkm-cn-bv°p-∂Xp Xs∂ ]m]-am-Wv.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 29

C∞-a-cpƒ sNbvX-sXm-°-th.....................
...............................-In-jvIn-‘-bmb ]pcm-Pntc
School of Distance Education
tbmKn-\m-a-]n-Zp¿√`w = Ejn-am¿°p-t]mepw In´m≥ {]bm-k-ap-ff-Xpv. km£m¬ ]pc-ÿn-X≥ = I¨
apºn¬ \n¬°p-∂-h≥, Zpcm]w = FØm≥ {]bm-k-ap-ff ,a¿°-sSuLw = hm\c-°q´w, ]qcm-Pn-tc=-
]-´-W-ap-‰-Øp (B-Pncw = ap‰w)
C{]-Im-c-ap-ff hm°p-Iƒ tI´v _men-bpsS a\ p sXfn-p. At±-l-Øns‚ ZpjvS-X -\-in-®v
v{io-cm-a≥ alm-hn-jvWp-X-s∂-bm-sW∂ t_m[-tØmsS \a-kvI-cn®v ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Aßv
alm-hn-jvWp-hm-sW-s∂-\nbv°p a\- n-em-bn. Rm\-dn-bmsX ]d--sX√mw s]mdp-°-Ww. Aßsb
I≠p-I≠p Aß-bpsS Atº‰v acn-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXp Xs∂ Fs‚ `mKyw tam£{]Z-\mb Aßsb
ImW¬ Ejn-am¿°p-t]mepw Ffp-∏-a-√. acn-bv°m≥ InS-°p-tºmƒ Aß-bpsS \maw P]n-®m¬ Xs∂
tamIvjw In´pw. F\n-b-bv°m-Is´ Aß-bpsS- Akv{X (kn-b-I) ta‰v Aßsb I≠n-cn-bv°th
acn-bv°m≥ CSh-∂Xv Fs‚ alm-`m-K-y-amWv. F√m-h¿°pw e`n-°p-∂-X√. Aßv alm-hn-jvWphm-sW∂pw
koX-e£van tZhn-bm-sW-∂pw. {_“m-hns‚ At]-£-b-\p-k-cn®v cmh-Ws\ sIm√m≥
Aßv ZY-c-Y-]p-{X-\mbn Ah-X-cn-®XmWv F∂pw F\nbv°v t\csØ Adn-bmw. hnjvWp temI-tØbv°v
bm{X-bm-Ip∂ Fs∂ A\p-{K-ln-bv°-Ww. Fs∂-t∏mse i‡-\mb AwK-Z-t\mSv Zb-bp-≠m-IWw.
AwK-Z\pw kp{Ko-h\pw F\n-bvs°m-cp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. Cu Aºv ]dn-s®-Sp-Øp B Xrss°-sIm-≠vv
Fs∂ Xtem-S-Ww. AXp-tI´ cma≥ _mWw ]dn-s®-SpØv _mensb Xtem-Sn. {iocm-as\ ImsW-
°msW _menhm\-c-i-cocw Dt]-£n-®p. tbmKo-{µ-∑m¿°v t]mepw sNs∂-Øm≥ {]bm-k-ap-ff
`K-hms‚ temI-Øn-seØn At±-lw. _men acn®p hoW-t∏mƒ Ipc-ß-∑m¿ InjvIn-‘m-]p-cn-bn-tebvt°m-Sn.
{iocm-a-km-b-I-ta-‰p..................................
...........................................-hn-tbm-KZp:Jw If-o-Sp-hm≥
cWm-Pn-cw= ]S-°fw , tKm]n-bv°pI = Hfn-∏n-bv°p-I. c£n-bv°pI , ]cn-]Ÿn = i{Xp
Ah¿ ]dp ]S-°-f-Øn¬ _menbv°p cma-_m-W-ta‰p. Xmtc, \o thKw AwK-Zs\
cmPm-hmbn hmgn-bv°q. tKm]p-c-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ AS®v InjvIn‘m \K-csØ c£n-bv°p-I. i{Xp-°ƒ
Df-fn¬°S-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ th≠ Imc-y-߃ a{¥n-am-tcmSv I¬∏n-bv°p-I. _men acn® hm¿Ø-b-dn
Xmc- am-d-ØSn®p hne-]n-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. Ahƒ sXm≠-bn-S-dn-∏-dp 'C\n F\n-bvs°-¥n-\mWv
aI-\pw, cmP-y-hpw, `qan-bn¬ Xma-khpw. `¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w Rm\pw acnbv°p-I-bm-Wv. Cßs\
Icp ]d-p-sIm≠v Ahƒ tNmcbpw s]m-Snbpw ]‰n-°n-S-°p∂ _m-en-bpsS icocw I≠v AwK-
Z-t\m-sSm∏w hnh-i-bm-bn. _men-bpsS Im¬°¬ hoWv Ahƒ ]eXpw ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Hcp _mWa-b®v
Ft∂bpw sIm√p-I. {]mW-\m-Y\v Fs‚ th¿]mSv s]mdp-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Fs∂ `¿Øm-hn-s\msSm∏wsIm∂p-hn-´m¬
Hcp I\-y-Isb hnhmlw Ign®p sImSpØ ]pWyw Aßbv°p In´pw. Bc-y-\mb
Aßbv°pw A\p-`-h-ap-f-f-Xm-Wt√m `mcy th¿]n-cn-m-ep-ff Zp:-Jw. kp{Koh \o F√m-hn-j-a-ßfpw
Hgnv cmPm-hns‚ {]Xm-]hpw A\p-`-hn®v Hcp-a-tbm-Sp-IqSn Gsd-°mew hmgp-I. Cßs\ ]dp
Ic-bp∂ Xmc-tbmSv XX-z-⁄m-t\m-]-tZiw sIm≠pw Imcp-Wyw sIm≠pw `¿Øm-hns‚ acW-Zp:Jw Ifbp-hm≥
th≠n {iocm-a≥ C{]-Imcw ]d-p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 30

Xmtcm-]-tZiw
F¥n\p timIw hrYm..................................
................................................kzÿ-\m-bm≥ cptemw.
School of Distance Education
]©-`q-Xm-flIw = A©p hkvXp-°ƒ˛ ]rY-zn, A∏v, hmbp, tXP- v, BImiw tN¿∂Xv,
k©nXw = tN¿°-s∏-´-Xv, Xz-Mvamwkw = Xz°v (N¿Ωw), amwkw, \n›jvSw = Ne-\-an-√m-{X, ImjvTw
= ac-Ø-Sn, \ncm-a-b≥ = Zp:-an-√m-Ø-h≥, ¢o_w = \]pw-k-Iw, k¿∆-K≥ = Fßpw {]th-i-\-ap-f-f-h≥,
AZ-z-b≥ = c≠-√m-Ø-h≥, Ah-y-b≥ = \mi-an-√m-Ø-h≥, Ate-]-I≥ = H∂n\pw ebn-°m-Ø-h≥,
[ym-b-am-\≥= Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-h≥, bYm-XYm = F{]-Im-ctam A{]-Im-cw, \njvI-fw= ]q¿Æw, atbm-Zn-
Xw= Rm≥ ]d-Xv ˛ abm t{]m‡w, ip¢-c-‡m-kn-Xw= shfp-Ø, Nph-∂, Idp-Ø, {_“Wn = {_m“-
Øn¬, XnjvTXn = \n¬°p-∂p, Pmb-sX=-P-\n-bv°p-∂p, LSob{¥w= GØw (sh-ffw tXhm≥ ]≠p-
]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv)
Zp:Jw shdp-sX-bmWv AXn\p Imc-Whp-an√. \ns‚ `¿Ømhv Poh-\mtWm tZl-amtWm ?
]©-`q-X-ß-sf-s°m-≠p-≠m-°nb tZlw \n¿÷o-h-am-Ip-∂p, tXmev, amwkw, c‡w, Aÿna÷ F∂nh
tN¿∂-Xm-W-Xv. Ne-\-an-√mØ ac-°jvWw t]mse-bmWv tZlw. bmsXmcp Zp:-J-hp-ta¬°mØ
Poh-\mWv Bflm-hv. Bflm-hn\v P\\ acW-ßfpw Zp:-J-ß-fp-an-√. AtXm¿Øv \o hnj-an-bv°-cp-Xv. Bflmhv
\nev°n-√. \S-°n-√. Zp:-J-ta¬°n-√. ]pwkv{Xo-\]pw kI-t`-Zhpw NqSpw XWp∏pw AXn-\n-√. Poh≥
k¿∆-K-\pw, GI-\pw, ]c-\pw, AZzb-\pw, A\m-Ip-e-\pw, Ate]-I-\p-am-Wv. ip≤-hpw, A\-i-z-c-hpw, Bflt_m-[-I-hp-amb
XXzw Btem-Nn-®m¬ Zp:-J-Øn\p Imc-W-an-√. {io cmas‚ hm°p-Iƒ tI´ Xmc
tNmZn-®p. tZl-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Bflm-hn-s\-∏-‰nbpwkpJ Zp:-J-߃ A\p-`-hn-bv°p-∂-h-sc-∏-‰nbpw F√mw
hnkvX-cn®p]tZ-in-bv°ptam ? At∏mƒ {iocm-a≥ B cl-kyw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. tZl-Ønepw ]t©-{µnb-ß-fnepw
Al-¶m-c-hpw t`Z-_p-≤nbpw Df-fn-S-tØmfw Imew Ahn-thIw \nanØw Bflm-hn\v kwkmc
(tem-I-Po-hn-X) Zp:Jw D≠m-hpw. anY-ym`q-X-amb kwkm-c-am-hs´ X\nsb Ah-km-\n-bv°p-I-bp-an-√. ]e
hnj-b-ß-fn¬ hym-]-cn-bv°p∂ a\p-j-y\v CsX-ßs\ kw`-hn-bv°p-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bmw. anY-y-bmb kwkmc
{`aw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv kz]v\w t]msebmWv kX-y-am-bXv Rm≥ ]d-bmw. Bcw-`-a-dn-bmØ hnZy _‘w
ImcWw Rms\∂ `mhw D≠m-°pw. AXn¬ \n∂mWv kvt\l-tZ-z-j-ß-tfmSp tN¿∂ A]-I-S-I-c-amb
kwkm-c-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. a\- mWv kwkm-c-Øn\p Imc-Ww. a\- -nemWv _‘-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw
Bflm-hn\pw a\- n\pw Xpe-y-ÿm\w hcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ am\-knI _‘w Bflm-hn-t\bpw _m[n-bv°p-∂p.
c‡w apX-embh ]pc-fp-tºmƒ ip≤-amb kv^Sn-I-Øn\pw B \ndw hcp-at√m. kX-y-Øn¬ AXns‚
tN¿® (I-Æm-Sn-bn¬) C√. _p≤n. C{µn-b-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS _‘w sIm≠v Aßs\ Bflm-hn\pw
kwkm-c-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. Bflm-hn\v Xpe-y-amb a\- ns\ kz-oI-cn-bv°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv AXns‚ kz-`mh-ß-fmb
Imam-Zn-Isf kX-z-mZnKp-W-ßtfmSv Iq´n-°p-g-°p-∂-Xv. At∏m-gp-≠m-Ip∂ kwkmcw at\m-Kp-
W-ßsf krjvSn®v AXn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip-∂Xpw thZ-hn-[n-{]-Im-c-ap-f-f-Xpw, shfp-∏v, Nph-∏v, Idp∏v F∂nßs\
hy-X-ym-k-s∏-´-Xpw, Ah-bpsS i‡nbv°p Xpe-y-amb {]`m-h-ßfpf-fXpw Bb I¿Ω-ß-fn¬
Fßpw Poh≥ _‘n-bv°-s∏´v {`an®p InS-°p-∂p. ]ns∂ F√mw \in-bv°p∂ (a-c-W) ka-bØpw
Bcw-`-a-dn-bmØ AhnZ-y-bn¬ ebn-°p-∂p. ho≠pw P\n-bv°p∂ ka-bØv P∑-hm-k-\-sIm≠v ]q¿∆
hmk-\-tbmsS CsXms° ho≠pw D≠m-Ip∂p. Cßs\ LSo-b{¥w t]mse (sh-ffw tXhm≥ ASpØ
Imew hsc D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ GØ-amWv LSo-b-{¥w= Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂- GØw. shffw ap°m≥
Ip\nv Ip\nv hcp-∂p. shffw ap°n-bm¬ ]gb-]Sn tatem-´p-b¿∂p t]mIp-∂p. shffw tXhn-
°-f-m¬ ho≠pw Ip\np hcp-∂p. Cu Bh¿Ø\w Xs∂ hmk\m _≤-amb ]p\¿P∑w F∂v
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 31

School of Distance Education
kmam-\-ym¿∞w). am-bsIm≠v kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv B¿°pw Hgnhm-°m-\m-hn-√. F∂m¬ Fs‚ `‡-\mb
]pW-ym-flm-hn\v Xs‚ ap÷∑ kpIrXw sIm≠v Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw k¬_p-≤n-bp-W-cp-tºmƒ Ahs‚
a\kv Fs‚ Imc-y-ß-fn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°pw. At∏mƒ Fs‚ IY tIƒ°p-∂-Xn¬ {i≤-bp-ap-≠m-Ipw,
At∏mƒ Ah\v Fs≥d bYm¿∞-amb cq]-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ff Adnhpw sXfn-p-h-cpw. \√ Kpcp-\mY∑mcpsS
A\p-{Klw sIm≠v a\- n¬ DØ-tam-]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS kmcw sXfnp hcpw. tZlw, C-{µnbw, a\- v,
{]mW≥ F∂n-h-bn¬ \ns∂√mw hy-X-y-kvX-amb as‰m-∂mWv Bflm-hv.
B Bflm-hm-Is´ kX-yhpw, B\-µhpw, GIhpw, ]chpw, AZ-z-bhpw, \nX-y-hpw, \ncp-]-a-hpw,
\njvI-f-¶hpw \n¿§p-W-hp-am-sW-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ Ah\v tam£w In´p-∂p. Rm\o-∏-d--Xvp a\- n-em°n
\obpw ambm-tamlw shSnv ]cn-ip-[v[-bm-bn-cp-∂m-epw. I¿Ω _‘w-hn´p Cui-z-c-\n¬ \obpw
ebn-°-s´. Ign P∑w \o Fs‚ `‡-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp sIm≠mWv C-t∏mƒ Fs‚ cq]w icnbv°pw
ImWm≥ Ign--Xv. C\n F√m Zp:-Jhpw shSnv Fs‚ Cu a´n-ep-ff cq]sØ [ym-\n®v, Fs‚
D]-tZ-i-ßsf Hm¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ \n\°p tam£w In´pw. Xmc -{io-cm-as\ hW-ßn. Ah-fpsS
ambm-tamlw t]mbn. a\ p sXfn-p. tZlm-`n-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-hp∂ Zp:-Jhpw C√m-Xm-bn. Bflm-
\p-`qXn sIm≠v k¥p-jvS-bm-bn. Bfl-t_m[w e`n-®-Xn-\m¬ Pohap‡-bmbn. tam£-Zm-b-I-\mb
{io-cm-a-t\mSp CØncn t\csØ am{Xw ASp-∏-ap-≠m-b-Xp-sIm≠p am{Xw Hcp s]Æm-bn´pw Xmc `‡nap-gpØv
A\m-Zn-_‘w Xo¿∂v tam£w t\Sn. CsX√mwtI´p \n∂n-cp∂ kp{Ko-hs‚ Zp;-J-ßfpw Xo¿∂p.
At±-l-Øns‚ A⁄m\w \in-®p. hn⁄m\w h¿≤n-®p. kpJ-ambn kam-[m-\-tØmsSbncp-∂p.
{iocma Ncn-{X-Ønse G‰hpw If-¶n-Xa-mb A≤-ym-b-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv _men-h[w . _men-bpsS
Hcp tNmZ-y-Øn\pw IrX-y-amb DX-Xcw {iocm-a≥ ]d-n-√. Xmtcm-]-tZ-ihpw Ahn-i-z-k-\obw Xs∂.
\n∂psS `¿Ømhv Poht\m tZl-tam? F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn\v Xmc Aß-bpsS `mcy Poh-t\m-tZ-ltam ?
F∂p tNm-Zn-®mtem? _men-bp-sS -i-h-Øn-\-Sp-Øn-cp∂p sIm≠mWv Xmcth-Zm¥w At\-z-jn-bv°p-∂-Xv.
CXn-s\ms° H‰ DØc-ap-f-fp. {iocma `‡n- D-d-∏n-bv°¬ F∂ Imhy {]tbm-P-\w. ]m{X kz-`m-h-Øn¬
hcp∂ Ak-z-m`m-hn-I-Xbpw As\u-Nn-X-yhpw kmln-Xy ZrjvS-ym-tZm-j-am-sW-¶nepw Fgp-Ø-—s‚
Dt±-iyw AXns\ km[q-I-cn-bv°p-∂p. \mcn-bm-bn´pw Xmcbv°v tam£w In´n F∂ ASn-h-c-bn´ {]tbmKw
]pcpj ta[m-hn-X-y-Øns‚ krjvSn Xs∂-. AXpw {incma alm-fl-y-Øn¬ sN∂p sImf-fp-∂p)
kp{Ko-hm-`n-tjIw
kp{Ko-h-t\m-S-cpƒ sNbvXm..........................
...................................................tZ-h-\-cpƒ sNbvXp.
]pW-yml ]cy¥w =]pW-ymlw hsc, t`cn = s]cp-º-d,- kv\m-Xzm = Ifn-®n´v,
PKma = FØn, A`n-tjNb = A`n-tjIw sNbvXmepw, NmXp¿am-k-yw= Bjm-V-am-k-Ønse shfp-
Ø-]£w Zian apX¬ \mep-amkw k\-ym-kn-am¿ A\p-jvTn-t°-≠-Xmb Hcp {hXw.
Zmcm-fl-ssP-kaw = `mcy-tbmSpw a°-tfm-Spw-Iq-Sn, Du¿≤-z-in-Jcw=D-b¿∂ sImSp-ap-Sn,
lmS-Iw= kz¿Æw, hmX-h-cnj lnam-X-]-hm-cWw = Im‰v, ag, av, shbn¬ C-hsb XS-bp-∂Xv,
X{X+-Gh+-hm-km-b+ tcm-N-bm-am-k+-sku-an-{Xn-Wm+{iocm-a `{Z≥ =A-hn-sS-Xs∂ hkn-bv°m≥ CjvSs∏´p
sku-an-{X-tbm-Sp-IqSn {iocma N{µ≥, A\-z-lw = \nX-y-hpw, ]Iv£n-≤-z-P≥=-]-£nsIm-Sn-b-S-bm-f-am-bn-´p-f-f-h≥
˛ hnjvWp, BJ-ymln = ]dp X∂m-epw, AZy {]`rXn = C∂p-ap-X¬.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 32

School of Distance Education
]ns∂ {iocm-a≥ kp{Ko-h-t\mSp ]d-p. tPyjvT]p{X-\mb AwK-Zs\ ap≥ \n¿Øn ]pW-ymlw
hsc-bp-ff (]pe t]mbn ip≤ amh¬ hsc ) tij {Inb-Iƒ sNøp-I. AXp-{]-Imcw Xmc,-Aw-K-Z≥,
a{¥n-am¿, {_m“-W¿, s]uc P\-߃ F∂n-h-tcm-Sp-IqSn kp{Ko-h≥ imkv{X hn[n-{]-Imcw, cmP-Io-b-ambn,
hmZ-ym-tLm-j-ß-tfmsS tij {Inb-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm°n Ipfn®v {iocm-as≥d kao-]-sØØn
\a-kv°-cn®v Xs‚ B{Klw ]d-p. Aßp Xs∂ C\n Cu \mSns\ c£n-bv°-Ww. Rm≥ e£va-Ws\-t∏mse
Aß-bpsS ]mZ-tkh sNbvXp Ign-bmw. kp{Ko-hs‚ hm°p-Iƒ tI´v ]p©n-cn-®p-sIm≠v
{iocma≥ ]d ( B ]p©ncn {]tbmKw A]mcw ˛ A`n-tj-I-Øn-\p-ff kp{Ko-hs‚ sh-ºepw AXp
t\cn´p ]d-bm-\p-ff aSnbpw hnt[-b-X-zbpw {iocm-a≥ a\- n-em-°n-sb-∂¿∞w).
AsXms° \o Xs∂. Rm\-Xn-s\m-∂p-an-√. Cu \mSns‚ B[n-]-Xyw \n\°p X∂n-cn-bv°p∂p
\o tbmK-y-\mbn A`n-tjIw Ign-bv°pI ]Xn-∂m-ep-sIm√w Ignbpw hsc ImSv hn´v Rm≥ Hcp \K-c-
Ønepw IS-°p-I-bn-√. e£va-W≥ H∏w \n∂v A`n-tjIw sNøn-bv°pw. anSp-°-\mb AwK-Zs\ bphcm-Pm-hm°n
A`n-tjIw sNø-Ww. cmPyw ]q¿Æambpw \o ('{]t`m' F∂ kwt_m-[\ hf-sc-b-[nIw
A¿∞-[-z-\n-Iƒ Df-f-Xm-Wv) `cn-°pI. _men-sb-t∏mse cmP-y-tØbpw AwK-Z-t\bpw ]cn-]m-en-®m-epw. C∂pap-X¬°p
Rm≥ Cu ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ sImSp-ap-Sn-bn¬ NmXp¿am-kyw Bcw-`n-bv°p-I-bm-Wv. AXp Ignbp-tºm-tgbv°pw
ag°m-eam-Ipw. AXpw Ign-m¬ koXm-t\-z-j-W-Øn\p th≠
{ia-߃ sNøpI. koXsb I≠p-]n-Sn®v B hnhcw Ft∂mSp h∂p ]d-b-Ww. A{Xbpw Ipd-®p- Imew
`mcym]p-{Xm-Zn-Itfm-Sp-tN¿∂v k¿∆ kpJ-ßfpw Bk-z-Zn®v sIm´m-c-Øn¬ Ign-bp-I.
A{]-Imcw A`n-tj-I-I¿Ωw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb tijw e£va-W≥ {io-cm-as‚ kao-]Øp Xncn-s®Øn
At∏mƒ {iocm-a≥ ktlm-Z-c-t\m-Sp-IqSn {]h-¿jWw F∂p t]cp-ff ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ Ib-dn. AXns‚
apI-fn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AhnsS Hcp Kpl I≠p. cXv\-߃ ]Xn-®Xpw kv^SnIw t]mse Xnf-ßp∂
kz¿Æ-a-b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ Dƒh-iw. Im‰pw -a-gbpw apw shbnepw
IS-°mØ ImbvI-\n-Iƒ \nd hr£-ß-fm¬ kar-≤-amb AhnsS Xs∂ e£va-W-t\m-sSm∏w
Xma-kn-bv°p-hm≥ {io-cm-a≥ CjvSs∏-´p. a\p-j-y-\mbn Ah-X-cn® a-lm-hn-jvWp-hns\ ]cn-N-cn-bv°m≥
kn≤-∑mcpw tbmKo-{µ-∑mcpw ]£n-I-fp-tSbpw arK-ß-fp-tSbpw cq]-Øn¬ Np‰pw-Iq-Sn. F√m Poh-Pm-eßfpw
At±-lsØ ASpØp I≠v B\-µ-Øn¬ apgpIn Aßs\ Hcp Znhkw {iocm-a≥ [ym-\-\n-c-X-
\mbn GIm-In-bm-bn-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ e£va-W≥ AcnsI sN∂v Cßs\ tNmZn-®p. tam£-Im-c-W-amb
{Inbm-am¿§w tIƒ°m≥ F\nbv°p taml-ap-≠v. Zb-hp-sNbvXp ]dp X∂m-epw. \mep-h¿Æ-ßfnepw
({_m-“-W≥, £-{Xn-b≥, sshi-y≥, iq{Z≥) \mem-{i-a-ß-fnepw ({_-“-N-c-yw, Km¿l-ÿ-yw, hm\-
{]-ÿw, k\-ym-kw) Ign-bp-∂-h¿s°√mw tam£w \¬Ip∂ AXv F√m-h¿°pw a\- n-em-Ip∂ coXnbn¬
hnh-cn®p X∂mepw (e-£va-W\p am{Xw th≠n-b-s√-∂¿∞w). Imh-y-]m-cm-b-W-Øns‚ Hcp e£yw
Adn-hpw temI]cn-N-bhpw t\SpI F∂-XmWv hm\-°m¿°p-{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-S-Ø° hn[-Øn¬ Fgp-Ø-
—≥ AØcw kµ¿`-߃ krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv _men-tbm-Spw, Xmc-tbm-Spw, e£va-W-t\m-Sp-sam-s°-bpff
D]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬) \mc-Z≥, h-ym-k≥, {_“mhv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ hnjvWp-]q-P-sIm≠v ]pcp-jm¿∞-amb
tam£w t\Sp∂p F-∂mWv Adn-hp-f-f-h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv. `‡\pw Zmk-\p-amb F\n-bv°Xv Aßp-]-tZ-in-
®p X-∂m¬ temI-Øn\p Xs∂ taen¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Spw. AXp tI´ {iocm-a≥ ]d-p
tIƒ°-\o-sb-¶¬ .................................
..........................................tamSp-a-cphpw Nne t\cw
{Inbm am¿t§m-]-tZiw
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 33

School of Distance Education
hnjvWp ]qPm-hn-[-߃ A\-h-[n-bp-≠v. F¶nepw \nt∂m-Sp-ff hm¬k-e-yw-sIm≠v Rm≥ Npcp-
°n-∏-dbmw. Ah-\-hs‚ Krl-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Zzn-P-Xzw D≠m-bm¬ Kp-cp-\m-Y-t\m-Sp a{¥w tNmZn®p a\n-em°n
Fs∂ BNm-c-tØmsS Bcm-[n-bv°mw. art√-]\w (ar-Øv+-te-]\w = aÆp ]pc-´¬) apX-emb
{Ia-Øn¬ thZ-ß-fnepw X{¥-ß-fnepw ]d a{¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v kz¥w a\- ntem , A·n-bntem
{][m-\-s∏´ {]Xna apX-em-b-h-bn-tem, kqc-y-\n-tem, shff (A-∏v)-Øn-tem, sagpIn ip≤-am-°nb ÿe
(ÿ-fin-ew) tØm, \√ kmf-{K-a-Øntem (K-fiIo \Zn-bn¬ \n∂p In´p∂ {]tX-yI Xcw IdpØ I√v)
Fs∂ k¶¬∏n®v ]qPn-bv°mw. icoc ip≤nbv°p th≠n ImeØp Ipfn-bv°mw. aqe-a-{¥-a-dnv
k‘-ym-hµ-\m-Zn-bmb \nXy I¿Ω-߃ sNøWw. ]ns∂ kz¥w I¿Ωw sIm≠v k¶¬∏w sN-øp-I.
Rm≥ Xs∂-bmWv Kpcp-\m-Y≥ F∂v hnNm-cn®v Znh-khpw ]qPn-bv°p-I. I√p-sIm-≠p-ff {]Xn-a-Isf
Ipfn-∏n-bv°pI (kv\m-]-\w) ]ns∂ AXv XpS-s®-Sp-°pI ({]-am¿÷-\w). ]ns∂ kpK-‘-ap-ff ]q°-sfsIm≠v
Bcm-[n-®m¬ Ah\v B{K-ln-®-sX√mw e`n-bv°pw. Fs‚ apJy {]Xn-a-Isf Ae-¶-cn-bv°p-
∂Xpw F\n-bv°n-jvS-am-Wv. tlma-{Z-h-y-߃ A·n-bn¬ tlman-bv°mw. {]tX-yI ÿe-Øm-sW-¶n¬
kqc-ys\ ]qPn-bv°mw. ]qP-bv°p-ff F√m hkvXp-°fpw BZ-yta Xs∂ tiJ-cn®p sh°-Ww. `‡≥
{i≤-tbmsS ]® shffw X∂mepw F\n-bvt°-‰hpw CjvS-am-Wv. hmk\m-]p-jv]-߃ s\√pw Acnbpw
(A£-Xw) `£-y-h-kvXp-°ƒ ap-Xem-b-h-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]ns∂ ]d-bm-\n-√-t√m. hkv{Xw, am≥ tXm¬,
`¿`-∏p√v (Ip-i) F∂n-h-sIm≠v Ccn∏nS-sam-cp-°Ww. tZh-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ sN∂n-cp∂v en]n-\-ym-kw,
XX-z-\-ym-kw, aq¿Øn-]-RvPc\-ymkw F∂n-h-sNbvXv a{¥-tØmsS CSØv Ieihpw heØv ]pjv]-ßfpw
shbv°-Ww. A¿L-y-]m-Z-ym-Zn-Iƒ°pw a[p-]¿°m-N-a-\-Øn-\p-ambn \mep ]m{X-߃ thsd shbv°-
Ww. C-Sn-an-∂¬ t]mse Pz-en-bv°p∂ (X-Sn-Zp-÷-z-ew) Fs‚ Iesb a\- n¬ Dd-∏n-bv°-Ww. ]ns∂
icocw apgp-h≥ B Ie hym-]n-®-Xm-sW∂v Dd®p hni-z-kn-bv°-Ww. ]ns∂ Fs‚ Iesb {]Xn-a-I-fntebv°v
Bhm-ln®v AXp Xs∂-bmWv tZh-k-z-cq]w F∂pdbv°-Ww. A¿L-y-]m-Z-ym-I-fpw, a[p-]¿°ß-fpw,
A`n-tj-I-ßfpw Ae-¶m-cßfpw sIm≠v F{X-tØmfw tkhn-bv°mtam A{X-tØmfw
F\n-bv°n-jvS-am-Wv. thZ hn[n-{]-Imcw (B-K-tam-‡w) Dff Xncn-bp-gn-®n¬ (\o-cm-P-\w) [q]w, Zo]w,
\nth-Zyw F∂n-h-Isfs°m≠v hfsc {i≤-tbmsS Fs∂ Bcm-[n-®m¬ A{X-tØmfw Rm\-h-sb√mw
kz-oI-cn-bv°pw. AK-kvX-y≥ \n¿t±-in® coXn-bn-ep-ff tlma-Ip-fi-Øn¬ aqe-a-{¥-tØmSp IqSn tlmaw
sNømw. As√-¶n¬ ]pcpjkq‡-a{¥w sIm≠p-am-Imw. Hu]m-k-\m-·n-bnepw D]m-[n-tbmsS tlman-bv°mw.
Np´p ]gpØ kz¿Æw t]mse (X]vX Pmw_p-\-Z-{]-Jyw) Xnf-ßp∂ Zo]vXm-`-c-W-ß-tfmsS Xobns‚
\Sp°v tim`n-bv°p∂ Fs∂ -Xs∂ [ym-\n-bv°p-I. tkh-I-∑m¿s°√mw (]m-cn-j-Zm-\w) _en-bn´v a{¥tØmsS
tlmaw kam-]n-bv°p-I. `‡n-tbmsS Fs∂ [ym-\n-®pw, P]n®pw kt¥mjw \rØw, ]m´v,
tXm‰w F∂n-h-tbmsS Im¬°¬ \a-kv°-cn®v a\- n¬ Fs∂ Dd®v hn\-b-tØm-sS, Fs‚ {]km-
ZsØ Xe-bn¬ NqSn henb kwkmc Zp:-J-Øn¬ \n∂v Fs∂ c£n-bv°-Wta F∂v {]m¿∞n®v \a-kvIcn®v
alm-tX-P- n-tebv°v DZ-y-kn-®p-sIm≠v Fs∂ \nX-yhpw `Pn-bv°pI ˛ `‡≥ Cß-s\- {In-bmtbmKw
A\p-jvTn-®m¬ ac-W-k-a-bØv Cui-z-c-\n¬ ebn-°pw. Cl-temI kpJ-߃ (sF-ln-Iw) F√mw
e`n-bv°pw. C{]-Imcw Rm≥ ]d {Inbm-am¿§w `‡n-tbmsS ]Tn°p-Itbm tIƒ°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬
Xs∂ Ah\v \nX-y-]q-P- sNbvX ^ew In´pw F∂p `‡-{]n-b-\mb cma≥ ]d-p. tijmw-i-Pm-X-\mb
(A-\-¥s‚ Ah-Xm-cw) e£va-W\v CsX√mw hy-‡-ambn D]-tZ-in® tijw ambm-a-b-\mb B hnjvWpam-bsb
kz-oI-cn®v koXsb Hm¿Øv Ic-bm≥ XpS-ßn. At±-l-Øn\v Dd-°-an√mXmbn. CSbv°v
e£va-Ws‚ hm°p-Iƒ tI´v CØncn t\cw Bi-zmkw sImf-fp-∂-Xmbn \Sn-bv°pw.
l\p-a¬ kp{Koh kw`m-jWw
Cßs\ hmgp∂ Ime...................................
........................................-Im-c-ym¿Y∞-a-Xn-{ZpXw
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 34

School of Distance Education
lnXw = t{ib v , ]pwK-h≥ = t{ijvT≥, AZ-ymhmtizm-hm]-c-ti-zm-Y-hm= Ct∂m \msf-sbm -a-‰-∂m-tfm,
A\-zlw = \nX-yhpw, {ZpXw =th-K-Øn¬
Cß-s\-bncns° Hcn-bv°¬ l\p-am≥ kp{Ko-hs\ kao-]n®p ]d-p. _men-sb-s°m∂v
{iocm-a≥ Aß-bpsS B{Klw \nd-th-‰n-Ø-∂p. Aßm-Is´ Xn∂pw IpSn®pw can®pw cm∏-I¬ AdnbmsX
Ign-bp-I-bm-Wv. {]X-yp-]-Imcw ad-°p-∂-h≥ NØ-Xn\p Xpe-y-am-Wv. {iocmas≥ Imc-y-Øn¬ Ae-kX
ImWn-®m¬ Aß-bpsS KXnbpw _men-bpsS Xs∂. AXnt∂m \msftbm F∂p-
]-d t]mse kw`-hn-bv°pw. CXp tI´ kp{Ko-h≥ l\p-ams‚ hm°p-Isf am\n®p. Cßs\ lnXmln-X-߃
D]-tZ-in-bv°p∂ a{¥-nam-cp-ff cmPm-hn\v Hcn-bv°epw Hcm-]Øpw kw`-hn-bv°p-I-bn-√. DSs\
Xs∂ temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-Øp-ap-f-f- hm-\c\mb-I-∑msc hcp-Øp-hm≥ cmPm-hns‚ ktµi ]-{XtØmsS
\m\m-Zn-°n-tebv°pw hm\∑msc Ab-bv°pI F∂pw Iev]n-®p. ]Xn-\©p Znh-k-Øn-\p-f-fn¬
F√m-hcpw InjvIn-‘-bn-se-Ø-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p kp{Ko-hm-⁄. hoc-]-cm-{I-an-Ifpw A`n-am-\-I-fp-amb
]Xn-\m-bncw hm\-c-∑msc ]Øp-Zn-°n-te-bv°p-a-b-®p.
{iocm-as‚ hnc-l-Xm]w
cma\pw ]¿∆-X-ap¿≤\n......................................................
.................................................. tam¿Øp-I¿Ø-h-y-a-\-¥-cw.
`man\n = kv{Xo, Ip{X-Nn¬ = Fhn-sS-sb-¶n-epw, I›n¬ ]pcp-j≥ = GsX-¶nepw Hcp-Ø≥,
tKm{XP = hwi-Øn¬ P\n-®-hƒ ˛ koX-bpsS A—≥ P\-I≥ N{µ-hw-i-cm-Pm-hm-Wv.
\njvI-≠Iw = i{Xp-c-ln-X-am-bn, Znhm-\niw = ]Iepw cm{Xn-bpw, ]q¿∆≥ = apº≥, lXzm = sIm∂n-´v, AZy
= C∂v, B⁄m-]b = Iev]n-®m-epw, {]m⁄≥ = tbmK-y≥, BZmb = FSp-Øn-´v,
K¥p-a-`-yp-Z-yXw = t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂, In¥p = ]t£.
hnc-l-Zp:Jw Xmßm-\m-ImsX {iocm-a≥ e£-W-t\mSv ]eXpw ]d-pw. koX-a-cn-®n-cn-°p-tam?
Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Pohn-®n-cn-∏p-≠m-Im-tam? Bsc-¶nepw h∂v Ft∂mSv koX-Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p≠v F∂v ]d-
m¬ Ah-\mWv F\n-bvt°-‰hpw {]nb-s∏-´h≥. Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Ds≠-∂-dn-m¬ DSs\ Rm≥
]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. koXsb°´ If-fs\ hwi-tØmsS Rm≥ apSn-bv°pw. A√tbm N{µap-Jo,
\o ]ncn-Xp apX¬ F\nbv°p N{µ\pw kqc-y-s\-t∏m-se-bmbn (hn-c-ln-Iƒ°v \nemhv NqSp-f-f-
Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Ihn kt¶-Xw). A√tbm N{µm-\ns‚ Ipfp¿Ø-ssI-I-sf-s°m≠v koXsb
XtemSn Bi-z-kn-∏n® B Ic-߃ (c-ivan-Iƒ) sIm≠p-Xs∂ Ft∂bpw XtemSn
Bi-z-kn-∏n-bv°q. koX A—≥ hgn \ns‚ tKm{X-°m-cn-bp-am-W-t√m. e£v-a-Wm, kp{Ko-h≥ \n¿±-b-\m-
Wv. IrX-Lv\-\m-Wv. Rm\-hs‚ Imcyw km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Ah≥ Ct∏mƒ Fs‚ Imcyw ad-
∂a´mWv. Ah≥ Xn∂p-Ip-Sn®v IqØmSn \S-°p-I-bm-Wv. Rm≥ InjvIn-‘-tbbpw
a¿°-S-°q-´-tØbpw Xhn-Sp-s]m-Sn-bm-°pw. _men-bpsS hgn-X-s∂-bmWv kp{Ko-h-\pw. koX-sbhn-sS-bm-sW∂v
At\-z-jn-®-dn-p-X-cm-sa∂v F\nbv°p hm°p-X-∂-Xm-Wv. CXp-tI´v Ip]n-X-\mb e£va-
W≥ Bbp-[-߃ FSp-Øp-sIm≠v \µn-sI´ B kp{Ko-hs\ Rm\n-t∏mƒ Xs∂- sN-∂p-sIm∂p Xncn-
®p-h-cm-sa∂p ]d-p. At∏mƒ {iocm-a≥ e£va-Ws\ H∂p XS-p. Fs‚ kplrØv kp{Ko-h≥
sImt√-≠-h-\√. Ahs\ H∂p hnc-´n-bm¬aXn. AXp-tI´n´v Ahs‚
`mh-sa-¥m-sW-∂-dn-n´v AXn-\-∏pdw F¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂m-tem-Nn-bv°mw.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 35

kp{Ko-h-s\-°m-◊m-\p-ff e£va-Ws‚ bm{X
A{K-P-∑m-⁄bm skuan{Xn..............................
................................. {iocm-a-tkm-Z-c≥ Xs∂ hW-ßn-\m≥.
School of Distance Education
A{K-P-∑m-⁄-bm = A{K-P-∑m-hns‚ tPy-jvTs‚ B⁄-b-\p-k-cn-®v, N{Ip = sNbvXp,
`√qIw = Ipc-ßv, ]nXr-h-y≥ = A—-\p-Xp-e-y≥, Ahn-fw-_nXw = Xma-kn-bmsX, Imt]bw = I]n-Isf
kw_-‘n-®Xv
tPy-jvTs‚ Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v e£va-W≥ InjvIn-‘-bn-te-bv°p-\-S-∂p. InjvIn-‘bpw a¿°-S-
∑mcpw H∂n®v Ct∏mƒ shÆo-dmhpw F∂ a´n-em-bn-cp∂p B t]mIv. Aßs\ hn⁄m\ aq¿Øn-bmb
{iocm-a≥ A⁄m-\n-I-sf-t∏mse kpJ-Zp:-J-߃ A\p-`-hn-bv°p-∂-Xp-t]mse A`n-\-bn-®p. F√mw temI-
Øn\p \∑-h-cp-Øp-hm≥. ]≠v Zi-c-Y≥ sNbvX X]- ns‚ ^ew hcp-Øp-hm\pw. {_“mhv apX-emb
tZh-∑m-cpsS k¶Sw Xo¿°m\pw `K-hm≥ a\p-j-y-thjw [cn-®p. A⁄m-\n-I-fmb a\p-j-ycpw B ambbn¬
IpSp-ßn. Ch¿s°√mw Fß-s\-bmWv Rm≥ tam£w sImSp-t°-≠Xv F∂v alm-hnjvWp Btem-
Nn-®p. ambm-\m-in-\n-bmb cmam-bW IY-bp≠m°m≥ cma-\m-b-h-X-cn-®p. Aßs\ cmam-b-W-sa∂p
t]cp-ff IY temI-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ima-t{Im-[-Zp:-Jkp-J-߃ Ime-Øn\pw kµ¿`-Øn\pw
A\p-k-cn®v alm-hnjvWp kz-oI-cn-®p. Ima-t{Im-[m-Zn-Iƒ ]pc-fmØ PK-Zo-i-z-c≥ kX-zm-Zn-Kp-W-ß-fn¬
ebn-®-h-s\-t∏mse s]cp-am-dn. ip≤-`-‡-∑m¿°pam{Xw At±-l-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ff bYm¿∞ ⁄m\w D≠m-
Ip-∂p. Aßs\ e£va-W≥ InjvIn-‘m-tKm-]p-c-Øn-seØn sNdp-Xmbn RmsWm-en-bp-≠m°n. Ipc-ß-
∑m¿ At±-l-sØ-°-≠p-t]-Sn®v `b-]-c-h-i-cmbn Ie-]n-eIq-´n. Nne Ipc-ß-∑m¿ I√pw- a-c-ß-fp-sa-SpØv
tKm]p-c-Øns‚ apI-fn¬°-b-dn. a‰p-Nn-e¿ t]Sn®v ae-aq-{X-hn-k¿÷\w sNbvXp. Ipc-ß-∑m-sc-sbms°
\in-∏n-bv°m≥ e£vaW≥ hn√pw Ipe-®p-\n-∂-t∏mƒ Ipc-ß-∑m¿ F¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂-dn-bm-sX-\n-∂p. At∏mƒ
e£va-W≥ h∂ hm¿Ø-b-dnv AwK-Z≥ Atßm´v HmSn-h-∂p. Ipc-ß-∑m-sc-sb√mw B´n-Hm-Sn®v
X\ntb sN∂v e£-a-Ws\ hW-ßn. Ahs\ hm’-e-y-tØmsS Benw-K\w sNbvXv e£va-W≥ ]d-
p. ""Ip´o-\o-t]mbn Cf-b-—-t\mSv Abmƒ sNbvX-Im-cyw hfsc tami-am-bn-t∏m-sb∂p ]d-bq. klmbw
sNbvX-an-{XsØ NXn-bv°p-∂Xv A]-I-S-am-Wv. hm°p-sX-‰n® kp{Ko-hs\ Rm\p-S-s\-sIm-√p-sa∂p ]dbq''.
CXp-tI´ AwK-Z≥ t]Sn-®p-hn-d®v kp{Ko-hs\ Imc-y-߃ Adn-bn-®p. t]Sn-®p-hn-d® kp{Ko-h≥ a{¥n-ap-Jy-\mb
l\p-am-t\mSv IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v e£va-Ws\ A\p-\-bn®p Iq´n-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ ]d-p. ]ns∂
Xmcsb hnfn®v e£va-Ws‚ ASp-Øp-sN∂v \√-hm-°p-]-dv kam-[m-\n-∏n®v IqSn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-hm≥
]d-p. Aßs\ l\p-amt‚bpw AwK-Zt‚bpw IqsS ]pd-s∏´v sIm´m-c-Øns‚ a≤-y-ÿm-\-Øp-sN∂p
\n∂p.
XmcmX-\-b\pw amcp-Xn-bpw..........................................
.................................................Xs\ hkn-bv°p-∂n-Xp-sa-tSm.
bqY-]≥ = tk\m-\m-b-I≥, k{X]w = \mW-tØm-sS, hn{X-kvX≥ = `b-∂-h≥
AwK-Z\pw l\p-am\pw e£va-Ws\ hWßn Ipiew tNmZn-®-tijw l\p-am≥ e£va-Ws\ AItØ-bv°p-£-Wn-®p.
cm⁄n-tbbpw cmPm-hn-t\bpw I≠p kwkmcn-®m¬ Ic-y-ß-sfms° icn-bm-Ipsa∂p
]d-p. Cßs\ ]dv l\p-am≥ e£va-Ws‚ ssI]n-Sn®p \S-∂p. tk\m
-\m-b-I-∑m-cpsS ]m¿∏nSw Ignp e£vao-tZ-h-sb-t∏mse kpµ-cn-bmb Xmc- a-≤-y-I-£-y-bn¬
At±-lsØ kzo-I-cn-bv°m≥ \n¬°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]p©ncn s]mgn-®p-sIm≠v apt∂m-´p-h∂v e£va-
W-s\-h-W-ßnb Xmc ]d-p. ""CXv Aß-bpsS sIm´m-c-am-W-t√m. `‡-\mb Hcp Ipc-ß-t\mSv Cßs\
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 36

School of Distance Education
tIm]n-®m¬ ]ns∂ Ahs‚ KXn-sb-¥m-Wv. Ipc-ß-∑m¿ s]mXpth N]-e-cm-Wv.
t]mcm-Ø-\n\v Iptd-Im-e-ambn kpJ-sa-¥m-sW-∂-dn-bmsX \c-In-bv°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m kp{Ko-h≥. \nßfpsS
A\p-{KlwsIm≠v Abmƒ Ct∏mƒ CØncn kpJn-®p-t]mbn Ft∂-bp-f-fq. {iocm-a-Im-cyw At±lw
ad-∂n-´n-√. temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-Øp-ap-ff hm\-c-∑msc Iq´n-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ ]Xn-\m-bncw t]sc -Ab-®n-´p-≠v.
Ah-cn¬ Iptd-t]¿ ChnsS FØn-°-gn-Xp I≠n-t√. cm£-k-hwiw apSn-bv°m≥ Ch¿
a-Xn. a°fpw `mc-y-am-cpw, _‘p-°fpw klnXw kp{Ko-h≥ cma-Zm-k-\m-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v cmPm-hns\
sN∂p-Im-Wp-I-bt√? F∂p Xmc-tNm-Zn-®p. AXp-tI´ e£va-W≥ kp{Ko-hs\ ImWm≥ \S-∂p.
kp{Ko-h≥ \mW-tØmSpw t]Sn-tbmSpw IqSn Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n-∂p. aZa-Ø-\mbn `b-∏m-tSmsS \n¬°p-∂
kp{Ko-hs\ I≠-t∏mƒ e£va-W\v ho≠pw Ien-I-b-dn. At±lw kp{Ko-h-t\mSp ]d-p. ""\o {iocm-as‚
Imcyw ad∂p At√? _men-sb-s°m∂ Aºv Ct∏mgpw {iocm-as‚ ssIøn¬Ø-s∂-bp-≠v. tPy-jvTs‚
]n∂mse t]mI-W-sa-∂p -X-s∂-bmtWm kp{Ko-hs‚ B{Klw-''. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ ]d-p, ""Cß-s\sbms°
tIm]n-bv°p-∂-sX-¥n-\m-Wv. Aß-tb-°mƒ `‡n-bp-≠v kp{Ko-h\v. At±lw kXyw ewLn-bv°p-
I-bn-√. {iocm-as‚ Imc-y-߃ At±lw sNbvXp-Xp-S-ß-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p. At±lw H∂pw ad-∂n-´n-√.
Hmtcm-tcm-Zn-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v {iocm-as‚ Imc-y-Øn-\mbn hcp-Ønb hm\-c-∑m-cm-Wnh¿''. CXp-tI-´-t∏mƒ
e£va-W≥ CØncn \mWt°Snem-bn. B ka-bØv kp{Ko-h≥ ASp-Øp-h∂v A¿L-y-
]m-Zym-Zn-IƒsIm≠p ]qPn-®p. ""Cubpf-f-h≥ cma-Zm-k-\m-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ Imcp-W-y-amWv Fs∂
c£n-bv°p-∂-Xv. s\mSn-bn-S-sIm≠v {iocm-a\v H‰bv°v aq∂p-tem-I-ßfpw Pbn-bv°m≥I-gn-bpw.
At±-lsØ klm-bn-bv°m≥ Hcp-ßn-\n¬°p-I-bmWv R߃''. Cßs\ kp{Ko-h≥ ]d-XptI´v
e£va-W≥ ]d-p. ""Rm≥ k¶SwsIm≠v Fs¥m-s°tbm IS-∂p-]-dp. AsX√mw \o
£an-bv°-Ww. \nt∂m-Sp-ff kvt\lm-[n-Iyw sIm≠v k¶Sw kln-bv°msX Aß-s\-sbms°
]d-p-t]m-b-Xm-Wv. \ap-°n\n H´pw Xma-kn-bv°msX {iocm-as‚ kao-]-tØ-bv°p-t]mImw''.
kp{Ko-h≥ {iocm-a-k-∂n-[n-bn¬
Aß-s\-X-s∂-]p-d-s∏-SpI .............................
............................................ {]oXn-]q-≠m≥Xp-temw.
DS-s\-t]m-Imw. C\n Hcp-\n-anjw Chn-sS-\n¬°n√ F∂v kp{Ko-h\pw ]d-p. s]cp-ºd apXemb
hmZ-y-tLm-j-ß-tfmsS e£va-W-t\m-sSm∏w kp{Ko-h≥ tXcn¬ Ibdn l\p-am≥, \oe≥, AwK-Z≥
apX-em-b-h-tcmSpw hm\-c-ssk-\-y-tØmSpw sh©m-a-cw, sh¨sIm‰-°p-S, Be-h´w (-h-y-P-\w) F∂n-h-tb msSbpw
tZh-ssk-\-y-k-taXw tZth-{µ-s\-t∏mse (km-ac ssk\-y-\m-J-fi-e≥) {iocm-a-s\-Im-Wm≥ ]pd-s∏-´p.
Kpl-bv°p-f-fn¬ Hcp-]m-d-∏p-d-Øv, k¶-S-s∏-´n-cn-bv°p-∂-h-\pw, ac-hp-cn-[-cn-®-h\pw (No-cm-Pn-\-[-cw) Idp-Øh-\pw,
PSm-a-Ip-S-a-Wn--h-\pw, im¥-ambn aµ-l-kn-bv°p-∂-Xpw, hnc-l-Zp:-Jn-X-\mbn´pw at\m-l-c-\pw,
]£n-ar-K-ß-fm¬ Np‰-s∏-´-h-\pw, AS-°-ap-f-f-h-\p-amb {iocm-as\ I≠n´v kp{Ko-h\pw e£-a-W\pw tXcn¬
\n∂n-d-ßn. {iocm-as‚ Im¬°¬ \a-kvI-cn-®p. {iocm-a≥ kp{Ko-hs\ Benw-K\w sNbvXp. Ipiew
tNmZn-®p. Xpe-y-s\-t∏mse ]nSn-®n-cp-Øn. BXn-Y-y-k¬°m-c-ßfpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ kp{Ko-h\v kt¥m-jam-bn.
koXm-t\-z-jWw
`‡n-]-c-h-i-\mb kp{Ko-h\pw ..........................................
.................................................................. ]ns∂bpw thtK-\-t]m-b-h¿
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 37

School of Distance Education
At∏mƒ `‡n-]-c-h-i-\mbn kp{Ko-h≥ {iocm-a-t\m-Sp-]-d-p, "" Cu h∂p-\n¬°p∂
hm\-c-ho-c-∑msc H∂p t\mt°-W-ta. Aß-bpsS Zmk-y-hr-Øn-bv°p-h-∂-h-cm-Wn-h¿. ]e-]e henb
]¿∆-X-ß-fn¬ ]nd-∂-h-cpw, ]e \Zo-Xo-c-ß-fnepw Zzo-]p-I-fnepw ae-I-fnepw Xma-kn-bv°p-∂-h-cpw, ]¿∆-Xm-Im-cm-
∑mcpw AtX-k-abw th≠-t∏mƒ th≠-t]mse cq]-sa-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-hcpw Bb Ch¿ cm£-kcpsS
K¿∆-wi-an-∏n-bv°pw. Ch-sc-√m-hcpw tZhmw-i-kw-`-h-∑m-cmWv AXp-sIm≠v tZh-i-{Xp-°sf C-h¿
apSn-bv°pw. Ch-cn¬ ]e¿°pw B\-bp-tSbpw knwl-Ønt‚bpw Icp-Øp-≠v. Nne¿°p \oe-\n-dw. Nne¿°v
kz¿Æ-h¿Æw. IÆp-Xp-Sp-Ø-hcpw hmep-\o-≠-h-cpw, Nne¿ kv^Sn-I-h¿Æ-°mcpw ˛ F√m-hcpw bp≤-hoc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Imbpw I\nbpw Xn∂p-I-gn-bp∂ FÆ-an-√m-Ø{X hm\-c-∑m¿ Aß-bpsS ]mZ-tk-hbv°p ImØp-
\n¬°p-∂p. E£-\m-b-I-\mb Pmw_-hm≥ {_“m-hns‚ ]p{X-\m-Wv. tImSn-hm-\-c-tk-\-I-fpsS \mb-I\pw
Fs‚ a{¥n-bp-amb l\p-am-\n-Xm. Cßs\ alm-∑m-cm-b-h¿ ]e-cp-ap-≠v. Aß-bpsS B{Klw Chsc
Adn-bn-®m¬ ]ns∂-sb√mw Ah-cm-bn-s°m-ffp-w''. CXp-tI´ {iocm-a≥ kt¥m-jm-{ip-°-tfmsS kp{Kohs\
Benw-K\w sNbvX-tijw ]d-p. ""Fs‚ Imc-y-Øn¬ Kuchw \n\-°-dn-bm-a-t√m. AXn-\pth≠Xp
\oXs∂ sNøp-I. koXsb Xnc-bm≥ (am¿§-Wm¿∞w) hm\-c-∑msc F√m-Zn-°n-tebv°pw
Ab-bv°pI''. AXp-tI´v kp{Koh≥ ]d-p Hmtcm-Zn-°n-tebv°p \qdm-bncw hm\-c-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS
\mb-I-∑mcpw t]mI-s´. sX°p-`m-K-tØbv°v {]tX-y-In®v alm-tbm-K-y-∑m¿ ]ecpw t]mI-Ww. AwK-
Z≥, Pmw_-hm≥, l\p-am≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ AXn¬th-Ww. ap∏-Xp-Zn-h-k-߃°pf-fn¬ Ch¿ temI-Ønseßpw
koXsb Xnc-p-I-≠p-]n-Sn-bv°-Ww. koX-sb-°m-WmsX ap∏-Xp-Zn-h-khpw Ign-p-h-cp∂h¿°v
ac-W-in-£-bmWv. inh-\mWv kX-yw. \mep-Iq-´-tØmSpw Cßs\ Iev]n®v ]d--b-®p. Cßs\
Iev]-\-sIm-SpØp kp{Ko-h≥ {iocm-as‚ kao-]-Øn-cp-∂p. ]pd-s∏-Sm≥ t\cØv Xs∂ sXmgp-Xl-\p-ams\
{iocm-a≥ thsd-hn-fn®v C{]-Imcw ]d-p. ""koX-bv°p-hn-i-zmkw D≠m-Ip-hm≥ kwibw
\o°m≥ Fs‚ t]cv sImØnb Cu tamXncw ssIøn¬ sImSp-°p-I. Fs‚ Imc-y-Øn¬ \o am{X-amsW-\nbv°p
{]amWw''. ]ns∂ koXbv°pw {iocm-a\pw am{Xw Adn-bp∂ Hcp AS-bm-fhpw
kw`-hhpw ]d-p-sIm-Sp-Øp. (Cu IY-sb-s¥∂v kp-µ-c-Im-fi-Øn¬ hy-‡-am-Ipw. ˛ Pb-¥≥ Im°bpsS
cq]-Øn¬ h∂v koXsb sImØnb kw`-hw) cmh-W≥ koXsb I´p-sIm-≠p-t]mb sX°p-`mKw
e£yam°n Ah¿ bm{X-Xp-S-ßn. e£-°-W-°n¬ hm\-c-∑m¿ \m\m-\Kw (]¿∆-Xw) \K-c-{Km-a-ß-fnsems°
Xnc-p-\-S-∂p. Aßs\ Ah¿ hn‘-y-]¿∆-X-Øn-se-Øn. ZpjvS-ar-K-ß-sfsIm-∂p-Xn-∂p∂
AXn-
Zp-jvS-\mb Hcp cm£-ks\ Ah¿ I≠p. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv cmh-W≥ F∂p IcpXn Ah¿ Atßm-´psN∂p.
Ahs\ F√m-hcpw IqSn CSn-®p-sIm-∂p. At∏m-gmWv AXv cmh-W-\-s√∂p t_m≤-y-am-b-Xv.
Ah¿ ]nt∂bpw \S-∂p.
kzbw {]`m-KXn
A‘-Im-c-W-y-amip ......................................................
............................................ tbmtK-i-k-∂n[n ]q°m-f-Xn-{ZpXw
B Ccp-´p-]n-Sn® Im´n¬ Ib-‰n-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿°v Zmlw tXm∂n. DW-ßnb sXm≠, Np≠v,
AÆm°v (ip-jvI-I-WvtTm-jvT-Xm-ep) F∂n-h-tbmsS \mhp-W-ßn-h-c≠v B hm\-c-∑m¿
\S-°p-tºmƒ Hcp Kpl-I-≠p. hf-fn-Ifpw ]p√p-Ifpw aqSn-°n-S-°p∂ CXn¬ shff ap≠m-Iptam F∂v
i¶n®p \n¬°p-tºmƒ. \\ Nnd-Ip-ambn {]mhv (s{Iu-©w) Ac-b∂w XpS-ßnb ]£n-Iƒ (Du¿-≤-z-tZiw)
aosX ]d-°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS Nnd-°n¬\n∂v shf-f-Øp-f-fn-Iƒ C‰n-ho-gp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXpsIm≠v
ChnsS shf-f-ap≠v F∂v \n›-bn®v B Kpl-bn¬ IS-°m≥ XpS-ßn. l\p -am≥ ap∂n¬ \S-∂p. a‰pf-f-h¿
]n∂m-se. Df-fn-tebv°p sN√pw-tXmdpw Ccp-´p-Iq-Sn. IÆp-Im-Wm--Xn-\m¬ Ah-sc-√m-hcpw
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 38

School of Distance Education
]c-kv]cw ssItIm¿Øp-]n-Sn®p apt∂dn. Aßs\ Iptd-t]m-b-t∏mƒ at\m-l-c-amb Hcp Znhy ÿew
I≠p Fßpw kz¿Æ tim` IÆn-∂m-\-µ-I-cw. apØp-a-Wn-Iƒ t]mse-bp-ff shffw \nd-bv°p∂
henb Pem-i-b-ß-fp-≠v, aqØp-]-gpØ ImbvI-fpsS `mcw-sIm≠v Nm -sIm-ºp-I-fp-ff ac-ß-fp-≠v.
Ah I≠m¬ Iev]-hr-£-ß-fm-sW-∂p-tXm-∂pw. Aar-Xn-\p-Xp-e-y-amb `£-y-]m-\o-b-߃ \nd-®p-≠v.
hne-]n-Sn® hkv{X-ßfpw B`-c-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v. a\p-j-y-cm-cp-an-√msX kz¿§-Xp-e-y-amb ÿew. Ahn-sS-bpff
Hcp Krl-Øn¬ kz¿Æ-abamb cXv\w ]Xn® Hcp ]oT-Øn¬ tbmKn-\n-bm-bn, PSm-h¬°-e-ß-f-Wn-
v. Cf-ImsX [ym-\-Øn-en-cn-bv°p∂ A·n-P-zm-e-t]mse tim`n-bv°p∂ Hcp kv{Xosb Ah¿ I≠p.
Ipc-ß-∑m¿ `b-_-lp-am-\-ß-tfmsS B tbmKn-\nsb hW-ßn. At∏mƒ {]k-∂-bmb tbmKn\n Ipc-ß-
∑m-tcmSv Bcm-Wv? ChnsS F¥n-\p-h-∂p? Chn-tS-bv°p-f-f-h-gn-sb-ßs\ I≠p? C\n Ftßm-´p
-t]m-Ip-∂p? Fs∂√mw tNmZn®p. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ AXoh hn\-b-tØmsS cmam-bWw IY AXphscbpf-fXv
kw{K-ln®p ]d-p. (Cu Bh¿Ø\w IY-bp-d-∏n-bv°m-\m-sW∂p kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m)
`hXn Bcm-sW∂pw tNmZn-®p. AXp-tI´v Nncn-®p-sIm≠v ^e-aq-emZnIƒ `£n®v hni∏pw Zmlhpw
am‰n-h-cp-hn≥. At∏mƒ Rms\s‚ IY ]d-bmw. AXp-tI´v Ah¿ aXn-bm-thmfw ]g-߃ Xn∂v tX≥
IpSn®v _p≤n -sX-fnv Xncn-®p-h∂p sXmgp-Xp-\n-∂-t∏mƒ tbmKn\n l\p-am-t\mSv ]d-p: tZh-in-ev]nbmb
hni-z-I¿Ωm-hns‚ aI-fmbn tla F∂p t]cmb Hcp kpµcn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahƒ Xs‚
\¿Ø\ sshZ-Kv[yw sIm≠v inhs\ (ap-Kvt≤µp tiJ-cw) {]km-Zn-∏n-®p. AXn-\m¬ Ahƒ°p inh≥
\¬In-b-XmWv Cu ÿew. Ahƒ Bbn-c-am-bncw Znh-y-h-’-c-߃ (km-[m-cW sIm√-ß-tf-°mƒ
hfsc ssZ¿L-y-ta-dn-b-Xv) D’-h-a-b-ambn ChnsS Ign-p-Iq-Sn. Ah-fpsS tXmgn-bmb Fs‚ t]cv kzbw-{]`
F∂m-Wv. Ft∏mgpw tam£-Øn-\p-th≠n ImØn-cn-bv°p-∂-hfpw hnjvWp-`-‡-bpamb Rm≥ Hcp
K‘¿∆s‚ aI-fm-Wv. tla{_-“-tem-I-tØbv°p t]mb-t∏mƒ Ft∂m-Sp-]-d-p. ""\o ChnsS kZm-
X-]- p-sN-bvXn-cn-bv°p-I. ZpjvS-P-¥p-°-sfm∂pw ChnsS IS-°n-√. t{XXm-bp-K-Øn¬ alm-hnjvWp
{iocm-a-\mbn P\nbv°pw (ho≠pw cmam-bW kw{K-lw) koX-sb-Øn-cp hcp∂ hm\-c-∑msc \o
k¬°-cn®v Ah¿°p-th≠ klm-b-߃ sNbvX-tijw {iocm-as\ sN∂v hWßn kvXpXn-®m¬
\n\°v imi-z-X-amb tam£w In´pw''. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ {iocm-a-k-∂n-[n-bn-tebv°p t]mhp-I-bm-Wv.
AXn\v apºmbn \nßsf Rm≥ ]gb hgn-bn¬ FØn-®p-X-cmw. F√m-hcpw Aev]-t\cw IÆ-S-bv°p-hn¬.
Ah¿ IÆ-S®p. ASp-Ø-\n-anjw ]gb Im´n¬Øs∂ FØn. F¥Xni-bta F∂p-Nn-¥n®v Ah¿ I≠h-gn-bn-eqsS
apt∂m-´p-\-S-∂p. kzbw {]` DSs\ {iocm-as‚ Acn-In-se-Øn.
e£vaW kp{Ko-h-tk-hnX ....................................................
......................................................... ]Zw {]m]n-®n-X-h-ybw
e£vaW kp{Ko-h-∑m-tcmSp IqSn-bp-ff {iocm-as\ kzbw {]` I≠p hW-ßn. KZvK-Z-tØm-sSbpw
tcmam-©-tØm-tSbpw kvXpXn®p. IrXzm = sNbvXn-´v, \Xzm = \a-kvI-cn-®n-´v, kvXpXzm = kvXpXn-®n-´v, Zmko-
X-thmlw = Rm\-ß-bpsS Zmkn-bm-Ip-∂p. `h-¥w-a-a-keman = Aßsb Rm≥ \a-kvI-cn-°p-∂p. thZ-y≥
= Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h≥. Aßsb H∂p-Im-Wm≥ Rm\-t\-Im-bncw sIm√-ambn X]- p-sN-øp-∂p. AXns‚
^ew CSt∏mƒ In´n. Aßsb B¿°pw Adn-bn-√. Aßv BZ-y-\m-Wv. F√m-Po-h-
Pm-e-ß-fp-tSbpw AIØpw ]pdØpw IqSn-sIm-f-fp-∂-h-\mWv. amb-bm-Ip∂ Xnc-»o-e-sIm≠v adp
a\p-j-y-th-i-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂p. A⁄m-\n-Iƒ°-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ hn⁄m\aq¿Øn-bm-W-ßv. cq]w +
Xh + CZw + kZm + `mXp + am\tk = Aß-bpsS Cucq-]w-F-t∏mgpw Fs‚ a\- n¬
hnf-ß-s´, hnUw-_\w = A\p-I-c-Ww, a\p-j-y-\mbn `qan-bn¬ Aßv Ah-X-cn-®Xv `‡¿°v Aß-bpsS IY
]d-bm-\m-sW-∂pw, Zi-c-Ys‚ Xt]m-_-ew-sIm-≠m-sW-∂pw, sIuke-y-bpsS {]m¿∞-\-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw
koX-bpsS `mKyw sIm≠m-sW-∂pw, {_“m-hns‚ At]-£-{]-Imcw ZpjvS-\n-{K-l-Øn-\m-sW∂pw,
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 39

School of Distance Education
[¿Ω-sØ-c-£n-bv°m-\m-sW-∂pw, A[¿ΩsØ \in-∏n-bv°m-\m-sW-∂pw, tZhi-{Xp-°sf \in-∏n®v tZh-
∑msc c£n-bv°m-\m-sW-∂pw, Fs∂ms° al¿jn-am¿ ]d-bp-∂p. `hm¿Æhw = kwkm-c-k-ap-{Zw.
Cßs\ ]eXpw ]dv kvXpXn® B `‡-tbmSv {iocm-a≥ Xm≥ k¥p-jvS-\m-sb∂pw F¥p-h-c-amWv
th≠-sX∂pw tNmZn-®p. AXp-tI´v Ah-ƒ ]d-p. ""Fs‚ F√m B{K-l-ßfpw C∂p km[n-®p. b{X-
Ip-{Xm]n (F-hn-sS-bm-sW-¶n-epw) {iocm-a- -`-‡nbv°v Cf-°-ap-≠m-I-cp-Xv. Aß-bpsS `‡-∑msc∏‰n-bp-ff
Hm¿Ω Ft∏mgpw D≠m-IWw. {]mIr-X-∑m-cp-ambn Hcn-bv°epw _‘-s∏-Sm-\n-S-h-c-cp-Xv. Aß-bpsS
tXtPm-a-b-amb at\m-l-c-cq]w Ft∏mgpw a\- n¬ D≠m-hWw. Aßs\ hcp-sa∂v {iocm-a≥ A\p-{K-ln-®p.
C\n \o _-Z-c-ym-{i-a-Øn¬ t]mbn Fs∂ [ym-\n-®n-cp-∂m¬ aXn. F∂p {iocm-a≥ ]d-p. AX-\p-kcn®v
XssZh (XZm + Gh = At∏mƒ Xs∂) kzbw {]`_Z-c-y-{i-a-Øn-te-bv°p-t]m-bn. Ahn-sS-sh®v
hnjvWp-]Zw {]m]n-®p. ({io-cm-a-\m-a-P]w kvXpXn CsX√mw Xcw In´p-tºm-sg√mw {]tbm-Kn-bv°pI F∂
coXn-In-fn-∏m-´n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p. `‡n-{]-N-cWw Xs∂ Imh-y-e-£-yw).
AwK-Zm-Zn-I-fpsS kwibw
a¿°S k©bw tZhnsb .........................................
.......................................................... \sΩ-sb-t∂m¿Ø-h¿
B hm\-c-∑m¿ Cßs\ Fßpw koXsb At\-z-jn®v Is≠-Øm-\m-ImsX, F{X-Zn-hkw Ignp
F∂pw Adn-bmsX, ac-s°m-ºp-I-fn¬ Ccn-bv°p-tºmƒ AwK-Z≥ Ah-tcm-Smbn ]dp''. ]mXm-f-
Øn¬°-S∂v Np‰n-Øn-cn--Xn-\m¬ (k-zbw {]`m-{i-aw) F{X Znhkw Ignp F∂pw Adn-bn-√. Hcp
amk-sams°°gn-n-´p-≠m-hpw. koXsb I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xp-an-√. Iev]\-b-\p-k-cn-bv°msX Xncn®p sN∂m¬
\Ω-sf-sb√mw sIm√p-sa-∂p-Xo¿® kp{Ko-hm-⁄bv°v bmsXm-cp -am-‰-hp-an-√. i{Xp-hns‚ aI-\mb Fs∂
hnti-jn-®p-sIm-√pw. kX-y-Øn¬ {iocm-a-\mWv Fs∂ c£n-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ Imcyw km[n-bv°m-
Ø-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ klm-b-hp-ap-≠m-In-√. kz¥w AΩbv°p Xpe-y-bmb ktlm-Z-c-]-Xv\nsb
bmsXmcp \mW-hp-an-√msX `mc-y-bm-°n-sh® B hm\c t{ijvT-\mb \oN\v sNøm¬ ]mSn-√m-Ø-sX-
¥mWv. (A-Ωsb as‰m-cmƒ {]m]n-bv°p-∂Xv \n -lm-b-\mbn kln-bvt°≠n hcp∂ Hcp ]p{Xs‚ a\n¬
ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-´p-In-S-°p∂ tcmj-amWv a\:-im-kv{X-hn-im-c-Z-\mb Fgp-Øp-—≥ AwK-Zs‚ hm°p-
I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. Rm\-bm-fpsS apºn-te-bv°n-t√-bn-√. GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ \nß-sf-
√m-hcpw aS-ßn-t∏m-bns°m-f-fp-hn≥''. CXp-tI´v D≈-env kam-\-Zp:-Jn-X-cmb a‰p-hm-\-c-∑m¿ AwK-
Zs‚ IÆo¿ XpS-®p-sIm≠p ]d-p. ""Aßs\ Zp:-Jn-bv°-cp-Xv. Aßsb c£n-°m≥ Rß-fp-≠v.
hbw (\-Ωƒ) Ct∏mƒ Xncn-®p-h∂ Kpl-bn-te-bv°p-Xs∂ (k-zbw {]`) t]mbn C\n-bp-ff Imew AhnsS
Ign-bmw. kz¿§-Øn\p Xpe-y-ambn F√m-kp-J-ß-fp-ap-ff ÿe-am-W-Xv. bmsXm-cp-Po-hnbpw Atßm-´p-I-
S-∂p-h-cn-I-bp-an-√. \ap-°n\n H´pw Xma-kn-bvt°≠''. AwK-Z-t\mSv a‰p-hm-\-c-∑m¿ C{]-Imcw
]d-bp-∂-Xp-tI´v \b-tIm-hn-Z-\mb l\p-am≥ AwK-Z-t\mSv ]d-p. (\-b-tIm-hn-Z≥ ˛ kp{Ko-hs‚ \b-
⁄-\mb a{¥n-bmWv l\p-am≥. AwK-Zs‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ kp{Ko-h-s\m-cp -{]-Xn]£w cq]-s∏-Sm-Xn-cnbv°m-t\m,
AwK-Z-t\m-Sp-ff A\p-I-º-sImt≠m BIWw l\p-am≥ ChnsS CS-s]-´-Xv.) l\p-am≥
AwK-Zs\ kvt\l-tØmsS Xtem-Sn-s°m-≠p-]-d-p. "" Fs¥mcp NoØ-Nn-¥-bm-Wn-Xv. Cßs\ NoØh-gn-I-sf-∏-‰n-sbm∂pw
Bcpw Btem-Nn-bv°-cp-Xv. {iocm-a\v Xmc-bpsS ]p{X≥ F∂-\n-ebv°v Aß-tbmSv
{]tX-y-I-hm-’-e-y-ap-≠v. A°m-cyw F\n-bv°p-am-{Xta Adn-bq. e£va-W-t\-°mƒ CjvS-amWv Aß-sb.
Aß-bpsS Ign-hp-Ifpw At±lw [cn-®p-sh-®n-´p-≠v. B kvt\l-Øn\v bmsXm-c-Ip-dhpw hcn-I-bn-√.
{iocm-a-\n¬ \n∂v bmsXm-cp-]-{Z-hhpw D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. AXn\pw ]pdta {iocm-a-`-‡-\mb kp{Ko-h\v
Ct∏mƒ BtcmSpw i{Xp-X-bn-√. tZth-{µ-s]u{X\mb Aßv bmsXmcp thh-em-Xnbpw IqSmsX
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 40

School of Distance Education
CXp-tIƒ°q. Rm\pw Aß-bpsS A`-yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-bm-Wv. Adn-hn-√-Ø-h¿h-√Xpw ]d-bp-∂-Xp-tI´p
]cn-{`-an-bv°-cp-Xv. A]-ISw Hgn-hm-°m≥ ]mXm-f-Øn-tebv°p aS-ßpI F∂v Cu Ipc-ß-∑m¿ ]d-n-t√.
{iocm-as‚ Aºn\v {]th-i-\-an-√mØ Hcp ÿe-hp-an-√. aq∂p-tem-I-Ønepw. Cu Aev]⁄m\n-Iƒ ]dbp∂
hnUvVnØw tI´v IpSp-ß-cp-tX. B]-Øp-h∂p \n¬°p∂ ka-bØv Bsc-¶nepw \√- -Xp-]-tZ-in-
®m¬ AXv tIƒ°m≥ tXm∂n-√. At∏mƒ ZpjvS-_p-≤n-I-fn¬ hni-zm-kw-h-cpw. k÷-\-ß-tfmSpw
shdp-∏p-tXm-∂pw. tZh-Im-c-y-ß-fn-epw, {_“WcpsS Imc-y-ß-fnepw, Xd-hm-´p-Im-c-y-ß-fn-epw, kz-[¿Ωm-Nc-W-Ønepw
At∏mƒ Xm¬∏-c-y-ap-≠m-hn-√. ]g-b-_-‘p-°-tfmSv \ockw tXm∂pw. CØcw Zp¿§p-W߃
s]cp-In-s∏-cpIn kz-¥w-hw-i- -\m-i-Øn\p Xs∂ Imc-W-°m-c-\m-Ipw. AXoh cl-k-y-amb Hcp
Imcyw Rm≥ ]d-bmw. {iocm-a≥ hnjvWp-hns‚ Ah-Xm-c-amWv F∂n-X-ymZn Bi-b-߃ ho≠pw Bh¿Ønbv°p-∂p.
\ma-]-Zm-h-enbpw tN¿Øn-cn-bv°p-∂p.) ap≥ P∑-Øn¬ \Ω-sf-√mhpw X] p sNbvXp
alm-hn-jvWp-hns\ {]X-y-£-am-°n-b-h-cmWv. A∂v alm-hnjvWp At±-l-Øns‚ ]m¿jZ
(]-cn-Nm-c-I) ÿm\w \ap-°p-X-∂n-´p-≠v. B Ah-k-c-amWv Ct∏mƒ ssIh-∂n-´p-f-f-Xv. C\n
Gsd-Øm-a-kn-bmsX \ap°v sshIp-WvT-tem-I-Øn-se-Ømw''. Cßs\ AwK-Zs\ Bi-z-kn-∏n®v hn‘-y-
]¿∆-X-Øn¬ \osf koX-sb-Xn-c-p-Xn-cp \S∂v sX°≥ kap-{Z-Xo-c-Øp-ff atl-{µ-]¿∆-X-Øns‚
ASn-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn. ZpkvX-chpw (a-dn-I-S-°m-\m-hm-Ø) AKm-[hpw A]m-c-hp-amb kap{Zw ap∂n¬°≠v
Aw-K-Z≥ XpS-ßnb hm\-c-∑m-sc√mw `b∂v ({X-kvX¿) k¶-S-s∏-´p. C\n F¥p-sNøpw F∂v Ah¿ ]ckv]cw
tNmZnbv°m≥ XpS-ßn. Fhn-tSbpw (Ip-{Xn-Nn¬) CXp-h-tcbpw koX-tbtbm cmh-W-t\tbm
I≠n-√. amkw GXm-≠p-I-gn-n-cn-°-Ww. kp{Ko-h≥ Xo£v-W-Z-fi≥ (I-Tn\ in£-°m-c≥) BWv.
\sΩ sIm√pw F∂p Xo¿®. kp{Ko-h≥ sIm√p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \ntX-ym-]-hmkw A\p-jvTn®v acn-bv°p-∂-
XmWv tam£w e`n-°m≥ \√-Xv. \ΩpsS hn[n-bn-ß-s\-bm-bn-cnbv°mw F∂v Xo¿®-bm°n Ah-sc√mw
Z¿`-∏p√p hncn®v D]-h-kn-®p-In-S-∂p.
kºm-Xn-hm-Iyw
At∏mƒ atl-{µm-N-te{µ .................................
.......................................................... hm\-c-∑m-tcmSp sNm√n-\m≥.
B ka-bØv atl-{µ-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Hcp Kpl-bn¬\n∂v ]¿∆-Xm-Im-c-\mb Hcp X¥-°-gp-Iƒ
]Xps° ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. ]c∂p InS-°p∂ Ipc-ß-∑msc I≠v Igp-I-cm-Pmhv ]d-p. Nnd-In√mØ
F\n°v CXm Cui-z-c≥ Hcp-]mSv `£Ww X∂n-cn-bv°p-∂p. Fs‚ `mK-yw. Ch-cn¬ BZ-y-am-Zyw Nmhp-
∂-hsc B{I-a-Øn¬ `£n-bv°mw. Igp-Is‚ hm°p-tI´v ]cn-{`-an® Ipc-ß-∑m¿ ]c-kv]cw ]dp.
Cu ]¿∆-Xm-Im-c-\mb Igp-I≥ \Ω-sf-sb√mw sImØn hngp-ßpw. Cßs\ Zp¿Ω-cWw hcn-bv°m-
\mtWm \ΩpsS tbmKw. \Ωƒ°n-Xp-hsc H∂pw sNøm≥ Ign-n-√. I¿ΩtZmjw F∂-√m-sX-¥p-]d-bm≥.
cma-Im-cyw km[n-®n-√. kp{Ko-hs‚ B{Klw \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-√. iq\-y-\mb Cu ]£n-bm¬
sIm√-s∏-´m¬ \mw alm-]m-]n-I-fm-bn-Øo-cpw. alm-flm-hmb B PSm-bp-hns‚ tbmK-yX B¿°p
-]-d-bmw. Ah-s\-t∏mse ]pWyw sNbvX as‰mcp Pohn-bn-√. {iocmas‚ Imc-y-Øn-\p-th≠n acn-bvt°-
≠-h∂ B `mK-y-hm≥ hnjvWp-tem-I-Øn¬ Xs∂ FØn-bn-cn-bv°pw. alm-hn-jvWp-hns‚ A\p-{K-l-
Øm¬ ]£n-bm-sW-¶nepw Ah\v tam£-wIn-´n. Ipc-ß-∑m-cpsS Cu hm°p-Iƒ tI´p kºmXn
AX-ym-\-µ-tØmsS tNmZn-®p. ""sNhn-Iƒ°v Aar-Xn\p Xpe-y-amb hm°p-Iƒ ]d-bp∂ \nß-fm-cm-Wv?
F¥mWv \n߃ PSm-bp-hns‚ Imcyw ]d--Xv. t]Sn-bv°msX \n߃ Fs‚ ASp-tØ-bv°p-h-cp-hn≥.
At∏mƒ AwK-Z≥ kss[-cyw Fgp-t∂‰v {iocm-as\ [ym-\n®v (kw-`m-hy) B Igp-Is‚ ASp-sØØn
Cßs\ ]d-p. (cm-am-bW IY-bpsS Bh¿Ø\w ˛ £W-Zm-c-N≥ = cm£-k≥, £WZ = cm{Xn)
cmh-W≥ PSm-bp-hns‚ B{I-a-W-Øm¬ Ipg-ßn-b-t∏mƒ N{µ-lmkw F∂-hmƒsIm≠v PSm-bp-hns‚
Nnd-Ip-sh-´n. PSmbp `qan-bn¬ho-Wp. Fs‚ `¿Øm-hn-s\-°≠v Imc-y-ß-sf√mw [cn-∏n-bv°p∂Xphsc
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 41

School of Distance Education
\n\°v acWw D≠m-In√ F∂v koX PSm-bp-hns\ A\p-{K-ln-®p. Aßs\ {iocm-as\ hm¿Ø-I-sf√mw
Adn-bn-®-tijw PSm-bp-k-z¿§w {]m]n-®p. (Xp-S¿∂v cmam-bW IYm-h¿Ø-\w) \o koX-sb-∏‰n h√Xpw
Adn-n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ ]d-p-X-c-Ww. CXmWv Rß-fp-sS-Im-cyw F∂v AwK-Z≥ ]d--t∏mƒ B
]£n kt¥m-j-tØmsS ]d-p. ""PSmbp Fs‚ {]nb-s∏´ ktlm-Z-c-\m-Wv. Rm\-hs\ ]ncn-n´v
Iptd-°m-e-am-bn. At\-Im-bncw sIm√-߃°p-tijw C∂Wv Rm≥ Fs‚ ktlm-Z-cs‚ hm¿Ø-bdnv.
Fs‚ ktlm-Z-c\v DZ-I-{Inb sNø-Ww. \n߃ Fs∂ FSpØp shf-f-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-sh®v
Fs∂-s°m≠p DZ-I-{Inb sNø-bv°p-hn≥. Rm≥ \n߃°p hm°psIm≠v klmbw sNømw. hm\c-∑m¿
B ]£nsb IS¬Øo-c-sØ-Sp-Øp-sh-®v, IS-en¬ Ipfn-∏n®v tij-{In-b-Iƒ sNøn®v ]g-b-ÿm-
\-Øn-cp-Øn. At∏mƒ kºmXn kz-ÿ-\mbn koX-bpsS Imc-y-߃ ]d-p. kap-{Z-a-≤-y-Øn¬ {XnIq-
S-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ apI-fn¬ e¶ Fs∂mcp Zzo-]p-≠v. Ahn-sS-bp-ff AtimI-h-\-Øn¬ koX cm£-kn-Ifm¬
Np‰-s∏-´n-cn-bv°p-∂p. Ahn-tSbv°v Hcp \qdp-tbm-P\ Zqc-ap-≠v. Igp-I-\mbXn\m¬ F\n-bv°Xp
t\sc-Im-Wmw. (I-gp-I\v Zqc-°mgvN IqSpw) Cu kap{Zw IS-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h\v koXsb I≠p-h-cmw.
Fs‚ A\p-P-s\-s°m∂ ZpjvSs\ GXphnt[\sb-¶nepw sImt∂-]-‰q. F\n-bvs°m-´p-Nn-d-Ip-an-√. \n߃
F¥-≤-zm\w sNbvXmepw kap{Zw IS-°Ww ]ns∂ {iocm-a≥ h∂v cmh-Ws\ sIm∂p-sIm-f-fpw.
CX-Xn-s\m-cp-am¿§-am-Wv. kap{Zw IS∂v koXsb I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°m-\p-ff hgn-bm-tem-Nn-bv°pI F∂-h¿
XΩn¬ XΩn¬ ]d-p. At∏mƒ kºmXn Xs‚ ]q¿∆-I-Y-hm-\-c-∑m-tcmSp ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.
Rm\pw PSm-bphmw {`mXm-hpw...................................
................................................................. kºm-Xn-hn-lm-b-km.
]≠v Rm\pw ktlm-Z-c-\mb PSmhpw tNmc-Øn-f-∏p-sIm≠pw Al-¶m-cw-sIm≠pw Rß-fpsS
_e-th-K-߃ a’-cn-®-dn-bm≥ BIm-i-tØbv°v ]d-∂p-b¿∂p. kqc-y-a-fi-e-tØmfw R߃ ]d-∂pb¿∂p.
R߃ Xf¿∂p. am{X-a√ kqc-y-c-ivan-tb‰v PSm-bp-hns‚ Nnd-Ip-I-cn-bm≥ XpS-ßn. DSs\
Ahs\ c£n-bv°m≥ Rm≥ aosX-]-d- -∂p. AtXmsS c≠p-Nn-d-Ipw-I-cnv Rm≥ `qan-bn¬ hoWp.
Nnd-tIm-Sp-IqSn PSm-bphpw hoWp. ]£n-Iƒ°v Nnd-Im-W-t√m-_-ew. Rm≥ hn‘-y-]¿∆-X-Ønse Im´nemWv
hoW-Xv. AhnsS IÆp-Im-WmsX aq∂p Znhkw InS-∂p. Poh≥ _m°n-bmbXn\m¬ DW¿∂pt\m-°p-tºmƒ
Nnd-Ip-Iƒ Icn-p-t]m-b-Xmbn I≠p. ]ns∂ sX°pw hS°pw Xncn-bmsX ]cn-{`-an®v
\nc-ßn-\oßn \nim-I-c≥ F∂ al¿jn-bpsS ]pW-ym-{i-a-Øn-seØn ]gb ]cn-Nbw Hm¿Øv al¿jn
Ft∂mSp tNmZn-®p. ""CsX-¥p-]-‰n. Nnd-sI-ßs\ \in-®p. Bcm-Wn-Xp-sN-bvX-Xv. i‡-\mb \ns‚ NndsI-ßs\
Icn-p?'' Rm≥ hn\-bm-\-zn-X-\mbn F√m-Im-c-yhpw al¿jn-tbmSp ]d-p. am{X-a√ C\n
Rm≥ D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v F¥mWv sNtø-≠-sX∂pw tNmZn-®p. AXp-tI´v Nncn-®p-sIm≠v ap\n kZbw
]d-p. Rm≥ kXyw ]d-bmw. ]ns∂ \n\-°p-I-gn-bp-tºmse sNbvXp-sIm-f-fpI (Ip-cp-j-z). tZl-amWv
F√m Zp:-J-߃°pw ImcWw tZl-am-Is´ I¿Ω-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tZl-Øn-ep-ff Rms\-∂-
`mhw sIm≠mWv Al-¶m-c-I¿Ω-߃ sNøp-∂-Xv. Al-¶mcw anY-ybpw Ahn-Z-y-bp-am-Wv. Np´p-]-gpØ
Ccp-ºpI-´n-t]mse (X-]vX-amtbmcb:-]n-fi-h¬) AXv t\cn-b-t_m-[-tØmSv Ie¿∂p-In-S-°p-∂p. AXn\v
tZl-tØmSv XmZm-flyw D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Xm≥ tNX-\-bp-f-fh\msW∂ tXm∂-ep-≠m-Ip-∂p. Rm≥
tZlw Xs∂-bmWv F∂ Hcp tXm∂¬ amb ImcWw Bflm-hn-\p-≠m-Ip-∂p. tZl-amWv Rm≥, I¿Ωß-fpsS
I¿Øm-hmWv Rm≥ C{]-Imcw k¶-ev]n®v Poh≥ I¿Ω߃ sNbvXv AXns‚ ^e-ß-fn¬
IpSp-ßn, taml-h-e-b-Øn¬s∏´v P∑-a-c-W-am-Ip∂ kwkmc kpJ-Zp:-J-߃°v Iogvs∏´v ]pW-y-ÿm-\߃
ad-°p-∂p. Cßs\ ta¬t∏m´pw Iogvt∏mSpw {`an®v ]pW-y-]m-]-߃ CS-I-e¿∂ Hcmƒ Rm≥
hfsc k¬°¿Ω-߃ sNbvXp F∂p Nn¥n-°p-∂p. kmºØnI-i-‡n-bv°-\p-k-cn®v bmK-ßfpw Zm\ßfpw
\n¿∆-ln®v IjvS-Im-e-ß-sf√mw Ifv kz¿§-Øn-seØn kpJ-am-bn-°-gn-bWw F∂p Nn¥n-®ncn-bv°p-tºmƒ
acWw kw`-hn®v kpJ-am-bn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ Iotgm´v Xe-IpØn hogp-∂p. ]pWyw Xo¿∂m¬
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 42

School of Distance Education
N{µ-a-fi-e-Øn-seØn atm-Sp-IqSn `qan-bn¬ hoWv ]e-Xcw ie-y-ß-fmbn ]cn-W-an®v kt¥m-j-ambv
Iptd-Imew Ignbpw. ]ns∂ ]pcp-j≥ A\p-`-hn-bv°p∂ km[-\-߃ Xs∂ \mem-bn-Øo-cpw. AXn¬
H∂v ip¢(tc-X- v) ambn-Øo¿∂v kv{XobpsS K¿`-Øn¬ sN∂p-]-Xn-bv°p-∂p. tbm\n-bnse c‡-tØmSp
tN¿∂ AXns\ Pcmbp (K¿`ÿ inip-hns\ s]mXn-p-ff ]mS ˛ adp-Ip-´n)-sIm≠v Bh-cWw sNøpw.
Hcp Znh-kw-sIm≠v IqSn-t®¿∂v AXv Iee (K¿`-]n-fiw)-am-Ipw. AXp-]ns∂ A©p-cm{Xn _pZv_p-Zm-
Imc (Ip-an-f-bpsS cq]w) amIpw. A©p-Zn-\-߃sIm≠v amwkhpw t]in-Ifpw D≠m-Ipw. ]nt∂bpw
]Xn-\-©p-Zn-hkw sIm≠v t]in-Iƒ c‡-tØm-Sp-tN-cpw. \qd-pZn-\w-sIm≠v AwIp-tcm-ev]-Ønbpw D≠mIpw
A©p-am-kw-sIm≠v AwK-ß-fn¬ k‘n-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. \memw amk-Øn¬ hnc-ep-Ifpw ]√p-Ifpw
\J-ßfpw Kpl-y-`m-K-ßfpw D≠m-Ipw. aq°pw IÆpw sNhnbpw A©mw-amkwsIm≠v AwK-ß-fn¬
k‘n-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. Bdmw amk-Øn¬ sNhn-Iƒ Xpd-°pw. tat{Vm-]-ÿm-`n-]m-bp-°ƒ Ggmw
amk-Øn-ep-≠m-Ipw. F´mw-am-k-Øn¬ Xe-apSn apf-bv°pw. HºXmw amk-Øn¬ amXm-hns‚ hb-‰n¬°n-
S∂v ]pjvSn-s∏-Spw. Znh-tk\ hf-cp-Ibpw sNøpw. ssIIm-ep-Iƒ Cf-°m≥ XpS-ßpw. A©mw amkw
apX¬ Zn\w tXmdpw Poh\v ssNX-\yw IqSn-°q-Sn-h-cpw. \m`o-\m-f-Øns‚ t\cnb Zzm-c-Øn-epsS AΩ
Ign-bv°p∂ `£-WsØ B{i-bn®v K¿`-]nfiw ho≠pw hf-cpw. I¿Ω-_‘w ImcWw acWw kw`hn-bv°n-√.
At∏mƒ Ign P∑-ßfpw A°m-eØv sNbvX I¿Ω-ßfpw Hm¿Øp Zp:-Jn®v AΩ-bpsS
Pwcm-·n-bpsS NqSv kln®v ]q¿∆-I¿Ω-ß-fpsS Imc-W-߃ Cßs\ ]dp XpS-ßpw. ""Rm≥ ]Øp-
\q-dm-bncw tbm\n-I-fn¬ P\n-®p. F{Xtbm I¿Ωƒ A\p-`-hn-®p. a°ƒ, `mc-y-_-‘p-°ƒ F∂n-ßs\
F{X \qdm-bncw tImSn Po-hn-I-fp-ambn _‘p-Xzw D≠m-bn. IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn¬am{Xw {i≤n®v
A\-ym-b-ambn \nX-yhpw [\w tiJ-cn-®p. F∂m¬ hnjvWp-hns\ Hm¿Øn-√, IrjvW-\maw P]n-®n-√.
AXns‚sb√mw ^ew Ct∏mƒ Chn-sS-In-S-∂-\p-`-hn-bv°p-∂p. Cu K¿`-]m-{X-Øn¬ \n∂v Ft∏mƒ
Rm≥ ]pd-Øp-NmSpw. C\n Rm≥ ZpjvS-X-Im-Wn-bv°n-√. \√-Im-c-y-ßtf sNøq. \mcm-b-W-k-zm-ansb
am{Xta Bcm-[n-bv°p-I-bp-ffq''. Cßs\ ]e-bXpw Nn¥n®v Nn¥n®v Poh≥ Cui-z-cs\ kvXpXn-bv°m≥
XpS-ßpw. Aßs\ ]Øp-amkw XnI-bp-tºmƒ `qan-bn¬ ]nd-°pw. {]k-h-hm-bphns‚ i‡n-sIm≠v
thZ-\-tbmsS tbm\o-Z-zm-c-Øn¬°qSn Po-h≥ ]nd-°pw. A—\Ω-am-cm¬ ]men-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂h (]m-e-y-amt\m-]n)-\m-bn´pw
_me-y-Im-e-ß-fnepw a‰pw A\p-`-hn-bv°p∂ k¶-S-ß-sf-∏‰n F¥p ]d-b-s´. sbu∆\-
Øn-tebpw hm¿≤-I-y-Øn-tebpw Zp:-J-߃°v IW-°n-√. \o A\p-`-hn-®n-´p-ff A°m-c-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®v
F¥n-\p-]-d-bp-∂p. tZl-amWv Rms\-∂-tXm-∂¬sIm≠p-ff Al-¶m-c-Øn¬\n∂v kpJ-Zp:-J-ß-fp-≠m-
Ip-∂-Xv. K¿`-Øn¬ hkn-bv°pI XpS-ßnb Zp:-Jßpw PohPm-e-ß-fpsS P\-\-a-c-W-Zp:-Jhpw A\p-`-hnbvt°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv
tZlw Imc-W-am-Wv. ÿqe kq£vam-flI ico-c-Øns‚ c≠-h-ÿ-bv°-∏pdw IpSnsIm-f-fp-∂Xv
Cui-z-c-\m-Wv. tZlm-Zn-I-fn-ep-ff Xm¬∏-cyw Dt]-£n®v \o Bfl-⁄m-\n-bmbn hmgp-I.
(Cu-i-zcs‚ hnti-j-W-ß-fpsS ]c-º-c). ambm-h-nap-‡-\mWv Cui-z-c≥ F∂-dn-bp-∂-h\pw ambm-tam-lap-≠m-hp-I-bn-√.
Rm≥ \n\°v as‰m-cp-]-tZiw IqSn-X-cmw. (cm-am-bW IYm-kw-{K-j-Øns‚ Bcw-`w).
(]p-fi-cn-tIm-¤X = Xma-c-bn¬ ]nd-∂-hƒ ˛ e£vao-tZ-hn) hm\-c-∑m¿°p koX-bn-cn-bv°p-∂-ÿew ]d-
p-sIm-S-pØm¬ \n\°p ]pXp-Xmbn Nnd-Ip-Iƒ apf-®p-h-cpw. ""]≠v \nim-I-c-ap\n Fs∂ Cß-s\sb√mw
]dp hni-z-kn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. t\m°q A¤p-X-sa-∂-√m-sX-¥p-]-d-bm≥. F\nbv°v ]pØ≥ Nnd-
Ip-Iƒ apf-®p-h-∂-Xp-t\m-°p-hn≥. tbmK-y-∑m-cmb al¿jn-am-cpsS hm°p-Iƒ ]ng-bv°n-√. {iocma IYbpsS
amlm-flyw B¿°p hnh-cn°m≥ Ign-bpw. cma-\m-a-Øn-\p-Xp-e-y-ambn as‰m∂pw F\n-bv°p-tXm-∂p-
∂n-√. \n߃°p \√-Xp-h-c-s´. koXsb Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-b-s´. ITn-\m-≤-zm\w sNbvXm¬ C∂p Xs∂
IS¬I-S-°m≥ Ign-bpw. {iocm-a-\maw P]n-bv°p-∂-h¿°v kwkm-c-am-Ip∂ kap{Zw Xs∂ IS-°m≥
Ign-bp-∂p. {iocm-a-]-Xv\nsb ImWm≥ t]mIp∂ \n߃°v IS¬ IS-°p-hm≥ bmsXm-cp-{]-bm-k-hp-ap-
≠m-I-bn√''. Cß-s\-sbms° ]dv kºmXn BIm-i-Øn¬ ]d-∂p-a-d-p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 43

kap-{Z-ew-L-\-Øn\v I]n-I-fpsS Btem-N\
]ns∂-°-]n-h-c-∑m¿ .....................................................
.............................................. tamZ-tØm-Sn-cp-∂n-X-°m-eta
School of Distance Education
]ns∂ hm\-c-∑m¿ ]c-kv]cw ]d-bm≥Xp-S-ßn. `b-¶-c-amb apX-e-°q-´-ßfpw (\-{I-N-{Iw)
a‰p-ap-ff kap{Zw t\m°n-bn´v Ah¿ ]d-p. \man-sX-ßs\ IS-°pw. Fßpw adp-I-c-Im-Wp-∂n-√.
Bhm-Ø-Im-c-y-sØ-∏‰n Nn¥n-®vsIm≠v Nmhm≥ tbmK-am-bn. At∏mƒ AwK-Z≥ ]d-p. alm-i-‡-
∑m-cmb \nß-fn¬ Hcmƒ ""Rm≥ kap{Zw IS°mw'' F∂v Ft∂m-Sp-]-d-m¬ Ah≥ F\nbv°v
Poh-\p-Xp-e-y-\m-Wv. kp{Ko-ht‚bpw {iocm-at‚bpw e£va-Wt‚bpw Zp:Jw \o°n c£n-bv°p-∂Xpw Ah≥
Xs∂-bm-bn-cnbv°pw. AwKZ≥ C{]-Im-cw-]-d--t∏mƒ Ah¿ XΩn¬ XΩn¬ t\m°nbX√msX H∂pw
adp-]Sn ]d-n-√. At∏mƒ AwK-Z≥ ho≠pw ]d-p. ""\n߃ F√m-hcpw \√-hÆw Btem-Nn®v
\nß-fpsS _ew ]d-bp-hn≥ (D-N-y-Xmw)'' F\nbv°p ]Øp-tbm-P-\-NmSmw F\n-bv°n-cp-]Xv NmSmw F∂nßs\
F\n-bv°p-sXm-Æq-dp-tbm-P\ NmSm-sa-∂p-hsc Hmtcm-tcm-Ip-c-ß-∑m¿ ]d-p. kap{Zw \qdptbm-P-\-bp-≠-t√m.
Cu \ap-°m¿°pw Cu kap{Zw IS°m≥ Ign-bn√ ]≠v alm-hnjvWp ({Xn-hn-{I-a≥)
aq∂p-tem-I-ßfpw aq∂-Sn-sh-∏p-sIm≠v Af-°p∂ ka-bØv Fs‚bu-∆-\-Im-eØv s]cpºdbpw sIm´ns°m≠v
Ccp-]-sØm-∂p-X-hW Rm≥ alm-hn-jvWp-hns\ £W-k-a-bw-sIm≠v {]Z-£nWw sNbvXn-´p-
≠v. Ct∏mƒ hb- -\mbn kap{Zw IS-°m-\m-hn√ F√mw Cui-z-cs‚ Ifn. Pmw_-hm≥ (A-Pm-fl-P≥)
Cßs\ ]d--t∏mƒ AwK-Z≥ ]d-p. ""F\n-bv°-tßm´p NmSmw. ]t£ Ctßm-´p-t]m-cm≥
{]bm-k-ap-≠m-Ipw. a‰m¿°pw CXn-\p-I-gn-bn-s√-¶nepw Aß-bv°p-I-gn-bp-sa-¶nepw `rX-y-∑m¿ AXn-\p-k-
Ω-Xn-bv°p-I-bn-√. GsX-¶nepw Hcp-Ø≥ AXn\p NmSn-]p-d-s∏-Spw. AXn-\m¿°pw Ign-bm-Ø-Xn-\m¬
\ap°v (h-bw) ]´n-Wn-In-S-∂p-a-cnbv°mw''. AwK-Z≥ ]d--Xn\v Pmw_-hm≥ adp-]Sn ]d-p.
""l\p-am≥ (P-K¬{]mW ˛ hmbp ˛ \µ-\≥) F¥m-sWm∂pw an≠msX Nn¥n-®n-cn-bv°p-∂Xv \o Cßs\
Zp:-Jn-®n-cp-∂m¬a-Xn-tbm. \ob-√msX as‰m-cm-fn-Xn-\n-√. {io]m¿∆-Xn-bpsS K¿`-Øn¬ P\n® km£m¬
]c-ta-i-z-c]p{X-\m-Wt√m Aßv. ]ns∂ hmbp-hns‚ ]p{X-\p-am-Wv. \nt∂mfw _e-ho-cyw a‰m¿°m-Wv?
as‰mcph-gnbv°v knwl]cm-{I-an-bmb tIk-cn-bpsS ]p{X-\mWv \o (l-\p-ams‚ AΩ ARvP-\.
ARvP-\-bpsS `¿Ømhv tIk-cn. kqNn-X-I-Y: inh-]m¿∆-Xn-am¿ Im´n¬ k©-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ hm\-c-∑mcpsS
cXn-eo-e-Iƒ I≠p. AXv A\p-I-cn-bv°m≥ Ah¿°pw Xm¬∏-c-y-ambn. PK¬]n-Xm-°ƒ hm\-cthjw
[cn®v can-®p. ]m¿∆Xn K¿`n-Wn-bm-bn. Hcp hm\-c-in-ip-hns\ {]k-hn-bv°p-∂-Xn-ep-ff \mW-t°tSm¿Øv
hnj-an-®p. At∏m-gmWv Hcp k¬∏p{X-\p-th≠n inhs\ X]- p-sN-øp∂ ARvP-\-sb-∏‰n
alm-tZ-h≥ Hm¿Ø-Xv. AXn-\m¬ hmbp-ap-tJ\ ]m¿∆-Xn-bpsS K¿`-ÿ-_o-PsØ ARvP-\-bn¬ \nt£-
]n-®p. Aßs\ tIk-cn, hmbp, ]c-ta-i-z-c≥ Cßs\ aq∂p-t]¿ l\p-ams‚ ]nXr-ÿm-\-sbcm-bn).
ARvP-\-bpsS K¿`-Øn¬ \n∂v P\n® DS-s\-Xs∂ \o Aq-dp-tbm-P\ ta¬t∏m-´p-Nm-Snb Imc-yhpw
F\n-bv°-dn-bmw. P\n® DSs\ DZ-b-kq-c-y-a-fiew XpSØ \nd-Øn¬ tim`n-bv°p-∂Xp I≠-t∏mƒ
GtXm ]gpØ ]g-am-W-sX-∂p-I-cpXn kqc-y-a-fi-esØ \o hngp-ßm≥ NmSn-b-Sp-ØXpw At∏mƒ
tZth-{µ≥ \ns∂ h{Pm-bp-[w-Im≠v {]l-cn-®-Xpw, h{P-ta‰v `qan-bn¬ t_m[a‰phoW \ns∂ FSp-ØpsIm≠v
hmbp `K-hm≥ ]mXm-f-Øn¬ t]msbm-fn-®Xpw (A-t∏mƒ `qan-bn¬ hmbp-hn-√mØ Imew h∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠p-≠m-hp∂ hnj-a-߃ Duln-bv°m-hp-∂-Xm-W-t√m). At∏mƒ {Xnaq¿Øn-Iƒ ap∏-Øn-aq∂p
tImSn-tZh-∑m-tcmSpw {_“m-hns‚ t\cn-´p-ff ]p{X-∑m-tcm-Spw-IqSn {]X-y-£-s∏´v temIw \in-bv°p-∂-
Im-eØpw \n\-°p-a-cWw kw`-hn-bv°n√ F∂v A\p-{K-ln-®Xpw F\n-bv°-dn-bmw. {]f-b-Im-eØpw \n\-
°p-\m-i-an-s√-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp am‰-hp-an√ h{Pw l\p-hn¬ (XmSn-bn¬) sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-Xn-\m¬ thZ
(B-av\m-bw) ⁄m∑m-cmb alm-∑m¿ \n\°v "l\p-am≥' F∂p t]cn-´Xpw \o ad-t∂m? \ns‚ ssIøn-em-
Wt√m {iocm-a≥ tamXncw X∂-Xv. AsX-¥p-sIm-≠m-sW-∂p ad-∂p-thm? \ns‚ i‡nbpw thKhpw
B¿°pw h¿Æn-®p-Xo¿°m≥ Ign-bn√''. Cßs\ Pmw_-hm≥ ]d--t∏mƒ l\p-am≥ k¥p-jvS-\mbn
aµw Fgp-t∂‰v (D-∞m-b) {_“mfiw Xs∂ Ipep-ßp∂ hn[Øn¬ Hcp knwlm-\mZw D≠m-°n.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 44

School of Distance Education
hma-\-aq¿Øn-sb-t∏mse At±lw s]s´∂p hep-Xmbn Hcp ]¿∆Xw (`q-ao[cw) t]mse \n∂v ]d-p.""
kap{Zw NmSn-°-S∂v e¶ Np´p-`-kva-am-°n, cmh-Ws\ hwi-tØmsS h[n®v koXm-tZ-hn-tbbpw sIm≠v
Rm≥ Xncn-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. As√-¶n¬ cmh-Ws\ _‘n®v CSsØ (hmaw) ssIønepw {XnIqSm-N-e(-Iq-
S-{X-bw) tØmSp-IqSn e¶ ]pg-°n-sb-SpØv he-sØ-ssI-ønepw sh®v {iocm-as‚ apºn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂ndIn
Rm≥ sXmgp-Xp-\n¬°pw. cmas‚ tamXncw Fs‚ ssIøn-ep≠t√m''. l\p-ams‚ hm°p-tI´
Pmw_-hm≥ D’m-l-tØmsS ]dp ""\o X¬°mew koXm-tZ-hnsb I≠p-h-∂m¬ aXn. cmh-Wbp≤w
]ns∂-bm-hmw. {iocm-a≥ cmh-W-s\-sIm√pw. At∏mƒ \ΩpsS ssIøq-°p-Im-Wn-bv°mw. BImi
(]q-jvI-c-am¿§w)-Øn-eqsS t]mIp∂ \n\°vbmsXmcp XS- hpw C√msX ip`w `hn-bv°-s´. hmbp-`-Khm≥
\ns‚ IqsS-bp-≠m-hpw. ]ns∂ {iocm-as‚ Bh-i-y-Øn-\m-Wt√m t]mIp-∂Xv''. F√m-hm-\-c-
∑mcpw l\p-ams\ A\p-{K-ln®v DSs\ ]pd-s∏-Sm≥ ]d-p. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ atl-{µ-]¿∆-X-Øns‚
apI-fn¬ Ib-dn-\n∂v Kcp-U-s\-t∏mse tim`n-®p.
Cßs\ ]d XØ kt¥m-j-tØmsS HXp-ßn-bn-cp∂p ˛ (In-fn-∏m-´p-co-Xn).
*******
tNmZ-y-߃
I \qtdm \q‰-ºtXm hm°p-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠h
Xmsg sImSpØ hcn-I-fpsS kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-XpI
1) aÆn\m-bqgn Ipgn-®-t\cw \n[n
Xs∂ e`n-®-Xp-t]mse cLp-]-tX.
2) kX-y-k-‘≥ cma-s\∂p Rmt\m¿ØXpw
hy-¿∞-at{X ic-Wm-K-X-h-’em
3) A—≥sIm-Sp-tØmcp ame _men-bv°p-ap˛
s≠N-yp-X≥ \¬Inb ame kp{Ko-h\pw
4) Fs∂-∏-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-sS-b-b-bv°ntem
I\-y-Im-Zm-\-^ew \n\-°pw-hcpw
5) \oXs∂ Rm\-Xn-\n-t√m-cp-kw-ibw
{]oX-\m-bvt∏m-bm-ep-ff amip-a-am-⁄-bm.
6) {]X-yp-]-Imcw ad-°p∂ ]pcp-j≥
NØ-\n-s\m-°pta Pohn-®n-cn-bv°nepw
7) N{µm-\t\ \o ]ncnXpIm-cWw
N{µ-\p-am-Zn-X-y-s\-t∏m-se-bm-bnXp
8) \n¶¬ {]W-b-a-[n-I-ap-≠m-I-bm¬
k¶Sw sIm≠p-]-d-nXp Rms\tSm
9) Ei-y-aq-Im-New kt¶-X-ambv h∂p
hni-zm-k-tam-Sn-cn-bv°p-∂n-X¿°m-fl-P≥ ˛ F¥p-sIm-≠v?
10) kX-y-k-z-cq-]≥ Nncn-®-cp-fn-s®bvXp
kX-y-at{X \o ]d--sX-tSm-ktJ ˛
"\o ]d-Xv ˛ F¥m-Wv? B Nncn-bpsS s]mcp-sf-¥v?
II D]-\-yk tNmZ-y-߃ (aq-∂q-dp-hm-°p-I-fn¬)
1) Imh-y-`w-Kn-bn-e-[nIw `‡n-{]-N-c-W-Ønepw Bflo-b-X-X-z-߃ ]Tn-∏n-bv°p∂Xnep-am-bn-cp∂p
Fgp-Ø-—s‚ {i≤˛ InjvIn-‘m-Im-fisØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn D]-]m-Zn-bv°pI.
2) \b-⁄\pw DNn-X-⁄-\p-amb Hcp a{¥n F∂ \nebv°v InjvIn-‘m-Im-fi-Øn¬ l\p-am≥ \ndp
\nevIp∂p ˛ Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.
3) Xp©sØgp-Ø-—s‚ Imh-y-`m-jsb∏‰n Hcp]\-ymkw ssXøm-dm-°pI
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 45

ky-a-¥Iw
Hm´≥Xpf-f¬
Ip©≥ \º-ym¿
School of Distance Education
ssIc-fn-bpsS s]m´n-®ncn F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-bv°m-dp-ff Xpf-f¬°-hn-X-bpsS I¿Ømhpw
Xpf-fse∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hp-amb alm-Ihn Ip©≥ \º-ym- -cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®v
A[n-I-hpw A⁄m-X-am-Wv. Ip©≥ F∂ t]cp-t]mepw X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Wv. cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z≥ F∂m-bncp∂p
At±-l-Øns‚ t]sc∂pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Imew 1700\pw 1775\pan-S-bn-emsW∂v
s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. H‰-∏m-e-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-ff Inf-fn-°p-dn-»n-aw-K-eØv Ie-°-Øp-ho-
´n-emWv At±lw P\n-®-sX∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ A—≥ InS-ßq¿°m-c-\mb Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂pw
]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A—s‚ IqsS InS-ßq-cn-se-Ønb \º-ym¿ IpS-am-fq-cnse sXt°-SØp `´-Xn-cn-bpsS
B{in-X-\mbn kwkvIr-X-]-T\w \S-Øn. Ip´-\m-´nse I≠-¶-cn-ap-dn-bn¬ \µn-°m´v DÆn-c-hn-°p-dp∏pw
At±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp-\m-Y-\mbncp∂p. t{ZmW-º-ffn \mbv°-\n¬\n∂v Btbm-[-\-I-ebpw hi-am-°n.
hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw sNº-I-t»cn tZh-\m-cm-b-Ws‚bpw amØq¿]-Wn-°-cp-sSbpw B{in-X-\mbn
Ign-p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-°∑m-cmb am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bp-sSbpw [¿Ω cmPm-hns‚bpw
B{in-X-\m-bn-cp-∂n-´p-≠v. Aº-e-∏pg sh®m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-Xm-¥-yw.
Fgp-Ø-—-\p-tijw ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-X-y-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Hscm-∂c \q‰m≠p Ime-tØ°v aµ-Xbm-W-\p-`-h-s∏-´-Xv.
Infn-∏m-´p-I-fpsS A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw B´-°-Y-I-fp-amWv A°m-e-Øp-≠m-b-Xv. FSp-Øp-
]-d-b-Ø° Pohn-X-ho-£-W-[m-c-Itfm kmaq-lyPohn-X-Øns‚ ssNX-\-y-Øp-Sn-∏p-Itfm A°m-esØ
Ihn-X-bn¬ {]X-y-£-s∏-´n-√. Cu ÿnXn°v KW-y-am-sbmcp am‰-ap-≠m-bXv Xpf-f¬°-hn-X-I-fpsS Bhn¿`mh-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.
\mev]-Xn-tesd Xpf-f¬Ir-Xn-Iƒ \º-ym-cp-tS-Xm-bn- ´p-≠v. Adp-]-tXmfw Ds≠∂pw ]£-ap-≠v. CXn\p
]pdta {ioIr-jvW-N-cnXw aWn-{]-hm-fw, \f-N-cn-Xw, inh-]p-cm-Ww, ]©-X{¥w apX-emb Infn-∏m-´p-Iƒ,
`K-h-±q-Xv, ]Xn-∂m-ep-hrØw F∂n-hbpw \º-ym-cpsS Imh-y-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°n-h-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬
Akmam-\y]mfin-Xyw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ At±lw B `mj-bnepw GXm\pw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v.
Xpf-f¬{]-ÿm\w
Xpf-f¬{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wt√m Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS {]i-kvXn.
kmln-X-y-cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bnepw P\-Iob Iem-cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bnepw Xpf-f-ens\ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
a≤-y-tI-c-f-Ønepw sX°≥ tIc-f-Ønepw Pohn-°p-hm\pw Ahn-SsØ P\-ß-fp-ambn ASp-Øn-S-]-g-Iphm\pw
km[n® \º-ym¿ A∂p {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]e A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-I-fn¬\n∂pw \mS≥
Iem-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂pw efn-X-kp-µ-c-ß-fmb ]e LS-I-ßfpw Iq´n-t®¿ØmWv X\n-t°-c-fo-b-sa-∂-h-Imi-s∏-Sp∂
Xpf-f¿ F∂ Iem-in-ev]-Øn\v cq]w-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´
NmI-ym¿IqØpw ]mT-Ihpw Xs∂-bmWv C°m-c-y-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv. ]cn-an-
X-amb thj-`q-jm-Zn-Iƒ, Npcp-ßnb cwK-k-÷o-I-c-Ww, ]mI-Øn\v kwKo-X-hm-Z-ym-`n-\-b-߃, ct≠m
aqt∂m hy-‡n-Iƒ tN¿∂p \n¿∆-ln-bv°m-hp∂ Ah-X-c-Ww, Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-ff ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn¬
bmsXmcp \n_-‘-\-bp-an-√mbva CsXm-s°-bmWv a‰p Ie-Isf At]-£n®v Xpf-f-en-\p-ff ta-∑. AXp-
X-s∂-bmWv AXns‚ {]Nm-c-Øn\pw hnP-b-Øn\pw ImcWambn `hn-®-Xpw.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 46

School of Distance Education
hmkvX-h-Øn¬ \º-ymsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Xpf-f-ense sIm´pw ]m´pw thj-hp-sa√mw Xs‚
]pXnb coXn-bn-ep-ff Imhy {]]-©-Øn-te°v klr-Z-bsc hnfn-®p-Iq-´m-\p-ff _mtl-ym-]m-[n-am-{X-am-bncp-∂p-sh∂p
ImWmw. kmam-\-y-P-\-Øns‚ kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n At±lØn\v km[m-cW P\-ßtfmSv
NneXp ]d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv P\-ßsf tIƒ∏nt® ASßq F∂ hminbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fpsS hnπ-hm-fl-I-amb ]p\-cm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv At±lw sNbvX-Xv. CØcw \qX\ {]h-W-X-I-fnte°v
P\-ßsf ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ F°m-eØpw {]bm-k-ap-f-f-Xm-Wv. Hcn-bv°¬ Bk-z-Zn-®m¬
]n∂o-S-h¿ FØn-s°m-f-fp-sa∂v B hi-y-h-N- n\v XnI Bfl-hn-i-zm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°-
Øn¬ Xpf-f-en¬ Ihn-Xbv°v ˛ kmln-X-ymw-i-Øn-\p-X-s∂-bmWv \º-ym¿ Du-∂¬ sImSp-Ø-Xv.
km[m-c-W-°m-cs\ Xs‚ Ihn-em-tem-I-Øn-te-bv°-Sp-∏n-°m≥ a‰p Nne {]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ IqSn
thW-sa-∂-t±lw Dd-®p. `mjm-em-fn-X-y-amWv Ah-bn¬ apJyw.
Ihn-X-Iƒ tIƒ°p-t∂-cw-Xs∂
sNhn-bp-tf-fm¿°m-\µw thWw
F∂mbncp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿i\w
""Nncn-∏m≥ kwK-Xn-bp-ff Ihn-Iƒ sNm√nbm¬ tI´n-´ncn-∏m\m{K-l-ap-≠mImw'' F∂pw,
""Nncn-°p∂ IY tI´m-en-cn-bv°p-am-b-X-s√-¶n¬ Xncnbv°pw''. F∂pw At±-l-Øn\v \∂m-b-dn-bmam-bn-cp-∂p.
`mj-bpsS Imc-y-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ho£Ww Cß-s\-bm-Wv:
`S-P-\-ßsS \Sp-hn-ep-sf-fmcp
]S-b-Wn-bv°nl tNcp-hm≥
hSn-hn-b-s∂mcp Nmcp-tI-cf
`mj-Xs∂ NnXw hcp.
ISp-I-sS-∏-Sp-I-Tn-\-kw-kvIrX
hnS ISp-Ihn sI´dn-bm¬
`S-P-\-߃ [cn-bv°-bn√
Xncn-bv°p-sam-s°-bp-ta-‰p-S≥.
Cu hI ap≥[m-c-W-Ifpw D]-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-amWv Xpf-f¬ {]ÿm-\sØ \nb-{¥n-®-Xv.
Hm´≥, ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥ F∂v Xpf-f-ens\ aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Zri-y-I-em-cq-]-Øn-\p
-am-{Xta CXp _m[-I-am-Ip-∂p-f-fq. thj-ß-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hrØ-ß-fnepw A`n-\-b-co-Xn-bn-epff
hy-X-ym-k-ß-fmWv Cu hn`-P-\-Øn\v \nZ-m\w. Cu aq∂p hn`m-K-Øn¬sh®v Zri-y-`wKn Hm´-\m-Wv.
AXp-sIm≠v Hm´≥Xp-f-f-en-\mWv km¿∆-{Xn-I-amb {]Nm-cw.
ky-a-¥Iw
Df-f-S° kw{Klw
CjvS-tZ-h-Xm-h-µ-\-tØmsS Imhyw Bcw-`n-bv°p∂p
hmc-W-a-Z-l-c-\-µ-\.......................................................................
.................................................................. ]mWn-IƒIq-∏n-h-W-ßo-Sp-t∂≥.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 47

School of Distance Education
inh-]p-{X-\pw, AJn-e-P-\-ß-fp-tSbpw Aip-`-ßsf \o°p-∂-h\pw thZ-]-fin-X-\pw, `‡¿°njvSw
sImSp-°p-∂-h-\p-amb KW-]Xn Fs∂ c£n-bv°-Ww. \√-I-hn-X-bp-≠m-Ip-hm≥ kc-k-z-Xo-tZhn
A\p-{K-ln-bv°-Ww. tX\n-t\-°mƒ am[p-c-y-ap-ff hm°p-IƒsIm≠v Ihn-X
-c-Nn-bv°m≥ Fs‚ \mhn¬ Ft∏mgpw IpSn-sIm-f-fWw.
kwKo-X-a]n .......................................................... Btem-N-\m-ar-X.
kwKo-Xhpw kmln-X-yhpw kc-k-z-Xo-tZ-hn-bpsS c≠p ape-I-fm-Wv. AXn¬ H∂v AX-y¥w a[pc-am-Ip-∂p.
at‰Xv Btem-Nnbv°pw tXmdpw Aar-XmbnØocp-∂p.
awK-e-bm-Inb `mc-Xn-X-∂psS
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
XpjvSn-\-ap-°p-h-cp-Øo-tS-Ww.
sXm´p-apºv tN¿Øn-´p-ff t«mI-Øns‚ kz-X-{¥-X¿÷-a-bmWv Cu hcn-Iƒ. Fs‚ _p≤n-
Ipfn-∏m≥ kc-k-z-Xo-tZ-hn-bpsS c≠p-ap-e-I-fn-tebpw ]mev Aev]w Xc-Ww. {ioIr-jvW-h-µ\w hrµmh-\hm-knbpw
]ip-]m-e-I\pw Akp-c-Im-e-\pw, tKm]-kv{Xo-Isf ckn-∏n-bv°p-∂-h\pw ]m¿∞-km-c-Ynbp-amb
{ioIr-jvW≥ F\nbv°p k¬°o¿Øn e`n-bv°m≥ klm-bn-bv°-Ww. ZpjvS-∑m-cmb Iuc-h-
∑msX Aa¿®-sNbvXpt]mse Fs‚ i{Xp-°sf HXp-°p-hm≥ iwJ-N-{I-K-Zm-]-fl-߃ AWn
Aº-e-∏pg (Aw-_-c-X-Sn-\n) {ioIr-jvW≥ XpW-bv°-Ww. IpXn-c-∏p-d-Øp-I-bdn Im´n¬°-S∂v ZpjvS-ar-K-ßsf
sIms∂m-Sp-°p∂ th´-°-º-°m-c\mb temI-c-£-I≥ imkvXmhv F\nbv°v CjvS-߃ \¬In
kwc-£n®v kt¥m-jn-∏n-bv°-Ww.
Pw`m-cn-]p-c-Øns‚ ......................................................
................................................. hW-ßp-t∂≥
kz¿§ob hn`-h-ß-tfmsS hmW-cp-fp∂ sNº-I-t»cn cmPmhv \mSpImØv Fs∂
\√-h-\m-°n-c-£n-°m≥ sXmgp-∂p.
Awt`m-Pm-e-b-\mb ....................................................
........................................... \µn-®m-ip-Xp-W-®o-tS-Ww.
{_“m-hpw, hnjvWp-hpw, kqc-y\pw, N{µ-\pw, e£vao-tZ-hnbpw, k¿∆-`q-X-ß-fpw, C{µ-\pw,
tZh-∑m-cpw, AK-kvX-y≥ (Ipw-`-P≥) apX-emb al¿jn-am-cpw, KW-]-Xn-bpw, kp{_-“-W-y-\pw, Ipwt`m-Z-c≥
apX-emb inh-`q-X-ß-fpw Fs‚ Ihn-Xm-c-N-\sb t\m°n A\p-{K-ln-bv°-Ww. KpXp-\m-Ys‚
Ime-Sn-Iƒ Ft∏mgpw Fs‚ a\- n¬ thWw. Kpcp-ip-{iq-j-sIm≠v kz¿§w t]mepw e`n-bv°pw.
At±-l-Øns‚ Ir]-bp-s≠-¶n¬ km[n-bv°m-Ø-sX-¥m-Wv? {_mjva-Wcpw Fs∂ A\p-{K-ln-bv°-Ww. Fs‚
Kpcp-\m-Y-\mb _me-c-hn-bpsS ]c-tZ-h-X-bmb I≠-¶cn `K-h-Xnbpw A\p-{K-ln-bv°-Ww.
Nob-sX-_m-e-i-k-ym]n
...................................................................
\s∂∂pw hcp-an-Xn-\p-sS-b¿∞w
(t«m-Im¿∞w NphsS hnkvX-cn®p hym-J-ym-\n-bv°p-∂p-≠v.) F\nbv°v ⁄m\w t\Sm≥ _p≤nbn-√.
Adn-hp-ffXp ]d-bm≥ hmIvkm-a¿∞-y-hp-an-√. Imh-y-\m-S-I-ßfpw Ihn-Xm-im-kv{Xhpw ]Tn-®n-´n-√.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 48

School of Distance Education
Nne-sXms° Fgp-Xpw. AXv Nne¿°v CjvS-am-hp-I-bp-an-√. Aßs\ tami-°m-c-\m-sW-¶nepw CXp-t]mse-bp-ff
Hcp k`-bn¬ Hcp hnZ-y-{]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ AXv \∂m-sb∂pw hcmw.
]d-bp-∂-h¿ Ign-hp-f-f-h-\-s√-¶n-epw tIƒ°p-∂-hs‚ tbmK-y-X-sIm≠v AXv \s∂∂wKo-I-cnbv°pw
klr-Z-b-cpsS tbmK-y-X-bm-W-Xn-\p-Im-c-Ww. hf-ta-dnb I≠-Øn¬ shdp-tX-hn-X-®n-´p-t]m-∂m¬ Xs∂
]Øn-c-´n-hn-f-bpw. hf-an-√mØ \ne-Øp-hn-X-®m¬ hnØpw-IqSn \jvS-s∏-Spw. I≠-Øns‚ KpWw-t]m-sebmWv
hnf-hv. hnX-bv°p-∂-hs‚ tbmK-y-X-sbm∂pw Imc-y-am-°m-\n-√. \√ Irjn-°m-c-\m-bmepw
]md-∏p-dØp hnX-®m¬ hnf-bn-√. \√-I-≠-Øn¬ \mgn hnX-®m¬ Hcp ]d hnf-bpw. AXp-t]mse
tIƒ°p∂ Bfp-Iƒ tbmK-y-∑m-cm-bm¬ Bcp-]-d-mepw AXns\ {]iw-kn-bv°pw. CXmWv t«mI-
Øns‚ A¿∞w.
A£-c-sa-∂m-e-º-Xp-sam-∂p..............................................
............................................................................................................
aµ-X-sIm-≠-Xn-Zp¿L-S-at√m
A£cw A≥]-sØm-∂m-Wv. kwkvIr-Xw, {]mIr-Xw, sshZ-yw, imkv{Xw, hym-I-cWw F∂o
Xc-Øn-ep-ff {KŸ-ß-sf√mw Aº-sØm-∂-£cw sIm≠p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. CØcw A£-c-߃ IqSnt®¿Øv
A¿∞hpw ck-hpw, Ae-¶m-c-hp-sams°-bmbn \√ Ihn-Iƒ Ihn-X-I-sf-gp-Xn-bm¬ AsX-{Xt]¿
Bk-z-Zn-bv°pw? CtX Imc-y-߃ Xs∂ sNhn-Iƒ°p kln-bv°m-\m-hmØ a´n-em°pw ZpjvI-hn.
CXmWv k¬°-hnbpw ZpjvI-hnbpw XΩn-ep-ff hy-X-ymkw. \s√m-cp-]-a-]-dv C°m-cyw H∂p-IqSn hni-
Zo-I-cnbv°mw. `qan-, sh-f-fw, tXP- v, hmbp, BImiw F∂o A©p-L-S-I-ß-ImWv krjvSn \S-Øm≥
{_“-hn-\p-th-≠Xv N´nbpw Ie-ßfpw a‰pw D≠m-°p∂ Ipi-h\pw (Ipw-`m-c≥) Cu km[-\-߃sIm-
≠p-X-s∂-bmWv krjvSn-\-S-Øp-∂Xv F∂m¬ {_“mhv C{µ-s\bpw N{µ-s\bpw tZh-∑m-tcbpw a‰p-a-lm-
∑m-tcbpw krjvSn-bv°pw. Ipi-h≥\m-b¿ D≠m-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ AXp-t]m-se-bm-Ip-tam? Htc
km[\w sIm≠p-≠m-°p-∂Xp CXp-t]mse hy-X-y-kvX-s-∏´n-cn-bv°pw. A≥]-sØm-∂-£-c-amWv k¬°hnbpw
Zpjv°-hnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-sX-¶nepw CXmWv Ah¿ XΩn-ep-ff t`Zw. ""]≠v ky-a-¥Iw
Fs∂mcp cXv\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ `K-hm≥ {ioIr-jvW\v D≠mb A]-hm-Z-I-f¶w Xncp-Øm≥ Fs¥√mw
sNtø-≠n-h-∂p. B IY-tI-´n-´nt√ F∂p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ AXp Rm≥ tI´n-´n√ F∂p ]d-p. AXv
F\nbv°p ]d-p-X-c-Ww. \√-I-Y-Iƒ tI´m¬ ]m]mw Xocpw F∂p cmPmhv Iev]n-®-t∏mƒ a{¥n
At±-lsØ hµn®v ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.
e£vao ]Xn-bmb {ioIr-jvW≥ `‡-P-\-ßsf A\p-{K-ln®v e£vao-tZ-hn-bpsS Ah-Xm-c-am-b- cp-‹n-
Wn-tbm-Spw-IqSn Xma-kn-bv°p-∂-Imew Ahn-SsØ sI´n-I-ßsf h¿Æn-®m¬ Xocn-√.
aµ-c-]¿∆-X-Ønse sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒt]mepw B sI´n-I-߃°p-Xp-e-y-a-√.
Nµ-\-hm-Sn-bn-en-S-tN¿∂oSn\
.....................................................................
Cµ-f-sa-∂n-h-k-c-kw-]mSn
Hcp `mKØv Nµ-\-tØm-∏n¬ \qdp-I-W°n¬ amfn-I-Iƒ, \nem-hp-X-´n-b-en-sm-gp-Ip∂
(N-{µ-Im-¥-°√v \nem-hp-X-´n-bm¬ Dcp-I-sa-∂mWv Ihn-k-t¶-Xw) {ioIr-jvWs‚ a\- ns\ BI¿jnbv°p∂
]Xn-\m-dmbncw kv{XoIƒ ap√, s]m≥Ip-dpn (Ip-c-fi-Iw) F∂o-]q-°ƒ NqSn-bpw, {ioIrjvWs\
Benw-K\w sNbvXpw ]¥-Sn®pw ]e-cm-K-c-k-ß-fn¬ ]m´p-]m-Snbpw AhnsS hnl-cn-bv°p∂p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 49

Aßm-Sn-b-Xp-X-∂n¬ ........................................................
............................................ t∂c amS-temsS
School of Distance Education
Aßm-Sn-I-fn¬ cm{Xn-bn¬ sN∂p-t\m-°n-bm¬ Aaq-e-y-ß-fmb cXv\-ß-fpw, apØp-I-fpw, kz¿Æh-kvXp-°fpw
Iqºm-c-wIq-Sn-°m-Wmw. AXp-I-≠m¬ B¿°pw Hcp sImXn-bp-an-√. A]-l-cWw Fs∂mtc¿∏m-tS-bn-√.
ImcWw F√m-h¿°pw Poh-\n¬ sImXn-bp≠v (tNm-c-W-Øn\v h[-in-£-bm-sW-∂¿∞w).
kz-¥w-\m-´n¬\n∂v AI-se-t∏mepw A¿≤-cm{Xn ssIh-i-ap-ff kº-sØ√mw AcnsI Cd-°n-sh®v
kpµ-cn-am¿ Im´n¬ \n¿∫m[w InS-∂p-d-ßp-∂p. Ah-sc-°-≠m¬ Im´m-f-∑m¿ HmSn-b-I-ep-∂p. (A{X
kam-[m-\-]q¿Æ-amb `c-Ww). A{Xbpwt]msc Im‰p-t]mepw Ahsc X´msX t]mIp∂p (X-´n-bp-
W¿tØs≠∂p Icp-Xn). Cßs\ {ioIrjvW `K-hm≥ tPy-jvT-\mb _c-em-a-t\m-Sp-IqSn cmPyw
`cn-bv°p-tºmƒ {ioIr-jvWs‚ kplr-Ømb k{Xm-PnØv Hcp Znhkw kqc-y-`-K-hms\ tkhn-bv°m≥
th≠n cmhnse Ipfn®v am{Xw P]n®v kap-{Z-Xo-cØv kqc-ys\ kvXXp-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
t«mIw ˛ Awt`m-Pm-I-c-tXm-j-Ww........................
...........................................................................
k¥-X-a-Jnew ImWm-Ip-∂p.
Xma-c-s∏m-bvI-Isf kt¥m-jn-∏n-bv°p-∂-h\pw (Xm-ac kqc-y-]Xv\n F∂ Ihn-k-t¶-Xw) aq∂ptem-I-Øn-t\bpw
B\-µn-∏n-bv°p∂h\pw, alm-tcm-K-ßsf ian-∏n-bvIp-∂-h-\pw, i{Xp-°sf
`b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-\pw, [n°m-cml-¶m-c-ßsf C√m-Xm-°p-∂-h\pw tZh-]¿∆X (a-lm-ta-cp)-Øn\v GI
Ae-¶m-am-b-h-\pw, i{Xp-°sf FXn-cn-Sp-∂-h-\p-amb kqc-y-`-K-hms\ Znhkw tXmdpw Rm≥ hW-ßp-∂p.
(Cu t«mIhpw XpS-¿∂p-ff ]Z-y-ßfpw kqc-y-kvXp-Xn-bmWv Aev]w kmaq-lyhna¿i-\hpw
Iq´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p) P\-߃ cmhnse Fgp-t∂¬°p-∂p. th´-bm-Snbpw ]nSn-®p-]-dn-®pw, ZpjvS-
X-Im-´nbpw, injvSsc t{Zmln-®pw, aZ-yhpw amwkhpw `£n- -®pw, kv{XoIsf ]n≥Xp-S¿∂pw,
cXn-eo-e-I-fn¬ apgp-Inbpw a‰pw Ign-bp-∂p.
krjvSn-bv°p∂p `hm-\nl ..................................................................
................................................................................................................................
\m¿Øn Xo¿°-W-sa-∂-h-\-t∏mƒ
krjvSn, ÿnXn-bpw, kwlm-chpw Aßp-Xs∂ \S-Øp-∂p. hnjvS]w = temIw. inh\pw
hnjvWphpw, {_“mhpw Aßp-X-s∂. tZth-{µ\pw a‰p tZh-∑mcpw Aßp-X-s∂. Aß-bpsS
Ime-Sn-Isf sXmgp-∂p. Aß-bpsS A\p-{Klw Ft∏mgpw thWw. Cßs\ ]e-X-c-Øn¬ kvXpXn®p \akvI-cn-®p.
C{µn-b-ßsf AS°n \n¿Øn kqc-ys\ a\- n¬ Dd-∏n®p ]©m-·n-a-≤-y-Øn-en-cp∂p £oWw
(]-©-ew) hI-sh-bv°msX ITn-\-amb X]- n¬ apgp-In-b-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ a\- n¬ kqc-y-`-K-hm≥
sXfn-p-h-∂p. \me-©p-Zn-hkw sIm≠v k{Xm-Pn-Øn¬ Nne am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn. Ahs‚ tXP v h¿≤n-
®p. Fs‚ B{Klw kqc-y-`-K-hm≥ km[n-∏n®p XcWw F∂ Hcp Nn¥ am{X-ta-bp-ffq. ^e-aq-em-Zn-Iƒ
t]mepw `£-W-an-√m-Xm-bn. hmbp-am{Xw `£n®p Al-¶mcw
C√m-Xmbn (B-K-a) thZ-Øns‚ ImXepw tZh-∑m¿ t]mepw tkhn-bv°p-∂-h-\p-amb Aßsb tkhnbv°m≥
B¿°p Ignbpw F∂n-ßs\ kvXpXn®v Xs‚ B{K-l-ß-sf√mw km[n-bv°Ww F∂p hnNmcn®v
X]- n¬ apgp-In.
At∂cw Zn\-\mY ...................................................................
......................................... sam∂n-Z-ap-cp-fn-sN-bvXp.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 50

School of Distance Education
At∏mƒ kqc-y≥ Ahs‚ apºn¬ FØn ]p©n-cn-®p-sIm≠p \ns‚ B{Klw F¥m-sW∂p
tNmZn-®p. \n\°v F√m-aw-K-f-ßfpw Io¿Ønbpw D≠m-hm≥ th≠Xv Bh-i-y-s∏-´p-sIm-f-fpI F∂pw
]d-p. AXp-tI-´-t∏mƒ k{Xm-Pn-Øp ]d-p. ""IjvS-∏m-Sp-sIm≠v ho´n-en-cn-bv°m≥ km[n-bv°msX
X]- n-\p-t]m-∂-Xm-Wv. F√mw Adn-n-cn-bv°p∂ Aß-tbmSv F¥p-]-d-bm-\m-Wv. Cu temIw
apgp-h≥ \nd Ccp-´ns\ C√m-Xm-°m≥ t]m∂ Hcp tXP v \n∂n¬ (X-z-bn) D≠v. AXp-t]mse Hs∂-
\nbv°pw Xc-Ww. Cßs\ k{Xm-Pn-Øns‚ a\- -dn kqc-y≥ Ah\v adp-]Sn sImSp-Øp.
t`mt`m k{Xm-Pn-X-{Xm-Pn-X.................................
...........................................................................................
at\-I-kw-{`-a-a-I∂p \n∂p.
(t«mI-Øns‚ A¿∞w. XpS¿∂p-ff ]Z-y-Øn¬ hnkvX-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v). Cßs\ Hcp
t«mI-ØnemWv kqc-y≥ DØcw ]d--Xv. AXns‚ A¿∞w Cß-s\-bm-Wv. ""k{Xm-PntØ `K-hm≥
{ioIr-jvW≥ Df-f-t∏mƒ \n߃°m¿°pw Hcp _p≤n-ap´pw hcn-√. F∂mepw Rm≥ \n\-s°mcp
km[\w Xcmw. Fs‚ ico-c-Øn¬ ]t≠ AWn-n-´p-ff G‰hpw tim`-bp-ff
ky-a-¥Iw F∂ cXv\-am-W-Xv. AXns\ \nX-yhpw BZ-cthmsS ]qPn-bv°-Ww. F∂m¬ {]Xn-Zn\w F´p-
`mcw cXv\sØ AXp-X-cpw. hfsc {i≤-tbmsS Cu cXv\w kwc-£n-bv°p-Ibpw thWw.
kqc-y≥ ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\hpw AXns\ ]qPn-bv°m-\p-ff a{¥hpw D]-tZ-in®v ad-p. k{Xm-PnØv B
cXv\w Igp-Øn-e-Wnv Im´n¬°qSn \S-∂-t∏mƒ Ahn-S-sa√mw {]`m-]q-cn-X-am-bn. Aßs\ \m´n¬
sN∂-t∏mƒ Bfp-Iƒ Aº-c-∂p. km£m¬ kqc-y-`-K-hm≥ cmPm-hmb {ioIr-jvW-s\
-Im-Wm≥ hcn-I-bmhpw F∂v ]ecpw hnNm-cn-®p.
A¿°-s\-gp-∂-f-fp-∂Xp ...................................
............................................... tah-ap-W¿Øn-®p-ap-Zm.
kqc-ys‚ hc-hp-Im-W≥ P\-߃ ]e-Zn-°nepw Xn°n-Øn-c-°n-°q-Sn. s]Æp-߃ DSp-sØm-cpßn ]pds∏-´p.
Ah¿ Ab¬]-°-Øp-ff hsc hnfn-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. H∏-ap-f-f-h-tcmSv \m´p-h¿Ø-am-\-߃ ]d-p-
Xp-S-ßn. (]p-cmWw hn´v kmaq-ly hna¿i-\-Øn-tebv°v Ip©≥ \º-ym¿ IS-°p∂
as‰m-cp-k-µ¿`-am-WnXv. kv{XoI-fpsS hnj-a-߃, ]c-]p-cp-j-_-‘w, AWn-sm-cm-߬ Akq-b, a‰pf-f-hsc
Zpjn-bv°¬ ... Hs° ChnsS ImWmw. Xpf-f¬ IrXn-I-fpsS {]tX-y-I-Xbpw
CXp-X-s∂-bmWv) ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Bbp-[-ß-fp-sa-SpØv Cu ]pXnb hm¿Ø {ioIr-jvWs\
Adn-bn-bv°m≥ ]pd-s∏-´p.
\mb-∑m¿ (]-S-bm-fn-Iƒ) C°m-cyw Adn-bn-bv°m≥ sN∂-t∏mƒ {ioIr-jvW-`-K-hm≥
cpIvan-Wn-bp-ambn NXp-cw-Kw-I-fn®p ckn-bv°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. (Nq-Xp-I-fn-bpsS coXn, ]¥bw
]d-b¬ ˛ Rm≥ tXm‰m¬ sI´p-Xmen Agn-®p-X-cm-sa∂v cpIvan-Wn-bpsS ]¥-bw. kvX\-߃ c≠pw
]Ww sh®m¬ Rm≥ Ifn-bv°m-sa∂v IrjvW≥ ˛ Cßs\ Xpf-f¬°-hn-X-bpsS X\na
ImWn-bv°p∂ hcn-Iƒ {i≤n-bv°p-I.) `S-∑m¿ ]d-p.
cmIm-i-inh-Z-\-tZh ................................................
..............................................................................................
.................................................... Hm¿°pw tXmdpw Nn{Xw Nn{Xw
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 51

School of Distance Education
`S-∑m¿ {ioIr-jvWs\ hWßn kvXpXn® tijw BZn-X-y-`-K-hm≥ tKm]p-c-Øn¬ ImØp-\n¬°p-
∂p-s≠-∂-dn-bn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ tim`-sIm≠p Cu cmP-[m-\nbpw ]cn-k-chpw Xnf-ßp-∂p. At±-lsØ
am\-y-ambn kzo-I-cn-bvIWw F∂pw Ah¿ ]d-p. At∏mƒ {ioIr-jvW≥ ]d-p. ""s]m´-∑msc AXv
kqc-y-\√ BIm-i-Øn¬ Xnf-ßp∂ kqc-y-a-fiew `qan-bn-en-d-ßp-tam?
k{Xm-PnØv kqc-ys\ X]- p-sN-øp-∂p-s≠∂p tI´p. kqc-y-\n¬ \n∂-pIn-´nb hc-߃
sIm≠m-bn-cnbv°pw C{Xbpw tim`''. Cu ka-bØv k{Xm-PnØpw AhnsS FØn {ioIr-jvW-t\mSv
kw`-h-ß-sf√mw ]d-p. AXp-tI´ {ioIr-jvW≥ ]d-p. ""Xm¶-fpsS `mKyw sIm≠mWv Cu
cXv\w In´n-b-Xv. km[m-c-W-°m¿°nXp ImWm≥ t]mepw In´p-I-bn√. kqc-y\v Xm¶-fpsS
t]cn-ep-≠mb IcpW A¤p-Xm-hlw Xs∂.
]c-a-a-lm-[-\-am-Inb cXv\w.
..........................................................
Iq´n-hn-fn-®p-]-d-p-Xp-S-ßn.
Cu al-Øm-b-cXv\w kq£n-bv°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv. Fßpw If-f-∑m-cp-≠v. Xm¶ƒ°v _p≤n-ap-
´p-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-bv°m≥ AXn-hn-sS-bn-cn-bv°-s´ Rm≥ kwc-£nbv°mw. AXn¬\n-∂p-In-´p∂ [\-sa√mw
Xm¶ƒ°p-Xs∂ Xcmw. ""CXp-tI´ k{Xm-PnØv AXn\p a-dp-]-Sn-sbm∂pw ]d-n-√.
Df-fn-ep≠mb Nncn-b-S°n DSs\ Fgp-t∂-‰p-\-S-∂p. k{Xm-PnØv Cßs\ hnNm-cn-®p''. am\-y-∑m¿°pw
]W-Øn¬ sImXn-X-s∂. F∂mepw AXn-s\m-c-Xn-scms° tht≠?. Im‰pw shbnepw agbpw sIm≠v
]´n-Wn-In-S-∂pw Cc∂pw F\nbv°pIn-´nb Cu [\w s]s´∂v ssI°-em-°m≥ ]d kq{Xw \∂m-bn-
´p-≠v. AXn¬ \n∂p-≠m-hp∂ [\-sa√mw F\n-bv°p-Xs∂ Xcm-sa∂p ]d-Xv ]®-°-f-f-am-Wv. kºØv
ssIøn¬ In´n-bm¬ Cu {]`p-°ƒ AXn¬ HØncnbpw Xncn-®p-X-cn-√. tNmZn-bv°m≥ sN∂m¬ Xmt°m¬
ImWm-\n-√. AXp kq£n-bv°p∂ Bƒ h∂n-´n-√, \msf hcq, As√-¶n¬ Hcmsf Ab-®mepw aXn
""Fs∂ms° Hgn-hp-I-gn-hp-Iƒ ]dbpw''. k{Xm-PnØv ho´n-seØn B cXv\w Hcp ]oT-Øne sh®v
Znh-tk-\-]q-Pn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. AXn¬ \n∂p-In-´p∂ kz-Øp-sIm≠v kpJ-ambn Ign-p. Aß-s\-bn-cnbvs°
Abm-fpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb {]tk-\≥ Fs∂m-cmƒ Bc-Xv\-Øns‚ alna tI´-dnv Hcp Znhkw Cßs\
]d-p. ""F\nbv°v Cu cXv\-Øn¬ henb IuXpIw tXm∂p-∂p. kqc-y-`-K-hm≥ A\p-{K-ln-®p-X∂
AXv Fs‚ ssIsIm-≠-Wn-b-W-sa∂p taml-ap-≠v. AXp Igp-Øn¬ [cn®v ZpjvS-ar-K-߃ [mcm-f-ap-ff
Im´n¬t]mbn \mbm´p \S-ØWw''. A\p-Ps‚ Cu At]£ tI´-t∏mƒ k{Xm-Pn-Øn-\p-≠mb k¶Sw
HXp°nsh®v B cXv\w {]tk-\s‚ ssIøn¬ sImSp-Øp. Ah≥ B aWn Igp-Øn¬ AWn-p. ]®-
\n-d-Øn-ep-ff I®-sI-´n, ]´p-Sp-Øv, ]cn-N-sb-Sp-Øv. Xnc-∏p-d-Øp-I-bdn k{Xm-Pn-Øns‚ A\p-P≥ th´bv°p-t]m-Ip-∂ps≠∂-dn
a‰p-]-S-bm-fn-Iƒ hnfn-®p-]-d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.
\mbm-s´-∂-Xp-tIƒ°p-t∂cw
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kX-z-c-a-ßp-Xp-S-ßo-Sp-∂p.
""\mbm´v F∂p tI´m¬ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ°v D’hw t]mse-bm-Wv. AXn¬ Nne-N-Xn-I-fp-≠v. kq{X-
∏WnsIm≠v AXv km[n-bv°-Ww. At\Iw \mbv°fpw, \mbm-Sn-I-fpw thWw. he-sI-´-Ww, ImSn-f-°-
Ww, B{I-an-bv°m≥ hcp∂ P¥p-°sf sIm√m≥ kma¿∞yw thWw. I≠-®m-cp-a-cn-®-Xn-\p-tijw
sX≠n∏v (Rm-Wn-t∑¬ A`-ym-kw) F√m-hcpw ad-∂p. \ΩpsS tPy-jvT≥ D≠m-bn-cp∂ ImeØpw
CsXm∂pw If-cn-bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√. \º≥\m-b-bpsS ]cm-{I-a-߃ ]d--Xp
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 52

School of Distance Education
-sIm-≠p-Im-c-y-an-√. h≥]-S-bpsS apºn¬ \S-°m≥ \º¬t]m-cm. ]s≠m-cp-]-S-bn¬sh®v apdn--Xn-\ptijw
Fs‚ \s´√v icn-bm-bn-´n-√. tIf-®m-cpsS Imf≥ \mb-sb-hn-sS? Hcp ]∂nsb
ISn-®p-s]m-fn-bv°m≥ t]mbn. Ahs‚ kz-`mhw \n߃°-dn-bn-√. Hcp ]∂n-bpsS \ng¬ I≠m¬
Ah≥ hmepw ]n∂n¬ XncpIn HmSpw. Ipdpº\v bmsXm-∂n-t\bpw t]Sn-bn-√. s]cpØ ]pen-sb- -t∏mepw shfp-
º≥ ISn-®p-sIm-√pw. ]≠v Hcp ISp-h-bpsS ISn-tb-‰-Xn¬ ]ns∂ s\Sp-hm-es\ \mbm-´n-\p-sIm-f-fm-X-mbn.
NmØ-®m-cp-tSbpw, sXmΩ®m-cp-tSbpw I≠-®m-cp-tSbpw \mbv°ƒ thWw. \mbv°ƒ Hcp-]mSp thWw.
hg-°p-≠m-°p∂ CW-ß-∑mcpw thWw. ]S-bv°p-\-√-h≥ CS-bv°m-I. CS-bv°p-\-√-h≥ ]Sbv°pw
]‰n√ ]S-bv°p-t]m-Ip-tºm-seØ Hcp-ßn-t∏m-IWw th´-bv°p. cmhnse Fgp-t∂-‰v, Ipfn®v Ipdn-bn-´v, shff-t®m-dp-ap≠v
Xf-Øn¬°-bdn InS∂pw Pf-\mb ]S-bmfn]S-bv°p-sN-∂m¬ Ahn-SpsØ tImem-l-e߃
I≠m¬ t]Sn®v hnd®v XpS-Iƒ Iq´n-ap´n HmSn ho-´n¬ FØn ASp-°-f-bn¬ Ibdn ap°n¬ ]\n®p
InS-°p-I-tb-bpffq. In´-®m¬ ]s≠m-cp \m-bn-´n-\p-t]mbn Hcp Kpl-bn¬ Hfn-®p-In-S-∂-t∏mƒ Hcp-Iq´w
]∂n-Iƒ AhnsS \n∂p-Nm-Sp-∂-Xp-I≠v t]Sn-t®mSn ho´n¬ hs∂m-fn-®-h-\m-Wv. Xo‰-am{Xw sImXn®p \S-
°p-∂-h¿ F¥n\p th´-bv°p-t]m-Ip-∂p. FtSm- s]mÆ-ØSnbm Im´n¬ tNmdpw Idnbpw H∂pw In´n-√.
henb kpµ-c-\mbn thjw sI´n \S-°p-∂-h-\pw th´bv°p t]mtI-≠-Xn-√. Im´n¬ Df-fXv thi-y-I-f-√.
FSm Iffm \o \ns‚ `mc-y-bpsS Ip´n-I-sf-°p-fn-∏n®p \S-∂m¬ aXn. Ien-Xp-ffn hnd-®p-h-cp∂
tIm¥-®m-cpsS a°ƒ \mbm-´n-\p-t]m-bm¬ h√-s]m-¥-bnepw Ibdn Hfn®p hnd-bv°pw.
Xf-f-bn-√msX hf¿∂ ]nf-fsc H∂n\pw sImf-fn-s√∂p tI´n-´nt√. tN∂-®m¿ Ct∏mƒ
s]‰p-In-S-°p∂ aI-fpsS ip{iq-j-Øn-c-°n-em-Wv. Hcp an\p-s´m-Xp-ßn-bn-cn-bv°m≥ B If-f\p
ka-b-an-√. sIm´m-c-Øn¬ sIm®p-]-Wn-°¿ th´-bv°p-t]m-I-W-sa-¶n¬ apºnepw ]nºnepw ]Ø-º-Xm-fp-
Iƒ thWw. s]´n-sb-Sp-°-Ww, k©n-]n-Sn-bv°m-\pw, Imep-Xn-cp-Ωm\pw Bfp-Iƒ thsd thWw. CΩm-
Xncn Hcp-°-tØmsS \mbm-´n-\p-t]m-bn-s´-¥p-Im-c-yw. Im´n¬ sN∂v hoºp-]-d-bm≥ hnfn-®p-sIm-≠pt]m-hp-I-b-√.
CΩm-Xn-cn-°m-tcmSv Iev]n-®n-s´-¥p-Im-cyw?. Ct∏mƒ I¬∏\ In´n-bnt√'' Cßs\ XΩn¬
Ø-Ωn¬ Hmtcm-∂p-]-dp Ah¿ ]S-tbm-sSm∏w \S-∂p. H∏w ]e-h-I-hm-Zyhnti-j-ßfpw ]S-bn¬°qSn.
hn√pw \√ ic-ßfpw Npcn-I-bpw................................
.........................................................................................................
\n∂p-]n-Wp sN\m-bv°q-´w.
]e-Xcw Bbp-[-ßfpw B¿∏p-hn-fn-I-fp-ambn \mbm-´n-\mbn B]S Im´n-se-Øn. ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ Xpffn-°-fn-®p-t]m-Ip∂
s]mSn kz¿§-tØm-f-saØn BImi KwK-bnse shffw Ie-°n. ]cn-N-Iƒ XpS-bv°-
Sn-bv°p∂ i_vZhpw hmZ-y-tLm-j-ß-fpw, shSn-bpsS i_vZhpw tI´v Zn§-P-߃ t]mepw sR´n-t∏m-bn.
ae-Iƒ Ipep-ßn, kap-{Z-߃ Ie-ßn, ac-ß-fp-e-p, ]pg-Iƒ Ae-p, `qan-sb-Xm-ßm-\m-hmsX A\-
¥≥ Ipg-ßn. BZn Iq¿Ω-Øns‚ DS-ep-X-I¿∂p. ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ B´nbpw sXfn®pw ASn®pw ]nSn®p
Iq°n-hn-fn®pw Im´n¬ ]c-∂p. \mbm-Sn-Iƒ ImSn-f-°nbpw he-sh®pw AXn-tLm-c-ambn \mbm-´p-Xp-S-ßnb-t∏mƒ
{]tk-\≥ ]S-bm-fn-I-tfmSp ]d-p. (C-hnsS \mbm-´p-h¿Æ\ AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bpsS AXn-cp-I-
S-°p-∂-Xp-t\m-°p-I. AXn-i-tbm‡n lmkyw D≠m-°m-\p-ff Hcp-]m-[n-Iq-S-bmWv Hcp \m´p-{]-am-Wn-bpsS
\mbm-´ns‚ tIm∏v I≠m¬ Hcp-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-ff Hcp-°-am-sW∂p tXm∂pw h¿Æn®p h¿Æn®p
ImSp-I-b-dp∂ \º-ym¿°-hn-X-bvs°m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wn-Xv; kmln-X-y-im-kv{X-{]-Imcw As\u-Nn-X-y-Øn\pw)
]S-bm-fn-IƒI-cp-Xn-bn-cn-bv°-Ww. Im´n¬ \ns∂m-cp-arKw c£-s∏-´m¬ \n߃°mWv Ip‰w. t]Sn-bn-√m-
Ø-h¿ apºn¬ \S-°-Ww. t]Sn-bp-f-f-h¿ thS-∑m-cpsS IqsS \S-°-Ww. hoºp-]-d-n´p Imc-y-an-√.
h≥]p-en-Iƒ NmSnho-gp-∂-Xp-t\m-°Ww'' Cßs\ {]tk-\s‚ \n¿t±iw In´n-b-t∏mƒ `b-¶-c-amb \mbm-
´m-cw-`n®pw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff Im´p-ar-K-߃ ]pd-Øp-Nm-Sm≥ XpS-ßn.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 53

IS-am\pw Nne-a-dn-am-\pw.........................................
.............................................................................................
knwl-Ø-Sn-b≥ QSp-Xn-b-Sp-Øm≥
School of Distance Education
alnjw = t]mØv, \y¶v = Hcp-Xcw am≥, c¶v = IrjvW-ar-Kw, K‘-arKw = IkvXq-cn-am-≥,
Ejw = Ic-Sn, Xc£p = ]pen, `√qIw = Ic-Sn, Ipc-ßv, Cßs\ ]e-PmXn Im´p P¥p-°ƒ ]pd-Øp-Nm-Sn
G‰p-ap-´n. arK-ßfpw th´-°mcpw NØp hogm≥ XpS-ßn. \mbm-´p-Im¿ tXm‰p-Xn-cn-tm-Sm-\m-cw-`n-®p.
At∏mƒ {]tk-\≥ hn√p-a-ºp-sa-SpØv AXn-th-K-Øn¬ h\-y-ar-K-ß-sf-sIm-s∂m-Sp-°n. \mbm-´p-Im¿
Hmtcm-tcm-h-¶-Ø-ßfpw s]mß-®-ßfpw ]dp \S-∂p. (\-º-ym-cpsS ]cn-lm-k-Øn-\p-Zm-l-cWw ˛ Ic-
Sn-sb-t∏-Sn-t®m-Sp-tºmƒ I√p-X´nØSp hoWv ]√p-t]mbn F∂p a‰pw) Cßs\ \mb- -∑m¿ \mbm-´p-Xp-
S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ sImºpIƒs°m≠p ]md-°q-´-߃ IpØn-s∏m-´n-®pw ac-s°mºpIƒ hen-s®m-Sn®pw Im´n¬
\S-°p∂ B\-I-fpsS akvXIw ]nf¿∂v tNmc-Ip-Sn®v ITn-\-ambn K¿÷n®v ImSn-f-°nbpw `oI-c-ambn Xebp-b¿Øn-s°m-≠p-ff
t\m´w-sIm≠v Btcbpw hnd-∏n®pw Ic-Sn-I-tfbpw ISp-h-I-tfbpw \J-ß-fn¬
tIm¿Øpw AXn-`o-I-c-\mb Hcp knwlw Ah-cpsS ap∂n-se-Øn.
cpWpw cpWpw Item-cm...............................................
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........................... Ifn-∏-Xn-\mbn \¬Io-Sn-\m≥.
(t«m-I-Øns‚ GI-tZ-im¿∞w XpS¿∂p-ff ]Z-y-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-cp-bv°p-∂p.) `wjv{S-Iƒ Cfn-
®p-Im-´nbpw shfpØ kS-Iƒ (I-gp-Øn-eqsS Xqßn-°n-S-°p∂ tcma-߃) IpS-pw, h≥a-c-ß-sf-Xn-
°n-Øn-c-°nbpw sImSn-a-cw-t]m-se-bp-ff hmep-b¿Øn-∏-nSn®pw ImSp-X-I¿Øpw, P¥p-°sf ]nSn-®-a¿Ønbpw
hmbn-ep-ff arK-Øns‚ icocw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®pw tNmc-bn¬°pfn®pw hcp∂ Hcp-tLmc knwlw At∏mƒ
{]tk-\-\p-t\sc h∂p. knwlsØ°≠p-`-b∂ `S-∑m¿ \mep-h-gnbv°pw HmSn. Ah-cpsS Bbp-[-ßsf√mw
sImgnp-t]m-bn. Nne¿Im-´n¬ Hfn-®p. a‰p-f-f-h¿ {]tk-\s\ Dt]-£n®v Xncn-t®m-Sn. knwl-am-
Is´ {]tk-\-t\bpw IpXn-c-tbbpw ASn-®p-s]m-fn-®n-´p. {]tk-\s‚ Igp-Øn¬ I≠ cXv\w ISn-®p-]n-Sn®v
knwlw Im´n¬°qsS-bm-{X-bm-bn.
At∏mƒ hm\-c-t{i-jvT-\mb Pmw_-hm≥ Xs‚ Kpl-bn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-h∂v Im´n¬
ImbvI-\n-Iƒ Xnc-p-\-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Pmw_-hm≥ Im´n¬ Cu knwl-sØ-°≠v A¤p-c-s∏-´p.
ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\-{]-`-tbmsS \S-°p∂ knwlsØ Pmw_-hm≥ XSp-Øp-\n¿Øn H‰-b-Snbv°v AXns‚ IY-I-gn-®p.
At±lw B cXv\w FSpØv Kpl-bn-tebv°p Xncn-®p-t]m-∂p. Ahn-sS-bp-ff Ip´nbv°v AXp
Ifn-bv°m¬ sImSp-Øp.
Fs´-´p-`mcw [\w hnf-o-Sp∂
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C{X-b-sX-s∂mcp \nbaw tht≠.
Fs´-´p-`mcw I\Iw Znh-tk\ hnf-bp∂ B hnin-jvS-cXv\w Ip´n-°p-c-ßp-IfpsS Ifn-∏m-´-am-bXv
hfsc IjvS-am-bn. k{Xm-Pn-Øm-Is´ ktlm-Z-c≥ Xncn-®p-h-cm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ k¶-S-ambn Iq´p-Im-tcmSv
{]tk-\s‚ Imcyw At\-z-jn-®-t∏mƒ Bcpw IrX-y-ambn DØcw ]d-bm--Xn-\m¬ k{Xm-PnØv A\p-
Ps\ Xncv Im´n¬ Ae-p-\-S-∂p. Im´nepw Kpl-I-fn-ep-sam-s°-t\m-°n-bn-´p-bm-sXm-c-S-bm-fhpw
e`n-bv°msX Xf¿∂-h-i-\mbn ho´n-se-Øn. ktlm-Z-c≥ acn-®p-t]m-sb-∂q-ln®v tij-{In-b-Ifpw sNbvXp.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 54

School of Distance Education
Zp:-J-Øm¬ Xe-XmgvØn H‰-bv°n-cn-bv°p∂ At±-lsØ Bi-z-kn-∏n-bv°m≥ FØnb _‘p-°ƒ Cßs\
Hmtcm-∂p-]-d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. ""C\n Ic--Xp-sIm-s≠-¥p-^-ew? F¥p-]-d-b-W-sa∂v R߃°pw tXm∂p-
∂n-√. Cui-z-c-I-ev]\ Hcp Pohnbv°pw XSp-°m-h-X-√-t√m. I¿Ω-K-Xn-sIm≠p hcp-∂-sX√mw kpJ-Øn-
\-msW∂p Icp-X-Ww. P\-\hpw ac-Whpw F√m-h¿-°p-ap-f-f-Xm-sW-s√m. A\p-Ps‚ acWw A\p-`-hnbv°-W-sa-∂mWv
Xe-bn-se-gp-sØ-¶n¬ A\p-`-hn-bv°p-I-Xs∂ th-t≠? F∂mepw hoc-]-cm-{I-an-bmb
{]tk-\\v Cßs\ kw`-hn-bv°m≥ Imc-W-sa-¥m-sW-∂p-am{Xw a\- n-em-bn-√. {ian-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ AXns‚
ImcWw Is≠-Øm-Xn-cn-bv°n-√.'' C{]-Im-c-ap-ff _‘p-°-fpsS km¥-z-t\m-‡n-Iƒ tI´v Hcp hn[-Øn¬Ic-®n-e-S°n
k{Xm-PnØv ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. F√mw Fs‚ ]m]w F∂p ]d-m¬ aXn-b-t√m. \√-h-tcm-
Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-bv°m≥ F\n-bv°p-tbm-K-an-√. B Ip´nsb Im´n-te-bv°-b-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wn-sXms° kw`-hn-
®-Xv. Fhn-sS-bn-cp-∂mepw AXm-Xp-k-a-bØv \S-t°-≠Xp \S-°p-I-Xs∂ sNøpw. F∂v hnNm-cn-®n-cp-
∂mepw CXn¬ Nne-c-l-k-y-ß-fp-≠v. h∂-Xp-h-∂p. C\nbpw \ap°p Ignp IqS-t≠. A\p-Ps‚
ac-W-Øn-s\mcp Imc-W-ap-≠v. ]t£ AXp-]p-d-Øp]dm¬ Xe-t]m-Ipw. F¥n-\m-W-sXm-s°
-∏-d-bp-∂-Xv. F√mw Fs‚ tbmKw. ""At∏mƒ _‘p-°ƒ°v D’m-l-am-bn. Ah¿ Ahs\ t{]m’mln-∏n®p
"" ]d-bq. H∂pw Hfn-®p-sh-bvt°-≠. Btcbpw t]Sn-bvt°-≠. Adn-bp-∂-Im-cyw Hfn-®p-shbvt°-≠.
AX-\p-k-cn-®p-{]-h¿Øn-bv°m≥ i‡n-bn-s√-¶n¬ At∏mƒ an≠m-Xn-cn-bv°mw. Poh-\p-Xp-e-ycmb
Rß-tfm-Sn-Xp-]-d-bm≥ aSn-bv°p-∂-sX-¥n-\v?'' At∏mƒ k{Xm-PnØp ]d-p. "]d-bm≥ aSn-bp-≠m-bn-´-√.
C\n ]d-n-s´-¥p-Im-c-yw? Hcp Imcyw a\- n-em-°-Ww. CXn-s\m-s°-°m-cWw B cXv\-am-Wv. Fs‚
Ahn-th-Iw-sIm-≠p-]-d-bp∂ Cu Imcyw hf-sc-c-l-k-y-am-Wv. {ioIr-jvW\v Hcn-bv°¬ Cu cXv\-Ønsem-cm-i-bp-≠m-bn.
AXv Atßm-´p-sIm-Sp-∂-W-sa∂p Iev]n-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Rm≥ sImSp-Øn-√.
DÆm-tXbpw Dd-ß-mtXbpw t\Snb Hcp km[\w Aßs\ tNmZn-bv°m-tam? X√p-sIm-f-fm≥sN-≠.
]Ww hmßm≥ amcmcv sh´pw-IpØpw sImf-fm≥ ]cn-N. t]cpw {]i-kvXnbpw tNI-h-\v. F∂p ]d--
Xp-t]m-se-bm-WnXv. ]W-Øn-\m-i-bp-s≠-¶nepw C{Xbv°mhmtam''.
F∂-Xp-sIm-≠n-l-i-¶n-∏m≥ hgn
........................................................................
≠nßs\ Nne-cp-Zp-jn-®o-Sp-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠mWv Rm\n-ßs\ i¶n-®-Xv. tbmK-y-∑msc \nµn-bv°p-∂-Xp-IjvSw Xs∂. Fs‚
kpIrXw \in-®-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cßs\sbms° kw`-hn-®-Xv. alm-∑msc ]gn-bv°-cp-X-t√m.
""k{Xm-PnØv Cßs\ Nne-sX√mw ]dv an≠m-Xn-cp-∂p. AXp-tI-´-_-‘p-°ƒ bm{X-bm-bn. Ah¿
a‰p-Nn-e-tcmSv AXp-]-d-p. a‰p-Nn-e¿ thsd-Nn-e-tcm-Sp-]-d-p. Ah-c-Xp-\m-Sp-\o-sf-∏-dp ]c-Øn. Npcp-
°-Øn¬ c≠m-fp-Iƒ XΩn¬ I≠m¬ Cu Hscm-‰-°m-c-yta ]d-bm-\p-ffq F∂m-bn. \pW-
]-dp \S-°p-∂-h¿°v \√-h-I-bm-bn. Nne¿ sNhn-bn¬ ]d-p. a‰p-f-f-h¿Im-tXm¿Øn-cp-∂p. Nne¿
tIƒ°m≥ sN∂p. Nne¿ tI´p-Nn-cn-®p. B_me-hr≤w P\-߃ kv{Xo]p-cp-j-t`-Z-sa-t\y Ah-cpsS
kc-k-z-Xo-hn-emkw t]mse C°-Y-h-ym-J-ym-\n-®p-]-c-Øn. (k-{Xm-PnØpw _‘p-°fpw
X-Ωn-ep-ff kw`m-jWw apX¬°mWv Ip©≥\-º-ym-cpsS IhnX AXns‚ kz-X-z-tØmsS
Xe-s]m-°p-∂-Xv. Chn-Sp-∂-tßm-´p-ff hcn-I-fpsS ckn-I-Øhpw Bk-zm-Z-y-Xbpw hmbn-®-dn-bp-I-Xs∂
thWw. Ihn-bpsS temI-\n-co-£-Ww, ]g-s©m-√p-I-fpsS kzm-[o-\w, `mjm-em-fn-X-yw,
kw`m-j-W-ß-fnse NSp-e-X, km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ thh-emXn ]c-Zq-j-W-Xm¬∏-cyw ˛ AXn¬\n-s∂√mw
D≠m-h∂ \¿Ω-`m-h\ CsX√mw ChnsS sXfn-p-Im-Wmw) s]men-ISw = s\√v ]en-i-bv°p
-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. alm-flm-hmb {ioIrjvW `K-hm-s\-∏‰n Cßs\ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff A]-cm-[-߃ Nne¿
]-dp ]c-Øn.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 55

Dffnekqb apgp-Øn-´p-f-f-h¿
....................................................................
sIm®pItfm-Sp-]-d-p-Xp-S-ßn.
School of Distance Education
{ioIr-jvW-t\mSv Akq-b-bp-f-f-h¿ CXp-Xs∂ X©w F∂p-I-cpXn kzbw tbmK-y-X-\-Sn®v
At±-lsØ ]gn-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. `ffv = Zpc-`n-am-\w, sImØpw tImfpw = Imc-y-Im-c-W-_-‘w, aØv
=IS-tIm¬, Ipw`w = IpSw, ImSp-Im-´pI = tXm∂n-bhmkw Im´p-I, FS-b≥ = CS-b≥, a√m£n =
kpµ-cn, a√m-cmXn = IrjvW≥ (Ip-©≥ \º-ym-cpsS kck kc-k-zXn AW-ap-dn®p IpXn-®p-Nm-Sp∂
{]Xo-Xn-bm-Wn-hn-sS. \mbm-´ns‚ h¿Æ-\bpw Cu h¿Æ-\bpw Xmc-X-a-y-s∏-SpØn Na¬°m-c-`w-Kn-k-zbw
A\p-`-hn-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv.
{ioIr-jvW≥ _me-eo-e-Ifpw ]q¿∆-Im-e-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-amWv ChnsS hf-s®m-Sn®v
B]vtj-]-lm-k-y-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-Xv. tKm]n-I-am¿°v {ioIr-jvW-t\m-Sp-ff {`ahpw AXp-I≠v
kln-bv°m-Ø-h-cpsS Aa¿j-hpw h¿Æn-bv°p-∂Xv {]tX-yIw {i≤n-bvt°-≠-Xp-≠v)
C{X-bpw-Im-c-y-߃ s]mXp-hmbn ]ecpw ]d-p-≠m-°nb iIm-c-߃. C\n AΩ-am¿ Ip´n-Isf hnfn-®p
-]-tZ-in-bv°p-∂p.
A®n-Ifpw Nnecßp hnfn-®........................
...........................................................................................
Xß-fn-e-ßp-]-d-p-Xp-S-ßn.
IÆ≥ kq{X-°m-c-\mWv. \nß-fpsS ]°-ep-f-f-sX√mw X´n-sb-Sp-°pw. ]eXpw Xcm-sa-∂p-]dp
{]tem-`n-∏nbv°pw. Ah≥ ASp-tØbv°p hnfn-®m¬ ho´n-tebv°p HmSn-t∏m-∂m¬ aXn. \n߃°pth-≠Xv
A—≥ Xcpw. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ kv{XoIƒ ]c-kv]cw t]cp-]-dp hnfn®v
tamj-W-I-Y-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. Icp-Xn-bn-cn-bv°m≥ \n¿t±-in-bv°p-∂p. \n∂v, HmXn-t°m-≥, apf-fpw, t\cw
\n∂p-sIm≠v Kpcp-\m-Y≥ aq{X-sam-gn-®m¬ ˛ AXp-sIm-≠m-\-I-fn-bv°pI = s]cp-∏n®p ]d-bp-I. kv{XoIƒ
]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff Ah-cpsS kz¿Æm-`-c-W-߃ `{Z-ambn Hfn-∏n-®p-sh-®p.
a®n-°d = X´n-´-ap-dn. `qan-bnepw BIm-iØpw Fßpw C°-Y-am-{Xta tIƒ°m-\p-f-fq. {_m“-W¿ k‘ym-h-µ\
ka-bØv kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ C°Y Xs∂ ]dp (k-‘-ym-h-µ-\-k-a-bØv kwkvIr-X- `m-j-bn-e-
√msX kwkm-cn-bv°-cp-sX-∂mWv \nb-aw. At∏mgpw ]d-bm-\p-ffXv kwkvIr-XØnem°n F∂p am{Xw.
AXm-W-Xnse ^en-Xw).
Xß-fn-eßp ]d-p-Xp-Sßn
................................................................
CΩ-Wn-aq-e-sa-\nbv°pw h∂p.
k{Xm-Pn-Øns‚ ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\-IY kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. k‘-ym-h-µ-\-Øn\v a{¥ambpw
A°-Y-bp-]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ]dXn\m¬ ]e¿°pw a\- n-em-bn-√. F¶nepw {ioIrjvW-s\-∏‰n
]cmXn Fßpw \nd-p. Ip´n-Iƒ {ioIr-jvWs\°≠m¬ aWnbpw s]mØn HmSm≥ XpSßn.
ip≤-K-Xn-°m-cmb Ah¿ A—-\-Ω-am¿ ]d--sX√mw IÆ-t\mSv ]d-p. CXp-tI´ {ioIr-jvW≥
hnNm-cn-®p. CsX√mw k{Xm-Pn-Øns‚ NXn-bm-Wv. ZpjvS-∑m¿°v \√-Xp ]-d-p-sIm-Sp-Øm¬ ]mºn-\p-
]m-ep-sIm-Sp-Ø-t]m-se-bm-Wv. kX-y-a-dn-bmsX a‰p-f-f-hsc Zpjn-bv°-cp-Xv. Ct∏mƒ F√m-hcpw Fs‚ i{Xp
(]-cn]Ÿn)-°-fm-bn. Xe-bn-se-gpØp am‰m-\m-In-√-s√m. Cu cXv\w aqew Cu A]-cm-[-ßsf√mw F\nbv°pw
tIƒt°-≠n-h-∂p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 56

c≠mw Ifw
School of Distance Education
F∂m-e-Ω-Wn-t]m-b-Xp-Im-cW
.................................................................
........................... Pmw_-hm-\m-Pn-ln-tfi.
F∂m¬ B cXv\w t]mb hgn-I-≠p-]n-Sn-®n-s√-¶n¬ X\n-bv°p-h∂ NoØ-t∏cv
Ah-km-\n-bv°n-s√∂p Xo¿®-bm-°nb {ioIr-jvW≥ ]Ø-º-Xp-bm-Z-h-∑m-tcbpw Iq´n -Im-´n¬ Xncp
\S-∂p. Aßs\ Ah¿ knwl-Øns‚ B{I-a-Øn¬s]´ {]tk-\\pw IpXn-cbpw acn-®p-In-S-°p-∂-Xp-I-
≠p. Ahn-Sp-∂-tßm´v knwl-Øns‚ Im¬∏m-Sp-t\m-°n-t∏m-bn. Iptd-sN∂t∏mƒ knwlhpw NØp-In-
S-°p-∂Xp I≠p. Ahn-Sp-∂-tßm´p Pmw_-hms‚ Ime-Sn-∏m-Sp-t\m°n \S∂ Ah¿ Im´n≥ \Sp-hn¬
AXn-`o-I-c-am-b, Ccp-´p-\n-d Hcp henb Kpl-I-s≠-Øn. {ioIr-jvW≥ Iq´p-Imsc shfn-bv°p-\n¿Øn
B Kpl-bn-te-bv°n-d-ßn-s®-∂p. AhnsS hfsc henb Hcp tIm´ I≠p. tIm´-a-Xn-ense cXv\-ß-fpsS
{]`-sIm≠v Ahn-S-sa√mw {]Im-i-]q-cn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. {ioIr-jvW≥ tKm]p-c-Øn-eqsS Df-fn¬°S-∂-t∏mƒ
AhnsS Npa-cp-I-fn¬ cmam-b-W-I-Y-bnse {][m\kw`-h-ß-sf√mw bYm-{Iaw at\m-l-c-ambn Nn{Xw
hc-®p-sh-®n-cn-bv°p-∂-Xp-I-≠p. AXp-I≠v At±lw cmam-h-Xm-c-I-Y-Iƒ A\p-kva-cn-®p. Nn{X-߃ t\m°nt\m°n
\S∂ IrjvW≥ Ip´n-bpsS ssIøn¬ kya-¥-I-cXv\w I≠p Ip´n-tbmSv AXp tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ
Ah≥ A—s\ hnfn®v Dds°°c-p. IrjvW≥ aWn-hm-ßn-b-Xp-an-√. At∏mƒ {]f-b-Im-eØv
temIw apSn-bv°m≥ \S-°p∂ inh-hm-l-\-amb Imf ap{I-bn-Sp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-sbmcp K¿÷\w tI´p B
i_vZw Kpl-bn-emsI {]Xn-≤-z-\n-®p. At∏mƒ Icp-tØ-dn-b-ssIøpw ]cp-]-cpØ ico-c-hpw-sIm≠v
i{Xp-°sf \in-∏n®v temIw InSp-InsS hnd-∏n-bv°p∂ Pmw_-hm≥ t]mcn-\p-h-∂p.
D-d-®-tIm-]-sam-S-IØp \n∂Y
..................................................................
.......... Zn§-P-߃ hnd®p Xm]-tam-sS.
At∏mƒ ITn-\-amb tIm]-tØmsS {]mbm-[n-Iyw sIm≠v AS-p-In-S-°p∂ IÆp-Iƒ Xpd-°p-
I-t]mepw sNømsX ]pd-tØ-bv°p-h∂ Pmw_-hm≥ IrjvWs\ XSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-]-d-p. ""BcmWv
Fs‚ Kpl-bn¬ IS-∂-Xv? Xm≥ Icp-Ø-\m-sW∂p \Sn-bv°p∂ hnUvVn-tbm? Fs‚ ssIØcn∏p
Xo¿°m≥ Cu aq∂p-tem-I-Ønepw Bcp-an-√. \ns‚ Al-¶mcw Rm\n-t∏mƒ Xo¿°mw. ]S-bv°p-an-Sp-° \mb
Hcp Ipc-ß-\mWv Rm≥. Ipc-ß-\m-sW∂p hnNm-cn®v H´pw hne-Ip-d-®p Im-tW-≠. ]≠v
cma-cm-h-W-bp-≤-Øn¬ Rm≥ Im´n-°q´nb ]cm-{I-a-߃ tI´n-´n-t√. AsXms° \√-hÆw Btem-Nn®v
t\m°v. \ns‚ a\-°-cpØv ChnsS \ne-\n¬°p-I-bn-√. DSs\ Xncn-®p t]m-Ip-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. anSp-°p-
`m-hn®v Ip´n-Iƒ Ifn-bv°p∂ B aWn ssI°-em-°m≥ h∂ \n\°v DSs\ Xncn-p-\-S-°p-∂-XmWv
\√-Xv. As√-¶n¬ Rm≥ \ns∂ s]mSn-`-kva-am-°pw.
eLp = thK-Øn¬, Z\p-P≥ = Akp-c≥, IpSn-e-KXn = hf--h-gn, \o Pmw_-hm≥ F∂p tI´n-´n-t√.
kqc-y-hw-i-Øn¬ ]nd∂ {iocm-a≥ Fs∂m-cmsf tI´n-´p-t≠m? Cß-s\-sbm-s°-∏-dp
{ioIr-jvWs‚ amdn¬ Bv CSn-Xp-S-ßn. F∂n´pw At±-l-Øn\v tIm]w tXm∂n-bn-√. ]e-t∏mgpw
]e-tcmSpw bp≤w sNbvX Ie-I-f-Wn Fs‚ `‡-t\mSv bp≤w sNøp-∂Xp icn-b√ F∂p IcpXn
At±lw Pmw_-hms‚ B{I-a-W-ßsf XSp-°pI am{Xw sNbvXp. At∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ Al-¶m-c-tØmsS
Pmw_-hm≥ {ioIrjvWs\ ]e hn[-Ønepw a¿±n-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. At∏mƒ {ioIr-jvW\pw Ipdsm∂p
tIm]n®p {]X-ym-{I-aWw XpS-ßn. Cßs\ IrjvW\pw Pmw_-hm\pw XΩn¬ D≠m-b-I-elw
c≠m-bncw \m°p-ff A\-¥\pw h¿Æn-bv°m≥ km≤-y-a-√. B bp-≤w-sIm≠v ]¿∆-X-߃ s]mSn-p.
`qan hnd-®p. Zn§-P-߃ `b-∂p-hn-d-®p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 57

\c-h-c-hm-\-c-ho-c-∑m¿
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aqØ-Ip-c-ß≥ IÆp-Xp-d-°q.
School of Distance Education
AXn-Kw-`o-chpw CS-bvs°√mw Bh¿Ø-\-I-ep-jn-X-hp-amb Zz-µ-z-bp-≤-h¿Æ\w ]e-Xcw
AS-hp-Iƒ. Znh-k-߃ \o≠p-\n∂ bp≤w. t]m¿hn-fn-Iƒ. ]c-kv]cw iIm-c-߃. Aßs\
Ccp-]-sØ-´p-Zn-hkw bp≤w \o≠p-\n-∂p. Cu Ipc-ß\v F{X-bm-bn´pw £oWw X´p-∂n-√. Alw`mhw
hn´p-∂n-√. XSp-°m-\m-hmØ Nne {]tbm-K-߃ G¬°p-tºmtg K¿s∆m-Spßn Ch≥ IÆp-
Xp-d-°p-I-bp-f-fq.
C∞w a\-kn-\n-\®pw sIm≠pS
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kvXpXn-h-N-\-ßfp aßp-Xp-S-ßn.
Cßs\ hnNm-cn®v ASn®pw CSn®pw Pmw_-hms‚ icocw Xf¿Øn. At±-l-Øns‚ ssIøpw
Imepw hmepw Iq´n-∏n-Sn-®n-s´m-cp-cp-f-t]m-se-bm°n `qan-bn-se-d-p. Ahs‚ kao-]Øv ]p©ncn-s]m-gn-
®p-sIm≠v {ioIr-jvW≥ \n∂p. Cu ka-bØv icocw Cf-°m≥ IgnbmsX thZ-\-sIm≠v ]pf-bp∂
Pmw_-hm≥ Nn¥n-®p. ""F\n-bv°n-ßs\ hcm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v? Ch≥ F¥p kpIr-X-amWv sNbvXn-´p-f-f-Xv?
Rms\-¥p-]m]w sNbvXp''. C{]-Imcw Nn¥n®v Zp:-Jn-X-\mbn ]Xps° ssIsIm≠v I¨t]m-f-Iƒ
_e-ambn Xpd-∂p. At∏mƒ PK-Zo-i-z-c-\mb {ioIr-jvWs\ ap∂n¬ I≠p.
(Xp-S¿∂v {ioIr-jvW-h¿Æ\ ˛ t«mIm¿∞w, kz¿Æ Ac-m-Ww, \oe-\n-dw, a-∏-´v, abn¬∏oen
NqSnb Xe-ap-Sn, Inep-ßp∂ hf-bn-´-ssI, B\-µ-\n-emhv s]mgn-bv°p∂ apJ-N-{µ≥ F∂n-h-tbmsS
At±-lsØ Pmw_-hm≥ I≠p. XpS¿∂v ]Z-y-Øn¬ {ioIr-jvWs‚ tIim-Zn-]m-Z-h¿Æ-\.
Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS `‡n-h¿Æ-\-bv°p-Zm-l-c-Ww) lco-i≥ = hm\-c-t{i-jvT≥. {ioIrjvW hn{Klw
I¨ap-ºn¬ I≠v B\-µ-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ apßn kt¥m-jm{ip s]mgn-®p-sIm-≠v, tcmam-©w-sIm≠v
Pmw_-hm≥ h√-hn-[-Ønepw Fgp-t∂‰v At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-Sn-I-fn¬ \a-kvI-cn®v ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ kvXpXnbv°m≥
XpS-ßn.
\µ-\-µ\ kpµ-cm-\-\...........................................
................................ ImcWw Icp-Wm-\nt[
Acn-J-fi-\mb = i{Xp-hns\ \in-∏n-bv°m≥, `K-hm-t\, kXyw Adn-bm-sX-bmWv Rm≥ Aßsb
D]-{Z-hn-®Xpw [n°m-c-߃ ]d--Xpw. Aß-bpsS A\p-{Klw sIm≠p-am-{X-amWv Rm≥ Nne ]cm-{Ia-߃
ImWn-®-Xv. Aß-bpsS Zim-h-Xmc eoe-Iƒ t\cn-´p-I-≠-h-\mWv Rm≥. kwkm-c-
_-‘-Øn¬ IpSp-ß-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Rm\n-ßs\ [n°mcw ImWn-®-Xv. ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\-Øns‚ t]cn-epff
NoØ-t∏-scm-gn-hm-°p-hm-\mWv Cß-s\-sbmcp kw`hw D≠m-b-sX∂p a\- n-em-bn. AXn\p km£n-
I-fm-bn-´mWv Nnesc IqsS-sIm-≠p-h-∂n-´p-f-f-Xv. B aWn ImcWw F\nbv°pw Cßs\ Nne-]m]w
sNtø-≠n-h-∂p.
`‡n-tbm-Sn-kvXp-Xn-sNm√n
........................................................
km{µ-Ip-cp-l-e-a-cp-fn-s®-bvXp.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 58

School of Distance Education
Dƒ{Xmkw = Df-fn¬ `bw, k{X]w = \mW-tØmsS Cßs\ kvXpXn-bv°p∂ Pmw_-hs\
{ioIr-jvW≥ sXm´p-X-temSn Benw-K\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ Ahs‚ IÆp-\o¿sIm≠v At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-
Sn-Iƒ hsc \\-p. {ioIr-jvW≥ ]d-p. F\nbv°v \nt∂mSv bmsXm-cp-tIm-]-hp-an-√. `‡m-{K-Wnbmb
\n\°v Fs‚ IrjvWm-h-Xm-c-hn-{Klw H∂p ImWn-®p-X-c-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln-®n-cn-bv°-bm-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mgmWv
ky-a-¥-I-a-Wn-tbmSp _‘-s∏´ A]-cm-[-߃ F\nbv°p tIƒt°-≠n-h-∂-Xv. AXp-Xo¿°m-\msW∂
`mh-Øn¬ kX-y-Øn¬ Rm\n-hnsS h∂Xv \ns∂-°m-Wm-\m-Wv. CXp-tI-´-t∏mƒ B\-µ-Øn¬
apgp-Inb Pmw_-hm≥ Xs‚ ]p{Xn-bmb Pmw_-h-Xnsb {ioIr-jvW\v \¬In. ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\hpw sImSp-
Øp. Ah-c≠pw kzo-I-cn®v Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-tcm-Sp-IqSn Zzm-c-I-bn-tebv°p aSßn t\sc k{Xm-Pn-Øns‚
ho´n-te-bv°p-I-d-bn-s®-∂p. ]p©n-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-\n¬°p∂ {ioIr-jvWs\ I≠-t∏mƒ k{Xm-Pn-Øn\v
t]Snbpw \mW-t°Spw t\m∂n. {ioIr-jvW≥ k{Xm-Pn-Øn-t\mSp ]d-p.
k{Xm-Pn-Øn-Xp-t_m-[n-®mepw
................................................................
Zm\w sNbvXm≥ X∂psS aI-sf.
Kl\w = ImSv, IpRvPcw = B\, `m\p-I-tcW = kqc-ys‚ ssII-fn-eq-sS, CjvSn = bmKw, bjvSn-
P-\-ß-fn¬ aqØ-h≥ = h¶-∑m-cpsS Imc-W-h¿,
{ioIrjvW≥ ky-a-¥-I-cXv\w At\-z-jn-®p-t]mb A\p-`hw hnh-cn-®p. AXp-tI´v
k{Xm-PnØv \mWn-®p-X-e-Xm-gvØn. ktlm-Z-c-a-cWw aqew ]d- -A-]-cm-[-߃°v am∏p-]-d-p.
{ioIr-jvWs\ {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ Xs‚ hwiw Xs∂ apSnp t]mIp-sa∂v Ah-t\m¿Øp.
X\n-bv°p-bm-sXm-cm-t£-]-hp-an-s√∂pw AX-y-≤-zm\w sNbvXp e`n® apX¬ \jvS-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ
Bcm-bmepw \ne-sX-‰n-kw-km-cn-bv°p-sa∂p ]d-m-i-z-kn-∏n®v {ioIr-jvW≥ ky-a-¥Iw
k{Xm-Pn-Øn\p Xncn-®psIm-Sp-Øp. AXv kzo-I-cn®p hW-ßnb k{Xm-PnØv Xs‚ ]p{Xn-bmb
kX-y-`m-asb {ioIr-jvW\v h[p-hmbn \¬In.
Ie-ym-W-Kp-W-tadpw \√ kX-y-`m-asb
...................................................................................
........................................... \oe-\-b-\m -t]m‰o
{ioIr-jvW≥ kX-y-`m-a-bpsS AwK-{]-X-yw-K-`w-Kn-bn¬ BIr-jvS-\mbn Chsf In´n-bXv `mK-y-sa-∂p- I-W-
°m-°n. Ahn-th-I-ß-sf√mw £an-bv°-W-sa-∂-t]-£n® k{Xm-PnØv kv{Xo[-\-ambn
ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\hpw sImSp-Øp.
It¶fn = AtimIw A√n-Øm¿_m-W-\psS ...........................
sIme-m\-W-o-Sp∂p = C\n-Im-a-tZ-hs‚ Bbp-[-߃°v hn{i-a-an-√. kX-y-`m-a-bn-ep-≠mb {`aw
\nanØw Ima-tZ-h≥ Xs∂ Ak-z-ÿ-\m-°p-∂p.
CØ-c-ap-c-sN-bvX-ßp-h-Wßpw
.....................................................................
If-I-f-tam-tcm-hm-°p-]-d-o-Sp-∂p.
k{Xm-Pn-Øns\ Xtem-Sn-bm-t«-jn®v {ioIr-jvW≥ \h-h-[p-°sf B\-µn-∏n-®p.
Zzm-c-I-bntebv°p \S-∂p. ky-a-¥Iw k{Xm-Pn-Øn-\p-Xs∂ Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. N{¥-°mcv = hIp∏v Xe-h -∑m¿ Cu
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 59

School of Distance Education
ka-bØv {ioIr-jvW≥ ]pXp-h-[p-°-fp-samØv Fgp-∂-f-fp-∂p-s≠-∂-dnv At±-l-Øns‚ Bƒ°m¿
Zzm-c-I-bn¬ th≠ Hcp-°-߃ sNbvXp. B¿`m-S-tØmsS cmP-Io-b-amb Cc-´-°-e-ym-W-Øn-\p-th≠
F√m-ku-I-c-y-ßfpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. (H-cp-I-e-ym-Wm-tLm-j-Øns‚ F√m Hcp-°-ßfpw Ff-fn-S-hn-SmsX
Ip©≥\-º-y¿ FÆ-sbÆn h¿Æn-bv°p-∂p).
hf`n = a´p-∏m-hv.
{ioIr-jvWs\ kzo-I-cn-bv°p-hm\pw hnhm-lm-tLm-j-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m\pw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff Bfp-
Iƒ Xn°n-Øn-c°n h∂p-\n-d-p. kv{XoIƒ hnti-j-h-kv{X-ßfpw B`-c-ßfpw AWnv ImgvN-Im-
Wm≥ Hgn-hp-f-fn-S-ß-fn-sem-s°-Øn-c-°n-°qSn Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw ]eXpw ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.
s]Æm-bn-´p-]n-d∂hcmcpw
.............................................................
Iev]-\-sIm≠p ]d-p-Xp-S-ßn.
s]Æm-bn-∏n-d-∂m¬ IÆs‚ `mc-y-bm-h-Ww. AXn\v ]pWyw sNø-Ww. \Ωsf Cßs\
]S-®p-hn´ {_“m-hn-s\-∏-d-m¬ aXn. It≠m {ioIr-jvWs‚ c≠p ]pdØpw tim`n-bv°p∂ c≠p
kpµ-cn-am¿ AXn-s\ms° `mKyw sNøWw ˛ ho≠pw Xpf-f¬°-hnXIfnse kmaq-l-yhn-a¿ihpw
]cn-lm-khpw X´pw XS-hp-an-√msX Xpf-fn-h-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS `¿Øm-°m-∑m-cpsS
Zp¿hr-Øn-Iƒ, Pmc-i-¶-, I-f-fp-Ip-Sn, X√pw ]nSnbpw kv{XoIƒ ]e-]p-cp-j-∑msc ]m´n¬ ]nSn®v Imcyw
ImWp-∂Xv. Zpjn-®p-\m-dnb, Zcn-{Z-amb Hcp kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Nn{Xo-I-cWw ChnsS ImWmw.
]pcmW {]kn-≤-amb ky-a-¥Iw IY CXn-\p-apºp kam-]n®p ]t£ ]pcm-W-I-Ym-
]p-\-cm-J-ym-\-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS e£-yw.
sNcn-hm≥ = InS-∂p-d-ßm≥
s]Æp-߃ Cßs\ ]eXpw ]dv ImgvN-Iƒ I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬
{ioIr-jvW≥ Hcp thZn-bn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cp-∂p. AtXmsS At±-l-sØ-°m-Wm-\pw, a\- n¬ At±-l-Øns‚
Ime-Sn-Isf Dd-∏n-bv°m\pw BtLm-j-߃ ImWm-\p-sam-s°-bmbn ]ecpw Ahn-sS-Xn-°n-Øn-c°n. Hcp-
°-߃ At∏mgpw XIr-Xn-bmbn \S-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ Hcp a{¥n-I-ev]n-°m≥ XpS-ßn.
]Øpw c≠pw a{¥n-I-fp-f-f-h˛
................................................................
\pf-fn¬ ]cn-sNm-Sp-hm-Wo-Sp-∂p.
tXhm-cn-Iƒ = ]qPm-hn-[n-I-f-dn-bp-∂-h¿, imkv{X-∏n-t≈¿ = imkv{X-hn-Z-ym¿∞n-Iƒ.
AXm-Xm-fp-Isf X°-\n-ebv°v kzo-I-cnbv°m≥ Bfp-Iƒ thWw. tIm´-bv°p-f-fn¬ sXΩm-SnØw ImWnbv°p∂
t]m°n-cn-I-sf-b-hn-sS-bn-´-Sn-bv°-Ww. If-fp-Iq-Sn-b-∑m-cpsS hmbn¬ aq{X-sam-gn-bv°-Ww. tIm´bv°p-f-fn¬
aq{X-sam-gn-bv°m-\n-cn-bv°p-∂-hsc hSn-bn´p adn-®n-S-Ww. Iev]\ tI´p-\-S-°m-Ø-h-cpsS hn[n- B¿°pw
XS-bm-\m-hn-√. CXv {ioIr-jvWs‚ Iev]-\-bm-sW-s∂-√m-hcpw [cn-bv°-Ww. Cßs\ a{¥n-I-ev]nbvs°
hnhm-l-aq-lq¿Ø-a-Sp-Øp. hnZ-Kv[-I-fmb kv{XnIƒ B c≠p Ipam-cn-am-tcbpw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff B`c-W-ßfpw
a‰pw AWn-bn®v Hcp-°n. {ioIr-jvW≥ Hcp ap√-∏-¥-en¬ {]th-in-®p. th≠-s∏-´-hsc hWßn.
{_m“-W¿°v kz¿Æhpw (Pmw-_p-\-Zw) hkv{X-ßfpw a‰pw apd-bv°p-Zm-\w-sN-bvXp. A·n-km-£n-
I-ambn BZyw kX-y-`m-a-tbbpw ]n∂oSv Pmw_-h-Xn-tbbpw ]mWn-{K-lWw sNbvXp. _‘p-P-\-ßtfmSpw
\h-h-[p-°-tfm-Sp-samØv {ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ amfn-I-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 60

kqc-y-\p-Zn®p shfp-°p-t∂cw
.................................................................
a‰p atXXpw \sΩm-Sp-Iq-Sm.
School of Distance Education
(A-{X-bpw-sIm≠v \º-ym¿ AS-ßp-∂n-√. Ie-ym-W-tLm-j-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-s\-Øn-b-h-¿,
Ah-cpsS tKmjvSn-Iƒ, kwkm-c-߃ Aßs\ ]pcm-W-IY ka-Im-eo\ Pohn-X-Øn-te-bv°n-d-ßn-
∏-c-°p-∂p.) {]`m-X-Øn¬ tX®p-Ip-fnbv°p FÆbpw Xmfnbpw a‰pw-sIm-Sp-°n-∂n-SØv hgn-t]m-°-cmb
]´-∑m-cpsS k{º-Zm-b-߃. C© = Cu F∂pw ]d-bpw. Hcp-apƒs®-Sn. CXv NX®v tX®mWv ]≠p
ico-c-Ønse Nfn-bn-f-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]´-∑m¿ FÆ-sIm-Sp-°p-∂n-SØv Xe-Im´n FÆ-bn¬ Hmtem-ewap-ßp-∂p.
Ipfn-°-S-hnepw tamjvSn-bv°m≥ skuIcyw t\m°p-∂p. tkma≥ ]pSh = ]´-∑m¿ D]-tbm-
Kn-bv°p∂ ta¬h-kv{Xw. ]mf-Øm-dp-a-Wnv sIm´n-en¬°-bdn Ah¿ _lfw Iq´p-∂p. At∏mƒ
ASp-°-f-bn¬ ]mN-I-°m-cpsS tImem-l-e-߃. shbv°¬, \pdp-°¬, ]gn-]-d-b¬, sh‰n-e-ap-dp-°¬
H®bpw _l-fhpw Iq°¬ ]pI-bne tamjvSn-bv°m≥ X©w t\m°¬ Aßs\
Xs∂t∏mse I≠-Xp-]‰n
.............................................................
sIm≠p-]p-I-gvØm-s\-fp-X-t√Xpw
]´-∑mcpw thZ-]-fin-X-∑mcpw XΩn¬ \kyw ]dv ASn-]n-Sn-Iq-Sp-∂p. hmK-zm-Z-߃
\S-°p∂p At∏m-tgbv°v hnf-ºp-Im-cpsS Xnc°v DÆm-\n-cn-bv°p∂ ÿesØ∏‰n-°qSn hg-°m-Wv.
hnf-ºp-Im-cpsS ]nip-°v. Ign-bv°p-∂-h-cpsS [mcm-fn-Øw. BI-∏msS Xo‰-s°m-Xn. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ ]e-
X-c-Øn-ep-ff kpK-‘-te-]-\-ßfpw Ipdn-°q-´p-Ifpw Hcp-°p-∂Xnt‚bpw sImSp-°p-Xnt‚bpw Xnc-°v.
kZ-y-bp-Æp-∂-h-cpsS _p`p-£. hn`-h-ßsf∏‰n-bp-ff A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w. hnf-ºp-∂-hsc iIm-cn-bv°¬
kplr-Øp-°-sf-t]-cp-sNm-√n-hn-fn-bv°¬. Xangvt]®v Aßs\ Hcp-]p-d-Øv.
tKmkm-bn-I-f-p-s≠m-cp-Zn-°n¬
...........................................................................
]e-Xp-ap-W¿Øn-®-hnsS hkn-®p.
as‰m-cp-`m-KØv tKmkmbnamcpsS Xnc-°m-Wv. hºp-\-Sn®v tKmkm-bn-`m-j-bn¬ ]eXpw
hnfn-®p-]-d-p-sIm≠v kZ-y-bp-Æp-∂p. (tKm-kmbn `mj Xcw-Kn-Wn-hr-Ø-Øn¬ A\m-bm-k-ambn
\º-ym¿°ph-g-ßp-∂Xp t\m°p-I).
Zzm-c-I-bn¬ Cßs\ ]e-]-e-tLm-j-ßfpw D≠m-bn. sImßn-Wn-I-fpw, sN´n-Ifpw a‰pw
hgn-hm-Wn`w \S-Øp-∂-Xn-c-°mWv as‰m-cn-SØv (C-sX√mw Zzm-c-I-bn-em-sW-t∂m¿°-Ww. tIc-f-Ønse
Hcp cmP-sIm-´m-c-Øn¬ A°m-e-Øp-\-S-°m-hp∂ _l-f-ß-fm-Wn-Xv. CXmWv CXn-hr-Ø-Øn\v
tIc-fo-bX hcp-Øp∂ \º-ym-cpsS X{¥w). ]ns∂ h∂-h-sc√mw Xncn-®p-t]mbn {ioIr-jvW\pw _‘p-
°fpw kpJ-ambn hkn-®p.
De-IqsS s]cp-am-tfmSv Hcp a{¥n Cßs\ ky-a-¥Iw IY ]d-p-sIm-SpØp.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 61

tNmZ-y-߃
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ (\q-dv-˛-\q-‰-ºXv hm°p-I-fn¬ DØcw Fgp-Xp-I)
kµ¿`w hnh-cn®v Bibw hy-£-am-°pI
1) km[-\-sam-s∂-∂m-ep-a-Xn-ßs\
t`Z-hn-tijw hcp-hm≥ kwKXn
2) F∂pw Zn\-I-c-\-√-h-cp-∂Xv
aµ-∑m-c-Xp-t_m-[n-®mepw
3) hnØ-Øn¬ sImXn-bp-≠m-sa-∂m¬
C{X-b-sX-s∂m-cp-\n-baw thWw
4) sh´pw IpØpw ]cn-i-bv°s{X
In´pw hncp-X-]-Wn-°m¿s°∂pw
5) ssii-h-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bo-Sn\
ssIX-h-ap-t≠m-am-do-Sp∂p
6) aWnI-≠mepw XpWn-I-≠mepw
aSn-Iq-SmsX ]nSn®p ]dnbv°pw
7) {]mW≥ t]mbm-ep-Æn-Itf ]p\
cp≠m-In-s√-∂-Ω-]-dp
8) Fs¥m-cp-Zp-cnXw sNbvXn-Xp-\m, anh
s\s¥mcp kpIrXw sNbvX-h-s\-∂pw.
9) I≠-tKm-jvSn-Iƒ Im´p-hm≥ anI-hp-ff Iq´-an-sX-∂Xpw
sIm≠¬ h¿Æ-\-dn-p-sIm≠p kln-°nte KXn-bp-f-fq-ta.
10) Cß-s\-bp-sf-fmcp If-f-∑mtc
bnßp-\-ap-°p-≠m-I-Øp-f-fq.
11)-P-\-ß-fn-ßs\ \n\-®p-X¬£W
at\-I-kw-{`-a-a-I-∂p-\n∂p
Ft∏mƒ? Fßs\sbms°-bmWv \n\-®-Xv? F¥p-sIm-≠v?
12)Ime-Øns‚ ]I¿®-\n-\-®m¬
amtem-I¿°p-s]m-dp-°m≥ taem.
Ip©≥\-º-ym¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p∂ Ime-∏-I¿®-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
13)-h´w Iq´pw- - ]´-∑m-cpsS
N´w I≠m-se-{X-hn-Nn{Xw
˛F-s¥m-s°-bmWv N´-߃?
II D]-\-ym-\-am-Xr-Im-tNm-Z-y-߃ (ap-∂q-dp-hm-°n¬)
School of Distance Education
1) Xs‚ Ihn-Xsb P\-Io-b-am-°m≥ alm-I-hn- Ip-©≥\-º-ym¿ kz-I-cn®n am¿§-߃ Fs¥√mw
ky-a-¥Iw Xpf-f-en¬ \n∂v DZm-l-c-W-߃ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-Ww.
2) Hm´≥Xp-f-f¬ F∂ {]ÿm\w NmI-ym¿Iq-Øns‚ Hcp Dt]m¬∏-∂-am-sW-∂p-]-dbmtam? N¿®
sNøp-I?
3) Pmw_-hm\pw {ioIr-jvW\pw XΩnepw _menbpw kp{Ko-h\pw XΩn-ep-ff Zz-µ-z-bp-≤-h¿Æ-\-Isf
ASnÿm-\-am°n Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—t‚bpw Ip©≥\-º-ym-cp-tSbpw bp≤-h¿Æ-\-Isf Xmc-X-ayw
sNøpI?
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 62

samU-yqƒ ˛ 2
DÆp-\o-en-k-tµiw˛ ]q¿∆-`m-Kw
School of Distance Education
Imfn-Zm-ks‚ taL-k-tµ-i-Øns‚ Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v an° `mc-Xob `mj-I-fnepw ktµ-i-
Im-h-y-߃ D≠m-bn- -´p-≠v. ]t£, tIc-f-Øn-emWv AØcw Imh-y-߃°v IqSp-X¬ {]Nm-c-ap-≠m-b-Xv.
e£-ao-Zm-ks‚ ipI-k-tµiw apX¬ tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-X-ºp-cms‚ abq-c-k-tµiw hsc
kwkvI-y-X-Ønepw aWn-{]-hmf `mj-bn-ep-ambn \o≠p InS-°p∂ hnim-e-amb Hcp-ta-J-e-bmWv tIc-f-
Ønse ktµ-i-Im-h-y-{]-ÿm-\w. B iyw-J-e-bn-se, {]tX-y-In®pw aWn-{]-hmf imJ-bnse DP-ze cXv\amWv
DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-iw. ktµ-i-Im-h-y-߃ shdpw km¶-ev]n-I-k-y-jvSn-I-f-√. \mb-I\pw \mbn-Ibpw
ktµ-i-l-c\pw Hcp ]t£, km¶-ev]n-I-am-Im-sa-¶nepw `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw Ncn-{X-]-chpw Bb Imc-yßfpw
XXvIm-eo\ kmaql-y-h-y-h-ÿ-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ {]Xn-^-en-®p-Im-Wmw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw apX¬
ssh°Øv ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-h-sc-bp-ff {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS `qan-im-kv{X-hpw, A∂sØ hmWn-P-y-]-chpw t£{X
kw_-‘n-I-fp-amb Imc-y-ßfpw kmaq-l-y hyh-ÿ-Ifpw F√mw DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-i-Øn¬ {]Xn-^-en®p
ImWp-∂p.
a‰p ktµi Imh-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]e-Im-c-y-ß-fnepw thdn-´p-\n-ev°p∂ H∂mWv DÆp-\oen
ktµ-iw. Imh-y-Øn\v ktµ-i-lcs‚ t]cmWv a‰p ktµ-i-Im-h-y-߃s°ms° sImSpØp ImWp-∂-Xv.
Cu Imh-y-Øn-∂m-Is´ \mbn-I-bpsS t]cmWv sImSp-Øn-´p-f-f-Xv. a‰p ktµ-i-Im-h-y-ß-fnse
ktµilc∑m¿ F√mw Xncy°pIfmWv. DÆp\oen ktµ-i-Øn-em-h-s´, thWm-´nse BZn-X-y-h¿Ω F∂
bph-cm-Pm-hmWv ktµilc≥. Ihnbpw \mb-I\pw Hcm-fm-sW∂p kwi-bn-°-Ø-°-\n-e-bn¬ ""\otI´cp-fp-I-Z-bn-tX,
kq‡n-c-Xv\w-a-Zobw'' F∂n-ßs\bpff {]kvXm-h\Ifpw Cu Imh-y-Øns‚ {]tX-y-I-Xbm-Wv.
Cu hI Imc-y-߃ CsXmcp hnUw-_-\-Im-h-y-amtWm F∂v kwi-bn-°m\pw Nnesc
t{]cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.
Imew: F.-Un. ]Xn-∂memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[-y-L-´w(1350 aqX¬ 1365 hsc) BWv ktµ-i-Im-h-y-Øns‚
cNm-\m-Im-e-sa-∂mWv s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-f-f-Xv. 14 mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥-y-L-´-Øn-ep-≠mb
eoem-Xn-e-I-Øn¬ DÆp\oen ktµ-i-Ønse ]Zyw D≤-cn®p tN¿ØnthWm-´nseØn-bn-´p≠v. ktµ-i-l-c-\mb
BZn-X-y-h¿Ω≥ Xy-∏m∏q¿aq∏v hmWn-cp-∂Xv F.-Un. 1350 \pw 1375 \pw CS-bv°m-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚
tPy-jvT≥ Cc-hh¿-Ω≥ thWm-´p-cm-Pmhpw Bbn-cp-∂p. aq∂m-a-Xmbn ktµ-i-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ Xpep-
°≥]-S-bpsS B{I-aWw thWm-´ns‚ AXn¿Øn-bn-tem, kao-]-{]-tZ-itØm D≠m-bXv 1335 \pw 1365
\pw CS-bv°m-Wv. \mem-a-Xmbn DÆn-bm-So-N-cn-XØns‚ cN-\m-Imew F.-Un. 1400 BWv. DÆn-bm-Sn-bpsS
]nXm-hmb CchntIc-f-h¿Ωs‚ AΩm-a≥ Cc-hn-h¿Ω≥ HmS-\mSp hmWn-cp∂ Ime-amWv ktµ-i-Im-eambn
Iev]n-°-s∏-´n-´p-f-f-Xv. ""A©mw-]°w hc-anXp Xptemw hmchpw hoc-ause'' F∂p XpS-ßn-bp-ff
tPym-Xn-j-hm-I-y-ßfpw tbmPn-°p-∂Xv, Cu Ime-Øn-\m-Wv.
\mb-I\pw Ihnbpw
\mb-I-s\-∏-‰n-tbm, I¿Øm-hn-s\-∏-‰ntbm Adn-bp-hm≥ X° hy-‡-amb sXfn-hp-I-sfm∂pw {KŸ-
Øn-en-√. \mb-I\pw Ihnbpw HcmƒXs∂ F∂p \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v D≈q¿ ]d-bp∂ sXfn-hpI-sfm-∂pwbp-‡n-k-l-a-√.
\mb-I\pw \mbn-Ibv°pw am{X-a-dn-bm-hp∂ Zmº-X-y-c-l-k-y-߃ ktµihmI-y-Øn¬
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 63

School of Distance Education
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv as‰m-cmƒ°v Fßs\ Adn-bm≥ Ignbpw F∂mWt±l-Øns‚ tNmZyw.
I-Ym-]m-{X-Øns‚ at\m-KXn Ihn°v Fßs\ Adnbm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂-t±-lØs‚ tNmZyw hnNn-{X-am-bncn-°p-∂p.
""shf-fn-°ps‚n∂`ojvSw....................... F∂ ivtfmI-Ønse "".......................-B-I-bm-ep-Æn-\o-ensNm-√nt‚s\-¶n¬
\o tI´-cp-fpI ZbntX kq‡n-cXv\w aZnb'' F∂n-ßs\ DÆp-\o-ens\ ZbntX -
F∂pw kwt_m-[\ sNøp-∂Xpw amc-P-z-c-]-c-h-i-\mbv tImen-t\¿ Rm\n-Zm\ow'' F∂ {KŸm-cw-`-Ønse
kqN-\bpw Ihnbpw \mb-I\pw HcmƒXs∂ F∂p kwi-bn-°p-hm≥ CS-\-evIp-∂p-≠v. GXm-bmepw
CsXmcp km¶-ev]n-I-Im-h-y-am-Im-\mWv Gsd km≤-yX.
\mbn-I.
ssh°-Øn-∂-Sp-Øp-ff ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse ap≠-°¬ `h-\-Ønse DÆp-\o-en-bmWv Im h-y-Ønse
\mbn-I. Cu DÆp-\oen hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-hw-i-Øn¬s∏´ Bcp-tS-tbm, `mc-ytbm aItfm Bbn-cn-°m-sa∂p
kwi-bn-°m-\p-ff kqN-\-Iƒ Imh-y-Øn-ep-≠v. aWn-I-WvTs‚ ]qWmcw (intcm-e-¶m-cw) Bbn-cp-∂p.
F∂ {]kvXm-h\ CXn∂p sXfn-hmbn FSp°mw ....................-D-Æp-\o-en-Xn-cp-\mƒ \oWmƒ hnf-tß-Wta''
F∂ ]Z-y-Ønse Xncp-\mƒ {]tbm-Khpw (""Xncp'' _lpam\-kq-N-I-ambn tN¿°p∂ ]Z-am-Wv) DÆp-\oen
D∂-X-Iq-e-hp-ambn _‘-ap-f-f-htfm Bbn-cp∂p F∂p sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. A`-y-kvX-hn-Z-ycpw Iem-Ip-i-e-Ifp-amb
tZh-Zm-kn-Isf cmPm-°-∑m¿ hnhmlw Ign-°p∂ ]Xnhv A∂p [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
{]Xn-]m-Zyw
ap≠-°¬ `h-\-Øn¬ kpc-X-I-e-l-h-ym-Ip-e-bmb Ahsf (\m-bn-I-sb) amdn¬ hln-®p-sIm≠v
Dd-ßn-°n-S∂ \mb-Is\ Hcp b£n FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mbn BIm-i-am¿t§W Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv
{io ]fl-\m` kzm-ao-t£-{X-Øn∂p kao]w sIm≠p-t]m-bn-Sp-∂p. AhnsS sh®v DW¿∂p IÆp-Xp-d∂
\mb-I≥, kzman Z¿i-\-Øn-∂p-h∂ bph-cm-Pmhv BZn-X-y-h¿Ωsb ImWp-∂p. DS-s\-Øs∂
At±-lsØ ktµ-i-l-c-\m°n ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-°-b-bv°p-∂p. Aßs\ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw apX¬
ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-h-sc-bp-ff {]tZ-i-߃ apgp-h\pw t£{X-ßfpw hym-]m-c-ÿ-e-ßfpw F√mw Ihn Xs‚
h¿Æ-\bv°p hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p.
A¿∞w
]mT-y-`m-K-Øn-eqsS
DÆp-\o-en-k-tµiw ]q¿∆-`m-Kw.
X≠¿am-Xm-≠-gIp s]mgnbpw an° a≠-°¬ tahpw
h≠m¿tIm-e-°p-g-en-Iƒ inJm-ap-Æp-\n-eo-ap-Zmcw
sIm≠m-Sn-∏q≠cpW-a-Wnhm sIm≠p-sIm-≠m-Ø-cmKw
]t≠-t∏mse ]c-a-\p-`hw tIm ]n Imao PKma
X≠m¿amXv = alm-eIvan B≠v= IpSn-sIm≠v. Ag-Ip-s]m-gn-bp∂ = `wKn-h-gn-bp∂, an° =- an-I®
tahpw=-h-kn-°p-∂. h≠m¿tIm-e-°p-g-en-IƒinJ = -h-≠-I-fm¿∂ XeapSn-bp-ff kpµ-cn-am-cpsS intcme-¶mcw,
DZm-cmw=-D¬I-y-jvS-bmb, Acp-W-a-Wn-hm=-Np-h-∂p-a-t\m-l-c-amb Np≠p-Iƒ sIm≠p-sIm≠v =
Dƒs°m≠p-sIm≠v ˛ ]m\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠v. ]c-a-\p-`hw =]c-am-\-µw. tIm ]n Imao=-GtXm Hcp Iman.
PKm-a=-{]m-]n®p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 64

kmcw
School of Distance Education
alme-£an IpSn-sIm≠ at\m-lcamb ap≠-bv°¬ `h-\-Øn¬ hmgp-∂, kpµ-cn-am¿°v intcm-e-
¶m-chpw D¬I-y-jvS-bp-amb DÆp-\o-ensb ]pW¿∂v, A[-c-]m\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v GtXm Hcp Iman
]≠-sØ-t∏mse ]c-am-\µw {]m]n-®p.
A¿∞w.
hyØw = aµm-{Im¥
e£Ww ˛ aµm-{Im¥m "" a, `, \, X, X, Kw' \mep-am-td-gp-ambv ""Kw''
ht£m-tZi kpc-X-I-e-l-h-ym-Ipemw Xmw hl¥w
b£o ImNnXv ]p\-c-ap-ap-d-ßns‚ t\cw \n\mb
Z£m Nme-®-Xnbn¬ aZ-t\m-∑m-Zn\o Z£n-Wmimw
ct£m-cm-P-∂n-fb klPm e£v-aWw cm£-knoh.
ht£m-tZti = amdn-S-Øn¬ kpcX Ie-l-h-ym-Ipemw Xmw = Ima-tI-fn-sIm≠v Xf¿∂ Ahsf
hl¥w Aapw = hln-°p∂ Ahs\ (Im-ap-I-s\). Dd-ßns‚ t\cw = Dd-ßp∂ ka-bØv Z£m =
ka¿∞ aZt\m∑m-Zn\n = Imaw sIm≠v {`m¥p-]n-Sn-®- GtXm b£n cm£kcmPmhmb cmhWs‚ v
ktlmZcn (-iq¿∏-W-J) e£-aWw = e£va-Ws\ Ch = F∂-t]mse Z£n-Wmimw = Z£nW (sX-s°)
Zn°n-te°v. \n\mb = \bn-®p, sIm≠p-t]m-bn.
kmcw
amdn-S-Øn¬ Ima-{Io-U-sIm≠v Xf¿∂-hsf (\m-bn-I-sb) bpw hln®p sIm≠v Dd-ßp∂ Ahs\
(\m-b-I-s\) h©-\-bn¬ ka¿∞bpw Imtam∑-Ø-bp-amb GtXm Hcp b£n, cm£-k-cm-Pm-hmb
cmh-Ws‚ Cf-b-k-tlm-Z-cn-bmb iq¿∏-WJ e£v-a-Ws\ F∂ t]mse, sX°p-`m-K-tØ°p sIm≠pt]m-bn.
A¿∞w
kym-\-µqtc _X! ]qc-htc sN‚ t\c-Øp-W¿t∂ ˛
\m\-µ-tØm-Snl hnc-lntXm thdn-cp-∂p-Æp-\oenw
timtIm-∑mZw a\-kn-I-\-ap-≠m-Inepw a{¥-i-‡ym
apt‡m ssZhm¬ ]p\-c-h-fpsS ssIbn¬ \nt‚j Imao
kym-\-µqtc ]pc-htc = Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw \K-c-Øn¬, sN‚ t\cØv = sN∂ ka-b-Øv, DÆp-
\oenw = DÆp-\o-ensb, thdn-cp∂v = th¿s]´v , hnc-ln-Xx =- hn-c-ln-X-\m-bn. timtIm-∑mZw = Zp:JwsIm≠pff
hn{`m-¥n, a\kn = a\- n¬, a{¥-i-‡ym a{¥-i-‡n-sIm-≠v. ssZhm¬ = `mK-y-h-im¬, Gj Iman =
Cu Iman, ap‡: ap‡≥ ˛ tamNn-X-\m-bn.
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw \K-c-Øn¬ sN∂-t\-cØv Ah≥ DW¿∂p. DÆp-\o-ensb th¿s]-´-Xp-sIm≠v
Ah∂v B\-µhpw th¿s]-´p. a\- n¬ hfsc Zp:-J-ap-≠m-°n-sb-¶nepw `mK-y-h-im¬ B Iman AhfpsS
Iøn¬\n∂v a{¥-i-‡n-sIm≠v tamNn-X-\m-bn.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 65

A√n-Øm¿am-XWbacphpw ]fl-\m-`-∂p-]mt¥
sas√ØmÆ-ß-h-\-h-\n-bn¬∏-øth sN‚n-cp-∂m≥.
A√¬s∏-´m≥ \nP kl-Ncow thdn-cp-t∂-‰-ta-‰m≥
ap√-∏q-hn≥ ]cn-a-f-sagpw sX‚¬ Xosø‚-t]m-se.
School of Distance Education
A√nØm¿amXWb acphpw ]fl\m`∂p]mt¥ sas√ØmWßh≥ Ah\nbn¬ ]øth
sN‚ncp∂m≥. \nPklNcothdncp∂v G‰w A√¬s]´m≥. ap√∏qhn≥ ]cnafsagpw sX‚¬
Xosbs‚t]mse G‰m≥.
A¿XYw
A√n-Øm¿amXv = alm-eIvan. AWb = kao-]-Øv. acp-hpw= ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ . D]mt¥ = kao-]-Øv.
Ah-\n-bn¬ = \neØv, ]øth = ]Xps°, \nP= Xs‚, kl-Ncow = Iq´p-Im-cnsb, shdn-cp∂v =
th¿s]´v, sX‚¬ = sX∂¬, Im‰v Xosb‚-t]mse = Xosb-∂-t]m-se.
kmcw
alm-eIvan kao-]-Øp-Xs∂ hkn-°p∂ ]flm-`s‚ (- -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ {]XnjvT ) kao-]Øv
]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° XmWp-sN∂v Ah≥ Ccp-∂p. Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-cnsb th¿s]-´-Xn¬ Ah≥ hfsc k¶-
S-s∏-´p. ap√-∏q-hns‚ kpK-‘-ap-ff Im‰v Gev°p-I-bp-≠m-bXv Xobp-t]msebmbn-cp-∂p.
Ae-¶mcw ˛ hntcm-[m-`mkw
e£Ww = hntcm[w sXm∂p-am-dp‡n
hntcm-[m-`m-k-am-bn-Spw.
ChnsS ap√-∏q-hns‚ Im‰v Xobp-t]msebmbn-cp∂p F∂n-SØv hntcm[w. hnc-ln-bpsS A\p-`-ham-b-Xn-\m¬
hntcm-[-Øn∂p ]cn-lm-chpw.
AtΩ! tZiw ]p\-cn-hn-S-ta-tXXp \msS‚psa√mw
ZnMvtam-lm¿Øw ]p\-c-h-\ptS NnØ-ap-∑n-e-b-¥-y
\∑-b-°mbv \o \nJn-e-P-KXmw ]Zva-\m`! apcmtc!
NnΩo-SmsX Xncp-\-b-\-sa‚-pZvKXm hµn-hm-N:
AtΩ, tZiw ]p\-cn-h-S-ta-Xv, \mtSXv F∂v ZnMv tamlm¿Øw Ah-\psS NnØw D∑o-e-b-¥ym
]fl-\m-`, aqcm-tc, \o \nJn-e-P-KXmw \∑-bv°mbv Xncp-\-b\w NnΩoSmsX (F-∂n-ßs\) hµn-hm: DZvK-Xm.
A¿∞w
ZnMvtam-lm¿Øw = Zn°v Adn-bmsX, NnØw = a\- v, D∑n-e-b-¥-y: hnS¿Øp-∂-Xm-bn, \nJn-e-P-
KXmw = kakvX temI-ß-fp-sSbpw, DZvK-Xm= Db¿∂p-s]m-ßn, kvXpXn ]mT-I-h-N-\-߃.
kmcw
Atøm, Cu tZi-ta-Xv, \mtSXv F∂n-ßs\ Zn°-dn-bmsX Zp:-Jm¿Ø-amb Ah(\m-b-Is‚ v)
a\- ns\ (k-t¥mjw sIm≠v) hnS¿Øp∂ hn[w, tl ]fl-\m-`m, aqcm-tc, \o \nJn-e-P-K-Øp-°-fpsSbpw
\∑-bv°mbn Xncp-\-b-\-߃ AS-bv°m-Xn-cp-∂mepw F∂n-ß-s\-bp-ff kvXpXn-]m-T-I-h-N-\-߃
Db¿∂p-s]m-ßn.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 66

hyØw = aµm-{Im¥m
Imfw-t]mse Ipkp-a-[-\ptjm l¥ ]qt¶mgn IqIo
tNmfwt]mse NnX-dn-hn-fdo Xmc-ImWmw \nImbw
Xmfw t]mse ]pe-cn-h-\n-Xbv°m KXu kqc-y-N{µu
\mfw-t]mte \fn-\-Ip-l-cm-Zp-ZvKXm `rwK-cmPn:
A¿∞w
School of Distance Education
Imfw-t]mse = Iml-fw-t]m-se, Ipkp-a-[-\pjw = Ima-tZ-hs‚, Xmc-ImWmw = \£-{X-ß-fpsS,
\nImbw = Iq´w, ]pecn h\n-Xbv°v = {]`m-X-am-Ip∂ h\n-Xbv°v, kqc-y-N-{µu =kqcyN{µ∑m¿. \fn-\-
Ip-l-cmXv = Xma-c-∏q-hns‚ Df-fn¬ \n∂v, DZvKXm = Db¿∂p-s]m-ßn, `rwK-cmPx = h≠n-Iq-´w.
kmcw
Ima-tZ-hs‚ Imlfwt]mse ]qt¶mgn IqIn, \£-{X-°q-´w, tNmfw-t]mse \mep-]mSpw NnX-dn-hnf-dn,
]pe-cn-s∏-Æns‚ (c-≠p-I-øn-te-bpw) Xmfw-t]mse kqc-y-N-{µ-∑m¿ BK-X-cm-bn. \fn-\-Ip-l-c-ß-fn¬
\n∂v Xo \mfw t]mse h≠n≥Iq-´-߃ Db¿∂p-s]m-ßn. ({]-`m-X-Ønse {]I-y-Xn-bpsS Hmtcmtcm
{]Xn-`m-k-ß-tfbpw {]X-y-£-h-XvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xte-∂p-cm-{Xn-bn¬ Xma-c-∏q-°ƒ Iqºn-b-t∏mƒ AXn-
\p-f-fn¬ s]´p-t]m-bn-cp∂ h≠p-Iƒ ]nt‰∂p {]`m-X-Øn¬ Xmac hnS¿∂-t∏mƒ AXn¬ \n∂v
]pI \mfw t]mse Db¿∂p-s]mßn F∂v Bi-bw.
\oe-°p‚n≥ aWn-a-Ip-S-hZv Zy-i-ytX `m\p-_nw_w
Nme-ØmWq IS-en-e-Wn-sh-≠n-¶ƒ \msem‚p-t]msc
ImetØ \o Xpbn-segp Ipbn¬t∏S ]mSn‚Xpw tIƒ
the-s∏-Æn≥ ape-bnenXap-‰-ºp-sa≥ Xºn-cm-t\.
A¿∞w
\oe°v‚ = \oe-Kncn, aWn-a-Ip-S-hXv = cXv\-In-co-Sw-t]m-se. Zy-i-ytX = ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
`m\p-_nw_w = kqc-y-_nw-_w, \msem‚p-t]msc = \men-sem∂p t]mcpw (_m-°n-bm-Ipw) hn[-Øn¬.
AWn-sh-≠n-Iƒ = at\m-l-c-amb sh¨N-{µ≥, Xpbn-segp = Dd-°-ap-W-cp-I. Aºpw = ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂,
the-s∏Æv = IS¬a¶ ˛ alm-e£van
kmcw.
\ne-°p-∂ns‚ cXv\-In-coSw t]mse kqc-y-_nw_w (Ip-∂n≥ apI-fn¬) Db¿∂p ImWm-bn. at\ml-c-amb
N{µ-_nw_w \men-sem∂p Ign®v (ap-°m¬ `mK-hpw) IS-en¬Xm-Wp. A√tbm alm-e-£v-anbpsS
ape-Ø-S-ß-fn¬ kkpJw InS-∂p-d-ßp∂ Xºp-cm-t\, Aßv ]pe¿t® Dd-°-ap-W-cp-I. Ipbn¬t∏-
S-]m-Sp-∂Xpw tIƒ°p-I.
Fs‚√mw tI´-h-s\mcp \pdp-ßm-i-z-kn-°ns‚ t\cw
Ip‚n-s®ßpw Ipbn¬\n-\-Zhpw Iqhp-a-°m-hp-tXmdpw
H‚n-®p-ss®-c-bp-K-i-c-t\m-Sm¿Øp h≠n≥\n-\m-ssZ˛
sc‚-√-t∏m-sfmcp ]Sp-sIm-e-°mcn h∂m≥ hk¥:
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 67

A¿∞w
School of Distance Education
F≥√mw tI´v = Fs∂√mw tI´v, Hcp \pdpßv = Hcev]w Bi-z-kn°ns‚ t\cw = Bi-z-kn-°ptºmƒ
, Ip‚n®v = D®-Øn¬, Ipbn¬\n\Zw = Ipbn¬i_vZw. Dss®: = D®Øn¬, AbpKic≥ =
Ima-tZ-h≥ h≠n≥ \n\mssZx = h≠n≥ i_vZw sIm≠v F‚√ = F∂√. ]Sp-sIm-e-°mcn = henb
sIme-bmfn, hk¥ = hk-¥≥ (h-k-¥¿Øp)
kmcw
Fs∂√mw tI´v Ah≥ Hcev]w Bi-z-kn-°p-tºmƒ Fhn-tSbpw D®-Øn¬ Ipbn¬\n-\Zw sIm≠v
Iqhp∂ B ]q¶m-hp-tXmdpw\n∂v D®-Øn-ep-ff h≠n≥ i_vZw sIm≠v Ima-tZ-h-t\m-sSmØp B¿Øphn-fn®v
(hn-c-ln-I-fp-sS) sIme-bm-fn-bmb hk-¥¿Øp h∂p.
tX∑m-hn-t∑¬∏c-`-y-X-Ipew, `yw-K-amem ]em-ti,
amc≥Iq-c-ºp-ff Npg-ehpw sNº-I-s°m-ºp-tXmdpw
sX‚¬°‚p-≠n-\nb _Ip-tf, InwiptI Inwip-Imfo
\mfo-I-Øm¿\fn-\n-bn-e-h-s∂ßp t\m°m-hp-X‚ v
]c-`-y-X-Ipew = Ipbn¬°q´w. ]emiw = ]vfmiv. `yw-K-ame = h≠n≥Iq´w amc≥Iq-c-ºpf =
amcs‚ v Iqc-ºp-≠v. Npg-ehpw = Np‰pw _Iptf = Ce-n-a-c-Øn¬. sX‚¬I‚ v =Cf¶m-‰v. InwiptI=apcp-
°pacØn¬.Inw = F¥mWv. ipImfn=XØ°q´w.\fn\n = Xmacs]mbvI. \mfoIØm¿ = Xmac∏qhv.
kmcw
tX∑mhnt∑¬ Ipbn¬°q´w, ]vfmint∑¬ h≠n≥ kaqlw. sNºIs°mºnt∑¬ amcs‚ v IqcºpIƒ.
CenacØn¬ CfwIm‰v, apcp°nt∑¬ XØ°q´w, s]mbvI-I-fn¬ Xma-c-∏q-°ƒ. Ah\v (\m-b-I-\v)
H∂p t\m°m-h-p∂-Xmbn Fhn-S-ap≠v ? F√mw hnc-l-Zp:-JsØ D≤o-]n-°p-∂-h-am-{-Xw.
Ae-¶mcw : sNº-I-s°m-ºp-tXmdpw amc≥°qc-ºpf F∂n-SØpw InwiptI Inip-Imfn
F∂n-SØp cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n.
e£-Ww: \nKo-c-ym-[-ym-h-kmbw Xm≥
cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n-bmw.
kmZ-riy-Øm¬ h¿Æ-y-{]-Xo-Xn-bp-≠mIpw hn[-Øn¬ Ah¿Wyw ]d-bp-∂Xv cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n.
ChnsS sNº-I-sam-´p-Iƒ F∂ h¿W-y-Øn-\p-]-Icw amc≥Iq-cºv F∂ Ah¿Wyw am{Xw ]d-n-cn-°p-∂p.
tImI-t{i-Wohn-c-l-\n-lnXw Xo\p-dp-sß‚ s]mte
XpIn-Øp-In-Øp-ln-\-I-WnImw Xq¿∂ ]q¶m-hn-eqsS
kvtXmtIm-∑o-e-∂-fn-\-sX-fn-tX≥ Imf-Iq-Smw-_p-tImcn ˛
tØIn-tØmI-∏-h-\-\-h-s\-s®‚p sIm‚m≥ XZm-\ow.
A¿∞w
tImI-t{iWn = N{I-hm-I-°q-´w, hnc-l-\n-lnXw = hnc-l-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠mb Xo\q-dpßv =
A·n-IpWvUw F‚-t]m-se ˛ F∂ t]mse, Xqln-\-I-WnImw = ap-\o¿Øp-f-fn-Isf, Xp¿∂ = CS-
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 68

School of Distance Education
Xq¿∂v. kvtXmtIm-∑o-eXv = Aev]w hnS¿∂ \fn-\-sX-fn-tX≥ Imf-Ip-Smw_p = Xma-c-∏qhn‚ sXfn
-tX-\m-Ip∂ hnj Pew ]h-\≥ = Im‰v. XZ-m\ow = At∏mƒ.
kmcw
N{IhmI-∏-£n-I-fpsS (Ch hnc-l-Zp:Jw Xosc kln-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Pohn-I-fm-sW∂p Ihn
k-t¶-Xw) hncl-Øn¬\n- -∂p-≠mb Xo°-\¬ F∂-t]m-se-bp-ff ap-\o¿Øp-f-fn-Isf XqIn-ØqIn CS-
Xq¿∂ ]q¶m-hn-eqsS CØncn hnS¿∂ Xma-c-bpsS sXfn-tX-\m-Ip∂ hnj-Pew tIm-cn-s®m-cnv Im‰v
Ahs\ sN∂p-sIm-∂p. (ay-X-{]m-b-\m°n F∂p XmXv]-c-yw)
Ae-¶mcw
tImIt{iWo hnc-l-\n-lnXw Xo\pdps°s‚t]mse Xpln-\-I-WnImw ˛ F∂n-SØv
D¬t{]-£.
\fn-\-sX-fn-tX≥ Imf-Iq-Smw_p ˛ F∂n-SØv cq]Iw
e£-Ww: Ah¿Æ-y-tØmSp h¿Æ-yØn ˛
Øn∂-t`Zw sNmevI cq]-Iw
kmZ-y-›nXn-tc-I-Øm¬ h¿Æ-y-Øn\pw Ah¿Æ-y-Øn\pw XΩn¬ t`Z-an-√. c≠pw H∂pw
Xs∂ F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv cq]-Iw. ChnsS \fn-\-sX-fn-tX≥ Imf-Iq-Smw-_p-Xs∂ F∂p
-]-d-n-cn-bv°p-∂p.
tNmZ-y߃
I eLp tNmZ-y-߃ (\q-dv-˛-\q-‰-ºXv hm°p-I-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
1. ct£m-cm-P-∂n-f-b-k-l-Pm-e-£vaWw cm£-koh ˛ kµ¿`hpw A¿∞hpw FgpXpI
2. ap√-∏q-hn≥ ]cn-a-f-sagpw sX‚¬ Xosb‚-t]mse sXm∂n-b-Xm¿°v? Ft∏mƒ? F¥p-sIm-≠v.
3. Ah-s\-ßp-t\m-°mhp-Xs‚ ˛ Fhn-tS-bv°√mw t\m°n-°qSm F¥p-sIm≠v
4. tImI-t{iWo hnc-l-\n-lnXw Xo\p-dp-sßs‚ t]mse
tØ-In-tØIn∏h-\-\-hs\ sN‚psIm‚m≥ XZm\ow ˛ hymJ-ym-\n-°pI
II D]\ymk tNmZyw ˛ aq∂q-dp-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI
1. ae-bmf `mjm Ncn-{X-Ønepw kmln-X-y-N-cn-{X-Øn-epw DÆp-\oen ktµ-i-Øn-\pff
{]m[m-\yw ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 69

School of Distance Education
koXm kzbwhcw ˛ `mjm cmam-b-W-Nºp
]p\w-\-ºq-Xn-cn.
cmam-b-W-Nºp ]q\w-\-ºq-Xn-bpsS Iy-Xn-bm-sW-∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]q\w \ºq-Xncn
am\-hn-{I-a-s\∂ kmaq-Xncn cmPm-hns‚ v kZ- nse ]Xn-s\-´-c-°-hn-I-fn¬ (]-Xn-s\-´-c-N-I-hn-Iƒ F∂pw
A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.) Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. as‰-√m-hcpw kwkvI-y-X-hn-I-fm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ct±lw aWn-{]-hm-f-
Øn¬ Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xp-sIm≠v Ac-°-hn-bm-tb IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-f-fp-h-s{X. ]q\w tIc-f-h¿Ω
tIme-Øn-cn-bpsS kZ-k-y-\mb i¶-c-I-hn-bpsS ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\p sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. tIcf-h¿Ω
tIme-Øn-cn-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmb DZ-b-h¿Ω tIme-Øn-cnbpsS kZ-k-y-\m-b-cp∂p Iy-jvW-KmYm
I¿Øm-hmb sNdp-t»cn. sNdp-t»-cnbpw ]p\hpw Hcmƒ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw hmZ-K-Xn-I-fp-≠v.
]t£ ]p\-Øns‚bpw sNdp-t»-cn-bp-sSbpw Imh-y-ssi-en°v hfsc hy-X-ym-k-ap-≠v. am{X-a√ Ime-K-W-
\m-]-c-ambpw Ahsc Htc-Im-e-tØ°p sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ {]bm-k-ap-≠v. Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb Nnd-bv°¬
Sn. _me-I-y-jvW≥ \mb¿, Nnd-bv°¬ tImhn-e-IsØ Nne tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v Nne hkvX-Xp-Iƒ
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]p\w C√sØ Ah-ti-jn-® Hcp DÆnsb sNdp-t»cn C√-tØ°p ZsØ-SpØp
F∂pw Aß-s\-bmWv ]q\w \ºq-Xncn sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-b-sX-∂p-amWv AXns‚ Npcp-°w. GXmbmepw
aZ-b-Xn-]p-\-an∂pw `qcn `qN-{I-hmfw F∂v N{µm-’-h-Øn¬ {]kvXpX\mb ]p\hpw Xmcn¬
X\zo ISm-£m-©-e............................-F∂ t«mI-Øns‚ I¿Ømhpw D±-WvU-imkv{XnIfm¬ {]kw-kn-°s∏´h\p-amb
]p\hpw AXn-{]-i-kvX-\mb Ihn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v X¿°-an-√.
cmam-b-W-I-Ysb Bkv]-Z-am°n FgpXn-bXpw H‰-bvs°m-‰bv°v Hmtcm kz-X-{¥-Im-h-y-ambn ]cn-K-Wnbv°m-hp-∂-Xp-amb
Ccp-]Xp Nºp-°-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv `mj cma-b-W-Nºp. KZ-y-]-Z-y-k-Ωn-{i-amb
Iy-Xn-bmWv Nºp F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. `mjm-N-ºp-°-fnse KZyw hrØK-‘n-bm-Wv. Xcw-KnWn F∂
`mjm hy-Ø-amWv kmam-t\-y\ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. ImIfn XpS-ßnb hy-Ø-ßfpw kzo-I-cnbv°mdp-
≠v. ]pdta ZWvV-I-ß-fn-ep-ff h¿Æ-\-Ifpw ImWmw.
koXm kz-bw-h-c-Ønse BZ-y-`m-KsØ GXm\pw ivtfmI-ßfpw Hcp-K-Z-y-hp-amWv ]Tn-°m-\p-f-f-Xv.
D≈-S°w
ivtfmIw 26 hni-zm-an-{Xs‚ bmK-c-£-bv°p-tijw {iocm-a-t\bpw e£-va-W-t\bpw Iq´n koXm-k-zbwhc
]co£-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ hni-zm-an-{X≥ anYn-ebn¬ FØp∂-tXm-sS-bmWv Cu `mKw Acw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.
C{]-Imcw ]d ka-bØv P\-I-a-lm-cm-Pmhv Xs‚ Ipe-Kp-cp-hmb iXm-\µ al¿jn-bpsS
apJ-tØ-bvs°m∂p t\m°n ]p©n-cn®v sIu-Xp-Ihpw kvt\lhpw hni-z-mkhpw \nd a\-t msS B
[\-ymflmhv {iocma-t\mSpw e£-a-W.(skuan{Xn) t\mSpw IqsS hni-zm-an-{Xs\ (KmtY X\qPw = KmYnbpsS
aIs\ ) Bÿ-bm(-Xm-ev]-c-y-tØmsS) aWn-b-d-bn-tebv°v B\-bn®p (A-ss\-jo-Xv)
ivtfmIw 27 AY=-X-Z-\-¥-cw, almflm ssaYn-tex = alm-flm-hmb P\-I≥, KmYn-kq-s\u Zi-c-Y-]p-{Xm-
\-zntX = hnim-an-{X≥ cma-e-£-a-W-∑m-tcm-Sp-IqSn cmP-[m\ow k{ºm ]vtX = cmP-[m-\n-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂t∏mƒ
Kw`ossc¿ kNohh-ssc¿ = Kw`o-c-∑m-cmb a{¥nt{ijvT∑m-tcm-Sv, a{¥-bn-Xzm = IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-®v,
ktΩmZw ]q≠v = Blvfm-Z-tØmsS, AJn-e-Znin `q]m-e-Im\mw = F√m Zn°n-ep-ff cmPm-°-∑m¿°v,
aS-t°me = ktµ-i-]{Xw Ab-®v, k¿∆{X = F√m-bn-S-Øpw, koXm-]-cn-Wb alm-tLmjw = koXm-hnhm-tLmjw,
Dss®:-h-y-Xm-\oXv = h≥tXm-Xn¬ sNbvXp. (A-dn-bn-®p).
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 70

School of Distance Education
.
ivtfmIw 28. B›-cy B›-c-yw, F´m-im-N-{I-hmtf = F´p-Zn-°p-I-I-fp-tSbpw A‰-ß-fn¬ s]mSn-]-S-e߃
s]mßn \nd-bp-tºmƒ (cm-P-°-∑m-cpsS bm{X-sIm-≠v) cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS apºn¬ \S∂v "Pb-Pb'
hnfn-bv°p∂ i_vZw \ndsb tI´p-Xp-Sßn. N¥-ta-dnb sh¨sIm-‰-°p-S-I-fpw, ]mdn-°-fn-°p∂ sImSn-
°q-d-Ifpw Im‰p-X´n BIm-i-Øn¬ Xpffn°fn-bv°p-∂-Xp-Im-Wm≥ Ign-p.
ivtfmIw 29. sh¨sIm-‰-°p-S-Ifpw Xg-Ifpw \osf-∏n-Sn-∏n®v sh¨ Nma-c-°p-´ßƒ CS-bv°n-Sbv°v
Db¿Øn hnio-∏n®v henb s]cp-º-d-I-fpsS i_vZw sIm≠v Zn°p-I-sf-√mw \nd®v cmP-ho-c-∑m¿ B \Kc-Øn-tebv°v
thKw thKw h∂p-Xp-S-ßn.
ivtfmIw 30 kw{`m-¥-ym-h-∂p-h∂v A∂n-dbpw = ]cn-{`-a-tØm-Sp-IqSn h∂p-h∂v B \nd-bp∂, AJn-e-`qtem-I-]m-em≥
= F√m cmPm-°-∑m-tcbpw, anYn-te-{µ-ky a{¥n = P\Is‚ a{¥n-am¿ kΩm-\n-®-sßmtcm
ssI\n-e(-Iq-Sm-cw) Ifn¬ = BZ-cn®v Hmtcm-tcm-Iq-Sm-c-ß-fn¬, XZm-\o, CcpØn = At∏mƒ Ccp-Øn-bn-´v,
Aavfm-\m-tam-Z-ame = hmSm-ØXpw hmk-\-bp-ffXpamb ame Lpk-yWw = Ip¶paw, ay-K-a-Zm-te]w =
IkvXq-cn-°p-g-ºv, Xmw_q-ew = -sh-‰n-e-ap-dp-°m≥, apX-emb apJ-y-]-Zm¿∞-ß-sf-s°m≠v ktΩm-Zm¿{Zw
= kt¥m-j-tØmSpw Aen-thmSpw IqSn, kZ-y-i-ap-S-\-dnv = X©hpw Xc-hp-a-dnv A¿®bmamk =
]qPn®p
ivtfmIw 31. Hmtcm Zn°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v Nne ]pg-Ifpw hgn-I-fpw-Xm-≠n, B hy-≤-_mew = hb- -∑m¿
sXm´p-Ip-´n-Iƒ hsc-bp-ff [\yw `qtZ-h-kwLw = t{ijvT-∑m-cmb {_m“-W¿ Xnc-fp-samcp ]W-{i-≤bm
henb kwJy Z£n-W-bmbn In´m-\p-ff sImXn-sIm-≠v, AIm-WvtU; s]s´∂v hs∂-Øn. Bbn-c-°-W-
°n¬ Nß-e-∏n-Sn-bp-ff hSn-Ifpw Hme-°p-S-Ifpw \nc-∂p. Ah¿ XΩn¬ Al-¶m-c-tØmsS ]ni-Ip∂
_l-fhpw \nd-p.
ivtfmIw 32. ssIøp-°p-Im´n IÆn¬I-≠-sX√mw X´n-Ø-I¿Øp-sIm-≠p-Iq-´w. bjvSnw Bew-_y =
hSnsb B{i-bn®v hSn-Ip-Øn-\-S-°p∂ as‰m-cp-Iq´w. ]Xp-s°-∏-Xp-s°-\-S-∂p. hgn-bn¬ Aßn-ßn-cp∂pw
sIm°n-°p-c®pw sIm≠v a‰p Nne¿, ]√n-√mØ Hcp hI, ad-°q-∂-h-tcmSv ]d--Xp-Xs∂ ]dv hmbtXm-cmsX
kwkm-cn-bv°p∂ as‰m-cp-X-c-°m¿, Hcp \nanjw t]mepw ImØp-\n¬°msX ap°p-aps´
`£n-bv°m≥ sImXn-tbmsS a≠n-\-S-°p∂ as‰m-cp-Iq-´¿.
ivtfmIw 33 Aan-X-amb ]W-s°m-Xn-bp-ff Hcp Iq´w(-I- -X-n- -N\ : Nne¿) bph-Xn-Isf Benw-K\w sNøm≥
X°w t\m°n \S-°p∂ Nne¿ ""Fs∂ kzo-I-cnbv°q'' F∂n-ßs\ Al-¶m-c-tØmsS Iq°n-hn-fn®v
\mWw sI´p-\-S-°p∂ thsd-Nne Iq´¿. Cßs\anYnem tKm]p-c-Øn¬ Nncn-bv°phI \¬°mØ Hcp
ap°pw aqe-bp-an-√.
ivtfmIw 34. Ipdp-h-Sn-bp-ambn \S-°p∂ Kp≠m-kwLw Hcp `mKØv Ah-tcm-Sp-I-b¿Øp-sIm≠v Idp-
Øp-X-Sn® as‰mcp hn`mKw ssItIm¿Øpw sI´n-∏n-Sn®pw Igp-Øn¬ sR°nbpw, hoWpw NØpw AwK`wKw
]‰nbpw F∂n´pw Xcnºpw IqkmsX \n¬°p-∂-h-cpsS _l-f-amWv as‰m-cn-S-Øv.
ivtfmIw 35. XZm\ow ]y-Yv-]o-]memx = At∏mƒ cmPm-°-∑m¿ hnc-shm-Sp-hn-ln-X-kv\m-\-`p-‡-ym-Zn-I-y-
X]m = th≠-hÆw Ipfn-`-£Ww apX-em-b-h-sb√mw \n¿∆-ln-®v, samØoSpw \qX\-c-Xv\m-`-c-W-aWn
atlm-cm-P-\o-cm-Pn-XmwKm. tim`-tb-dnb ]pXnb cXv\m-`-c-W-ß-fnse cXvß-fpsS {]Imiw sIm≠v \ocm-
P\w (Xn-cn-D-gn-®n¬) Ign® AwK-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-cm-bn-´p (-B-`-c-W߃ sIm≠v Xnf-ßp-∂-h¿) AJne-X\p-aXmw
(i-co-c-sa-Sp-Ø-h¿ ˛ ico-cn-Iƒ) a\- ns\ Alvfm-Zn-∏n-bv°p-∂-X-c-Øn¬ sNs∂Øn. hn√v
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(ss{X-bw-_-Iw) sh®n-´p-ff hnkvXo¿Æ-amb ime-bn¬ bmsYu-Nn-Xyw = HuNn-X-y-a-\p-k-cn®v GtX =
Fh¿ (cm-Pm-°-∑m¿) \njvWmx = Ccp-∂p.
ivtfmIw 36: a‰p Nne-Zn-°n¬ D®-Øn-ep-ff CSn-\m-Zw-t]mepw \S-pßp∂ shSn-s°´v cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS
s]cp-º-d-bpsS i_vZw, kvXpXn]m-T-I-∑m-cpsS "Pb-Pb" hnfnbpw ]m´p-Ifpw, Nmac-{Km-ln-Wo\mw =sh¨Nmacw
hoip∂hcmb, Nmcp-kvta-cm-\-\m-\mw= at\m-l-c-am-bn-Nn-cn-bv°p∂ apJ-ap-f-f-h-cp(-kp-µ-cn-am¿) sS,
Xcn-h-f-I-fpsS Inep°w Fß-sbm-s°-bmbn XZm\ow Nm]-cwKw = At∏mƒ hn√p-sh® ÿew hni-z-hnkvam]w
(tem-I-sØ-AXv`p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv) Bbn-Xo¿∂p.
KZyw
anYn-e-bn-e-t∏mƒ D≠mb tImem-l-e-߃ h¿Æn-bv°m≥ km≤-y-a√. ht√≥ = F∂n-bv°pkm-≤-y-a-√.
(a≤y Ime-a-Wn-{]-hfm Nºp°fn-se-sb√mw H∂m-asØ KZyw Cu a´n-emWv XpS-ßp-I)
sXcp-sXsc h∂p \nd-bp∂ cmPm-°-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w h∂ henb ssk\-y-ß-fpsS NcW kap-∞nX
(Im¬ X´n Db¿∂) s]mSn-]-S-ew-sIm≠v Zn°p-Isf√mw aqSn-a-d-p. Xnf-ßp∂ hmfv, ]cn-N, Np‰nI, ISp-
Øn-e, I´mcw, thev apX-emb Bbp-[hnti-j-߃ AXn-I-Tn-\-ambn Cf-In-b-t∏mƒ ag-°m-eØv ]c-
°p∂ CSn-an-∂-ep-t]mse IÆ-S-p-t]mIpw hn[-Øn¬ Xnf-ßp-∂p. N¥w Xnc≠ s]¨In-Sm-ß-fpsS
Xmen, tXmS, Ac-m¨ F∂nh I≠p sImXn®p ssItIm¿Øp \S-°p∂ Imap-I-∏-cn-j-I-fpsS Blvfm-
Z-\m-Z-߃ Hcn-S-Øv. irw-Km-c-°p-g-º≥ Ihn-X-Iƒ ]mSp∂ IhnIƒ Hcn-SØv. ag-°m-eØv CSn-sh-
´p∂Xpt]mepff i_vZ-Øn¬ apg-ßp∂ XIn-ev, XpSn, s]cp-ºd XpS-ßn-b-h- -bpsS tLmjw Hcn-SØvv,
Cu i_vZ-߃ tI´v icnbv°pw CSn-bm-sW-t∂m¿Øv tImI-mc-hw(-a-bn-ens‚ ]m´v) D≠m°n Np‰pw
\n¬°p∂ s]¨a-bn-epIƒ°nS-bn¬ \n∂v ]oen-hn-S¿Øn \rØw shbv°p∂ aZn®abnepIfpsS
at\mlcamb IfnIƒ HcnSØv, IeymWØn\p hs∂Øp∂ Nne almcmPm°∑msc FXntc¬°m≥
sN√p∂ kpµcnamcpsS Cfw ta\nbn¬ kpe`ambpff \m\mXcØnepff B`cWßfnepff Pzenbv°p∂
cXv\ßfpsS tim`m hnemkw sIm≠v Hcp `mKw. Cfshbn¬ ]c∂Xpt]mse IpSbpw hSnbpsaSpØv
sImemlew Iq´n ipWvTn]nSn®v ap°nbpw aqfnbpw `£Ws°mXnsIm≠v {`m¥p]nSn®v h∂p \ndbp∂
{_m“WcpsS IqSpw IqSnbpff Xami]dbepw, s]m´n®ncnIfpsS \¿Ω hnt\mZßfpamWv HcnSØv.
tNmZy߃
I eLptNmZy߃ (\qdv˛\q‰ºXphm°pIfn¬)
1) "" Imt‰s‰ms´m´mSn°fnbv°p∂Xp KK\Xte
l¥ImWmbv®aq "" F¥v ? Ft∏mƒ ?
2) IÆpw Zn°pw \pdpßns√mcpIpdnanYnem
tKm]ptc PmXlmkw ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bibhpw FgpXpI
3) ainJmhf_≤hnt\mZw
lyZyw \nXmcw IplN\ `mtK FhnsS ? F¥psIm≠v ?
4) ""Cfshbn¬ t]mse IplN\eknXw"" ˛ kµ¿`hpw kmckyhpw hy‡am°pI.
II D]\ymk tNmZy߃ (ap∂qdphm-°n¬)
1) NºpImc∑m¿ s]mXpth ""{kZv[cm_≤cmK∑mcmb'' h¿Æ{]nbcmWv ˛
]mTy`mKsØ ASnÿm\am°n N¿® sNøpI.
2) cq] inev]Øn¬ Xpff¬°yXnIƒs°mcp apt∂mSnbmWv Nº°ƒ F∂p ]dbmw
˛ \n߃ Cu A`n{]mbtØmSv tbmPnbv°p∂pt≠m ? F¥psIm≠v ? hniZoIcn°pI.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 72

samU-yqƒ ˛ 3
⁄m\-∏m\
]q¥m\w
School of Distance Education
aebm-fn-Iƒ F∂pw a\- n¬sh-®m-cm-[n-bv°p∂ alm-I-hn-bmWv ]q¥m-\w. ]t£, At±-lsØ-°p-dn®v
Hcp-]mSv sFXn-l-y-ß-f-√msX hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Ncn-{X-ß-sfm∂pw \ap-°-dn-bn-√. ]q¥m-\-
Øns‚ Ihn-X-z-tØbpw, {ioIrjvW `‡n-tb-bpw, Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ß-tfbpw Ipdn-s®m-s° Hcp-]mSv sFXnl-y-ß-fp-≠v.
Cu sFXn-l-y-߃ Xs∂ ]n-ev°m-eØv ]e ae-bmf alm-I-hn-Iƒ°pw Imh-y-hn-j- -b-ßfm-bn.
C{X-am{Xw sFXn-l-y-ß-fn¬ \ndp \n¬°p∂ as‰mcp Ihn ae-bm-f-Øn-se-∂√ at‰-sX-¶nepw
`mj-bn¬Øs∂ Dt≠m F∂p kwi-b-am-Wv. ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n-ff {]kvXm-hn-®-Xp-t]mse Cu sFXn-ly-ß-fpsS
_mlpeyw ImWn-°p-∂-Xv, km[m-cW P\߃°v At±-l-tØm-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ASp-∏hpw
Xm¬∏-c-yhpw Bcm-[-\m-`m-h-hp-am-Wv. ]q¥m\w DS-temsS kz¿§-Øn-te-bv°p-t]mbn F∂ph-sc-bp≠v
sFXn-lyw Ft∂m¿Øm¬ Xs∂ AXns‚ ]n∂nse P\-lr-Zbw \ap-°q-ln-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
]q¥m\w F∂Xp C√-t∏-cm-Wv. ]gb \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ C√-t∏-cn¬ am{Xw Adn-n-cp-∂p-ht√m.
At±-l-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ \ma-t[bw t]mepw Adn-bn-√. ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ s]cn¥¬aÆ Xmeq-°n¬
Iogm-‰q¿ Awi-Øn-emWv ]q¥m\w C√w ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. AXn-\-SpØv ]q¥m\w {ioIr-jvW-t£-{Xhp-ap-≠v.
Cu ÿe-ß-sf√mw Ct∏mƒ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZh-k-z-Øns‚ IognemWv. s]cn-¥¬a-Æ-bv°-
SpØv Aßm-Sn-∏p-dØv Xncpam‘mw-Ip-∂p-t£-{X-Øn\p kao-]-Ømbn CS-Øp-]pdw t£{X-ap-≠v.
{ioIr-jvW-Z¿i\w In´n-b-X-\p-k-cn®v Ihn ]q¥m-\w-Xs∂ ÿm]n-®-XmWv Cu Aºew.
DØ-tc-¥-y-bn¬ Bcw-`n®v `mc-X-Øns‚ CX-c-`m-K-ß-fn-tebv°p hym]n® hnjvWp-`-‡n-{]-ÿm\w
tIc-f-Øn¬ {]Nmcw t\Sn-bXv {InkvX-z_vZw ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. alm-Ihn Xp©-sØgp-Ø-—≥,
taev]-Øq¿ \mcm-bW `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv XpS-ßn-b-h-tcm-sSm∏w Cu {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ahn-kva-c-Wob-amb
kmln-X-y-c-N-\-Iƒ \S-Ønb Hcp Ihn-bmWv ]q¥m-\w. `mjm-I¿Æm-ar-Xw, Ipam-c-l-cWw ]m\
(k-¥m-\-tKm-]mew ]m\), ⁄m\-∏m\ XpS-ßnb ]q¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ°p ]pdta \nc-h[n kvtXm{X-ßfpw
Io¿Ø-\-ßfpw At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≠v. L\-kw-Lw, {ioIrjvW Io¿Ø-\-߃, Zim-h-Xmc kvtXm{X߃
F∂nh Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xp-am-{X-am-Wv. Xan-gnepw At±lw kvtXm{X-߃ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. kwkvIr-X-
]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp-∂n´pw At±lw B `mj-bn¬ {KŸ-c-N-\bv°p apXn¿∂n-s√-∂Xv A°m-esØ
Hc-¤p-X-kw-`-h-am-Wv. `‡n-bmWv At±-l-I-Øns‚ ]Y-y-hn-j-b-sa-¶nepw B ]®-a-e-bmf IrXn-I-fn¬
`mjm`nam\hpw tZim-`n-am-\hpw Hmfw sh´p-∂Xp ImWmw.
⁄m\-∏m\
]WvUn-X-]m-a-c-t`-Z-an-√m-sX, kv{Xo]p-cp-j-h-y-X-ym-k-an-√msX PmXn-a-X-Nn-¥-bn-√msX Hcp `mj kwkmcn-bv°p∂
{]tZ-isØ B_m-e-hr≤w P\-ß-fpsS apgp-h≥ \mhn¬ XØn-°-fn-bv°p∂XmWv P\-Iob
Ihn-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-sa-¶n¬ ae-bm-f-Ønse BZ-ysØ P\-Iob Imhyw ⁄m\-∏m-\bpw BZ-ysØ
P\-Iob Ihn ]q¥m-\-hp-am-sW∂p kΩ-Xn-bvt°-≠n-h-cpw. P\-Øn-c°pw {]Xm-]-hp-ap-ff Kpcp-hm-bq¿
t£{Xw apX¬ Bƒ°q-´hpw B¿`m-S-hp-an-√mØ \m´n≥]p-d-ß-fnse Aº-e-߃ hsc {]Xn-Zn\w {]`m-
X-߃ apJ-cn-X-am-°p-∂Xv ⁄m\-∏m-\-bnse ]qt¥≥ sam-gn-sIm-≠m-Wv. ss{]a-dn-¢m-kp-I-fnepw Un{Kn-
¢m-kp-I-fnepw Ah ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fm-Wv. ln‰v kn\n-am-Km-\-ßfn¬ hsc AXns‚ hi-y-i‡n
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 73

School of Distance Education
{]k-cn-®n-In-S-°p-∂p. {]utVm-÷-ze `mj-bn¬ hnkvX-cn®p hnh-cn-®mepw a\- n¬ Ib-dm≥ aSn®p
\n¬°p∂ Bflob Nn¥-I-fpw, thZm-¥-s∏m-cp-fp-I-fpw, XØz-⁄m-\-ßfpw ]® ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Cf-
\o¿{]-hm-lw-t]m-ep-ff Cuc-Sn-I-fn-embn CXn¬ Dd-sh-Sp-Øn-cn-bv°p-∂p. ]cn-an-X-hpw, Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-hpamb
Ae-¶m-c-߃ am{Xw {]tbm-Kn-®v Cu Bi-b-߃ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS a\- n¬ Ipdn-®nSp-I-bmWv
]q¥m\w \ºq-Xncn sNbvX-Xv. `‡nbpw hnc-‡n-bp-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ hgn-sb-¶nepw Krl-ÿm-{i-a-
[¿Ω-ß-tf-tbm, {]m]-©n-I-X-tb-tbm, AXn-t\mSp _‘-s∏´ Pohn-X-I¿Ω-ß-tftbm At±lw Xf-fn-∏d-bp-Itbm
Xcw-XmgvØn°mWn-bv°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√. Xncp-\m-a-]sØ At±lw F¥nepw aosXbmbn
ImWp-∂p. P]-b-⁄m-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ tam£-am¿§w. ]ecpw sX‰n-≤-cn® amXncn X\n
Bflo-b-X-bp-tStbm thZm-¥-Ønt‚tbm BJ-ym-\-h-ym-J-ym-\-ß-f√ ⁄m\-∏m-\. `uXn-I-kp-J-Xr-jvW,
A[n-Im-c-hm-RvO, am\-y-Ω-\-y-X, ]WvUn-X-ta-\n, a\p-j-ys‚ Aev]-Øw, ]c-Zq-j-Ww, ]c-Nq-j-Ww, kv{Xo]o-
U\w F∂nh sXm´p-Im´n t\¿am¿§-Øn-eqsS ka-Im-enI kmaq-l-y-hn-a¿i-\-Øn\pw At±lw ⁄m\-
∏m-\-bn-eqsS hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p. ⁄m\-∏m-\-bn¬ BZ-y¥w ebn-®p-In-S-°p∂ timI-—mb Bhn-jvIr-
Xm-i-b-ß-fpsS Xnf°w Iq´m≥ D]-I-cn-bv°p-∂p. Ihn-bpsS tZim-`n-am-\-Ønt‚bpw `mjm-`n-am-\Ønt‚bpw
DØ-tam-Zm-l-cWw IqSn-bmWv ⁄m\-∏m\ \mS≥I-e-I-tfmSpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfmSpw _‘-s∏´
]m\-h-rØØnemWv At±lw Cu IrXn cNn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv.
Df-f-S°w
Kpcp-\m-Ys\ hµn-®p-sIm≠v Imhyw Bcw-`n-bv°p-∂p. (k-¥Xw = kZm) `K-h-∂m-a-߃ Ft∏mgpw
D®-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂mte \ΩpsS a\p-j-y-Po-hnXw k^-e-am-hp-I-bp-f-fq. (Xp-©-sØ-gp-Ø-—-s\-t∏mse
]q¥m-\hpw \ma-P-]-Øn\v henb {]m[m-\yw Iev]n-bv°p-∂p. Cu IrXn-bn¬ a‰p Nne `mK-ß-fnepw
\ma-am-lm-flyw hnh-cn-bv°p-∂p-≠v). CXp-hsc F¥p kw`-hnbv°pw F∂p ap≥Iq´n Adn-n-cp-∂n-√.
Cu ImWp∂ ico-c-Øn\v Ft∏m-gmWv \miw hcn-I-sb∂pw ap≥Iq´n ]d-bm-\m-In-√. I≠p-sIm-≠n-cnbv°p-∂-Xn-\n-Sbn¬
Bfp-Isf C√m-Xm-°p- -∂-Xpw, Ipd Znh-k-߃sIm≠v Hcp Zcn-{Zs\ Ipt_-c-\m-
°p-∂Xpw alm-N-{I-h¿Ønsb ]n®-°m-c-\m°p∂Xpw Cui-z-c≥ Xs∂. X≠n-te-‰pI = ]√-°n¬
FSp-sØ-gp-∂-f-fn-bv°p-I. amdm∏v = `mWvU-s°´v (]n-®-°m-cs‚).
Cu temI-k-z-`mhw Nne¿°v I≠m-e-dnbmw. Nne¿°p I≠mepw a\- n-em-hn-√. C°m-Wp-∂sX√mw
shdpw amb am{X-am-sW∂p ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ ap≥Iq´n Adn-bp-∂p. (a-\p-Pm-Xn)
a\p-j-y-h¿§-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]e-hn[ a\- p-f-f-h-cm-Wv. ]ecpw a\- n-em-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv ]e imkv{X߃
D≠m-bn-´p-f-f-Xv. Htcm I¿Ωhpw Ipe-sØm-gn-em-bn-´p-f-f-h¿°v Ah-cpsS I¿Ω-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-cnbv°p∂
imkv{X-ß-fp-≠v. kmwJyw, tbmKw apX-em-bh AØcw imkv{X-ß-fm-Wv. (kmwJyw, tbmKw,
\ym-bw, sshti-jn-Iw, ]q¿∆-ao-amwk, DØ-c-ao-amwk F∂o Bsd-Æ-amWv {]kn-≤-amb jUvZ¿i-\-߃)
Ah hf-sc-bp-≠v.
Nqgp-∂o-Sp∂ = Np‰n-°n-S-°p-∂, kwkmcw = temI-Po-hn-Xw, kwkm-c-N{Iw = P\-\w, Pohn-Xw,
acWw ho≠pw AXns‚ Bh¿Ø-\w. Cu euInI Pohn-X-t¢-i-ß-fm¬ Np‰-s∏-´p-In-S-°p∂ \ap°v
Adn-bm≥ th≠n ⁄m\n-I-fmb alm-∑m¿ kX-y-amb XØ-z-߃ ]d-p-sh-®n-´p-≠v. Ffp-∏-Øn¬
tam£w (ap-‡n) e`n-bv°m≥ \n߃ AXp {i≤n®p tIƒ°-Ww. \Ω-sf-sb√mw I¿Ωw F∂ hkvXpsIm≠v
sI´n-bn-´n-cn-bv°p∂p F∂mWv BZyw a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv. Cu ImWp∂ {]]©w apgp-h≥
Cui-z-c-i-‡n-bmb Hscm‰ {]Im-i-Øn¬\n-∂p-≠m-b-Xm-Wv. B {]Im-i-am-Is´ H∂nepw ebn-bv°m-Ø-
Xp-am-Wv. AXv as‰m-∂ns\ AXn-t\mSv ebn-bv°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-bv°m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. AXv as‰m-∂n¬ sN∂p
IpSp-ßp-∂n-√. Hmtcm-t∂m-tcm-∂mbn th¿Xn-cn®p Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-h¿°v bp‡n-sIm≠p am{Xw
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 74

School of Distance Education
Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xpw, H∂pw Adn-bmØ aqV-∑m¿°v bmsXm-∂p-sIm≠pw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xpw,
H∂p-t]mse as‰m∂n-√msX hn`n∂ hy-‡n-X-z-ß-fmbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpw Bb B Cui-z-c-i‡n Xs∂bmWv
{]]©w krjvSn-®Xv (N-a-®-Xv). aq∂pw (kr-jvSn, ÿnXn, kwlm-cw) Htc i‡n-bn¬Øs∂ IpSnsIm-f-fp-∂p.
Ch H∂p-an-√m-Xm-Ip∂ ka-bØv {]fbw (tem-I-\m-iw) kw`-hn-bv°p-∂p. Htc i‡nbn¬\n-∂p-≠mb
temIØn¬ aq∂p Xc-Øn-ep-ff I¿Ω-߃ D≠v. ]pW-y-I¿Ωw, ]m]-I¿Ωw, AhbpsS
an{iw F∂m-W-h. Nn¥n®p t\m°n-bm¬ Cu aq∂p-Xcw I¿Ω-ßfpw Pohs\ sI´n-bn-Sp-∂p.
Ah-bn¬ H∂v (]p-W-yw) s]m∂n≥ Nß-e-bm-sW-∂pw, at‰Xv (]m-]w) Ccp-ºp-N-ß-e-bm-sW∂pw
]d-bmw. CXp c≠pw Iq´n-°p-g® Nß-e-bmWv an{i-I¿Ωw. {_“mhp apX¬ Cu®-h-sc-bp-ff F√mhcpw
I¿Ω-_‘Øn¬ (_-≤¿ = _≤n-bv°-s∏-´-h¿) IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂p. `ph\w = temIw. temIsØ
krjvSn-bv°p∂ {_“m-hn-\p-t]mepw `ph-\m-¥-y-{]-fbw = Ah-km-\sØ {]fbw hsc I¿Ω-am-Ip∂
Ib-dp-sIm-≠p-ff sI´n¬\n∂p c£-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bn-√. ZnIv]m-e-∑m¿ = F´p-Zn°pw kwc-£n-bv°p-hm≥
Npa-X-e-s∏´ tZh-∑m¿. (In-g°v, sX°p Ing-°v, sX°v F∂o {Ia-Øn¬ F´p Zn°p-I-fp-tSbpw tZh∑m¿
{Ia-Øn¬ C{µ≥, h”n, ba≥, \ncr-Xn, hcp-W≥, hmbp, Ipt_-c≥, Cuim\≥ (in-h≥) F∂n-h-cm-Wv.
AjvSZn-Iv]m-e-∑m¿ t]mepw Cßs\ Hmtcm Zn°n¬ Xf-®n-S-s∏-´n-cn-bv°p-∂p. Npcp°w I¿Ω-߃
sNøp∂ \Ω-sf√mw Npcp-ßnb Imew-sIm≠v Hmtcm Pohn-I-fpsS K¿`-Øn¬ InS∂pw {]k-hn-bv°s∏´pw
Cßs\ I¿Ωw sIm≠v Ifn-bv°p-∂p. (]p-\-c]n P\\w ˛ ]p\-c]n acWw ˛]p-\-c]n P\\n
PTtc ib\w Ime:{IoUXn ˛ F∂v {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-c-y¿ {]kvXm-hn® XXzw Xs∂-bmWv ]q¥m\w
hy-‡-am-°p-∂-Xv).
\c-I-Øn¬ InS-°p∂ Pohs‚ ZpcnXw Xo¿∂m¬, a\- n\v CcpØw h∂m¬ {ItaW
\c-Pm-Xn-bn¬ (a-\p-j-y-hw-i-Øn¬) h∂p P\n-bv°p-∂p. a\p-j-y-\m-bn kpIrXw sNbvXm¬
kX-y-tem-I-tØmfw (hn-jvWp-temIw; AXmWv km£m¬ tam£w. AhnsS FØn-bm¬ ]p\¿P-\-\-an-√.)
Db¿∂p kpJn®p Ign-bp-∂p. \√ I¿Ωw-sIm≠v Db¿® t\Sn-b-h≥ BZyw kz¿§-Øn¬ FØn kpJambn
Ign-bp-∂p. Ah-cpsS \√ I¿Ω-ß-fpsS ^ew Xo¿∂m¬, Ah-cpsS ]I-zX \in-®m¬ ho≠pw `qanbn¬
PmX-cmbn (P-\n-®n-´v) Zpcn-X-߃ sNbvXp acn-bv°p-∂p. At∏mƒ \c-I-Øn¬ ]Xn-bv°p-∂p.
kpc-temIw = kz¿§w. Aßs\ kz¿§-Øn¬ Ign-n-cp∂ Hcp Poh≥ \ctemI-Øn¬ (a-\p-j-y-tem-I-
Øn¬) alo-kp-c≥ ({_m-“-W≥) Bbn ]nd-°p-∂p. NWvU-I¿Ω-߃ = {Iqc-X-Iƒ sNbvXm¬ acn®p
Ign-m¬ NWvUm-e-Ip-e-Øn¬ = \oN-Pm-Xn-bn¬ h∂v ho≠pw P\n-bv°p-∂p. Cßs\ ]p\¿P-∑-ßfn¬
Akp-c-∑m¿ kpc-∑m¿ (tZ-h-∑m¿) Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. Aa-c-∑m¿ (tZ-h-∑m¿) ac-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p.
APw (B-Sv) NØv KPw (B-\) Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. adn®v B\ NØv BSmbpw ]nd-°p-∂p. \cn NØv
a\p-j-y-\m-bn-∏n-d-°p-∂p. kv{Xo acn®v Ipdp-°≥ (Hm-cn) Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. bmsXmcp Zb-bp-an-√msX
P\-ßsf D]-{Z-hn-bv°p∂ cmPmhv Iran-bmbn ]nd-°p-∂p. Cu® NØv ]q®-bmbn amdp-∂p. CsXm-s°bmWv
Cui-z-cs‚ Ifn-Iƒ.
Cßs\ Iogvta¬ adn-bp∂ Poh≥ `qan-bn¬\n∂p am{X-amWv I¿Ω-߃ t\Sp-∂-Xv. koa = AXn-cv,
Poh≥ FÆn∏d-bm-\m-hmØ I¿Ω-߃ `qan-bn¬\n∂mWv tiJ-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. Aßs\ I¿Ω-^-e-߃
t\Sn `qan-bn¬ acn®v A\y temI-ß-fn¬ ]p\¿÷-\n®v t\Snb I¿Ω-ß-fpsS ^e-߃ Ahn-sS-sh®v
A\p-`-hn®v (`p-Pn-®v) Ign-bp-∂p. Ipd-®p-Imew Ign-bp-tºmƒ I¿Ω-^ew HSp-ßp-∂p. ho≠pw `qanbn¬Øs∂
h∂p-]n-d∂v ]Ww FSp-Øp-sIm≠pt]m∂v AXp Ign-bp-∂-hsc as‰-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw ]m¿°p-
∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv CXv. hn‰qWv F∂n-Xns\ ]d-bmw. (k-zbw sXmgn¬ sNbvXp t\SmsX aptº t\Snbn-´p-f-fXv
hn‰p-Xn-∂-emWv hn‰q-Wv). AXn-\m¬ F√m I¿Ωßfpw hnf-bp∂ hb¬ \ΩpsS P∑-tZ-iamb
`qan-bm-Wv.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 75

School of Distance Education
I¿Ω-\miw hcpØn tam£w t\S-W-sa-¶nepw AXv as‰-hn-tSbpw km[n-bv°n-√.
apap£p = tam£w B{K-ln-bv°p-∂-h¿, k‡¿ ˛ Cgp-In-t®¿∂-h¿ (temI Pohn-X-Øn¬) hnj-bn-Iƒ
= temI Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-ß-fn¬ apgp-In-b-h¿. `‡∑m¿°pw, tam£w sImXn-bv°p-∂-h¿°pw
C{µnb kpJ-ß-fn¬ Ign-bp∂h¿°pw F√mw B{K-ln-®-sX√mw sImSp-∂p∂ temI-am-Xmhv `qan am{XamWv.
hni-z-\m-Y≥ = PK-Zoi-z-c≥, aqe-{]IrXn = ASn-ÿm-\-h-kvXp, {]X-y-t£W = I¨ apºn¬
ImWp∂ Xc-Øn¬. PK-Zo-i-z-cs‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xzw Xs∂-bmWv `qan-bmbn \ΩpsS apºn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.
Ah\n = `qan. C{]-Im-c-ap-ff Zqan-bpsS c£-bv°p-th-≠n-bmWv (Cu-i-z-c≥) Zimh-Xm-c-߃ FSp-Ø-Xv.
AXn-\m¬ Cu `qan ]Xn-∂mep temI-ß-fnepw sh®v t{ijvTamIp-∂p. (A-X-ew, hnX-ew, \nXew
(]m-Xm-fw), kpX-ew, Xem-X-ew, alm-X-ew, ckm-Xew Cßs\ Ggp temI-߃ `qanbv°p Xmsg. ]ns∂
`qan, AXn\p apI-fn¬ `ph¿tem-Iw, kz¿§w, al¿tem-Iw, P\-tem-Iw, Xt]m-tem-Iw, kX-y-temIw
F∂o Bdp temI-߃. CXmWv ]Xn-\mep temI-Øns‚ {Iaw). thZ-hm-Zn-Iƒ = thZw Dcp-°-gn-bv°p-
∂-h¿ ({_m-“-W¿). {_m“-W-cpw, al¿jn-am-cpw, thZ-߃ Xs∂bpw AXn-\m¬ `qansb BZ-cn-bv°p-
∂p. ehWw = D∏v. Aw_p[n = kap-{Zw, `mK-h-X-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-f-f-X-\p-k-cn®v `qansb hnh-cnbv°p-∂p.
BsI kap-{Zw aqSn-°n-S-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn Ggp Zzo-]p-Iƒ s]mßn-°n-S-°p-∂p.
Ahsb samØ-am-bmWv `qtemIw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Pw_p-Z-zo]w (G-j-y), π£-Z-zo]w (sXs° Atacn-°),
]pjvI-c-Z-zo]w (h-St° Ata-cn-°), {Iu©-Z-zo]w (B-{^n-°), imI-Z-zo]w (bq-tdm-∏v), imeva-e-Zzo]w
(Bkvt{X-e-y), Ipi-Z-zo]w (Hm-j-ym-\n-b) Ch-bmWv k]vX-Z-zo-]-߃. tbmP\ = kpam¿ ]{¥≠p
Intem-ao-‰¿. Cu Ggp Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ e£w tbmP\ hnkvXm-c-ap-ff Pw_p-Z-zo-]mWv G‰hpw t{ijvTw.
`qansb Hcp Xma-c-bmbn k¶-ev]n-®m¬ AXns‚ tIk-c-ambn (I¿Æn-I) IW-°m-°m-hp∂ `q[-tc-{µ≥
= ]¿∆-tX-{µ≥ Pw_p-Z-zo-]n-em-Wv. (]p-cm-W-{]-kn≤amb tacp-]¿∆-X-sØ-bmWv ChnsS kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xv.
tacp-]¿∆Xw kz¿Æ-a-b-am-sW-∂mWv k¶-ev]w. AXn-\m¬ `qan-bn¬ \n∂p-b¿∂p \n¬°p∂ AXns\
`q]-fl-Øns‚ tIk-c-ambn cq]Ww sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p).
Pw_p-Z-zo-]-Øn\v HºXp `mK-ß-fp-≠v. AXn¬ DØ-a-amb `mK-amWv `mcXw (C-¥-y). k¿∆cpw
_lp-am-\n-bv°p∂ al¿jn-am¿ I¿Ω`q-an-sb-∂mWv `mc-XsØ hnfn-bv°p-∂-Xv. {_“-tem-IØncn-bv°p-
∂-h¿°p-t]mepw I¿Ω-Øns‚ _oPw (hn-Øv) apf-∏n-bvt°-≠Xv Chn-sS-bm-Wv. I¿Ω-_o-PsØ hc´n
(DW-°n)-°-fv P∑-Øn\v Adp-Xn-h-cpØn tam£w e`n-bv°-W-sa-¶nepw `mc-X-`q-an-bn¬ sh®-√msX
`qan-bn¬ as‰ßpw km≤-y-a-√. A{Xbv°p {][m-\-y-ap-f-f-XmWv `mc-X-sa∂v \mw a\- n-em-°-Ww. \mep
bmK-ß-fn¬ (Ir-X, t{XX, Zzm-]-c, Ien) DØaw Ien-bp-K-amWv (C-t∏m-gsØ Imew) kpJ-ambn Cu
bpK-Øn¬ tam£w t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. IrjvW, tKmhn-µ, cma F∂n-ß-s\-bp-ff Cuiz-c-\m-a-߃
P]n-®m¬ am{Xw aXn, X] v apX-emb (b-Xv\w) A≤-zm-\-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√msX Cu bpK-Øn¬ tam£w e`nbv°pw.
(I-en-bp-K-Øn¬ \ma-P]w F∂ b⁄w Xs∂ aXn tam£-Øn\v F∂¿∞w). Cu Ffp-∏-Ønep-ff
tam£-am¿§-sØ-°p-dn®v: a‰p ]Xn-Ωq∂p temI-ß-fnepw, a‰v Bdv Zzo-]p-I-fn-epw, a‰v F´v JWvUß-fn-epw,
a‰p aq∂p bpK-ß-fnepw P\n-®-h¿ B hn[-Øn¬ tam£w e`n-bv°m-bvI-bm¬ Ien-Im-e-Ønse
`mc-X-`q-ansb Ien-Xm-Zcw = _lp-am-\-tØmsS hW-ßp-∂p. C°m-eØv ChnsS Hcp ]p¬s°m-Sn-bmbn
]nd-°m-s\-¶nepw Cuizcm R߃°v `mK-y-ap≠m-bn-√t√m F∂-h¿ k¶-S-s∏-Sp-∂p. `mc-X-`q-an-bn¬
C°m-eØp P\n-®-h-tcbpw Ien-tbbpw (I-en-bp-K-Øns‚ \mY≥)-A-h¿ \a-kvI-cn-bv°p-∂p. (C-sXmcp
^enXw IqSn-bm-Wv. Ien ZpjvS-i-‡n-bm-Wv. ZpjvSX IqSp∂ Ime-amWv Ien-bp-Kw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv
A°m-eØv \ma-P]w sIm≠p-Xs∂ tam£w In´p-∂-Xv. km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ Iensb Bcpw hW-ßmdn-√).
Cß-s\-bmWv C°m-e-tØbpw Cu \mSn-t\bpw P\-߃ {]iw-kn-bv°p-∂-Xv. AsXm∂pw ]d-
n´p Imc-y-an-√. (F-∂n´pw P\-߃ \ma-P-]-Øn¬ apgp-Im-Ø-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]q¥m\w k¶-S-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
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[m¿ΩnI-tcmjw sImf-fp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p). CXv Ien-bp-K-at√? CXv `mc-X-`q-an-bt√? \Ω-sfms°
a\p-j-y-ct√? CsXm-s°-sbm∂p Nn¥n®p t\m°q. lcn (hn-jvWp) \ma-߃ C√m-nt´m? \ap°p
\c-I-`-b-an-√m-nt´m? \ap°v \mhn-√m-nt´m? \ap°v \mi-an√ F∂p Icp-Xn-bnt´m? CsXm∂pw
Btem-Nn-bv°msX ]gptX (sh-dp-tX) \mw \ΩpsS PohnXw Np´p-Xn∂p \in-∏n-bv°p-∂p. (Np-´p-Xn∂p
\in-∏n-bv°¬ hfsc i‡n-bp-ff Hcp \mS≥ {]tbm-K-am-Wv). \mcm-b-Wo-b-Ønse 92-˛mw Zi-I-Øn¬
taev]-Øq¿ `´-Xncn h¿Æn-bv°p∂ ""tkmbw Imtem-b-Im-tem.....'' F∂ t«mIØns‚ Bi-b-amWv ]®a-e-bm-f-Øn¬
ChnsS hnh-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv.
a\pj-y-P∑w In´m-\p-ff {]bm-khpw In´n-bm-ep-ff {]bm-k-hp-amWv C\n hnh-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv.
(Nm-I-ym¿Iq-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ ]pW-y-]m-]-߃ Xpe-y-ambn \n¬°p∂ ka-b-ØmWv A]q¿∆ambn
a\p-j-y-P∑w In´pI F∂pw AXv Cui-zc tkh-bn-eqsS k^-e-am-°p-I-bmWv I¿Ø-hysa∂pw ]oTn-Ibm-bn-∏-d-bm-dp-f-fXv
Hm¿°-Ww). F{X P∑-ß-fn¬ Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-®mWv C°m-eØv A{X (C-hn-sS) kpIrXw
sIm≠p h∂p ]nd-∂Xv? F{X P∑w ae- -Øn¬ (]p-gp-hm-bn-´v) Ignp? F{X P∑w Pe-Øn¬ (P-ePohn-bmbn)
Ignp? F{X P∑w aÆn¬ (IoSß-fm-bn-´v) Ignp? F{X P∑w hr£-e-Xm-Zn-I-fm-bn-
°-gnp? F{X XhW acn®p Ignp? F{X P∑w \m¬°m-en-I-fmbn Ignp? Cßs\ F{X
P∑w Ign-n-´mWv a\p-j-y-P∑w In´n-bXv? hfsc ]Wn-s∏-´mWv AΩ-bpsS K¿`-Øn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bXv?
hfsc ]Wn-s∏-´mWv AΩ-bpsS K¿`-Øn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xv. ]Øp-amkw AΩ-bpsS hb-‰n¬ Ign-p.
]Øp-]-{¥≠p sIm√w Ip´n-°m-e-hp-am-bn. ]ns∂bpff ImeØv Ah-\-hs\ Adn-bmsX Alw-`m-htØmsS
Ign-bp-∂p. C{X-Imew Bbp- p-≠m-hp-sa∂ Imc-yhpw Adn-bn-√. \o¿t∏m-f-t]m-se-bp-ff Cu
ico-c-Øn¬ izmkw am{Xw ImWmw. (hmbp C√m-Xm-bm¬ shf-f-t∏m-fbpw Pohn-Xhpw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p).
Btem-Nn®p ]nSn-In-´p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv izm-khpw t\¿Øp-t]m-Ip∂p (a-cn-bv°p-∂p). Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bmbn´pw
\ma-P-]-Øn\v Bcpw Xp\n-bp-∂n-√.
(adn®v) A[n-Im-c-Øn-\pw, A`n-am-\-Øn\pw th≠n ]c-kv]cw a’cn®v Nne¿ \mWw sISp-∂p.
(km-aq-l-y-hn-a¿i-\-am-cw-`n-bv°p-∂p. C∂pw Cu {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ {]k-‡-ß-fm-Wv). aZhpw Akq-bbpw
sIm≠v Nne-cpsS _p≤n \in®p t]mIp-∂p. N©-em£n = N©-e-amb Cf-In-s°m-≠n-cn-∂p∂ A£n
= (I-S)°Æp-f-f-h¿ ˛ kpµ-cn-am¿. IS-°-Æp-sIm≠v hnem-k-tN-jvS-Iƒ \Sn-bv°p∂ kpµ-cn-am-cpsS
ho´n¬ sN∂p-IqSn (Ip-©n-cm-a≥ ˛ sam®-°p-cßv ˛ DS-a-ÿ≥ ]d--X-\p-k-cn®v Xpf-fn-°-fn-bv°p-∂p).
Nne¿ Ipc-ßp-fn-bv°p-∂p-. tImhn-e-I-ß-fn¬ (`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ho´n¬) `rX-y-∑m-cpsS thjw sI´n
Nne¿ Al-¶-cn-bv°p-∂p. im¥n = ]qP-∏-Wn. t£{X-ß-fn¬ ]qPm-hr-Øn-Iƒ sNbvXv [\w t\Sn
IpSpw_w ]pe¿Øm≥ cmhnse apX¬ cm{Xn-hsc Nne¿ ]dp \S-°p-∂p. A—-\-Ω-am¿°pw `mcybv°pw
`£-Ww-t]mepw Nne¿ sImSp-°p-∂n-√. (A-·n-sb, Npcp-ßn-bXv hnf-°n-s\-sb-¶nepw km£n
\n¿Øn-bm-Wt√m sslµh hnhm-l-ß-i. {_m“-W-cm-sW-¶n¬ tlmaw apX-emb hn[n-I-tfmsS thƒ°p-
∂p.) Aß-s\-bp-ff [¿Ω-]-Xv\nsb Nne¿ Xncnp t\m°p-∂n-√. (]-c-kv{Xo-I-fn¬ {`an®p \S-°p-∂psh∂p
kqN-\). kØp°ƒ = k÷-\-߃ CsXm-s°-°≠v in£n®v (Kp-W-tZm-jn-®v) ]d-m¬
AhtcmSv i{Xp-°-tfm-sS-∂-t]mse tIm]n-bv°p∂p ({Ip-≤n-bv°p-∂p). tbmK-y-∑msc Ah-am-\n®p kwkmcn-bv°p-∂-h-cmWv
Nne¿. \ΩpsS Cu euInI Pohn-X-Øns‚ i‡n-sIm-≠mWv temIw Xs∂ \ne-
\n¬°p-∂-sX-∂mWv Nne-cpsS `mhw. {_m“-W-\mWv Xms\∂pw \Sn®v Ip¥n-®p-Ip-¥n®p \S-°p∂
Nne¿ {_“m-hn-t\-°mƒ aosX-bm-sW∂p sRfn-bn-∂p. (Ip-¥n®p \S-°pI = Imens‚ hnc¬ am{Xw
`qan-bn¬ Du∂n Ir{Xn-a-ambn \S-°p-I. Ip¥n-®p-\-S-°pI F∂ {Kmay {]tbm-K-Øn\v km[m-cW \nebn¬
at\m-l-c-amb kmln-X-ym¿∞-sam-∂p-an-√. F∂m¬ ]q¥m-\-Øns‚ Cu {]tbmKw HuNn-Xyw
sIm≠v [-z-\-ym-fl-I-am-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p. {_m“-W-y-Øns‚ ta∑-sIm≠v ip≤w amdp∂ t]Sn-bm¬
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Imep-]-c-Øn-®-hn-´m≥ t]mepw Ign-bp-∂n√ Ft∂m {_m“-W-yw-sIm≠v Cu `qan-bn¬ sXm´p-sXm-´n√
F∂-a-´n-emWv \S-°p-∂-sXt∂m Hs° A¿∞-am-°mw). {_m-“-W≥ = thZm-[n-Imcn, thZ-ß-fpsS
kq£n-∏p-Im-c-\mb {_“tZh≥ t]mepw X߃°v H∆m = H°p-I-bn√ F∂mWv Ah-cpsS \mS-yw,
A¿∞mi = ]W-s°m-Xn. Nne¿ ]W-s°mXn ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ th≠n A·n-tlm{Xw apX-emb bmK߃
Ign-bv°p-∂p. tZh-{]o-Xnbpw XZ-zmcm temI-c-£-bp-amWv bmK-ß-fpsS e£-y-am-tI-≠-Xv. ChnsS
kzm¿∞-Xm¬]-cyw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\mWv bmKw Ign-bv°p-∂Xv F∂p hy-X-ymkw. C{Xbpw Imc-y-߃
{][m-\-ambpw {_m“-Wsc hna¿in-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
C\n I®-h-S-°m-cm-I-s´, kz¿Æ-°-®-h-Shpw cXv\-°-®-h-Shpw \SØn Imip-≠m-°p-∂p. atØ`w
= aZn® B\. DØ-a-Xp-cKw = e£-W-samØ IpXn-c, B\-°-®-h-Shpw IpXn-c-°-®-h-Shpw \S-Øp-∂-hcp-≠v.
IS-en¬ I∏-tem-Sn®v hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ I®hSw \S-Ønbpw Imip-≠m-°p-∂-h-cp≠v bmsXmcp
hrØnbpw shSn-∏p-an-√msX ([q¿Ø-cm-bn) tXm∂n-b-am-Xncn {]h¿Øn®v ]Ww tamln®p \S-°p-∂-h-cpap-≠v.
]W-am-Is´ ssIøn¬ F{X In´n-bmepw aXn-sb∂p tXm∂p-I-bp-an√. iXw = \qdv, kl{kw =
Bbn-cw, AbqXw = ]Xn-\m-bn-cw, ]Øp-In-´n-bm¬ \qdn-I-n-´-W-sa∂pw \qdpIn´n-bm¬ Bbncw thW-sa-
∂pw, AXpw In´n-bm¬ ]Xn-\m-bncw D≠m-bn-cps∂¶n¬ F{X \∂m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw BWv Nn¥.
Bi-bm-Ip∂ Ib¿s°-´n¬ IpSpßn IjvS-Øn-em-hp∂p. km[p°ƒ ]Ww CØncn tNmZn-®m¬ Nne
ZpjvS-∑m¿ Nn√n-°mipw sImSp-°p-I-bp-an-√. (k-Øp-°ƒ = k÷-\-߃) F∂m¬ acn®p t]mIptºmƒ
DSp-Xp-Wn-t]mepw IqsS sIm≠p t]mIm≥ Hcmƒ°pw Ign-bn-√.
]›m-Øm]w = sNbvXp-t]mb sX‰n¬ Ip‰-t_m-[w, hni-zm-k-]m-XIw = NXn, hnØw = [\w,
Ip¶paw = Imivao-cn¬ D≠m-°p∂ hne-Iq-Snb Huj-[-kp-K-‘-{Z-h-yw, K¿±`w = Igp-X.
F¥p sX‰p sNbvXmepw B¿°pw ]›m-Øm-]-an-√. hni-zm-k-h-©-\-t]mepw sNøm≥ Nne¿°p
aSn-bn-√. ]W-s°mXn ImcWw kXyw Dt]-£n-bv°m\pw aSn-bn-√. Atlm = IjvSw, kX-y-am-Is´ Cuiz-c≥
Xs∂-bm-sW∂v alm-∑m¿ hni-z-kn-bv°p-∂p. (]q-¥m\w Cu hcn-Iƒ Ipdn-®n´v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p
tij-amWv kX-y-amWv ssZhw F∂v alm-flPn {]J-ym-]n-®-Xv). ]Tn-®p-≠m-tI≠ Adn-hn-√msX Xm≥
kzbw hnZ-zm-\m-sW∂v Nne¿ ta\n \Sn-bv°p-∂p. Ip¶p-a-Øns‚ kpK‘w Bk-z-Zn-bv°msX IgpX
Ip¶p-a-s°´p Npa-°p∂ amXn-cn-bm-WnXv. `K-hm-t\, Cß-s\-tbm-tcm-∂m-tem-Nn-®m¬ XrjvW = Zmlw
= euIn-IPohnX-Ønse AS-ßmØ sImXn ˛ sIm≠v F√m-hcpw kzbw ad-∂n-cn-bv°p-∂p. (h-b- v)
FÆn-sbÆn Bbp- p-Ip-d-bp-∂p. A{XtØmfw B{K-l-߃ s]cp-In-s∏-cpIn hcp-∂p. HmWw CXm
FØn; hnjp-I-gn-p-ht√m; F¥m Xncp-hm-Xn-c-bm-hm-ØXv F∂n-ßs\ s]mXp-th-bp-ff B≠-dp-Xn-bmtLm-j-߃
ImØn-cn-bv°p-∂-h-cmWv P\-߃. P∑-\-£{Xw = ]nd-∂mƒ, {im≤w = IpSpw-_-Ønse
acn-®p-t]mb hy-‡n-bpsS Nc-a-Zn-\-{In-b, Ipw`-am-k-Øn¬ Ai-z-Xn-bmWv Fs‚ ]nd-∂mƒ (Cu hcnsb
ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Ipw`-am-k-Ønse Ai-zXn \mfn\v ]q¥m-\-Zn-\m-N-cWw \S-Øn-h-cp-∂-Xv. Cu
{]kvXmhw Ihn-bpsS ]nd-∂m-fn-s\-∏-‰n-bm-sW∂v Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-Xn\v bp‡n-sbm-∂p-an-√). hr›n-I-am-k-
Øn¬ C√-sØmcp {im≤-ap-≠v. C\n ]g-b-t]mse B¿`m-S-ambn kZ-y-sbm∂pw Ign-bv°m-\m-hn√. Cßs\
hy-‡n-]-c-amb BtLm-j-ßsf ImØn-cn-bv°p∂p Nne¿.
C\n a‰pXc-Øn-emWv Nne-cpsS `mh\ Ibdn t]mIp-∂-Xv. Rm≥ hnhmlw Ign®v F\n-bvs°mcp
Ip´n-bp-≠m-bn, B Ip´nbv°pw Hcp Ip´n-bp-≠mbn AXns‚ hnhmlw IqSn `wKn-bmbn \S-Øm≥ IgnbtW
F∂mWv Ah-cpsS B{K-lw. ]Sn-bv°-ep-ff Irjn-ÿew A\-ym-[o-\-s∏-´p-t]m-I-cptX F∂mWv
Nne-cpsS {]m¿∞\ (Im-cWw = ]gb ImesØ `qhp-S-a-ÿm-h-Imiw. A\-y-s\-Sp-∏n-°pI = as‰mcmfpsS
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ssIøn¬ sN∂p tNcp-I). C∞w = C{]-Im-cw, a\-t°m-´-Iƒ sI´n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ acn®p
t]mhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F√m-hcpw th≠-am-Xncn Btem-Nn®p {]h¿Øn-bv°m≥ th≠n-bmWv C{Xsbms°
hnkvX-cn®p ]d--Xv. I¿Ω-ß-fpsS amlm-fl-y-hp-w, \Ωƒ°p ]e P∑-߃ Ignp F∂Xpw
Cu bpKw Ien-bp-K-sa-∂-Xpw, `mc-X-`q-an-bpsS hnkvXm-c-hpw, \mw `mKywsIm≠v ChnsS h∂p P\n-®n-cnbv°p∂p
F∂Xpw Bbp n¬ Iptd Imew shdpsXt]m-sb-∂-Xpw, Pohn-X-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp \n›bw
C√ F∂-Xpw, Ct∏mƒ \mw Btcm-y-hm-∑m-cm-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p-sh-∂Xpw Cui-z-c-\m-a-P]w sIm≠v tam£w
In´p-sa-∂Xpw (]p-cp-jm¿∞w ˛ [¿Ωw, A¿∞w, Imaw, tam£w F∂v \mev AXn¬ apJyw tam£w).
As√-¶n¬ \c-I-`-b-߃ hcm-\ps≠∂Xpw a‰pw th≠-am-Xncn Btem-Nn®p sImf-fp-I.
F¥n\v hrYm (sh-dp-sX) Imew If-bp-∂p. F√m-hcpw sshIp-WvT(-hn-jvWp-temIw ˛ A\-i-z-camb
tam£w)-Øn-te°v t]mIm-\p-ff {iaw (\m-a-P-]w) XpS-ßp-I. \Ω-fmcpw Htc ka-b-Ø√ P\nbv°p-∂Xpw
Htc ka-b-Ø√ acn-bv°p-∂-Xpw. ]ns∂ CS-bn¬ Dff Pohn-Xta H∂n-®p-f-fq. AXn-\n-S-bn¬
Cßs\ Bh-i-y-an-√msX a’-cn-bv°p-∂-sX-¥n-\mWv? ]pcp-jm¿∞-amb tam£w I¨ap-ºn-ep-fft∏mƒ
\n m-c-amb a‰p-X-c-Øn-ep-ff A¿∞-߃°p-th≠n (a‰p ]pcp-jm¿∞-߃) B{K-ln-bv°p-∂-sX-¥n-
\mWv? a≤-ym-”m¿°≥ = \´p-®-kq-c-y≥ sXfnp \n¬°p-tºmƒ JtZ-ymXw = an∂m-an-\p-ßns\
Bcp hI-sh-bv°p-∂p. (tam£w a≤-ym-”m¿°≥: a‰v A¿∞-߃ JtZ-ym-X-߃)
a°-fn-s√∂v Zp:Jnbvt°≠ Imc-y-an-√. km£m¬ `K-hm≥ DÆn-Ir-jvW-\mbn a\- n¬ Ifn-bv°ptºmƒ
thsd a°-fpsS Bh-i-y-an-√t√m (G-sd-°m-e-ambn a°-fn-√msX Zp:Jnbv°p∂ ]q¥m-\-Øn\v
B‰p-t\m‰v Hcp-Æn-bp-≠m-sb-∂pw, B Ip´n-bpsS tNmdq-Wn-≥ \mƒ AXn-Yn-I-fpsS A{i-≤-sIm≠v B
]n©p-In-Smhv sIm√-s∏-´p-sh∂pw B thZ-\-bpsS ]›m-X-e-Øn¬ At±lw cNn-®-XmWv ⁄m\-∏m-\sb∂pw
sFXn-l-y-ap-≠v. thW-sa-¶n¬ Cu hcn-Iƒ B Zpc-¥-Øns‚ XnI-´-em-sb-Sp-°mw). an{X-߃
= _‘p-°ƒ \ap°p F{X-th-W-sa-¶nepw D≠-t√m. hnjvWp -`-‡-∑m-sc√mw \ΩpsS _‘p-°-ft√?
`ph\w = `qan. Cui-z-cs‚ ambm-hn-em-k-߃ ImWp-tºmƒ Pmb = `mcy ˛ kv{Xo ImWn-bv°p∂ irwKmc-tN-jvS-Iƒ
F{X \n m-c-߃. `qXn = kº-Øv. temI-Øn-se-s¥√mw sFi-z-c-y-ß-fp-≠v. Cu `mc-X-
`q-an-Xs∂bmWt√m \ΩpsS temIw. temI-\m-Y≥ (hn-i-z-\m-Y≥) Bb Cui-z-c≥ Xs∂-bmWv \Ωp-sSsb√mw
]nXm-hv. [m{Xn = AΩ. Ncm-N-c-߃ = Cf-Ip-∂Xpw Cf-Im-Ø-Xp-amb F√m hkvXp-°-fpw.
Cu temI-am-Xm-hp-Xs∂ Cu {]]-©-Øn-ep-ff F√m-‰nt‚bpw AΩ. Cßs\ A—\pw AΩbpw Df-ft∏mƒ
\sΩ c£n-bv°m≥ thsdm-cmƒ Bh-i-y-an-√. k∂-ymkØn¬ `n£ bmNn-®m¬ In´p∂ `£Ww
Xs∂ [mcm-f-am-Wv. AXp hmßn-°-gn-bv°p-Itb th≠q. (c-£n-Xm-°-sf-°p-dn®pw `£-W-sØ-°pdn®p
Bi-¶-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-s√-∂¿∞w). k‡n = AXn-bmb Xm¬∏-c-yw. `uXn-I-kp-J-ß-fn¬ Bk-‡n-bn-
√msX `‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn Cui-z-c-\m-a-߃ P]n-°Ww. \Ωp°p kn≤n® Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ hfsc
{i≤-tbmsS Pohn-bv°-Ww. Cu {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImWp∂ F√m Ncm-N-c-ß-tfbpw \mWn-bv°msX hWßn
kvXpXn-bv°-Ww. lcn-jm{ip = B\-µ-°-Æp-\o¿. ]cn-πp-X≥ = apßn-°p-fn-®-h≥, ]cp-jm-Zn-Iƒ = ItTmc-amb
hm°p-Ifpw {]hr-Øn-Ifpw F√mw ad∂v B\µ°-Æp-\o-cn¬ apßn-°p-fn®v a‰p-f-f-h-cn¬ \n∂p-
≠m-bp∂ {Iqc-amb hm°p-Ifpw s]cp-am-‰-ßfpw hI-sh-bv°msX k÷-\-ßsf ImWp-tºmƒ bmsXmcp
aSnbpw IqSmsX hoWp \a-kvI-cn-bv°-Ww. aØ≥ = aZn-®-h≥, `‡n-bn¬ apgnIn B\-µ-\rØw
Nhn-´- -Ww. ]mcn¬ = `qan-bn¬, Cßs\ `qan-bn¬ Pohn-bv°p-tºmƒ Pohn-X-t¢-i-ß-sfm∂pw A\p-`-h-s∏-
Sp-I-bn-√. \ΩpsS I¿Ω-^ew Ign-bp-tºmƒ icocw Fhn-tS-sb-¶nepw NØp hogn-∂p. Xs∂ BI¿jnbv°p∂
Cui-zc ssNX-\-y-sØ-°-≠n´v AXn-t\mSp tNcm≥ Poh≥ IpXn-®p-Nm-Sp-∂p. kpJm-k-‡n-bn-
√msX temI-Øn¬ \S-°p-tºmƒ tam£w e`n-®n-s√-¶n¬ a\- n¬ hnjaw D≠m-tI-≠-Xn-√.
\ma-P-]-Øns‚ al-Xzw tI´p-sIm-f-fp-hn≥.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 79

School of Distance Education
]m¿°n¬ = Btem-Nn®p t\m°n-bm¬, A¥-y-P≥ = iq{Z≥, G‰hpw XmW-h≥, thZ-hmZn =
hmZw Dcp-°-gn-bv°p-∂, alo-kp-c≥ = {_m“-W≥, PmXn-bn¬ G‰hpw \n m-c-\mb iq{Z-\m-Is´ thZm-
[n-Im-cn-bmbn Db¿∂ {_m“-W-\m-Is´ \mhn-√mØ a\p-j-y-scm-gn®v a\p-j-y¿ F√m-hcpw A\-h-[n-bmbpff
Cu-i-z-c-\m-a-ß-fn¬- GsX¶nepw H∂v am{Xw Znh-k-Øn-sem-cn-bv°¬ a\:kam[m-\-ambn´n-cn-bv°ptºmtgm,
Dd-°-Øn¬ Adn-bmsX kz-]v\-Øntem, as‰m-cm-fpsS t]cv ]cn-l-kn®p hnf-bv°p∂ hn[-Øntem,as‰m-cm-fpsS
\n¿_v‘-w-sIm≠msW-¶n-epw, Fhn-sS-bn-cp-∂n-´m-bm-epw, kz¥w \mhp-sIm≠p P]n-bv°p-
I-tbm, As√-¶n¬ as‰m-cmƒ P]n-bv°p-∂Xv tIƒ°p-Itbm am{Xw sNbvXm¬ aXn PohnXw At∏mƒ
k^-e-am-bn, Cui-z-c-\p-am-bn-ff kwK-a-am-Ip∂ tam£w In´pw. kmbq-Pyw = tam£w, `mK-hXw
hym-J-ym-\n® {io[-cm-Nm-c-y-cpw, `mK-h-X-I¿Øm-hmb thZ-h-ym-k\pw (_m-Z-cm-b-W≥) `K-h-XvKo-Xbpw
thZ-ßfpw Cß-s\-bmWv \ma-am-lm-flyw ]d-n-´p-f-f-Xv.
AXp-sIm≠v B\-µ-tØmsS Cui-z-c-\n¬ sFIyw {]m]n®v tam£w t\Sm≥ BÀm-Z-tØmsS
\ma-߃ P]n-bv°p-I. _p≤n-bn-f-f-h¿°n-{Xtb th≠q. A{X-bv°p≠v Xncp-\m-a-ß-fpsS aln-a.
Cu-i-z-cm, Rm\o ]d Imc-y-ß-fn¬ (Fs‚ Imh-y-Øn¬) sX‰p-s≠-¶nepw icn-bp-s≠-¶nepw
Aß-bpsS A\p-{Klw D≠m-bn-cn-°-tW. C{]-Imcw hn\-b-tØmsS Cui-z-cm¿∏-W-ambn Imhyw
Ah-km-\n-∏n-bv°p-∂p.
]m\
A\p-jvTm\ Ie-I-fnte tXm‰-ß-fnepw Cui-z-kvtXm-{X-ß-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn®p h∂ efn-Xhpw
Km\m-fl-I-hp-amb Hcp hrØ-amWv ]m\ AYhm {ZpX-Im-I-fn. Km\m-fl-I-X-bmWv AXns‚ ta∑. kwKo-
X-⁄m-\-ap-f-f-h¿°v AXp ]e coXn-bn¬ sNm√m≥ Ign-bpw. Cu \mtSm-Sn-hr-ØsØ BZ-y-ambn Kuch-amb
Hcp Imh-y-Øn¬ DS-\ofw D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv ]q¥m-\-am-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ k¥m-\-tKm-]mew ]m\bpw
⁄m\-∏m-\bpw DZm-l-c-Ww. ]n¬°m-eØv Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ N≠m-e-`n-£p-Inbpw a‰pw Cu hrØ-
Øn¬ cNn-bv°-s∏-´p.
e£Ww
c≠p-]m-Z-Ønepw ]ns∂˛
b{¥-amb KW-Øn\v
h¿Æ-sam∂p Ipd-s-∂m¬
{ZpX-Im-Ifn Io¿Ø-t\.
ImI-fn-bpsS c≠p hcn-I-fnepw Ah-km-\sØ KW-Øn¬ Hcp A£cw Ipd-m¬ Io¿Ø-\ß-fnepw
a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p∂ {ZpX-Im-Ifn h∂ hrØw.
hrØ-a-⁄-cn-bn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂ k¿∏nWn F∂ hrØhpw ]m\-sX-∂-bm-Wv.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 80

tNmZ-y-߃
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ ˛ (\qdv ˛ \q‰-ºXv hm°p-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
1) I≠m-sem-´-dn-bp∂p Nne-cXp
I≠mepw Xncnbm Nne¿t°-Xpta
I≠-sXm-∂pta kX-y-a-s√-∂Xp
aptº-I-≠-ßdn-bp-∂nXp Nne¿ ˛ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
2) Cuiz-cs‚ hnem-k-ß-fn-ßs\ ˛ Fßs\?
School of Distance Education
3) ""Fs∂√mw ]pI-gvØo-´p∂p a‰pt-f-fm¿"" Bcv? Fs¥√mw ]dp ]pI-gvØp∂p?
4) \o¿t∏m-f-t]m-se-bp-tf-fmcp tZl-Øn¬
ho¿∏p-am-{X-ap-≠n-ßs\ ImWp∂p ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
5) IrjvW IrjvW \ncq-]n-®p-Im-Wp-tºmƒ
XrjvW sImt≠ `qan-bv°p-∂n-Xp-Nn-e¿ ˛ GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep-ff {`a-߃ F∂v t\m°pI
6) at≤-y-bn-ßs\ ImWp∂ t\cØv
a’-cn-bv°p-∂-sX-∂n\p \mw hrYm ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
II D]\ymktNmZ-y-߃(aq-∂qdp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
1) ]q¥m-\-Øns‚ tZi-`n-am-\-Ønt‚bpw `mjm-`n-am-\-Ønt‚bpw hnP-b-]-Xm-I-bmWv
⁄m\-∏m\ ˛ Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cntim[n-°p-I.
2) ka-Im-cn-I-k-aq-lsØ kmam-\-y-ambn hna¿in-bv°p∂ Hcp Imh-y-amWv ⁄m\-∏m\ ˛
DZm-l-c-W-߃ D≤-cn®v ka¿∞n-°p-I.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 81

cma-]p-cØp hmcn-b¿
IptN-e-hrØw ˛ h©n-∏m´v
cma-]p-cØv hmc-y¿
School of Distance Education
Hscm‰-°m-h-yw-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ÿnc-{]-XnjvT t\Snb Hcp "Hcp
sNdnb alm-I-hn-" bmWv cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿. At±-l-Øns‚bpw Poh-N-cn{Xw ]q¿Æ-amb \ne-bn¬
hy-‡-a-√. kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-X\pw Zcn-{Z-\p-am-bn-cp∂ Ihn-sb∂v hni-z-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. ao\-®n¬
Xmeq-°n¬ cma-]pcw F∂ ÿeØp P\n-®p. ]WvUn-X\pw ]n¬°m-eØv cmP-{]o-Xnbv°p ]m{X-am-bh-\p-am-b-Xn-\m¬
cma-]p-cØp hmcn-b¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. kmln-X-y-Øn-\p-]p-dta kwKo-X-
Ønepw hnZ-Kv≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. 1703 apX¬ 1753 hsc-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Imew F∂mWv ]WvUn-
X-a-Xw. Pb-tZ-h-I-hn-bpsS KoXm-tKm-hnµw At±lw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p X¿÷a sNbvXn-´p-≠v. IptNe-hrØw
h©n-∏m-´n-\p-X-s∂-bmWv {]kn-≤n.
h©n-∏m´v
kwL-bXv\w Bh-i-y-amb sXmgn-en¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ A≤-zm-\-`mcw eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ta-
≠nbpw Iq´m-bva°v CW°w Iq´p-∂-Xn\pw hmbvØmcn ]d-bp-Itbm \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ ]mSp-Itbm ]Xnhp-≠v.
tIc-f-Øn-se-t∏mse Pem-i-b-߃ kar≤amb \m´n¬ h©n-Ifpw hf-f-ßfpw ]≠p-ap-Xte
{][m\ hml-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ h©n Xpg-bp-∂-h¿ CuW-Øn¬ \o´n-]m-Sn-bn-cp∂ \mtSmSn∏m´p-
I-fmWv ]g-bh-©n-∏m-´p-Iƒ. Cui-z-cmcm[\m-]-c-ßtfm ]pcm-W-IYm {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßtfm {]mtZ-inI
kw`-h-ßsf A[n-I-cn-®p-ffhtbm Bb {lk-z-Km-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. Ahbv°v kmln-X-y-Kp-Wtam
Iem-aq-e-ytam D≠m-I-W-sa∂v ]mSp-∂-h¿°pw tIƒ°p-∂-h¿°pw \n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. tIc-f-
Ønse {]kn-≤-ß-fmb hf-fw-I-fn-Iƒ°pw h©n-∏m-´p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂p. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ kmln-
X-y-Kp-W-k-ºq¿Æ-ambn ]WvUn-tXm-Nn-X-amb BZ-ysØ cN-\-bmWv cma-]p-cØp hmcn-b-cpsS IptN-ehr-Øw.
CtXmsS ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn¬ Cu coXn°v am\-y-ÿm\w e`n-®p. B a´n¬ [mcmfw IrXn-I-fpap-≠m-bn.
IptN-e-hrØw ˛ Dev]ØnIY
Zcn-{Z-\m-bn-cp∂ cma-]p-cØp hmcn-b¿ inj-y-tcm-sSm∏w Ign-bp-tºmƒ ssh°-Øp-sh®v Xncp-hn-
Xm-Iq¿ cmP-hmb am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ωsb apJw ImWn-°m-\p-h-kcw In´n-sb∂pw cmPmhv hmcn-bsc
Xs‚ IqsS Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØbv°v £Wn-®p-sh-∂p-amWv sFXn-l-yw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ-°p-ff
bm{X-°n-S-bn¬ cmPm-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw h©n-bn-en-cp∂p sNm√n-t°ƒ∏n-®-Xm-Ws{X IptN-e
-hr-Øw. Zcn-{-Z-\mb Xs∂ IptN-e-\mbpw am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ωsb {ioIr-jvWm-h-Xm-c-ambpw Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-csØ Zzm-c-I-bmbpw k¶-ev]n-®mWv Imh-y-c-N-\. {]oX-\mb cmPmhv IrjvW≥ IptN-e-s\-sb-∂t]mse
kΩm-\n®v kµ¿`-Øn-s\m-Øp-b¿∂p F∂mWv IYbpsS _m°n `mKw. GXm-bmepw
am¿Øm-WvU¿Ω-bpsS \n¿t±-i-{]-Im-c-amWv cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿ IptN-e-hrØw h©n-∏m-s´-gp-Xn-b-sX∂v
Ihn-Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. ]WvUn-X\pw hn\-b-[-\\pw `‡-\p-am-bn-cp∂p Ihn F∂v CXnse F√m
hcn-Ifpw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 82

]mT-y-`m-K-Øn-eqsS
School of Distance Education
aq∂p temI-Ønepw CXp-t]m-se-sbmcp cmP-[m\n ImWn√m {ioIr-jvWs‚ IqsS sshIp-
WvThpw ]q¿Æ-ambn `qan-bn-te°p h∂-Xm-Wn-sX∂p Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. ]Sn-m-sd-°-S-ens‚ \Sp-hn¬
Hc-e-¶m-c-sa-t∂mWw Hcp kz¿Æ-Z-zo]pw AXns‚ aosX Aa-cm-h-Xnsb e÷n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp cXv\-\-Kchpw
\n›-e-ambn \n∂Xv Rm≥ Hm¿°p∂p `K-hms‚ Cu \Kcw DbcØn¬ BImihpw IS∂v ]mXmf-Øns‚
aosX At\-I-Imew h¿Øn-®p {ioIr-jvWs‚ kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-tØmsS \in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXt{X.
BImiw ap´p∂ ]pdw-tIm-´-a-Xn-ep-\p-f-fn¬ H‰-c-Xv\-°√v ]Xn-®n-cn-°-bm¬ ap‰w IÆm-Sn-t]mse
Xnf-ßp-∂p. BImiw ap´p∂ AI-a-Xn-ep-Ifpw apI-∏p-Ifpw F{X-sb∂p ]d-p-Iq-Sm. Zzm-c-Im-]pcn
Fs‚ `mh-\-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse am{Xta h¿Æn-bv°m-\m-hq.
tIm´-a-Xn-en¬ \mep tKm]p-c-ßfpw AXn-eqsS \K-c-Øn-te°v \mep-h-gn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS ]m¿iz-ß-fn¬
Aßm-Sn-Ifpw D≠v. Aßm-Sn-I-fn¬ e£vao-tZ-hn-bpsS ISm£w \nanØw [\-[m\yßfpw
kz¿Æ-c-Xv\-ßfpw kq£n-°m≥ ÿew t]mc. e£vao-tZhn ]Xn-\m-dm-bn-c-sØ-´m-bn-Øo¿∂ t]mep-ff
kpµ-cn-Iƒ°v Xma-kn-°m-\p-ff Krl-ßfpw Gsd-bp-≠v. {ioIr-jvWs‚ ]p{X-s]u{X∑m-cpsS Krl-ßfpsS
FÆw IW-°m-°m≥ A\-¥-\p-t]mepw Bhn-√. kqc-y-tImSn-{]`∑m-cmb {]Z-yp-av\≥, A\n-cp-≤≥
apX-em-b-h-cp-tSbpw kZm aZ-y-a-Ø-\mb _e-cm-at‚bpw D≤-h¿ kmX-y-In, IrX-h¿Ωmhv F∂n-h-cptSbpw
amfn-I-Iƒ G‰hpw henb kwJ-y-bn¬t∏mepw HXp-ßpIbn-√. Zzm-c-I-bn¬ hoSn-√mØ ÿe-an-√. kz¿Æa-b-a-√msX
hoSp-an-√. DZ-ym-\hpw s]mbvIbpw F√m-h¿°pw sht∆-sd-bp-≠v. {ioIr-jvWs‚ tIm´bv°-I-Øp-ff
kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿°pw B\ ˛ IpXn-c-Iƒ°pw Xmakn-bv°m≥ Cu `qan-Xs∂ t]mc. ]´n-
Wn-sIm≠p saen IptN-e-]-WvUn-X\v Zzm-c-Im-]pcn I≠-t∏mƒØs∂ hni∏pw Zmlhpw Xo¿∂p.
F∂p am{X-a√ `‡n-sIm-≠-√msX {]bm-k-s∏-´mepw Hgn-bmØ kwkm-cZp:Jhpw Xo¿∂p. {ioIr-jvW-
]-´Ww IptN-e\p kΩm-\n® tcmam-©-am-Ip∂ Ip∏mbw \\-p. AXn-cn-√mØ B\-µ-I-Æp-\o-cn¬
Ipfn-®-Xn\m¬ AXv At±-l-Øn\v `mc-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (Z-zm-cI I≠-t∏mƒ tcmam-©-ap-≠mbn.
DtZ-z-K-Øm¬ hnb¿Øp. B\-µ-°-Æp-\o¿ D≠m-bn). AZr-i-y-amb `‡n-bm-Ip∂ Im‰v [mcm-f-amtb‰p
h¿≤n® `mK-y-k-ap-{Z-Ønse Xnc-am-e-°q-´-߃ i‡n-tbmsS AZr-i-y-amb ssII-sf-t∏mse amdnamdn
FSp-Øn´v IptN-es\ Zzm-c-I-bn¬ FØn-®p. IS-en-cºpw t]mse Zzm-c-I-bn¬\n-∂p-ff alm-P-\-ßfpsS
i_vZ-tIm-em-lew tI´pw \K-c-Ønse Nn{X-∏-Wn-Iƒ I≠pw IptN-e≥ {][m-\-am¿§-Øn-eqsS
\S-∂p. Cu ka-bØv e£vao-tZ-hn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ggmw amfnIbn¬ Ccn-bv°p∂ {ioIr-jvW≥ Xmsg
kl-]m-Tn-sb-°-≠p. I≠m¬ F{Xbpw Zb-\o-b-ambn apjnp Iodnb hkv{Xw sIm≠v X‰p-SpØpw
AXp-t]mse DØ-co-b-a-Wnpw ap≠n¬ s]mXn s]mXnbpw apJ-y-amb ]pkvX-Ihpw I£-Øn-en-Sp-
Ibpw `kvaw Ipdn-bn´v \a-kv°m-c-ap-g-bp-ambn Hcp Iod-°p-Sbpw NqSn cp{Zm-£-am-e-bn¬ \maw P]n-®psIm≠v
Cui-z-c-\n¬Øs∂ Dd® a\- p-ambn h∂-W-bp∂ {_m“-W-s\-°-≠n´p kt¥m-jw-sImt≠m
AtXm At±-l-Øns‚ Zb-\o-bm-hÿ I≠v Zp:Jw sImt≠m F∂-dn-bn√ {ioIr-jvWs‚ IÆp-Iƒ
\nd-p. F¥nepw ]X-dmØ {ioIr-jvWs‚ CXn-\p-apºp Icp I≠n-´n-t≠m? ]f-fn-°-´n-en¬\n∂v
NmSn-sb-Wo‰v ]m¿i-z-ß-fn-ep-ff A\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn {ioIr-jvW≥ Xmsg-tØ-bvs°-gp-∂-f-fn. CXp
I≠v ]uc-∑mcpw IqsS sN∂p. kap-{Z-Xp-e-y-amb ]cn-hm-c-tØmSp IqSn `‡-{]n-b-\mb IrjvW≥
IptN-es\ sNs∂-Xn-tc-‰p. Zp:JnX-tcmSv C{X-am{Xw A\p-Iº as‰m-co-i-z-c-\p-t≠m. hnb¿∏p-sIm≠v
\mdp∂ kl-]m-Tnsb KmV-ambn Benw-K\w sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ ssIIƒ ]nSn®v apI-fn-te-bv°p-
I-b-‰n-s°m≠p h∂v e£vao-X-ev]-Øn-en-cp-Øn Xs‚ ssIIƒ sIm≠v IptN-es‚ Imep-Iƒ Igp-In-®p.
aSn-hn´v e£vao-tZhn shf-f-sam-gn®p sImSp-Øp. Im¬ Igp-Inb shffw Xpf-fn-t]mepw If-bmsX Xt∂bpw
Ahn-sS-°q-Sn-b-h-tcbpw Xfn®p Nµ\w sXmSp-hn-®p. [q]-Zo-]m-Zn-IƒsIm≠v ]qPn-®p. `¿Øm-hns‚
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School of Distance Education
CwKnXw a\- n-em-°nb e£vao-tZhn hni-dn-sb-SpØv AXn-Ynsb hoin-Øp-S-ßn. Imes\ tXmev]n®v
Kpcp-Z-£nW \¬Inb B hoc≥ Cu {_m“-Ws‚ IqsS-bn-cp∂p ]d-p. ""F{X Ime-ambn Rm≥
ImWm≥ sImXn-°p-∂p. Ctßm´p h∂Xv Rß-fpsS `mK-yw. B›-c-y-sa∂p ]d-bs´ Atßm´p
sN∂mtS≠ Xo¿∞-am-Wt√m Ctßm´p h∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A\-ys‚ `mc-ysb kzo-I-cn-bv°¬, hoc-∑m-scsIm-√¬,
NXn-{]-tbmKw F∂n-ßs\ Rm≥ sNbvX ]m]-ß-sfms° Cs∂m-gn-p. ]Xn-∂mep temIhpw
]cn-ip-≤-am-°p∂ alm-∑m-cpsS ]mZ-Xo¿∞w s]s´∂p e`n-°p-I-bn-√. kmµo-]\o Krl-Øn¬ H∂n®p
]Tn-®Xpw kulrZw hf¿∂Xpw H∂pw ad-∂n-´n-√-t√m. Kpcp-]-Xv\n-bpsS Bh-i-y-{]-Imcw Hcn-°¬ \mw
hnd-sIm-Sn-°m≥ Im´n¬t]m-bXpw hnd-sIm-Sn®v t\cw Ccp-´m-bXpw Hm¿Ω-bp-t≠m. Ccp´pw Hm¿°m-∏pd-sØmcp
agbpw sImSp-¶m-‰p-am-b-t∏mƒ KXn-ap-´nb \Ωƒ ]c-kv]cw X∏n-ØSv H∂n-®p-IqSn ]pecpw
hsc Ccp-∂Xpw Hm¿Ω-bn-t√. Im‰Øp ]d∂p t]mIm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Hcp Kpl-bn¬°-S∂v ssIIƒ tIm¿Øp-
]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂n-t√. Kpcp cm{Xn h∂-t∏mƒ \Ω-sf-°m-Wmp ]Xv\n-tbmSv tIm]n-®Xpw H‰bv°v {]`m-X-
Øn¬ Zp:JtØmsS \Ωsf Xncp h∂Xpw \mw hnd-Ip-sI-´p-ambn Acn-In¬s®∂v \a-kvI-cn-®-t∏mƒ
A\p-{K-ln-®Xpw tXm∂p-∂p-t≠m. \ap°v B \∑-tb-bp-f-fp. Kpcp-hns‚ A\p-{K-l-an-√msX P∑-km-^eyw
In´p-tam. Xs∂-s°m≠p Ign-bp-whÆw Bcpw Kpcp-Z-£n-W-sN-ø-Ww. AXv B\tbm ]pjv]tam
F¥p-am-Imw. Imes‚ ]°¬\n∂v aIs\ hos≠-SpØv Kpcp-Z-£nW \¬In-bn-´p-f-f-t∏mgpw Kpcp-hn-t\m-
Sp-ff `‡nbv°v bmsXmcp Ipd-hp-an-√. Kpcp-hns‚ kao-]-Øp-\n∂p t]mbn Xm¶-fpsS kam-h¿Ø\w
Ign-nt√? F¥n-\-[nIw Xm¶-fpsS hnhm-lhpw Ign-n-t√. `mcy Atßbv°p tN¿∂-h-f-t√.
h¿Ø-am-\-ß-sfms° C\nbpw ]d-bmw. F\n°p hni-°p-∂p. AXp XSp-°m≥ hø. ]pW-ym-flm-hmb
Aß-bpsS temIPohnX-Ønse Zp:J߃ Fs‚ hni∏p amdp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xocpw. AXn-s\-¥p≠v
ssIøn¬. B s]mXn-bn-tßm´p Xcq. \mWn-bvt°≠. tKm]-kv{XoIfpw Fs∂ sImXn-b-s\∂p hnfnbv°m-dp-≠v.
C{]-Imcw ]dv {ioIr-jvW≥ B s]mXn X´n-sb-Sp-Øn´v I√pw s\√pw Ahn-se∂p
IW-°m°n Hcp ]nSn hmbn-en-´p. c≠m-aXpw hmcm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ aXn F∂v ]dv e£vao-tZhn
ssI]n-Sn-®p. Cu NoØ `£-W-Øns‚ hne-a-Xn-bv°m\pw sImSp-°m\pw Ct∏mƒØs∂ Fs∂-s°m-
≠m-hn-√. ]nd-∂∂p apX¬ ]ncn-bm-Xn-cn-°p∂ Fs∂ ad-t∂m. _‘w th¿s]-SpØn Fs∂ Cu {_m“-
Ws‚ ]Xv\nbpsS ASn-a-bm-°m≥ Xocp-am-\nt®m F∂p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ IrjvW≥ ]d-p: \o ]d-
Xpw icn-X-s∂. `‡-∑m-tcm-Sp-ff hm’-ey ]mc-h-i-yw-sIm≠v Rm≥ Fs∂-Øs∂ ad-°pw.
CXphcsØ ]cn-Nbw sIm≠pw AXp a\- n-em-°n-bnt√. Hcp ]nSn-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Fs‚ hb¿ \nd-p.
\ns‚ a\- -dn-bm≥ th≠n-bmWv ho≠pw hmcn-b-Xv. _m°n-bp-ff Ahn-en-Xm. \o ]d-Xpw am\n-°-
W-a-t√m. B PK¬∏n-Xm-°ƒ AXn-Ynsb Adn-bn-°m-sX-bmWv ]d--Xv. _m°n-bp-ff B hnin-jvSamb
Ahn¬ e£vao-tZhn hmßn. {]]-©sØ Df-fn-em-°n-bn´pw \nd-bmØ IrjvWs‚ hb¿ `‡n
\nd kqlr-Øns‚ Hcp ]nSn Ahn¬ sIm≠p \nd-p. IrjvW≥ Cßs\ ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp:
]s≠m-cn-°¬ ]m©m-en-bpsS Ce-°-dnbpw C∂v Aß-bpsS Ahnepw Ign-®n´v D≠mb Xr]vXn CXn-\pap-sºm-cn-°epap≠m-bn-´n-√.''
(]m{XNcnXw IY. ]m©m-en-bpsS `£Ww sImSp-°m-sa-t∂-‰n´p AXn\p
Ign-bmsX h∂-t∏mƒ ]m©men IrjvWs\ [ym-\n-®p. IrjvW≥ h√msX hni-°p∂p F∂p ]d-msW-Øn-b-Xv.
A£-b-]m{Xw kq£n-®p-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ Ce-°-dn-bpsS Aev]w In´n. AXv {ioIrjvW≥
`£n-®-t∏mƒ Zp¿∆mkmhv al¿jn-bp-tSbpw inj-y-∑m-cp-tSbpw hb¿ \nd-p). Zcn-{Z-cmb
`‡¿ Imn-c-°pcp X∂mepw F\n-bv°-ar-X-am-Wv. `‡n-bn-√m-Ø-h¿ AarXp X∂mepw Imnc-°pcp-hp-am-Wv.
Aß-sb-t∏m-ep-ff hn\-b-im-en-Iƒ h√Xpw Nh-bv°m≥ X∂m¬ Ipt∂mfw X∂ amXn-cnbm-sW-\n-°v.
icocw cs≠-¶nepw Ccp-∂mepw acn-®mepw \Ω-sfm-∂m-Wv. e£vao-tZ-hnbpw Xm¶-fpsS
]Xv\nbpw H∂m-sW∂v Rm≥ ]d--Xmbn `mc-y-tbmSp ]d-bq. Cßs\ ]d-bp∂ `K-hm-t\mSv adp-]Sn
]d-bm-\-dn-bmsX Ipg-ßnb IptN-e≥ Aev]-t\cw Nn¥n®v Cßs\ ]d-p: ""A∂hpw tam£hpw
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Xcp∂ Xºp-cm-t\, Aßv `‡n-sIm≠v `‡-∑m-tcbpw i‡n-sIm≠v i‡-∑m-tcbpw Pbn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬
APn-X≥ F∂ t]cv Fß-t\bpw tbmPn-°pw. tZh-∑mcpw ImgvN-h-kvXp-°-fp-ambn Aß-bpsS kabw
ImØp Ign-bp-∂p. Nfn-bn¬°n-S-°p∂ Fs∂ Aßv ]qPn-®Xv ]pXp-a-X-s∂. sNdp-∏-Ønse ]cn-Nbw
sXmt´ Aßsb Rm≥ Ft∏mgpw a\- n¬ I≠p-sIm≠ncp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ h∂p ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Aß-bpsS Iev]\ ewLn-bv°m≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Cu \n m-c≥ cm{Xn apgp-h≥ e£vao-Xev]-Øn-en-cp∂v
sshIp-WvT-Øn¬ (hn-jvWp-hns‚ ÿm\-Øn¬ F∂pw) Ccp-∂p. Fs∂-t∏mse `mK-yhm≥
Bcp-≠v. cXv\-ß-fpsS tim`-sIm≠v ChnsS cmhpw ]Iepw Adn-bn-s√-¶nepw t\cw {]`m-X-am-bn.
C\n Rm≥ t]mIs´. Aß-bn¬ ebn-°p-thmfw ip≤-amb `‡n F\n-°p-≠m-h-Ww. [\-iq-\-y-\mb
B `‡≥ IrjvWs\ a\- n-te-‰n-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn.
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ ˛ (\qdv ˛ \q‰-ºXv hm°p-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
(1) `‡n-bmb Im‰p ssII-W-°n-te-‰p -s]-cp-Inb
`mK-y-]m-cm-hm-c-`w-K-]-c-º-cbm
i‡n-tbmSp IqSn-h∂p amdn-am-dn-sb-Sp-Øn´p
im¿MvKn-bpsS ]pc-Z-zmcw ]qIn-bv°-s∏´p ˛ kµ¿`hpw kmc-k-yhpw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
(2) F¥p-sImt≠m siucnI-Æp-\o-c-Wnp [oc-\mb
sN¥m-a-c°Æ-\pt≠m Ic-n-´p-f-fq ˛ kµ¿`w FgpXn Bibw hy-‡-am-°p-I.
(3) Nn{Xw Nn{X-a-tßm´p sN∂m-tS-≠p∂ alm-Xo¿∞w
C{X-tØm-f-am-K-an° sIm≠p \∂mbn ˛ hnh-£nXw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-I.
(4) \∑ \ap-°-tX-bp-ffq Kpcp-I-Sm£w IqSmsX
P∑-km-^-eyw hcptam P\n-®m-em¿°pw. ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
(5) s]mXn-bn-tßm-´p-X-∂mepw e÷n-bvt°≠ tKm]n-amcpw
sImXnb \ns∂-÷-\-tØ-∏-d-hq-Rm-bw. ˛ kµ¿`w ImWn®v kmc-kyw hni-`o-I-cn-bv°pI
(6) ]s≠m-cn-bv°¬ ]mWvUh aln-jn-bpsS imtIm-Z-\˛
ap≠p \man∂p `hms‚ ]rYpIw Xn∂p. ˛ kqNnX IYsb-gp-XpI.
(7) Ip∏-bn¬ InS-∂-h-s\-∏q-Pn-°p∂p `K-hm≥; Iogn˛
en∏p-Xp-a-I-≠n-´n√ tI´n-´p-an-√. ˛ Bcv? Bsc ]qPn-bv°p∂p? AXnse ]qXp-a-sb¥v?
II D]\ymktNmZ-y-߃(aq-∂qdp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
(1) cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b-cpsS IptN-e-hrØw h©n-∏m-´ns‚ kmln-X-y-]-c-amb ta∑-Iƒ
]cntim[nbv°p-I.
(2) Kpcp-`-‡n, kXo¿∞-y-kvt\lw ˛ Cu c≠p [¿ΩnI aqe-ß-fpsS al-X-z-amWv IptN-ehrØw
h©n-∏m´n¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p-f-fXv ˛ N¿® sNøpI
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A¿tWmkv ]mXncn
]pØ≥]m\
A¿tWmkv ]mXncn
School of Distance Education
anj\dn {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p th≠n tIc-f-Øn¬ FØnb `mjm-kvt\-ln-bmb Hcp P¿Ω≥
]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂p A¿tWmkv ]mXn-cn. 1699-˛¬ tIc-f-ØnseØnb At±lw kwkvIr-Xhpw ae-bmfhpw
]Tn®p F∂p-am-{X-a√ {]kvXpX `mj-I-fn¬ \nL-≠p-°-fpw, hym-I-cW {KŸ-ß-fpw, kmln-X-y-Ir-
Xn-Ifpw cNn-bv°m≥ t]m∂ sshZ-KvZ-yhpw t\Sn. kwkvIrX `mjsb ]m›m-X-y¿°n-S-bn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-
®hcn¬ A{K-K-W-y-\m-W-t±-lw. ae-bm-fw-˛-t]m¿®p-Kokv \nL-≠p, ae-bm-fw-˛-t]m¿®p-Kokv hym-I-c-Ww,
ae-bm-fw-˛-kw-kvIrX \nL-≠p, kwkvIrX hym-I-c-Ww, IpXm-i-∏m-\, NXp-c-¥-yw, Pt\mhm-]¿∆w, ]pØ≥]m\
F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-Iƒ.
]pØ≥]m\
]q¥m-\-Øns‚ ⁄m\-∏m-\-bpsS al-X-zhpw km[m-c-W-°m-cmb lnµp-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬t∏mepw
Dff AXns‚ {]Nm-chpw I≠v AtX-]Sn {InkvX-ym-\n-Iƒ°pw \nX-y-]m-cm-b-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-bv°-s∏-
Sp-amdv km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ `mj-bn¬ B≤-ym-flnI XX-z-Nn-¥m-]-c-amb Hcp `‡n-Im-hyw cNn-bv°-W-sa∂
Dt±-i-tØmsS A¿tÆmkv ]mXncn cNn-®-XmWv ]pØ≥]m-\. {InkvXp- -hns‚ Pohn-XsØ CXn-hr-Øam°n
]Xn-∂mep ]mZ-ß-fn-embn Bbn-c-Ø-q-dn¬∏cw hcn-Iƒ Dff ]pØ≥]m-\-bnse G‰hpw anI®
`mKw. "hym-Ip-e-am-Xm-hns‚ hnem]w' F∂ ]{¥≠mw]m-Z-am-Wv. ssZh-]p-{X-\mb tbiphns‚ arX-icocw
aSn-bn¬°n-SØn AΩ-bpsS hnem-]-amWv Cu `mKw. ⁄m\-∏m-\sb A\p-I-cn®v ]pØ≥ ]m\-bnse
]Xn-s\m-∂p -]m-Z-ß-fn-e-tebpw hrØw {ZpX-Im-Ifn AYhm ]m\-bm-Wv. ]{¥-≠mw-]Zw \tXm-∂X
(h©n-∏m-´v) hrØ-Øn-emWv ss{IkvX-h-cpsS aX-{K-Ÿ-amb ss__n-fn\v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZ-y-am-bp-≠mb
kz-X-{¥-]p-\-cm-J-ym-\-amWv ]pØ≥ ]m\ Fs∂mcp {]tX-y-IX IqSn-bp-≠v.
tIc-fob {InkvX-ym-\n-I-fpsS ih-kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ Xte∂p cm{Xn ]pØ≥]m\ hmbn-bv°p∂
BNmcw C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. IqSmsX s]k-lm-h-ym-gw, Zp:Jsh-ffn F∂o Znh-k-ß-fnepw Cu
IrXn-]m-cm-bWw sNøm-dp-≠v. ]pØ≥]m\ hmbn-bv°p-∂Xpw hmbn-®p-tIƒ°p-∂Xpw ]pW-y-I¿Ωambn
]cn-K-Wn-bv°p-∂p. Cßs\ tIc-fob {InkvX-ym-\n-I-fpsS Bflob Pohn-X-hp-ambn ASpØ _‘ap-ff
Hcp `‡n-Im-h-y-amWv ]pØ≥]m-\.
Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS
ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ hym-Ip-e-{]-em]w
AΩ-I-\-ym-aWn Xs‚......................
..................... aI-\mbn ]nd-t∂m-]p{Xm (1 -˛20)
k¿∆-tZm-tjm-Øcw = F√m tZmj-ß-tfbpw adn-I-S-°¬, I\-y-m-a-dn-b-am-Ip∂ AΩ-bpsS Zp:J߃
{i≤n®p tI´p-sIm-f-fp-hn≥. B Zp:Jw ]q¿Æ-ambpw hnh-cn-°m≥ a\p-j-y-cpsS `mjbn¬ aXn-bmb
hm°p-I-fn√. AXns‚ Kuchw Nn¥n-bv°m≥ _p≤nbv°v {XmWn-bp-an-√. Fs‚ Ign-hn-s\m-Ø-hn[w
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School of Distance Education
]d-mepw icn-bm-hp-I-bn-√. I\-ym-am-Xm-hns‚ A\p-{K-l-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Rm≥ Ipd-sm∂p ]dbmw.
a\p-j-y-k-aq-l-Øns\ _m[n® tZmj-ß-sf-sb√mw Pbn-bv°p-hm≥ temI-\m-Y-\mb tbip-{InkvXp acWw
hcn-®-Xn-\p-tijw F√m \∑-Iƒ°pw kap-{Z-amb At±-‰-Øns‚ Zpcn-Xw-I≠v A]m-c-amb Zp:JtØmsS
AΩ aIs\ t\m°n. Ip¥-ap-\-t]m-se-bp-ff Atºm, shSn-bp-≠tbm sXm≠-bn¬ sIm≠-t]mse B
AΩ-bpsS Ic-N-c-W-߃ Ipg-p. a\- p-sh¥v NpSp-I-Æp-\o-scm-gp-°p-hm≥ Imc-W-amb B Zp:JsØ-
∏‰n F¥p-]-d-bm-\mWv? AXp-]-d-m-e-h-km-\n-°n-√. A\-i-z-c-\mb PK-Zo-i-z-cs‚ Xncp-I-ev]-\-Iƒ Hm¿Øv
a\- ns\ ]c-am-h[n im¥-am°n C{]-Imcw hne-]n-bv°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. ""]cn-ip-≤-\pw, \∑-\n-d--h-\pamb
Fs‚ aI-t\, \o Cßs\ (a-c-W-Øn-eq-sS) P∑-]m-]-Øns‚ `mcw Cd-°n-sh-®pthm? `qan-bnse
Poh-Pm-e-߃ sNbvXp Iq´nb ]m]-Øns‚ ISw ho´p-hm-\mbn \o ssZh-]p-{X-\mbn Ah-X-cn-®-XmtWm?
BZ-am-Zn-\-c-h¿§w ......................................
.................................. \ns∂ hftm ]p{Xm
BZn-amZn = BZyw sXm´p-ff
BZyw apX¬°n-tßm-´p-ff a\p-j-y-h¿§w i¶m-te-i-an-√msX sNbvXp-Iq-´nb ]ng-I-fpsS Imc-W-
Øn\v \o c£ sNbvXXv DNn-X-am-bn. CsXms° Rm≥ ImWp-hm≥ th≠n sNbvXp-sh-®-XmtWm?
Rm≥ acn-®-Xn\p tij-amWv Cßs\ kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ \∂m-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-cyw t\c-sØ-Øs∂
Ft∂m-Sp-]-dv \o bm{X-bm-bn. ico-cw-sIm≠#pff IS-∏mSpw Xo¿Øp. a\p-j-y¿°v \√ _p≤n-sIm-
Sp-°p-hm≥ \o ]nXm-hn-t\mSv Ic--t]-£n-®p-thm. thZ-\-sIm-≠p-ff ]n®n-en¬ Np´-a-\-t msS \o
{]m¿∞n-®p. \o tNmc-bnepw hnb¿∏nepw Ipfn-®p. kz¿§-Øn-tebv°p t\m°n {]m¿∞n-bv°p∂ \ns‚
IÆn-epw tNmc-s]m-Sn-p. \ns‚ NpSp-tNm-c-sIm≠v `qan-\-\-p. `qan ]m]-߃sIm≠v Ipg-ßn-bt∏mƒ
\ns‚ tNmc-sIm≠v `qan-bpsS ]m]-߃°pw \o ]cn-lmcw sNbvXpthm? Cßs\ \o
a\p-j-y¿°v t£a-ap-≠m-°p-hm≥ kzbw ]oU-\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-Øpthm? \o Cßs\ k¬°¿Ωw sNbvX-
Xn\v Iqen Xcp-hm≥ ]m]n-Iƒ \ns∂ hf-pthm? (hn-]-co-Xm¿∞w)
HØ-t]mse H‰n-I-f-f≥ ..........................
..........................-\o-N-]m-]n-b-Sn-t®m-]p{Xm (41-˛50)
ap≥Iq´n ]d-p-d-∏n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v B If-f≥ (bq-Zm-kv) \ns∂ H‰n-s°m-Sp-°p-hm≥ Npw_n®v
Im´n-s°m-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ t{ijvT-\mb \ns∂ B ZpjvS-∑m¿ ]nSn-®pthm? Gsd-°m-e-ambn \o t\m°n-hf¿Ønb
B ZpjvS≥ \ns∂ i{Xp-hn\v hn‰p. B \oN\v ]W-Øn\v C{X B¿Ønbm-sW-¶n¬ BtcmsS-
¶nepw Cc-∂n-s´-¶nepw AXp sImSp-°m-am-bn-cp-∂-t√m. \ns∂ Hcp-I-f-f-s\-t∏mse ]nSn-®p-sI´n Ah¿
X√n-b-t√m. tbml-∂ms‚ apºn¬sh®v Ah¿ \ns‚ Ihn-f-Ø-Sn-®p.
]ns∂-\-ymbw hn[n-∏m-\m-bv...................................
..............................-Ip‰w ]dtm]p{Xm (51-˛60)
]ns∂ \ymbw \S-Øm≥ Ah¿ \ns∂ Ah-am-\n®v Ip‰w Npa-Øntbm? F√m-h-cp-tSbpw hn[n-
\n-›-bn-bv°p-∂-h-\mb \ns∂, temIsØ krjvSn®p kwc-£n-bv°p∂ \n\°v B alm-]m]n in£
hn[n-®p-h-t√m. A[nImc-an-√msX \ns∂ h[n-bv°m≥ i{Xp-°ƒ Iogm-fsc Gev]n-®p-thm. \ns∂ B
\oN¿ A]-am-\n®v A[n-Im-cn-bpsS apºn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn Ip‰w Npa-Øn.
F¶nepw \osbm-cp-Ø¿°pw...................................
............................-F-Sp-∏n®v \SØn ]p{Xm (71-˛80)
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 87

School of Distance Education
Xe-sXm´v ASn-hsc \ns‚ ico-c-Øn¬ sXmen-bn-√m-Xmbn. tNmc-sbm-en-bv°p∂ \ns‚ icocw
]pf-fn-∏p-en-bp-tS-Xp-t]m-em-bn. \ns‚ Xncp-c‡w IpSn-bv°p-hm≥ Ah¿°n{X sImXn-bm-b-sXt¥? \ns‚
apJØv Im¿°n®p Xp∏n. ]ns∂ ]p—n®v sXmgp-Xp. Hcp Pohnsb Cßs\ \nµn-bv°m-tam. \ns‚
apJ-Øp-t\m°n Fs¥√mw sXdn-Iƒ ]d-p. Zp¿∫-e-\mb \ns‚ apXp-IØv I\-ta-dnb Hcp
ac-°p-cnip sI´n-sh®v \S-Øn-®p.
X√n-X-f-fn-b-Sn-®p¥n ............................
..........................-£-ant®m ]p{Xm (81-˛90)
Ah-cpsS {Iqc-a¿±-\-߃ G‰v \o Gsd he-nt√. NØ-P-¥p-°sf ]m]-߃ ISn®p henbv°p-∂-Xp-t]mse
\ns‚ apdn-bp-I-fn¬ ho≠pw IpØn-°o-dntbm? ZpjvS-∑m-cm-bm¬t]mepw CØcw
ImgvN-Iƒ I≠m¬ a\- p-]n-fcpw. A{X-t]mepw A\p-{Klw (Z-b) Ch¿°n-√m-sX-t]m-b-t√m. C{Xbpw
AXn-{I-a-߃ IWn-bv°m≥ \ob-h¿s°¥p sX‰p-sNbvXp? Ah-tcmSv Zb am{X-am-Wt√m ImWn-®Xv.
Cu alm-]m-]n-Iƒ sNbvX sImSpw {IqcX \o£-an-®p-h-t√m.
Zqan-am-\p-j¿°p..................................
...................................-\o-Xq-ßntbm ]p{Xm (91-˛100)
`qan-bnse a\p-j-y¿°p h∂-]n-g-I-sf√mw `qan-tb-°mƒ £a-tbmsS \o kln-®p-h-t√m.
{Iqc-ambn in£n®p ]cn-l-cn-®-h¿ \ns∂ Pdp-kew \K-c-Øn¬ DS-\ofw \S-Øn. Ipgp hoWpw
Fgp-t∂‰pw \ns‚ Ipe-a-c-amb Ipcpipw Npa∂v \o ae-ap-I-fn¬ FØn. tNmc-bn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn®p
InS-°p∂ \ns‚ Ip∏mbw Ah¿ hen-®p-Io-dn. henb Ipcnip ac-Øn¬ \ns∂ Xq°n.
BW-e-bn-t∑¬ Xqßn ..................................
.......................-B-cm-[n-®p-thm -]p{Xm (101-˛110)
BWn-bn¬ Xqßn Rc-ºp-Iƒ henp apdp-Ip∂ {]mW-th-Z\ \o kln-®-t√m. BWn-sIm≠v
\ns‚ icocw Xpf® \mW-t°-Sn-\-Xn-cn-√. i{Xp-°ƒ Fs‚ aI-s\-°p-dn®v CØn-cn-t]mepw
Zb-bn-√m-Xm-b-t√m. hoc-]-cm-{I-an-Iƒ Ign Rmb-dmgvN Xncp-a-Is‚ ap∂n¬ h∂v hµn®v Hmim\
]mSn-b-Xm-W-t√m.
AXn¬ ]ns∂-sb-¥p.......................................
.........................................-tZlw Nat®m ]p{Xm (111-˛120)
AXn-\p-tijw Cßs\ {Iqc-X-Im-´p-hm≥ F¥p-Ip-‰-amWv sNbvXXv? Hma-\-Xzw Xpfp-ºp∂ \ns‚
apJ-Øp-t\m°n Cu ]m]n-Iƒ°v Cßs\ sNøm≥ tXm∂ptam? DÆo \ns‚ apJhpw icocw `qan-In-f®p
adn-bv°pw-t]mse XI¿Øpthm? IÆn¬ tNmc-bn-√mØ Ah‰ \ns∂ NX-®p-h-t√m.
ASn-sbm-Sp-ap-Sn-tZ-lw................................
..........................................Zp:JtamSp Zp:Jta ]p{Xm (121-˛130)
ASn-apSn \ns‚ tZlw IpSn-bvs°m-gn-hn-√msX NX-®p-h-t√m. \ns‚ N¶n¬ Ah¿ IpØn-bXv
Fs‚ Igp-Øn¬ sIm≠-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. a\p-j-y-\mb \ns‚ ac-Ww-sIm≠v a‰p-a-\p-j-y¿°v ac-W-Ønep-≠m-Ip∂
am\-lm\n C√m-Xm-°n-tbm. D®bv°p Xs∂ kqc-y≥ AkvX-an®p \´p-®bv°v Iqcm-Iq-cn-cp-
´m-bn. hoc-\mb \o acn-®p-thm. `qan-bn¬\n∂v Hcp-]mSp ih-߃ ]pd-s∏-´p. Zp:Jtam-SpZp:Jam-bn.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 88

{]mW-\n-√m-Ø-h¿Iq-sS.................................
............................... F¥p-]‰q ]q{Xm (131-˛140)
School of Distance Education
]tc-Xm-flm-°ƒ t]mepw Zp:JtØmsS ]pd-Øp-h∂p F∂n´pw Pohn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂-h¿°p Zp:Jan-
√msX t]mb-sXt¥? I√pw ac-ßfpw IqSn Zp:Jw kln-bv°msX s]m´n-∏n-f-cp-∂p. I√n-t\-°mfpw
ItTm-c-am-Wt√m blq-Z-cpsS lrZ-b-Øn\v. k¿∆-tem-I-\m-Y-\mb \ns‚ acWw I≠-t∏mƒ Zp:Ja-bambn
Fßpw Rm\nXm k¿∆Zp:J°-S-en¬ B≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p.
\n∑-c-W-tØmSp IqsS.......................................
............................................-Xqßn \obpw acnt®m ]p{Xm (141-˛150)
\ns‚ IqsS Fs∂bpw sIm∂n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Cu Zp:Jw H´pw XWp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. \n\-°n-jvS-s∏-
´-sX√mw Rm≥ A\p-h-Zn-bv°m≥ Xo¿®-bm°n. F∂n´pw F\n-bv°m-i-zmkw In´p-∂n-√. \n\-°m-tcmSpw
shdp-∏n-√. F∂n´pw i{Xp-°ƒ°v \nt∂mSp shdp-∏m-Wv. \ns‚ Imense c‡w BZ-ans‚ inc- n¬
A`n-tjIw sNbvXp. h©-Xn-sIm-≠p-≠mb ]m]-Øn\v ]cn-lmcw sNbvXpshm acw-sIm≠p h∂-tZmjw
acw-sIm≠p Xs∂ Ah-km-\n-∏n-bv°m-\mtWm \o ac-°p-cn-in¬ Xqßn acn-®-Xv.
\mcn-I-øm¬ ^ew Xn∂p...............................
...................................-t\-Sn-sh-®tXm ]p{Xm (151-˛160)
s]Æns‚ (l-∆) t{]c-W-bm¬ (hn-e-°-s∏-´) ]gw Xn∂-Xp-sIm≠v a\p-j-y¿°p-h∂ alm-]m-
]sØ s]Æmb Rm≥ hgn ian-∏n-®p-thm. Rßsf lrZ-b-Øne tN¿Øp-sh-bv°m-\m-{K-ln-bv°p∂ \o
AXn\p th≠n a\p-j-y¿°mbn ]nf¿∂p sh®p-thm. bmsXmcp If-¶-hp-an-√m-Ø-XmWv \ns‚ kvt\lsa∂v
ImWn-bv°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmtWm \o Dffpw s]mfn-®p-Im-´n-b-Xv. BZw sNbvX sX‰ns‚ t]cn¬
a\p-j-ycpsS apºn¬ sIm´n-b-S-bv°-s∏´ kz¿§-hm-Xn¬ \ns‚ tam£-bm-{X-bn-eqsS Xpd-∂p-sh-®p-thm.
]gb IS-ß-sf√mw ho´n C\n-bp-≠m-Ip∂ ISw ho´m-\p-ff kzØpw kºm-Zn-®p-thm.
]f-fn-Xs‚bpf-f-I-Øp......................................
..................................... ]nXm-ho-ti-m-`-hnbv° Xkvam¬ (161-˛174)
\o \ns‚ [\-sa√mw If-f-∑m¿°p In´m-Ø-hn[Øn¬ ]f-fn-bpsS Df-fn¬ sh®p. ]f-fn-bn-ep-f-fh¿°v
AX-ym-h-iy ka-bØv AXp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ kq£n-∏p-Im-c-t\bpw Gev]n-®p. Cß-s\-sbms° a\pj-y¿°p
\√Xp hcp-Øp-hm\pw Ah-cpsS hnj-a-߃ Hgn-hm-°m\pw {]h¿Øn-®mWv \o acn-®-Xv. I\ym-am-Xm-hns‚
Zp:Jßsf Cß-s\-sb√mw ]mSn kvXpXn® Fs‚ a\- nse tZmj-ß-sf√mw Igp-In-°fv
a\- n\p sh◊-\¬I-Wta ssZh-am-Xm-th. \n∑-Is‚ ac-Ww-sIm≠v Fs‚ ac-WsØ Hgn-hm°n
AtΩ Fs∂ c£n-bvt°-Wta. Fs∂ \n∑-I-t\mSv tN¿Øv Fdnbv°pw tam£w Xtc-W-ta.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 89

tNmZ-y-߃
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ ˛ (\qdv ˛ \q‰-ºXv hm°p-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
School of Distance Education
1) Cßs\ \o a\p-j-y¿°p awKew hcp-Øp-hm-\mbv
Xnßn\ k¥m-]-tamSp {iant®m ]p{Xm ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°p-I.
2) \n¥n-cp-ap-JØp Xp∏n \nµ-sN-bvXp-sXm-gp-Xt√m
P¥p-thm-Sn-ßs\ IjvSw sNøptam ]p{Xm ˛ Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°p-I.
3) kqc-y\pw t]mbv ad-t√m Ccp-´mbn D®-t\cw
hoc-y-hmt\ \o acnt®m `oXntbm ]p{Xm
4) \mcn-I-øn¬ ^ew-Xn∂p \c-∑m¿°p h∂-tZjw
\mcnbmw ta ^e-ambv \o Hgnt®m ]p{Xm ˛ kqNn-Xm¿∞w Fgp-Xp-I.
II D]\ymktNmZ-y-߃(aq-∂qdp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
1) ]pØ≥]m\ F∂ IrXnbv°v kmln-X-y-]-c-ambpw aX-]-c-ambpw Dff ÿm\w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
2) ]pØ≥]m-\-bnse `mjm coXn ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 90

B´-°Ym {]ÿm\w
\f-N-cnXw B´-°Y
(\memw Znh-kw)
School of Distance Education
a‰p `mjmIfn-sem∂pw ImWmØ Akm-[m-c-W-amb Hcp A`n-\b kmlnXy-amWv B´-°-Y.
Fgp-Ø-—s‚ Ime-L-´-Øn\p tijw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ kw`-hn® Hcp kvXw`-\m-h-ÿbv°v B´-
°Ym {]ÿm-\-tØm-sS-bmWv am‰w h∂-sX∂p ]d-bmw. `mj-]-c-ambn aWn-{]-hm-f-Øns‚ tNcn-bn¬Øs∂-bmWv
B´-°-Ybv°pw ÿm\w. kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X-∑m-cmb Ihn-IƒX-s∂-bmWv B´-I-Y-bn¬
AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-b-Xpw.
]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n-emWv B´-°Ym {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hw. sIm´m-c-°-c-Ø-ºp-cm-\mWv
CXns‚ D]-⁄m-X-hv. cmam-b-W-I-Ysb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-ff At±-l-Øns‚ F´p IY-I-fmWv
BZ-ysØ B´-°-Y-Iƒ. IrjvW-\m-´-Øn-t\m-Sp-ff InS-a-’-c-Øn¬ cma-\m-´-sa∂ t]cn-em-Ws{X Cu
IrXn-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv. Ihn-Xzw Ipd sIm´m-c-°-c-Ø-ºp-cms‚ B´-°-Y-Iƒ {]Nm-c-ep-]vX-ß-fmbn.
B´-°-Ym-km-ln-X-y-Øn\v AXnt‚Xmb Kuc-hhpw s{]uVnbpw ssIh-∂Xv tIm´-bØp
Xºp-cms‚ IrXn-I-tfm-sS-bm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ Ie-ym-W-ku-K-‘n-Iw, _I-h-[w, In¿Ωo-c-h-[w,
\nhm-X-I-h-N-Im-e-tI-b-h[w F∂o \mem-´-°-Y-Ifpw kmln-X-y-Zr-jvSym anI-®-h-sb-∂-wKo-Imcw t\Sn.
Im¿ØnI Xncp-\mƒ, Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn, hnZ-zm≥ Infn-am-\q¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω tImbn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ XpS-ßn-bh-cm-Wv
B´-°-Ybv°v I\Ø kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xv. F∂m¬ DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b-cpsS \f-N-cnXw
B´-°Ym kmln-X-y-Øn¬ Hcp A\-\-z-b-ambn h¿Øn-bv°p-∂p.
IY-Ifn
X\nt°c-fo-b-sa-∂m-`n-am-\n-bv°m-hp∂ hniz{]kn-≤-amb Hc`n\b-I-e-bmWv IY-I-fn. B´-°-Y-
I-fpsS cwKm-hn-jvImc cq]-amWv IY-Ifn AYhm IY-I-fn-bv°p-ff kmln-X-y-cq-]-amWv
B´-°-Y. tIc-f-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ \mtSmSn Iem-cq-]-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw AjvS-]-Zn-bm-´w, IrjvW-
\m-´w, IqSn-bm´w F∂o A`n-\b kmt¶-X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]e LS-I-ßfpw Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ Iq´n-t®¿ØmWv
C∂sØ cq]-Øn-ep-ff IY-I-fn-bm-b-Xv. \rØw, \mS-yw, kwKo-Xw, hmZ-yw, Nn{X-Ie F∂n-h-bp-sSsb√mw
ka-yIv ktΩ-f-\-amWv IY-I-fn-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. kmX-zn-Iw, BwKn-Iw, hmNn-Iw, Blm-cyw
F∂o \mep hn[ A`n-\-b-Øn\pw IY-I-fn-bn¬ ÿm\-ap-≠v. a‰v A`n-\-b-I-e-Isf At]-£n®v IY-I-fnbv°p-ff
Hcp {]tX-y-IX \S≥ kwkm-cn-bv°p-I-bn-s√-∂-Xm-Wv. kmln-Xy `mK-ßsf kwKo-X-ambn Nn´s∏-SpØn
`mK-h-X¿ ]mSp-∂-XmWv hmNn-Im-`n-\-bw. IYm-`m-Khpw kµ¿`hpw t«mI-Ønepw kw`m-j-W߃
]Z-ambpw (]m-´v) BWv B´-°-Y-I-fn¬ ImWp-I, IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS kz-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v Ahsc ]®,
IØn, XmSn, Icn, an\p°v F∂ kmt¶-X-Øn¬ HXp-°n-bn-cn-bv°p-∂Xpw IY-I-fn-bpsS {]tX-y-I-X-bm-Wv.
IY-I-fn-bpsS cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-Ønepw \f-N-cnXw hcp-Ønb {]Nm-chpw AXns‚ kzm-[o-\hpw FSpØp
]d-bmsX hø.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 91

\f-N-cnXw
School of Distance Education
Ccn-m-e-°p-S-bn-ep-ff AI-Øq´p hmcn-b-ØmWv DÆmbn hmcn-b¿ P\n-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚
Pohn-X-Im-ew, t]cv, a‰p IrXn-Iƒ F∂nh X¿° hnj-b-am-Wv. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-
Ønepw ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZ-y-Øn-ep-am-bn-cn-°Ww At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-sa∂pw Ip©≥
\-º-ym¿ At±-l-Øns‚ ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p. \f-N-cn-X-Øn\p
]pdta Kncn-Pm-I-e-ymWw KoX-{]-_-‘-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ as‰mcp IrXn.
\f-N-cnXw aqe-IY alm-`m-c-X-Øn-ep-f-f-Xm-Wv. h\-hm-k-Øn-s\-Ønb ]mWvU-hsc
Bi-z-kn-∏n-bv°m≥ _rl-Z-i-z-ap\n ]dp tIƒ∏n-bv°p∂ Hcp \o≠ D]-I-Y-bmWv alm-`m-c-X-Ønse
\tfm-]m-J-ym-\w. B aqe-I-Ysb B[m-c-am°n DZm-Ø-amb Hcp \mS-Iob Imh-y-amWv DÆmbn hmcn-b¬
cNn-®-Xv. \f-N-cnXw \mep Znh-ksØ IY-bmbn (\mep `mK-am-bn) BWv Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv.
tIc-f-Ønse imIp-¥fw F∂ _lp-a-Xn-t]mepw klr-Z-b¿ \f-N-cnXw B´-°-Ybv°v \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
s]mXpth IY-I-fn-tbmSpw B´-°-Y-tbmSpw hnap-J-\mb F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω-bmWv BZ-y-am-bn \f-N-cn-
X-Øn\v Hcp hym-J-ym-\-sa-gp-Xn-bXv (Im-¥m-c-Xm-c-Iw) F∂v {it≤-b-amb Hcp kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. tPmk^v
ap≠-t»-cn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ IY-Ifn F∂ Hc-`n-\b kt¶Xw \mam-hn-ti-j-am-bm¬ B´-°Ym
{]ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-bv°p∂ Htc Hcp IrXn \f-N-cn-X-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.
alm-`m-c-X-Øn¬ ]c-∂p-In-S-°p∂ Hcp IYsb Iri-tIm-a-f-amb Hcp Iem-in-ev]-am-°n-Øo¿Ø-
XmWv DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b-cpsS hnP-bw. kwt£-]-W-Ønepw GIm-{K-amb {]Xn-]m-Z-\-Ønepw At±lw
{i≤n-®p. ]m{X-c-N\m ]mS-hw, PohnX \nco-£W Iuiew, [z-\-ym-fl-I-amb {]Xn-]m-Z-\w, k¿t∆m-]cn
F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ap-ff HuNn-X-y-Zo-£, Imh-y-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff Dƒ°mgv® CsX-√m-amWv \f-N-cn-XsØ
Hcp D¬IrjvS \mS-Iob Imh-y-ambn am‰n-b-sX∂p ImWmw.
\f-N-cn-X-Ønse `mj-sb-°pSn {i≤-bvt°-WvS-Xp-≠v. `mjm-{]-tbm-f-Øn¬ \º-ym-sc-t∏m-se-
Xs∂ D—rw-J-e-\m-bn-cp∂p At≤-lw. aWn-{]-hm-fw-X-s∂-sb-¶nepw eoem-Xn-eI \nb-a-{]-Imcw DØa
aWn{]-hm-f-sa∂p ]d-p-Iq-S. Hcp Xcw sh¶-e-`mj F∂mWv AXns\ ]d-tb-≠-Xv.
ae-bm-fhpw kwkvIr-Xhpw bmsXmcp t`Z-hp-an-√msX Xne-X-WvUpe \ym-tb\ {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ At±-l-
Øn\p aSn-bn-√. {]mkw, A\p-{]m-k-w, ba-Iw, F∂o i_vZm-e-¶m-c-ß-fn¬ AXn-cp-I-hn {`a-am-Wv.
hym-I-cW \nb-a-ß-fnepw k{º-Zm-b-ß-fnepw AanX kzm-X-¥yw {]tbm-Kn-bv°p∂ At±lw B´-°Ym
kmt¶-X-Ønepw s]mfns®gpØp-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
\memw-Zn-hkw ˛ Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS
]pd∏mSv: IY-bm-cw-`n-bv°p-∂-Xn\p apºmbn CjvS-tZ-h-Xmcm [\-m]-c-ambn \S-Øp∂ Hcp NSßm-bWv
Ct∏mƒ "]pd- -∏m-Sv.' \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-∑msc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ NS-ßmbn´mWs{X ]g-b-ImeØv
]pd-∏mSv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv.
t«mIw 1 : ZpjvS-\mb Ien Xs∂ hn´p-am-dnb \nanjw apX¬ (aq-∂mw-Zn-hkw IY-bn¬ EXp-
]¿Æ cmPm-hn¬ \n∂v A£-lr-Zbw {Kln-bv°p∂ ka-b-ØmWv Ien \fs\ hn´p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv) Xs‚
{]nb-X-asb (Z-a-b-¥n-sb) Hm¿Øv \f≥ apº-tØ-Xnepw th-KØn¬ B tX¿ (E-Xp-]¿Æ cmPm-hns‚
tX¿. Za-b-¥n-bpsS c≠mw hnhm-l-ap-s≠∂pw Xs∂ ImØv hnhm-l-Zn\w \o´n-\o-´n-s°m≠p t]mIp-Ibm-sW-∂p-sas°
sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-bv°-s∏´ EXp-]¿Æ≥ hfsc thK-Øn¬ tXtcm-Sn-bv°p-hm≥
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 92

School of Distance Education
\f-s\-bmWv tXcm-fn-bm-bn-°q-´n-b-Xv) HmSn®p sIm≠n-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ tZh-∑m¿ (\n-en-º¿)-t]mepw A¤p-
X-a-¤p-X-sa∂p ]dp (]p-e-ºn). AkvX-an-bv°m≥ t]mIp∂ kqc-y≥ (A-cp-W-kq-X≥) thKX Ip-d-
h (hn-fw-_n-X-K-Xn)-\mbn `hn®p (_-s`u) _s`u + Acp-W≥ ˛ _`m-h-cp-W≥ (kq-c-ys‚ bm{X-bh-km-\n-bv°p-∂-Xn\p
apºv \fs‚ bm{X Ah-km-\n®p ˛ AkvX-a-b-Øn\p apºv EXp-]¿Æ-\p-ambn
\f≥ IpWvUn-\-Øn-se-Øn)
]Zw = AXn-thK(Xq¿Æw)-Øn-seØn EXp-]¿Æ-cm-Pm-hv. kpµ-cn-bmb Za-b-¥nsb hnhmlw
sNøm≥ t]mIp-∂-tXm¿Øv At±lw tcmam©w sIm≠p. cXv\m-`-c-W-߃ AWnv ssIbn¬
cXv\w ]Xn® hn√v. (Nn-e) Aºp-sa-SpØv Ima-hn-Im-cw-sIm≠v a\-s -cn-bp∂ EXp-]¿Æ≥ Ie-ym-W-sØ-
°p-dn®v at\m-cm-P-y-Øn¬ apgpIn B\-µ-Ø-em-dm-Sn. Z¿∏nX (A-l-¶-cn-®) i{Xp-°ƒ°v Ime\pw Z¿∏-
I≥ (Im-a-tZ-h≥) ImcWw hnep-]vX-io-e≥ = \jvS-s∏´ kz-`mh-ß-tfmSp IqSn-b-h≥, `¿∏-W-tem-e≥ =
Ft∏mgpw IÆmSn-bn¬ t\m°p-∂-h≥ ˛ kpµ-c-hn-UvVn, Z¿∏-tIm-P-z-e≥ = Imaw-sIm≠v Pz-en-bv°p-∂h≥.
aq∂p-tem-IØpw {]kn-≤-bmb kpµcn (Z-a-b-¥n)-sb ASp-Øp-In-´m-bvI-bm¬ Aev]-a-]n-Im-e-ehw
(sN-dnb ka-b-Øns‚ `mKw t]mepw) Iev]w (bp-Kw) F∂v Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-h≥ ˛ (E-Xp-]¿Æ≥ Ct∏mƒ
Cu Ah-ÿ-bn-em-Wv). hm¿jvtW-b≥ (\-f≥ cmPm-hmbn-cp-∂-t∏m-gsØ c≠p tXcm-fn-am-cmWv Poh-e-
\pw, hm¿jvtW-b-\pw. \f≥ NqXn¬ ]m∏-cm-hp-∂-Xp-I-≠-t∏mƒ Ah¿ t\csØ \nj-[-bn¬ \n∂p
cmPn-sh®v t]m∂v EXp-]¿Æs‚ tXcm-fn-bmbn IqSn. hgn-b-dnbp∂ Hcmƒ F∂ \nebv°v Cu bm{Xbn¬
c≠mw tXcm-fn-bmbn hm¿jvtW-b\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p). ]d--X-\p-k-cn®v IWvUn-\-Øn-se-Ønsb-∂-dn-p.
tImjvW-am-X]w sImSpw shbn¬ I≠v IuXpIw ]q≠v, _mlp-Is\ A`n-\-µn®v (C-{Xth-K-Øn¬
FØn-®-Xn-\v) t{ijvT-amb tXcn¬ ssIøq-t°-dnb EXp-]¿Æ≥ at\m-l-c-amb IpWvUn-\-
Øn¬ FØn.
ChnsS ]pd-s∏´v C\n-h-cm≥ t]mIp∂ IYm-]m-{XsØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂p
{i≤n-bv°p-I.
t«mIw 2: A\-zbw : k: EXp-]¿Æ: IpWvUn\w ]pcw
D]K-ay X¬\r-]k©mc-hn-lo\w Gh ]i-y≥
AY AXn-Ip-WvT-a\m:hnj-ÆXm hnh¿Æ: Nn¥mw PKma
B EXp-]¿Æ cmPmhv IpWvUn\ \K-c-Øn¬ FØn-bn´v AXns\ (\-K-cw) a‰p cmPm-°-∑m¿
Bcpw C√m-Ø-Xm-bn-Øs∂ I≠n´v (k-z-bw-h-c-am-Ip-tºmƒ Aßs\ t]mc-t√m) hnjm-Z-lr-Z-b-\mbn
hnfdn C{]-I-mcw Nn¥n®p. ]Zw: {_“-W¿°v hnUvVnØw IqSp-sa∂v F√m-h¿°p-a-dnbmw ho≠p hnNmc-an-√msX
Ctßm´p NmSn-∏p-d-s∏´ Rm≥ `mhn-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Hcp ]cn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-am-bn. Hcp {_m“-
W≥ h∂v hnUvVnØw ]d-p. (Z-a-b¥n c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn\v tbmK-y-\mb Hcmsf ImØn-cn-bv°-bmsW∂v
kptZh {_m“-W≥ ]d--Xv) AtXmsS Ima-tZ-h≥ Fs‚ ASp-sØØn \n¿±-b-ambn Aºp-
I-f-b®v Fs∂ {`m¥p-]n-Sn-∏n-®p. a‰p-f-f-h-cpsS a\- ns\ Ie°n adn-bv°m≥ (a-Y\w sNøp-I) kma¿∞yhpw
hoc-yhpw Ima-tZ-h-\p-Xs∂. C\n F¥mWv \√-Xv. h∂ Imcyw BtcmSpw ]d-bm-Xn-cnbv°mw (A-
I-Y-\w) Xs∂-bmWv Fs‚ Kmw`o-c-y-Øn\pw hoc-y-Øn\pw \√-Xv. {_“mhv (-hn-[n), alm-hnjvWp (hn-[p)
inh≥ (hn-[p-sau-en) F∂n-h¿°p-t]mepw XSp-°m-\m-hmØ Ima-tZ-hs‚ ]cm-{Iaw Fs∂-t∏m-ep-f-f-hcpsS
apºn¬ \n m-c-am-Ip-I-bn-√-t√m. (saucn + Ahm-cnX ˛ sau-eyhmcn-X). kv{XohntbmK Zp:Jw
Rm\nXm If-n-cn-bv°p-∂p. Cu hnZ¿` cmPyw (hn-j-bw) F\nbv°p Zqsc-sbm-∂p-a-√-t√m. (A-bmƒ
]°sØ cmPm-hp-ambn kulr-Z-°m-gv®-bv°p-h-∂-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-bmw).
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 93

t«mIw 3. A\-zbw: AY Za-b-¥n-Xm≥ kptZ-h-ap-JmZv
AJnew Gh apZm D]-I¿W-y, {ZpXw EXp-]¿Æ-\n∂p hcp
sa∂v A\n-Xc Nn¥w hnate aWn-ku-[-Xte BkvX
cY-amb t]mjtI´v DZn-X-tXmjw kJow DhmN
School of Distance Education
AXn-\p-tijw Za-b-¥n-bm-Is´ kptZ-h-{_m-“-W-\n¬ \n∂v F√mw-Xs∂ (Z-a-b-¥n-bpsS
Bh-i-y-{]-Imcw Atbm-≤-y-bn¬ FØn \fs‚ km∂n-≤-y-Øn¬ Za-b-¥n-bpsS c≠mw hnhml hm¿Ø
]dv EXp-]¿Æs‚ a\- n-f-°nb Imc-y-sa-√mw) kk-t¥mjw tI´v "thK-Øn¬ EXp-]¿Æ≥ C∂phcpw
C∂p-hcpw F∂ Hscm‰®n¥tbmsS at\m-l-c-amb Xs‚ amfn-I-bn¬ Ccn-∏m-bn. AXn-\n-S-bn¬
Hcn-bv°¬ tX¿°p-Xn-c-I-fpsS i_vZw tI´v D≠mb kt¥m-j-tØmsS tXmgn-tbmSp ]d-p. ]Zw =
Fs‚ kwi-b-sa√mw Xo¿∂p. Fs‚ Zp:J߃ Ah-km-\n-®p. C{µm-Wn-bpsS (C-{µ-]-Xv\n) (kp-aw-K-e-
I-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-]m-{Xw) A\p-{Klw F\nbv°p In´n. ]q¿Æm-Z-{_m“Ws‚ hm°p-Ifpw ^en-®p.
Rm≥ t\¿∂ hgn-]m-Sp-Iƒ°pw ^e-ap-≠m-bn.
N{I-h¿Øn-bmb Fs‚ `¿Ømhv Ct∏mƒ Atbm-≤-ym-cm-Pm-hns‚ tXcm-fn-bm-bn. amXen
(tZ-th-{µs‚ kmc-Yn)-t]mepw ]cm-P-b-s∏´p Ign-p. (\-fs‚ cY-th-K-Øn¬). AXp-sIm≠v F\nbv°v
]eXc-Øn-ep-ff kt¥m-j-am-bn.
CXm t\cnb tXscm-en-tIƒ°p-∂p. CXm tXcns‚ sImSn-°qd (tI-X-\w) ImWp-∂p.
At∏m-tg°pw CXm tXcn¬ \n∂v aq∂m-fn-d-ßp-∂p. Bcm-W-h¿ (tX-cns‚ thKX hmI-y-ß-fn¬
\n∂q-ln-bv°mw) hoc-tk-\n(-ho-c-tk-\-]p-{X≥ = \f≥) C°q-´-Øn-en√ ho≠pw k¶Sw Xs∂.
Im‰nt‚bpw a\- nt‚bpw thK-X-bmWo tXcn-\v. AXn-\p-Im-cWw \fs‚ tXcmfn
(hm¿jvtW-b≥) C°q-´-Øn-ep-f-f-Xp-Xs∂ (th-KX I≠-t∏mƒ BZyw \f-\m-bn-cnbv°pw tXtcm-Sn-bv°p-
∂-sX-∂q-ln-®p. Fs‚ F√m ]cn-{i-a-ßfpw \njv^-e-am-bn.
t«mIw 4. A\-zbw: aWvUnX: kmbm-thK IpWvUn-\m-Jy ]pcw
D]-KX:[oc Asku EXp-]¿Æ: l¥ ss`ao-]-cn-W-b-IYmw
anYym C\n ⁄mXzm s]ussc: B thZn-X-\n-P-KXow `oaw GXb
X¬ k¬°mc {]ap-Zn-X-alm: tX\ k¶Ymw tXt\.
\∂mbn thj-`q-jm-Zn-I-fm¬ Aew-Ir-X-\mbn sshIp-t∂-cØv IpWvUn\w F∂ \K-c-Øn¬
FØn-t®¿∂-h-\mb [oc-\mb B EXp-]¿Æ-cm-Pm-hv, IjvSw Xs∂, Za-b¥o hnhm-l-IY \pW-bm-sW-
∂-dn-n´p sIm´mcw tkh-I-∑m¿ ]dv Xm≥ (E-Xp-]¿Æ≥) h∂ hm¿Ø-b-dn `oam-cm-Pm-hns\
kao-]n®v (G-X-y) At±-l-Øns‚ AXnYn k¬°m-c-Øm¬ sXfn a\-t m-Sp-IqSn At±-l-hp-ambn
(`o-a≥) kw`mjWw sNbvXp (k-¶-Ym-tX-t\) `oa-cm-Pmhv a\p-Ip-e-\m-bIm Xh Ipiew Inap? A√tbm
cmPmth Aßbv°v t£aw Xs∂-bt√? Aßbv°v th≠n Rm≥ F¥mWv sNtø-≠Xv? (F-¥n-\mWv
h∂Xv F∂p Xs∂) ]cn-hm-c-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√msX cmPm-Iob Nn”-߃ (]-cn-—-Zw) H∂p-an-√m-sX-bp-ff
Aß-bpsS Cu hchv Fs¥¶nepw Hcp Imcyw a\- n¬ Icp-Xn-bn-´mhpw AtI-t∂mSp ]d-bq. CXm-tem-
Nn-bv°p-tºmƒ F\n-bvt°-‰hpw kt¥mj-ap-≠v. AsX-s¥-∂t√? Cu \K-c-hpw, Cu ]cn-hm-c-ßfpw
Xt‚Xp-X-s∂-bmWv F∂ Dd® hni-zm-k-tØm-sS-bm-Wt√m Aßv h∂Xv (\mw A\-y-c√m F∂ t_m[-
Øn¬). AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ ]pW-y-hm-\mWv a\- n\v kt¥-j-hm-am-bn. ]pW-y-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v Gsd-
°mew A≤-zm-\n-®m¬ t]mepw k÷\kw-k¿§w e`n-bv°p-I-bn-√-t√m. (A-ß-bpsS hchv Fs‚
]pW-y-^ew sIm≠m-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂p).
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 94

School of Distance Education
EXp-]¿Æ≥: `oa-cm-Pm-th, F\nbv°v kpJw Xs∂. Rm≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-tIƒ°q. Aß-bpsS
sIm´m-c-Øn¬ H∂p hcm≥ Rm≥ Iptd-°m-e-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p. C∂Xp km[n-®p. A√msX thsd
bmsXmcp Imc-y-hp-an-√m. Aß-sb-t∏mse AXn-cn-√mØ \∑-I-fp-f-f-hsc ImWp-hm≥ km[n-bv°p-∂-Xm-
Wt√m ]pW-yw. (A-ßsb ImWm≥ Ign-Xv Fs‚ ]pWyw sIm≠m-Wv). \mw XΩn¬ \√ ASp-∏hpw
_‘-y-X-bp-am-W-t√m. (]-‰-e¿ = i{Xp-°ƒ) Aß-sb-t∏m-ep-f-f-hsc `mK-yw-sIm-≠p-am-{Xta ImWm≥
Ign-bp-I-bp-f-fq.
t«mIw 5. A\-zbw:
Xmack_‘p-hw-i-ap-S-tbm-c-h-\n-]-Xn-e-I≥ Ipl-Nn¬
Ac-aX `oa-P-b-In¬ BIp-e-a\m: Ba-b-`q-a-[q-a-en\m
kJnsb \nc-Zn-i¬
kqc-y-hwi cmPmhv (E-Xp-]¿Æ≥) Hcn-SØv Xma-kn®p (-k¬°m-c-ta-‰v) Za-b-¥n-bm-Is´ Ie-ßna-dn
a\-t m-Sp-IqSn Bab (Zp:J)Øns‚ `qam-hv (s]m-cp-∏w)BIp∂ [qa-Øm¬ (]p-I-bn¬) tim`sI-´-h-fmbn
Xs‚ tXmgnsb C{]-Imcw ]d--b-®p.
Za-b¥n:˛ Rm≥ `mKyw sI´-h-fmbnt∏mbn. tImSn-°-W-°n≥ Ima-tZ-h≥am¿ tN¿∂-Xp-t]mse
kpµ-c-\mb Fs‚ `¿Øm-hns‚ sXfn apJw Rm\n\n F∂p-Im-Wm-\mWv? hnc-lZp:Jam-Ip∂ Cu
ITn-\-amb IS¬ Bg-ta-dn-bXpw adp-I-c-Im-WmØXpamWv. G‰hpw Zb-\o-b-ambn Rm\n-Xn¬ hoWv KXnsI-´p.
CXv hnjaw Xs∂; G‰hpw thZ-\m-P-\-Ihpw AXn-\m¬ \o Ct∏mƒ B hoc-]p-cp-js\ Is≠-
Øm-\p-ff ]W-n-Iƒ sNø-Ww. EXp-]¿Æ-cm-Pm-hns‚ hnIr-X-cq-]n-bmb Cu tXcmfn \nj-[m-cm-Pm-hmb
\f-\m-sW-∂-dn-n-cn-bv°n∂p F∂v kz-Im-c-y-ambn Hcp {_m“≥ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. \o t]mbn AbmtfmSv
C°m-c-y-sØ-∏‰n tNmZn-®-dnp Abm-fpsS adp-]Sn F¥m-sW∂p tI´p-h-c-Ww.
Abm-fpsS Blm-cw, Pe-]m\w F∂nh Fßs\ (I-Yw) sb∂pw a\- n-em-°n-h-c-Ww. ad-ncp∂v
CsX√mw Adnv DS-s\-Øs∂ h∂v Ft∂mSp ]d-b-Ww. kabw If-b-cpXv Cu k¶-S-߃
Xo¿°m≥ CXp-X-s∂-bmWv D]mbw F∂p-Xo¿®.
t«mIw 6. A\-zbw: {]nb-X-a-Z¿i-\-{]-kn-X-bm,
_lptI \f: CXn P\nX kwib am\-kbm `oa-Pbm
CXn-Ine \nK-XnXm Ipi-em-tI-in\n Phm¬ cY-KXw
\fw GXy Ipiew Ipiew A\-z-bpMv‡.
`¿Øm-hns\ ImWm≥ B{K-ln-bv°p-∂-hfpw _mlp-I≥ \f-\m-sW∂ kwi-b-ap-f-f-hfpw Bb
Za-b-¥n-bm¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-b-s∏´v Ipi-em-tI-in\n (k-a¿∞-bmb tIin-\n) thK-Øn¬ tXcn-en-cn-bv°p∂
\fs\ kao-]n®v (Ip-iew) B ka¿∞-t\mSv Ipiew A\-z-bpMv‡ = t£aw At\-z-jn-®p.
tIin\n:˛ \obm-cmWv? t]sc-¥mWv? CXm-cpsS tXcmWv Zpc-ÿ-eØp \n∂p h∂-h-cm-sW∂p
tXm∂p-∂p. kXyw ]d-bWw. AXp-sIm-≠m-h-i-y-ap-≠v. Fs‚ Cu \n¿_‘w ]mgm-bn-√. Za-b¥ndmWnbp-IS
Iev]-\-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu k‘-ym-k-a-bØv Chn-tSbv°p Ib-dn-h∂ \nß-fm-sc∂v hy-‡-ambn Adn-b-Ww.
_mlp-I≥:˛ Cuc-ysX (]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p) Rms\√mw kX-y-ambn ]d-bmw. AXp-sIm≠v \n\s°¥v
{]tbm-P\w? AXp-]-d-bv. hfsc Zqc-Øp-\n∂p h∂-h-cm-Wt√m R߃. ChnsS EXp-]¿Æ-cm-
Pm-hns‚ tXcm-fn-I-fmbn R߃ c≠p t]¿ h∂p. Ah-cn¬ Hcmƒ Rm≥ _mlp-I≥. C\n CX-dn-
n´v \n\-s°-¥p-Im-cyw F∂v Ft∂mSv kXyw ]d-bq.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 95

School of Distance Education
tIin\n:˛ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ (A-tßm-´p-Xn-c-v) sN∂mepw ImWm≥ kuI-c-y-s∏-SmØ (Xn-c-°p-
]n-Sn-®-h-\m-Wv) C{µ-Xp-e-y-\mb Cu EXp-]¿Æ cmPmhv F¥n-\m-Wn-hnsS h∂-sX∂v Ft∂mSp ]d-bmtam.
as‰mcmƒ IqSn-bp-s≠∂p ]d-p-h-t√m. Abm-sf-hn-sS-t∏mbn? Abmsf ChnsS Nne¿°-dnbmw
(hm¿jvtW-bs\ ˛ \fs‚ tXcmfn F∂ \nebv°v ChnsS ]≠v ]e-t∏mgpw h∂n-´p-≠t√m. \f≥ NqXp-
I-fn-bn¬ tXm‰p sIm≠n-cn-bv°p-I-bm-sW-∂-dn--t∏mƒ kz¥w Ip´n-Isf kpc-£-tbm¿Øp Cu tXcmfn-am¿
aptJ-\-bmWv Za-b¥n IpWvUn-\-Øn-te-bv°-b-®-Xpw).
_mlp-I≥:˛ \m\m-cm-P-y-ß-fn-ep-ap-ff cmPm-°≥am¿ Hcp-]m-Sp-t]¿ ChnsS hcp-a-s{X. \f-s\-
Z-a-b¥n Dt]-£n-®p-h-s{X. as‰mcp cmPm-hns\ kz-bw-h-cn-bv°m≥ t]mIp-∂p-hs{X.
tIin\n:˛ A°Y tI´n-´mtWm kqc-y-hw-i-Øn¬ ]nd∂ Cu cmPmhv h∂-Xv. AXp-\n¬°t´
F\nbv°v as‰m∂p tNmZn-bv°m-\p-≠v. GsX-¶nepw {]tZ-iØv \f-s\-°p-dn®v \√-h¿Ø-am\w h√Xpw
tIƒ°m-\pt≠m? C∂p-h-sc-bp-ff (\-fs\ ]ncn-Xp apX¬) Za-b-¥n-bpsS PohnXw AXnZp -lsat∂
]d-tb-≠q.
_mlp-I≥:˛ \f≥ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Hfn®p Ign-bp-∂pt≠m Bthm? \fs\ Bcv ImWm-\m-Wv.
(\-fs\ B¿°p-thWw F∂ [z-\n) as‰m-cmsf hnhmlw Ign-bv°m-\p-ff (Za-b-¥n-bp-sS) {iaw hfsc
\∂m-bn. \ft\bpw Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂n´v B¿s°¥p {]tbm-P-\w. (Z-a-b-¥n-bpsS Xocp-am-\-Øn-ep-ff ]p—hpw
{]Xn-tj-[hpw hn]-co-Xm¿∞-Øn¬ [z-\n-bv°p-∂p).
tIin\n:˛ kptZh {_m“-W≥ (]¿Æm-Z≥) As∂m-cn-bv°¬ Atbm-≤y (k-mt¶-Xw)-bn¬ h∂v
Hcp Imcyw ]d--t∏mƒ \ob-Xn\p adp-]Sn ]d-p-h-s{X. B adp-]Sn C∂n-t∏mƒ \osb-t∂mSp
]d-b-Ww. AXp F∂pw Za-b-¥n-bpsS sNhn-Iƒ°v Aar-XmWt√m. (F-{X-tI-´mepw aXn-bm-In-√)
_mlp-I≥:˛ Ipeo-\-I-fmb kv{XoIƒ°p tIm]w ]mSn-√. temI-km-£n-I-fmbn ]e tZh-≥amcp-≠-t√m.
(B-Zn-X-y≥, N{µ≥, hmbp, A·n, cm{Xn, ]I¬, {]`m-Xw, {]tZmjw apX-em-b-h-cmWv temIkm-£n-Iƒ.
Ahƒ F√m-h-cp-tSbpw GXp-t\-c-tØbpw {]hr-Øn-Iƒ°v km£n-I-fm-Wv) (Ie-h-[p-
°ƒ°v) D`-b-`p-h-\-kpJw (C-tl-tem-I-Ønepw ]c-tem-I-Ønepw \∑) ta¬°p-ta¬ h∂p-Iq-Spw.
(\-f≥ Za-b-¥nsb Im´n¬ Dt]-£n-®Xv A\o-Xn-bm-bn-t∏mbn F∂-]¿Æm-Zs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v "\f≥
Adn-p-sIm≠v bmsXmcp sX‰pw sNbvXn-´n-√. ˛AXn\p temI-km-£n-IƒXs∂ km£n-Iƒ.
]mXn-{h-Xyw Xs∂ ]Xn-{h-X-amsc c£nbv°pw' F∂mWv _mlp-I≥ ]d adp-]Sn).
t«mIw 7 shfn-®ta sN∂v Htcmt∂ Xncnv = ]c-k-y-ambn (tI-in\n, \fs‚ ap∂n¬)sN∂v
Hmtcmtcm Imc-W-߃ tNmZn-®-Xn\v ˛ Ifn-®-h≥ sNm∂Xp tI´p = Ah≥ Ifn-bmbn ]d adp-]-Sn-
Iƒ tI´v (tI-in-\n) X¬°mew AhnsS \n∂p t]m∂p. Hfn®p ]nt∂m´p [cn®p ZqXn = B ZqXn
(hn-Z-Kv[-ambn ZuXyw \n¿∆-ln-bv°p-∂-h¿ F∂v [z-\n) ]ns∂ H´p Hfn®p [cn®p ˛ thsd Nne-Im-c-y-߃
adp \n∂v a\- n-em°n (I-Ym-K-Xn-bn¬ a¿Ω {][m-\-amb A°m-cyw C\n-]-d-bm≥ t]mIp-∂p). F∂n´v
ss`aow hnPt\ hnfn®p ]d-p. Za-b-¥nsb H‰-bvs°m-cn-S-tØbv°p hnfn®p sIm≠p-t]mbn
kz-Im-c-y-ambn∏dp.
tIin\n:˛ ]qamXv (e-£vao-tZ-hn)˛bv°v Xpe-y-amb ico-c-tØmSp IqSn-b-htf ˛ kpµcn (X\p =
icocw ˛ Xt\m-˛-kw-t_m-[-\) hnZ¿` cmPm-hns‚ ]p{Xn, tIƒ°. ]pcp-j-cXv\w Xs∂-bmWv _mlp-
I≥ (-tbm-K-y-\m-Wv). [oam≥ (_p-≤n-am≥) Bb At±lw Ft∂mSv t]cpw h¿Ø-am-\-ßfpw ]d-p.
\f≥ sX‰p-Im-c-\-√-s{X. AYhm \f\p sX‰p-]-‰n-bm¬t∏mepw Ipeo-\-kv{Xo-Iƒ°v tIm]w D≠m-I-cp-
X-t{X. h¿Ø-am\w tI´m¬ Abmƒ ZpjvS-\-√. Fs¥-¶nepw NXn(O-ew)bns≠∂pw tXm∂p-∂n-√.
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School of Distance Education
]e-Im-c-y-ßfpw ]dp; AsXms° Xam-i-bm-bn-°q-´n-bm¬ aXn. A∂m-Zn-]mI kw`mcw = `£Ww
D≠m-°m-\p-ff Hcp-°-߃ `h-Xn-bpsS Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v Rm≥ Hfn-®p-\n∂p I≠p. IpS-Øn¬ shffw
X\ntb h∂p-\n-d-p. CXn¬]cw A¤p-X-ap-t≠m. Zw`w (N-Xn) IqSmsX Xo ]mI-Øn\v Bfn°Øn
(k-zbw ˛ AYhm hnd-In-√m-sX). F√mw thK-Øn¬ ]mIw sNbvXp Ign-p. Ah ]I¿s∂-SpØp
EXp-]¿Æs\ hµn-®p. Xncn®v tXcn¬Øs∂ h∂n-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ (tXcv Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂) ]q°-sf√mw
hmSn-b-Xm-bn-°≠p Ahsb sXm´p Xtem-Sn. At∏mƒ Ah ]g-b-t]mse tim`n-®p.
(\-fm-t\-z-j-W-Øn¬ Hcp henb ]co-£-bm-Wn-hnsS ˛ Ab¬cmPm-°-∑m¿ AXn-Yn-I-fmbn hcptºmƒ
Ah¿-°p CjvS-`-£Ww Xøm-dm-°m≥ kz¥w ]mN-I-°m-c≥ IqsS-bp-≠m-hpw. BXn-tY-b≥
Ah¿°p th≠ hn`-h-߃ sImSp-°pw. EXp-]¿Æ cmPm-hns‚ `£Ww Xøm-dm-°m≥ hndIpw shffhpw
Hgn®v a‰p km[-\-ßtf sImSp-°p-∂p-f-fq. ad-∂-Xm-sW-∂-a-´n¬. CXv Za-b-¥n-bpsS Hcp ]co-£-
W-am-Imw. \f-Z-a-b-¥o-k-zbw hc-a-WvU-]-Øn¬ sh®v A·n-`-K-hm≥ \f\p \¬Inb hnhmlkΩm\hcw
CXm-Wv.
]N-\-Z-l-\-ß-fn¬ `hX: kzm-[o-\≥ Rms\˛
∂cn-I, \o sh®p-≠mIpw Idn-I-f-ar-Xn-s\m°pw
hcp-W≥ \¬Ip∂ hcw CXmWv
Xcp-h-√o-kq\w Iev]-X-cp-kq-\amw \o sXm´m¬
acp-`q-an-bnepw Xh Pe-ap≠mw th≠p-thm-fw.
Cu hc-_-e-Øn-emWv _mlp-I≥ EXp-]¿Æ cmPm-hns‚ Du´p-]p-c-bpsS Npa-X-e-tb¬°p-∂Xv
"\f ]mImw" F∂ sNm√pw Cß-s\-bp-≠m-bn. CØcw Imc-y-߃ kq£va-am-b-dn-bm-\mWv "Ai-\-i-b-
\-]m\w' Ah≥ Fßs\ \n¿∆-ln-bv°p-∂p-sh∂p Hfnp t\m°n a\- n-em-°m≥ Za-b¥n tIin-
\nsb \ntbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-Xv.
EXp-]¿Æs\ bYm-k-abw Du´n Xs‚ Xmh-f-amb tX¿Ø-S-Øn¬ Hmtcm-∂m-tem-Nn-®p-sIm-≠ncn-bv°p∂
\f≥ Ae-k-\mbn ]q°-fn¬ Xncn-∏n-Sn-®-t∏mgmWv Ah-ap-t∂-°mƒ tim`n-®-Xv. CtXmsS
_mlp-I≥ \f≥X-s∂-bm-sW∂v sXmÆq-dp-i-X-am-\hpw Za-b-¥nbv°v t_m[-y-am-bn-°-gn-p.
t«mIw 8. A\-zbw:
kmCXn B›cyw _mlp-Iobw ssh`hw ZqXym
{]oXym BthZnXm `oa-]p{Xo
tI´-t\cw aq¿Øym KqVw {]m]vXw kz-Im¥w
Gh kmXym\µw \n\-®p.
C{]-Imcw A¤p-X-I-c-amb _mlp-Is‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ tXmgn-bm¬ kt¥m-j-tØmsS Adn-bn-bv°s∏´
Za-b¥n AXp-tI-´-t∏mƒ icocw ad®v (thjw amdn) h∂-h≥ Xs‚ `¿Øm-hp-Xs∂ F∂v B\-µtØm-Sp-IqSn
Nn¥n-®p.
Za-b¥n:˛ \f≥ Ct±-lw-Xs∂. F\n°v eh-teiw kwi-b-an-√. Xo¿®. thjw Cß-s\-bm-b-
Xp-sIm≠v F\n-bv°n\n F¥p tZmj-amWv hcm-\p-f-fXv. (_m-lp-I≥ \oe-\ndw \f≥ ]≠v shfpØ
kpµ-c≥. A°m-c-y-Øn¬ am{Xta \f\pw _mlp-I-\p-ambn hy-X-ym-k-ap-f-fq. Bi-¶-bmWv C\nbpw
_m°n-\n¬°p-∂-Xv.
Za-b-¥nsb Dt]-£n®v Im-´n¬ \f≥ Aep \S-°p-tºm-gmWv Im´p-Xo-bn¬s∏´ Im¿t°m-SI
k¿∏w \fs\ t]cv hnfn®v klm-bn-bv°m-\-t]-£n-®-Xv. A·n-tZ-hs‚ apºp-kq-Nn-∏n® hcw A\p-k-cn®v
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School of Distance Education
Xo \f-t\bpw \f≥ sXm´p \n¬°p-∂-h-tcbpw s]mf-fn-bv°p-I-bn-√. AXn-\m¬ Xobn-eqsS \S-∂psN∂v
Im´p-Xo-bn¬ \n∂v Im¿t°m-Ss\ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-sh® DSs\ D{K-hn-j-ap-ff Im¿t°m-S-I≥
\fs\ ISn-®p. hnj-Xo-£vW-Xbpw Im´p-Xobpw kln-bv°m-\m-ImsX \f-\n¬ IpSn-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Ienbv°v
sskz-c-t°-Sp-sIm≠v ]pdØp NmtS-≠n-h-∂p. Aßs\ \fs‚ Ien _m[ Xo¿∂p. hnj-Øns‚ i‡nsIm≠v
\fs‚ \ndw Icp-hm-fn-®p. CXp-I≠v Zp:JnX-\mb \f\v Im¿t°m-S-I≥ c≠p hnti-j-s∏´
]´p-Iƒ \¬In. X¬°mew thjw amdn \S-°m≥ Cu \nd-amWv \√-sX∂pw Bh-iyw hcp-tºmƒ Cu
]´p-Sp-Øm¬ \f\v ]gb tZl-Im-¥nIn´psa∂pw A\p-{K-ln-®p. _mlp-I≥ F∂-t]cv kzo-I-cn-®Xpw
EXp-]¿Æs\ B{i-bn-®Xpw Im¿t°m-S-Is‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Im-c-am-Wv).
B hm°p-Iƒ (_m-lp-I≥ ]d--Xm-b)-am{Xw Btem-Nn-®m¬ \f≥X-s∂-bmWv CsX∂p Xo¿®bm-Ip-∂p.
F∂m-em-Is´ B cq]w ImWn-tºmƒ H´pw hni-zmkw hcp-∂p-an-√. AXn\v C\nbpw ]cn-tim-
[\ \S-Ø-Ww. F\n-bv°nXv {]mW-kw-i-b-am-Wv. B]Øm-Ip∂ kap{Zw
(kn-‘p) Np‰pw ]c∂p InS-°p-tºmƒ a\- n¬ tXm∂p-∂-sX√mw bmYm¿∞w (D-◊) Xs∂-bmtWm?
kXyw Bcp ]d-p Xpw. AΩ-tbmSp tNmZn-®mtem? Chs\ kzo-I-cn-®m¬ \∂m-hptam? AXv
]Xn-{h-Xm-[¿Ω-Øn\v Io¿Øo-I-c-am-Iptam? (Io¿Øn-bpsS \ndw shfp-∏v). H∂pw Adn-bp-∂n-√.
GXm-bmepw Rm\n-t∏mƒXs∂ AΩsb sN∂p ImWp-∂p-≠v. ]≠p-Xs∂ ss{Xtem-I-y-am-Xmhns\
(hnjvWp amXmhv = Af-∂-h-≥. hnjvWp-hm-a\ aq¿Øn-bm-b-h-X-cn®v aq∂-Sn-sIm≠v aq∂p temIßfpw
Af-∂p-h-t√m. Rm≥ Ip´n-°mew apX¬t° hnjvWp `‡-bm-Wv). Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-h-fmWv Rm≥.
\∑-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ Cui-z-cm-\p-{Klw am{Xw-a-Xn. [¿Ω k¶-S-Øn¬ Fs‚ c£n-Xmhv (]n-Xmhv ˛ ]menbv°p-∂-h≥)
\f≥ Xs∂ (A-t±-l-am-I-s´) temIsØ AXn-i-bn-bv°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff {]hr-Øn-I-tfm-
Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h≥. IjvS-Imew (l-X-ssZ-hw) BIp∂ Ib-dp-sIm≠v Np‰n-h-cn-b-s∏-´-h≥ (th-jvSn-X≥).
ZpjvS-∑msc \in-∏n-bv°pI F∂ bmK-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-bv°p-∂-h≥. F\nbv°v Hcp hn[-Ønepw
Dt]-£n-bv°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h≥. Ct∏mƒ thjw amdn-\-S-°p-∂-h≥. Fs‚ `¿Øm-hn\v Ft∂mSv shdp-
∏pt≠m? Cs√-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Cß-s\-sbms° sNøp-∂-Xv. A∂v Im´n¬ Dt]-£n-®p-t]m-bt∏mƒ
F\n-bv°m-cm-bn-cp∂p AwK-c-£-I¿? (Xs‚ c≠mw hnhm-l-hm¿Ø-bm-bn-cn-bv°ptam Xs‚
`mK-Øp-\n-∂p-ff sX‰m-bn-cn-bv°ptam Cu shdp-∏n-\p-Im-cWw? Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ A\m-Y-bmb Fs∂
Im´n-en-t]-£n-®p-t]m-b-Xn¬ sXs‰m-∂p-an√? cm⁄nam¿°v Fhn-tSbpw ]cn-hmcw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-at√m)
At±lw F¥p-Im-Wn-®mepw Atßm-s´-Xn¿°msX hWßn \n¬°mt\ A[n-Im-c-ap-ffq (]-Xn-{h-
X-b-t√). Rm≥ sNbvX ZpcnXw Xs∂-bmWv Cu k¶-S-߃s°√mw Imc-Ww. AsXms° CtXmsS
Ah-km-\n-∏n-bv°-Ww. Cu th¿]mSv lrZ-b-t`-Z-I-am-Wv. CXnepw t`Zw ac-W-am-Wv. {Iqc-am-ba-c-Ww.
t«mIw 9. {]oXm Cbw `oaPm: k¥p-jvS-bmb B Za-b¥n
{]nb-Z¿i-\-Øn-\p-gdn: `¿Øm-hn-s\-Im-Wm≥ shº¬sIm≠v
]oUmw shSnv Bip-t]mbv
k¶SsØ HXp°n s]´∂p t]mbn AΩ-tbmSv Imc-y-ß-sf√mw ]dv kΩ-Xhpw hmßn-®v,
kt¥m-j-tØmsS tIin\n ]d--hm-°p-IƒtI´v hs∂-Ønt®¿∂n´p-ff _mlp-I-t\m-Sv, D≠mb ]ehI
Nn¥-I-tfmSpw ]›m-Øm-]-tØmSpw IqSn ab-s∏´ (a-krWw) hm°p-I-fm¬ Ic-p-sIm≠p ]d-
p.
Za-b¥n:˛ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw ImWp-I-bp-≠mtbm \ns‚ alm-a-\-kv°-\mb B Nßm-Xnsb
(Z-a-b-¥n-bpsS X{¥-]q¿∆-amb Hcp tNmZ-y-am-Wn-Xv. "Bsc F∂p ]d-n-√. tX¿ sXfn-bv°-enepw
]mN-I-hn-Z-y-bnse \ns‚ NßmXn (Xp-e-y≥)-bp-f-f-h≥. kam-\-hnZKv[¿°p-X-Ωn¬ ]cn-N-b-ap-≠mhmw.
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tXcm-fn-Iƒ ]e-bn-SØpw k©-cn-bv°p-∂-h-cp-am-W-t√m-˛-I-peo-\X hnSmØ ]m{X-k-z-`m-hw. Rm\m-Is´
Xo∏pg (Aw-Km-c-\-Zn)-bn¬, AXns‚ Xnc-am-e-°q-´-ß-fn¬ Atß-b‰w hsc apßn-a-dn-p, F¥v, GXv
F∂-dn-bm-sX.
_mlp-I≥:˛ Rm\n-t∏mƒ B\-µ-Øn-em-dm-Sn-b-h-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. kX-y-Øn¬ Rm≥ A]-I-S-ßfpsS
\Sp-°m-sW-¶nepw (Z-a-b¥n kpJ-am-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p-ht√m F∂-dn--Xn-epw, Ahƒ Xs∂-∏‰n Hm¿°p-
∂-Xn-epw, c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn\v HcptbmK-y-\mb Imap-Is\ FØn®p sImSp-°m≥ Ign--Xnepw hn]co-Xm¿∞w,
]›m-Øm-]w, Bfl-\n-µ, tIm]w) Btem-Nn®p t\m°n-bm¬ inh-Nn-¥-\-\n-b-anjw = inh-`-
‡n-bn¬ Dd®p \n¬°p-∂-h¿°v bmsXm-cm-]Øpw hcn-√. Xo¿® (\-f≥ inh-`-‡-\m-Wv). _X Pm\¥w
amw {Im¥zm Je-aXn: Ien: A]n abn ]Zw. AX-\pX = IjvSw, ⁄m\n-bmb Fs∂ _m[n-®n´v ZpjvS-
_p-≤n-bmb Ienbpw F∂n¬ Imeq∂n. (Ien _m[n-®p) Rm≥ kºØpw \mSpw Dt]-£n-®p. Im´n¬
Xma-k-°m-c-\m-bn. ]ns∂ lhn v (tlm-a-{Z-h-yw) sIm≠pw BPyw (s\-øv)-sIm≠pw {]oX-cmb tZh-∑mtcm-Sp-Iq-Snb
(bm-Km-Zn-k¬°¿Ω-߃ sIm≠v Cui-z-cm-\p-{K-l-ap-f-f) chn-cm-Py (kq-c-y-hwi cmPm-°-
∑m-cpsS cmP-y)-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p. \ns‚ im]-i-‡n-bm¬ (Hcp `qX-Øn-\m-tehw ]cn-`q-X≥ aa-Im-¥≥..............
Fcn-Xo-bn¬ ]Xn-X-\mbv hcnI h©-I-\-hY ˛ c≠mw-Zn-h-k-Øn¬ Za-b-¥n-bp-sS im]w Hm¿°p-I)
Zp:JnX-\mbn Ah-i-\mb (C-cn-°-s∏m-dp-Xn-sI-´-h≥)Ien Fs∂ hn´v Zqsc-t∏m-bn. A_te = kv{Xo,
Rm\n-t∏mƒ ChnsS h∂p. \n∂-co-In-∂n\n = \ns‚ kao-]-Øp-\n∂v C\n-ta¬ Hcp-h≥ ]ncnth = (\-Ωfn¬)
Hcmƒ ]ncn-bpI F∂Xv Dbn¿ (Po-h≥) thc-dth = C√m-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ am{Xw. \ndthIp-dth =
Gsd-bp-ff, hne-]nXw = Ic-®n¬, aXn = C\n, hnf-hXv = C\n D≠m-hp-∂Xv kpJwam{Xw, ssZhm-sem-cp-
KXn = hn[n ssh`hw sIm≠v Cß-s\-sbms° h∂p-IqSn aXn-[r-Xn-lXn = a\- ns\ ie-y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv
aXn.
Za-b¥n:˛ hma ca-Wo-b-io-em, t{]am-\p-cm-KnWn Rm≥
tkmam-`n-cm-a-apJw Xzmw iym-a-cm-P\n iin\w Ch
Xzmw lrZn BX-t\m-an. hma-Iƒ (kv{Xo-Iƒ)°v BI¿j-Wo-b-amb kz-`m-h-ß-tfm-Sp-
Iq-Sn-bth (G-sXmcp kv{Xobpw sImXn-®n-t]m-Ip-∂-h-t\) kvt\lhpw A\p-cm-Khpw Dff Rm≥ N{µ-s\t∏mse
at\m-l-c-amb apJ-ap-ff Aßsb IdpØ cm{Xn (I-dpØ hmhn¬ \mfsØ cm{Xn) N{µs\
F∂-t]mse (C-h) lrZ-b-Øn¬ {]Xn-jvTn®v Ign-bp-∂p. Iqcn-cp-´nepw (I-jvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°n-S-bv°pw) cm{Xn
(Z-a-b-¥n) N{µs\ (\-f-s\) {]Xo-£n®p Ign-bp-∂p.) \o amb-bmte amam-hm-ao-`h = Aßv kq{X-hn-Z-ysIm≠v
({]-—-∂-th-jw) A\p-Iq-e-a-√m-Ø-h≥ (hmao-`-h) BI-cptX (Fs‚ B{K-l-tØmSv A\p-k-cnbvt°-W-ta).
Iman-\n-bmb Rm≥ \nt∂mSv Aev]-t\-c-tØ-bvs°-¶nepw th¿]n-cn-n-cp-∂n-´pt≠m?
Ima-\o-b-I-hn-lm-c-\n-tIXw Xzmw = F√m kuµ-c-y-hn-em-k-ß-fp-tSbpw Ccn-∏n-S-amb Aßsb {_m“-W¿
(`q-an-tZ-h¿) ]e-tcbpw Ab® Rm≥ {Kma-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fnepw ImSp-I-fn-ep-sams° Iptd-°mew
Xnc-p. Hcp ]mSp Ic-p. AsXms° BtcmSp ]d-bm-\m-Wv.
t«mIw 10. s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn, hm°v, {]mbw F∂nh t\m°p-tºmƒ Ct±lw \f≥ Xs∂. ]t£
tXtPm-a-b-amb B Ah-b-h-߃s°¥p-∏‰n F∂v i¶n®p \n¬°p-∂-h-fmb Zmk-tbmSv (Z-bn-Xmw)
`pP-tK-{µ≥ (k¿∏-cm-Pmhv ˛ Im¿t°m-S-I≥ apºv) sImSpØ ]´p-SpØv bYm¿∞-cq-]-Øn¬ \n¬°p-∂h-\mb
cmPmhv (\-f≥) kln-bv°m-\m-hmØ tIm]-tØmsS ISpØ `mj-bn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-p-Xp-S-ßn.
\f≥:˛ _p≤n-{`aw (I-e-ymthiw sIm≠v) sIm≠v Rm≥ \nt∂mSv IW-°‰v sX‰p-Iƒ sNbvXp.
F∂mepw `qan-]m\mw Ah-tcm[w = cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS A¥-]p-c-kv{Xo-Iƒ (£-{Xnb h\n-X-Iƒ) tIm]hpw
h©-\bpw C√m-Ø-h-cm-bn-cn-bv°Ww (Ip-e-h-[q\mw tIm]-amIn F∂-hcn Hm¿°p-I). A[nIw
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 99

School of Distance Education
tIƒ A[¿Ω-a√ = A{X-tØmfw Btem-Nn-®m¬ \o sNbvX-Xn¬ bmsXm-c-[¿Ω-hp-an-√. (c≠mw
hnhm-l-{i-aw). AsXm-s°-sb-\n-bv°-dn-bmw. AsX√mw BkvXmw = AX-hnsS \n¬°-s´.
F\n-bvt°-‰-hp-a-[nIw {]nb-s∏-´-htf \ns‚ Cu DZ-yaw G‰hpw DNnXw Xs∂. A]cw \rhcw hcnXpw
= as‰mcp cmPm-hns\ hcn-bv°m≥. Cl-]pcn \nc-h[n \c-]Xn hcp-h-Xn\v = Cu \K-c-Øn¬ A\-h[n
cmPm-°-∑m¿ hcp∂Xn\p bXtk (bXv\w sNøp-∂p) bZv = F∂-bm-sXm∂v ˛ F∂-h-kvXpX (bZv +
Atb = bZ-tb) Atb kpµcn = A√tbm kpµcn \n≥ sXmgn¬ CXv \∂v \n¿Æbw (]p-\¿hn-hm-l-
Øn\v ]‰nb hc-∑msc hcp-Øm-\p-ff \ns‚ Cu A≤-zm\w DNnXw Xs∂ ˛ hn]-co-Xm¿∞w) hnZtb XhhmNm
a\p-Iq-e-]-Xn-h∂p = \n¿±tb \ns‚ £W-a-\p-k-cn®v CXm EXp-]¿Æ-cm-Pmhv h∂n-cn-bv°p-∂p.
(Xs‚ hmZ-Øn-\p-ff sXfnhv \f≥ Xs∂ tXcn¬°-b‰n sIm≠p h∂-Xm-W-t√m)
Za-b¥n:˛ (A-ßsb ImWp-∂-Xn-\p) apºp-Xs∂ Aß-bpsS tbmK-y-X-Isf tI´-dnv Fs‚
a\ v Aß-bn¬ ]‰n. ]ns∂ Ac-b∂w h∂v Aßsb ]pIgvØn X∂p At∂cw apX¬°v Aßsb
Rms\s‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ Xs∂ IqSn-sh-®p. ]n∂oSv tZth-{µ≥, A·n, ba≥, hcp-W≥ (A¿Ækmw
A[n-]≥) F∂o tZh-∑m¿ Fs∂°n´m≥ sI©n-b-t]-£n-®p. AXp-sIm≠m∂pw Rm≥ Xocp-am\w
amdm-Ø-hƒ (A-`n-∂) Bbn Dd-®p-Xs∂ \n∂p. (k-abw h∂-t∏mƒ) Imse A\n-h-cXcwKw = {]Wbw
ad-®p-sh-bv°m-sX, a∂-h¿ XneIm = cmP-t{i-jvTm, kap-∂Xw kZkn h∂p ame-bnte hcn®p = B
alm-k-Z- n¬ sh®v ame-bn´p hcn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂-t]mse C∂p the = A∂-sØ-t∏mse
Aß-sb-In-´m≥ FSpØ ]Wn-bm-Wn-Xv. irwKm-c-ho-c-c-k-߃°p kap-{Z-am-bn-´p-f-f-ht\ AsßhnsSbm-bn-cp-∂p.
F\n-bv°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p XpW.
\f≥:˛ B{Klw Df-f-Xp-sIm≠pam{Xw Hcm-fpsS KpW-tZm-j-߃ Adn-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. a‰p-f-fh-cpsS
Ip‰hpw Ipdhpw I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°m≥ anSp-°n-√m-Ø-h-cm-cmWv (Z-a-b¥n \fs‚ Ip‰hpw Ipdhpw
I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°m≥ {ian-®-Xm-sW∂p kqN-\) kv{XoI-fpsS a\- nse hf--h-gn-Iƒ B¿°-dn-bmw.
\ns‚ Df-fn-cp∏v F\nbv°p \√ hÆw a\- n-embn \n\°p \√Xv C\n Rm≥ ]d-p-X-cmw. bmsXmcp
kwi-bhpw C√. cpNn-Xw, {]knXw, {]Yn-Xw, ZbnXw `P ˛ \n\°p {]nb-s∏-´-h\pw \ns∂ {]nb-s∏-´h\pw
{]kn-≤-\p-amb At±-lsØ (E-Xp-]¿Æ-s\) `¿Øm-hmbn kzo-I-cn-®m-epw. AXm-Wp-Nn-Xw. At±lw
Cl-`q-sau = Cu `qan-bn¬ cW hnl-cW hnX-cWw NW-\mWv cXn-hn-l-cW hnX-c-W-Ønepw = irwKmc
tIfn-Iƒ sNbvXp-X-cp-∂Xnepw cW-hn-l-cW hnX-c-W-Ønepw = bp≤-߃ Ifn-t]mse \S-Øn-Ø-cp-∂-
Xnepw ka¿∞\mWv (c-Xn-c-W-hn-l-cW hnX-cWw F∂v H∂n®pw FSp°mw ˛ Ima-]-cm-{I-a-eo-e-Iƒ
Zm\w sNø¬ ˛ aZ-\-k-acw ˛ F∂¿∞w. \o C∂v Ah-t\mSv tNcp-I.
Za-b¥n:˛ \mYm Aß-sb-°m-Wmv ]cn-{`m-¥n-]q≠hfmb Rm≥ Xnc-s-SpØ hgn (Aßsb
ImWm≥) GXm-bm-se-¥mWv sX‰v? Fs‚ Imc-y-Øn¬ AΩ km£n-bm-Wv. F∂n´pw Rm≥
Xs∂- -bmWv sX‰p-Imcn F∂m-W-ß-bpsS A`n-{]m-sa-¶n¬ F\n-bvs°´pw hnj-a-an-√. adn®v kt¥m-jta
Df-fq. APm-X-\m-i-X\pw = icocw \in-®n-´n-√mØ (b-Ym¿∞ Ima-tZ-hs‚ icocw inhs‚ IÆn¬
`kva-am-b-Xm-W-t√m). NqX-km-bIw = Ima-tZ-hs\ (D-S-tem-Sp-Iq-Snb Ima-tZ-h-\mWv \f≥ F∂p-km-cw)
_lp-am-\-tØmsS H∂p ImWp-hm-\p-ff D’mlw sIm≠v sNbvX Hcp sX‰v F∂-Xn¬ Ihnv BtemNn-
®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ ChnsS a‰p bmsXmcp NXn-bp-an-√. (Fs‚) A—≥ t]mepw C°m-cyw Adnm¬
\∂√ Xo¿®. (A-—≥ t]mepw Adn-n-´n√m F∂ Cu {]kvXm-hhpw IpWvUn-\-Øn¬ hnhm-l-tLmj-Øns‚
AS-bm-f-ß-sfm-∂p-an-s√-∂Xpw c≠mw hnhml {]kvXmhw \pW-bm-sW-∂-Xn\p sXfn-bm-Wv)
t_m[-a-Xn-ßp-Xs∂ = Fs∂-Øs∂ hni-z-kn-bv°q. Fs∂ `mc-y-bm-°q. Aß-bpsS apJ-Øp-t\m°n
C{X ]d-Xp kXyw Xs∂.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 100

School of Distance Education
t«mIw 11. {]nb-Xa kpNn-cm-Imw-£n-Xm-tem-I-em-`m¬ = {]nb-X-as‚ Gsd-°m-e-ambn B{K-ln-
®p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p∂ ImgvN e`n-®-Xn-\m¬ (Im-Wm≥ sImXn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂ `¿Øm-hns\ Is≠-Øn-b-Xn-
\m¬) BØm-\-µ-Xn-tcIw = D≠mb kt¥m-j-Øn¬ Xf-fn-®-aqew Bkp-`m-jnWn At±-l-Øns‚
Im¬°¬h-Wßn C{]-Imcw ]d-Xp tI´-t∏mƒ, sskz-cnWo kwK-a-I-ep-j-e-hm-te-]-\m-]m-Nn-Io£m
= X∂n-jvS-{]-Imcw \S-°p-∂-h-fmb (th-i-y)-h-fp-am-bp-ff kwKaw (_-‘w) F∂ Iep-j-Øns‚ = tZmj-
Øns‚, eh (Xp-f-fn) Bte-]-\w(-]-‰n-∏n-Sn-bv°m≥) A]m-Nn-Io¿j = Hgn-hm-°m-\p-ff C—sb Bÿmb
=kzo-I-cn®v (c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn-s\m-cp-ßp∂ ]c-]p-cp-j-kw-K-a-X≥∏-c-bmb Chƒ sskz-cnWn Xs∂.
Ahsf kzo-I-cn-bv°pI F∂ alm-]m]w Xs∂ Xo≠m-Xn-cn-bv°-W-sa∂v Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn). Bÿmw
ssIhn-´p-\n¬°pw = (A-h-tfm-Sv) bmsXmcp kvt\l-`m-hhpw ImWn-bv°msX \n¬°p∂ \f\v BIm-ia-≤-y-Øn¬
\n∂v (A-i-co-cn-bm-bn) Xmsg ]dbpw{]Imcw hm°p-Iƒ tIƒ°m≥ Ign-p.
t«mIw 12. \f, irW, Alw `qX-hr-µ-km-£n-hmX:
tl \fm, tIƒ°q, Rm≥ temI-km-£n-bmb hmbp-hm-Wv. (]-e-cnt√ temI-km-£n-Iƒ ˛ F∂v
CØncn apºv \f≥ ]d--tXm¿°p-I) cmP¿tj Xh alnjn hy-t]-X-tZmjm = A√tbm Ejn Xpe-y-
\mb alm-cm-Pm-th, Aß-bpsS ]´alnjn If-¶-an-√m-Ø-h-fm-Wv. Bi¶mw Plnln = (A-h-sf-∏-‰n-bp-ff)
F√m tZmj-Nn-¥-Ifpw Dt]-£n-®mepw. Cbw ]p\¿hn-hm-l-hm¿Ømw Xzmw ZrjvSw DNnXw D]mbw
sF£X = Chƒ c≠mw Ie-ym-W-{]-kvXm-hsØ Aßsb I≠p ]nSn-bv°m≥ ]‰nb Hcp kq{X-ambn
(am-{Xw) I≠-Xm-Wv.
tNmZ-y-߃
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ ˛ (\qdv ˛ \q‰-ºXv hm°p-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
1) AY \√-Xn-\n-bvs°¥p Imc-yhpw? A˛
IY-\-sa-∂p-d-t®≥ Kmw`o-c-yhpw hoc-yhpw ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
2) `qcn-b-Xv\-a-Jnew aa hn^ew ˛ BcpsS bXv\w? F¥mWv bXv\w? hn^-e-am-sb∂p
]d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
3) Hfn-hn¬a-cp-hn, ∏p\-tcm-Sn-h∂p k˛
Ie amip tIin\n \o! sNm¬ \o ˛ kµ¿`w FgpXn Cu \n¿t±-i-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw
hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI
4) A\-y-s\ßpt]mb-h-s\-b-dnbpw Nne-cn-hnsS ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI
5) DNn-X-a-]-\-h-c-tWm-Z-yaw
6)
F¥p-l¥ \f-Nn-¥bm ˛ A¿∞-X-e-߃ Btem-Nn-s®-gp-XpI
_mlp-Is‚ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ Hfnp I≠- tIin\n
"IpXp-I-sa-{Xbpw' F∂-Xns\ hnti-jn-∏n-bv°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
7) ss\j-[-\n-h≥Xm≥ Hco-£-en-√ta \n¿Æ-bw ˛ B¿°mWv Cuj¬ Xo¿∂Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v?
8) B\µ Xpµn-e-\mbv h∂n-Xm-ip-Rm≥
B]-∂-s\-∂m-sW-¶nepw ˛ kµ¿`hpw kmc-k-yhpw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
9) A`n-emjw sIm≠p-Xs∂ KpW-tZmjw thZ-y-a-√˛ hnh£ hy-‡-am-°p-I.
10) Hcp- sam-gn-tIƒ°m-bn-Xm-Im-i-a-≤-ym¬ ˛ B¿°v? tI´-sX¥v?
II D]\ymktNmZ-y-߃ (aq-∂qdp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
1) \f-N-cnXw \memw-Zn-hk-Ønse ]mT-y-`m-KsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n DÆmbn hmcn-b-cpsS `mjmcoXn
N¿® sNøp-I.
2) DØ-a-bmb Hcp tXmgn-bmWv tIin\n F∂p ]d-bmtam? F¥p-sIm≠v?
3) \f-Z-a-b-¥o ]p\:kwKaw ]m{X-k-z-`m-h-߃°v bmsXmcp \yq-\-Xbpw X´msX
hni-z-k-\ob-amw-hÆw Ah-X-cn-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ DÆmbn hmcn-b¿ {]tX-yIw {i≤n-®n-´p≠v
˛ Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 101

IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mbIY
samUyqƒ ˛ 4
hS-°≥ ]m´p-Iƒ
DÆn-bm¿®
School of Distance Education
aebmf-Ønse {]mNo\ \mtSm-Sn-Km-\-ß-fn¬ {]Y-a-K-W-\o-b-amWv hS-°≥ ]m´p-Iƒ. A\p-jvTm-
\-]-cw, hnt\m-Z-]-cw, Ncn-{X-]-cw, sXmgn¬]cw F∂n-ßs\ \mS≥ ]m´p-Isf ]e-X-c-Øn¬ hn`-Pn-°m≥
Ign-bpw. a¨a-d [oc-tbm-≤m-°-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff ]m´p-I-fmWv hS-°≥]m-´n¬ IqSp-X¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.
AXp-sIm≠v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]m´p-I-fn¬ Ahsb Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. F∂m¬ Rmdp-\-Sp-tºm-gpw sImøptºmgp-sams°
\nc-£-c-s∏-Æp-߃ IqtdmsS ]mSp-Ibpw G‰p-]m-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXv amcn-∏q-a-g-bm-°nbpw
]mS-sØ-t®m-dns\ IkvXq-cn-®m-dm-°nbpw am‰p-tºmƒ Ch sXmgn¬]-c-amb ]m´p-I-fmbpw `hn-°p-∂p.
GXp-X-c-Øn-ep-ff hn`-P-\hpw ]cn-]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂n-√.
hnZ-ym`ym-khpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw Ipd hmk-\m-\p-Kr-lo-X-cmb Ihn-I-fpsS \mhn¬\n∂v A∏t∏mƒ
hm¿∂p hogp-∂-XmWv Ch-bn¬ an°-Xpw. ]I¿∏-h-Im-i-tam, {]kn-≤o-I-cW kz-`m-htam A∂sØ-°-hn-X-I-fpsS
Nn¥-bnte C√. AXp-sIm≠v tI´p-]-Tn®v ]mSn-∏-S¿∂v Cu Km\-߃ hf¿∂p-h-∂p.
CØcw Km\-ß-fpsS cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ A⁄m-X-cm-Wv. Adn-bp-sa-¶n¬Øs∂ AXn-\{X {]m[m-\-yhpw
sImSp-Øn-cp-∂n-√. Hcmƒ ]mSnb hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®p Xs∂ as‰m-cmƒ thsd-sbmcp ]m´p-≠m-°nsb∂pw
hcpw. ]e-t∏mgpw Bi-b-ßfpw hcn-Ifpw BZ-ysØ Ihn-bn¬\n∂v c≠m-a-sØ-bmƒ kzo-I-cnt®-°mw.
]mSp-∂-h-cpsS at\m-[¿Ωwt]mse aqe-cq-]-Øn-¬\n∂v Iq´ntbm Ipdt®m {]tbm-Kn-°m\pw
km≤-y-X-bp≠v. AXm-Xp-Im-e-Øp-ff ]m´p-Im-cpsS Ime-k-z-`m-h-Øn-\p-ff ]cn-jv°m-c-߃ sIm≠v Cu
]m´p-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn Ah-bpsS Ime-tØtbm Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-I-tftbm Duln-s®-Sp-Øp-
Iq-Sm. h¿Æ-\-I-fn¬ ]e ]m´p-I-fnepw kam-\X ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Ip´n-Isf hf¿Øp-∂Xv
h¿Æn-°p-tºmƒ
Xe-bn¬sh-®mtem t]\-cn°pw
Xmsgsh-®mtem Ddp-º-cn°pw ˛ F∂o hcn-Iƒ ]e ]m´p-I-fnepw ImWmw. ]gb Xd-hm-Sp-Iƒ,
If-cn-Iƒ, hkv{Xme-¶m-c-߃, BS-bm-`-c-W-߃ Nm¿Ø¬, Btbm-[-\-ap-d-Iƒ XpSßn kam-\-k-z-`m-hap-ff
]e kµ¿`-ß-fnepw hy-X-ykvX IrXn-I-fn¬ Htc hcn-Iƒ Xs∂ ImWmw.
\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ImWp∂ hkvXp-°fpw _nw_-ß-fp-amWv Ae-¶mc {]tbm-K-ß-fn¬ ImWp-I.
“hb\m-S≥ aƒ apdn-®-t]mse
Ip∂Øp sIm∂bpw ]qØ-t]mse
Cf-am-hn≥ Xøp Xfn¿Ø-t]mse
]nS-t°mgn sImØn-∏n-cn-bv°pw-t]mse”
F∂n-ß-s\-bp-ff {]tbmK-߃ [mcmfw ImWmw. AXn-i-tbm-‡n-tbm-SmWv ]gb ]m´p-Iƒ°p
Iºw. Km\-߃ A[n-Ihpw hocm-cm-[-\-]-c-am-hp-tºmƒ Ahn-i-z-k-\o-b-amb cwK-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂-
Xnepw A¤p-X-ckw D≠m-°p-∂-Xnepw {i≤ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv kzm-`m-hn-I-am-W-t√m.
{]mNo-\-Im-esØ BNm-c-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw Pohn-X-coXn-bpw CØcw ]m´p-I-fn¬ sXfnp
ImWmw. kw`m-jW`mj-tbmSv tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ Cu IrXn-I-fn¬ {]mtZ-inI {]tbm-K-ßfpw {Kma-y-
{]-tbm-K-ßfpw IS-∂p-Iq-Sm-dp-≠v. ep]vX-{]-Nm-c-amb ]gb ae-bmf ]Z-߃ \mS≥]m-´p-Ifn¬ ImWmw.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 102

School of Distance Education
Hcp-Im-eØv hS-°≥]m-´p-Iƒ F∂m¬ Xt®m-fn-∏m-´p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ]qØqcw ho´n-tebpw Xt®mfn
ho´n-tebpw hoc-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-tSbpw [oc-\m-bn-I-am-cp-tSbpw IY-Iƒ {]Io¿Øn-°p-∂-XmWv hS-°≥]m-
´n¬ Gdn-b-Iq-dpw. H‰-s∏´ hoc-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p-ff kml-k-I-Y-Ifpw Iq´-Øn¬ ImWmw.
DÆn-bm¿® IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mb IY
If-cn-b-`-ym-kn-I-fmb Btbm-[-\-ho-c-cpsS A]-Zm-\-ß-fmWv hS-°≥]m-´p-Iƒ. Ah-bn¬ `qcn-]-
£hpw kml-kn-I-cmb ]S-\m-b-I-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p-f-f-Xm-Wv. ]Xn-{h-X-y-Øns‚bpw Xd-hm´p aln-a-bp-sSbpw
kX-y-Zo-£-bp-sSbpw \oXn-\n-jvT-bp-sSbpw Btbm-[\ ]Sp-X-bp-sSbpw kml-kn-I-X-bp-sSbpw t]cn¬
\nX-y-kva-c-Wo-b-cmbn an∂-semfn ]c-Øp∂ amXr-\m- -bn-I-am-cp-sSbpw IYIƒ A°q-´-Øn-ep-≠v. Aßs\-bp-ff
Hcp hS-°≥ hoc-\m-bn-I-bmWv DÆn-bm¿®. DÆn-bm¿®-sb-∏‰n [mcmfw hS-°≥ ]m´p-I-fn-≠v.
A°q-´-Øn¬ DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS Xt‚S-tØbpw A`n-am-\-sØbpw [oc-X-sbbpw sXfn-bn-bv°p∂ IYbmWv
A√n-a-e¿°m-hn¬ IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mb IY. ]t£ ChnsS DÆn-bm¿®°v Ddpan Dutc≠n
hcp-∂n-√. Ahsc icn-bv°-dn--tXm-sS-Øs∂ Iiva-e-∑m-cmb sXcp-hp-Kp-≠-Iƒ ]cm-Pbw kΩ-Xn®v
Imgv®-sh®p hWßp∂p.
A¿∞ kqN\
""\mcm-bW F∂ \maw tI´m¬ \mhn\pw \∂v X\n°pw \∂v'' F∂v GXp ]m´v ]mSptºmgpw
BZyw ]mSp-∂p. AsXm-gn-®m¬ thsd CjvS-tZ-hXm hµ-\-tam, a‰p BapJ h¿Æ-\-Itfm H∂pw C√msX
Ihn Imh-y-hn-j-b-Øn-tebv°v IS-°p-∂p. \mS≥]m-´p-I-fpsS B¿÷-h-Øns‚bpw AIr-{Xn-a-X-bp-s-
Sbpw AS-bmfw IqSn-bm-WnXv.
hcn-Iƒ 1˛49: B‰pw-Ω-W-tΩse .... Aø-∏≥Im-hn¬ hnf-°m-W-t√m.
kz-]v\-Øn-\pw, iIp-\-Øn-\p-sams° ]≠p-f-f-h¿ henb {]m[m-\yw sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. IqØ-
√mWv = IqØv BW-t√m. IqØv = D’-hm-tLmjw F∂n-hnsS kmam-\-y-ambn FSp-Øm¬ aXn. Abnem-f¿
= Ab¬∏-°-°m¿, Im¿Iq-¥¬ = ag-°m¿ t]mep-ff apSn, a≠Iw = IpSpw-_t£-{Xw, DW¿s∂-
Wo-‰m¬ `qantbbpw kqc-y-t\bpw hµn-bv°-W-sa-∂mWv ]gb k{º-Zm-bw. tamsd-ym-Xp°n = tamdn
HXp°n ˛ IgpIn ASp-°n. Agn-h≥ = ]≠v hS-°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ [m\-y-߃ Af-°m≥ D-]tbmKn®ncp∂
Hcp Afhp ]m{Xw, Amgn = A©p-\m-gn, Fcp-Zm-l-°n = cmhn-esØ In. A∂v
cmhnse Nmb ]e-lmcw \S-∏n-√.
]qØqcw ho´n¬ P\n®v B‰p-a-W-t∑-tebv°v Ie-ymWw Ign-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂ DÆn-bm¿® Hcp
Znhkw A√n-a-e¿°m-hn¬ IqØm-sW∂v kz]v\w I≠p. IqØn\p t]mIm≥ th≠n Xs‚ ho´p-]-Wn-
I-sf√mw t\csØ Ign-®p. IqØn\v t]mIm≥ `¿Øm-hns‚ A—-t\mSv A\p-hmZw tNmZn-®p.
50-˛97: ARvP-\-°m-hn¬ the-]q-cw........ Fcp-Zm-l-°n IpSn-®p-sImƒhn≥
t]mcm-\n-S-h-cp∂p = IqsS hcm≥ kuI-cyw In´ptam? ]bn-‰n-hs\ = If-cn-b-`-ymkw ]cn-io-en-∏nbv°-em-Wn-h-\v.
XpS-ßp-tºm-fm-bncw In´pw t\m°v = A`-ymkw Bcw-`n-°p-tºmƒ Bbncw s]m≥]Ww
In´pw \Ωƒ°v. \n¿Øp-tºmƒ = ]cn-io-e\w Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ. tPmt\m≥ = bh-\≥ F∂ hm°ps‚
cq]t`Zw. ]n∂o-SXv am∏nf (C-…mw) F∂ A¿∞-Øn-ep-d-®p. ]fp∏v = Al-¶m-cw. Ab-bv°p-∂p-ffq
˛ Ab-bv°p-I-bp-f-fq, XnIhv = ]q¿Æ-X.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 103

School of Distance Education
DÆn-bm¿® `¿Ør-]n-Xm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂p. kz¥w ho´n¬ \n∂p t]m∂-Xn¬∏ns∂ Xm≥ the-
]q-c-߃ I≠n-´n√. ]nXm-hns‚ adp-]-Sn. IqsS-t∏m-cm≥ Bfn-√. aI\v Hgn-®p-Iq-SmØ tPmen-Øn-c-°v.
A{I-an-I-fmb am∏n-f-am¿°v {]mam-W-y-ap-ff Aßm-Sn-bn¬°qsS t]mWw. B`-c-WaWn kpµ-cn-amcmb
s]Æpßsf Ah¿ X´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ipw. \·-I-fm°n A]-am-\n-°pw. IqsS-bp-ff ]pcp-js\
sIm√pw. X\n-s°mcp aI-t\-bp-f-fq. ]qØqcw ho´nse s]Æp-߃ `¿Øm-°-∑msc sIm√n-bv°m-dns√∂v
DÆn-bm¿® ]cn-lm-k-k-z-c-Øn¬ ]d-p. F∂m¬ \o AΩ-bpsS kΩXw hmßn-t∏m-bvs°m-ffpI
F∂v A—≥ ]d-p. DÆn-bm¿® AΩ-bpsS apdn-hm-Xn-°¬ sN∂v cmhn-esØ IpSn-°m≥
hnfn-®p.
98-˛152: At∏mƒ ]d-bp∂p AΩ-b-t√m.......
........-B-Sn-°p-g-ßp h∂p-s]Æv
F\bvs°‚tΩ = Fgp-t∂¬°v Fs‚ AtΩ, ]mW≥ XpW = IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmbn KWn-®n-cp∂
]mW¿ ]S-bm-fn-I-sf-∏‰n ]m´p-]mSn \S-°p-∂-hcpw Ah¿°v `rX-y-∏Wn sNøp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. ]g°w =
k{º-Zm-bw, H∂n≠p tIƒ°Ww \nß-tfmsS = Hcp Imcyw tIƒ°Ww \n߃. Ipn-cm-a≥ DÆnbm¿®-bpsS
`¿Øm-hv. Ipe-kv{Xo-Iƒ `¿Øm-°-∑m-cpsS t]cp-®-cn-bv°m-dn√. BSn-°p-g-ßp h∂ps]Æv
= `¿Øm-hns\ A\p-\-bn-∏n-bv°m≥ irKm-c-tem-e-bmbn Acn-IØp h∂p \n∂p.
153 ˛ 190: H∂p≠p tIƒ°Ww \nß-tfmsS ..........
........ \\-ap≠p ]ngn-ßp tXm¿Øp-∂p≠v
t]mWw t\ms° = t]mIWw \Ωƒ°v. t]mcm-\n-S-h-cp∂p = IqsS hcm≥ kabw In´ptam?
Cu©v = Cu-h-ffn NX-®v. ico-c-Ønse Nfn tX®n-f-°p∂ km[\w (N-In-cn-t]m-se) ]pfn-©n°m =
]pfn-©n-°mb ˛ Cf tkm∏p-t]mse ]X-bpw, hmI = sagp-°n-f-°m-\p-ff s]mSn ˛ hmI-a-c-Øns‚ tXm¬
s]mSn-bm-°n-b-Xv. Ccp-∏-∏n-Æm°v = Ccn-∏-°m-b-bn¬ \ns∂-Sp-°p∂ ]nÆm-°v. then-ta¬ Xmfn = thenbn¬
]S-¿∂p hf-cp∂ Hcp-Xcw Xmfn ˛ then-bn¬∏-cØn F∂pw ]d-bpw. Xmfn-°√v = ]g-b-Im-eØv
Ipf-ß-fn¬ Xmfn-D-c®p ]ngn-bm≥ {]tX-yIw Ipgn-s®-SpØ I√p-≠mhpw.
DÆn-bm¿® `¿Øm-hn-t\mSpw Xs‚ B{Klw ]d-p. Abmfpw A\p-Iq-en-bv°p-∂n-s√∂pw
tPm\-Isc `b-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂pw a\- n-em-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ kzbw t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂p. BZ-y-am-bn tX®p-
Ip-fn-bv°m-\p-ff Hcp-°w.
192 ˛ 252: kqc-y\p shffw P]n-s®-dnp.......
..........-D-Æn-bm¿®-b-cn-I-Øp-h-∂p-\n∂p
cmam-bWw sImØn-® -hf = cmam-bW IYm-k-µ¿`-߃ sImØn-sh® hf, ssIhn-c¬°mdn\pw
s]m≥tam-Xncw = c≠p ssII-fnepw IqSn Bdp-hn-c-ep-Iƒ°v, CSpØp = FSp-Øm, Ggp-I-ºp-ff
IpS = \of≥ Hme-°pS, AtΩ-ymSv = AΩ-tbm-Sv, am\n-jyw sIm©pI = ammfw ImWn-bv°pI ˛ ta\n
\Sn-bv°p-I. sagpIpw = sacp°pw (P-¥p-°-sf-t∏m-se), in-j-y-∑m¿ = Btcm-a¬t®-I-h-cpsS inj-y¿.
hn[nbmw-hÆw IpdnIfn´v hkv{Xm-`-c-W-߃ AWn-p. Ddpan Ac-bn¬ ]q´n `¿Øm-hns‚
A—-t\mSpw AΩ-tbmSpw bm{X-]-d-n-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ `¿Ømhv Ipn-cm-a≥ Cu ammfw Xm≥
Nqc¬sIm≠p am‰p-sa∂p `oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn. A—\pw AΩbpw Kpcp-\m-Y\pw Xs∂ X√n-bn-´n-s√∂v
Ahfpw ]d-p. Ahƒ X\ntb \S∂v B‰pw aW-∏p-dsØ B¬Ø-d-bn¬ Ibdnbncp∂v Xs‚
ktlm-Z-c≥ Btcm-a¬t®-I-h-cpsS hchpw {]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp-Iq´w
inj-y-∑m¿ Ah-fp-sS-b-Sp-sØ-Øn.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 104

253-˛291: At∏mƒ tNmZn-bv°p∂p inj-y¿I-fpw...............
.................... B¬Ød Ib-dp∂p Ipn-cm-a≥
School of Distance Education
skmcp-an®v = H∂n-®p-Iq-Sn. inj-y¿ DÆn-bm¿®-tbmSv Fhn-sS-bv°m-sW∂v tNmZn-®p. t]mIp-∂hgn
Ipg-∏-ap-f-f-Xm-sW∂pw Btcm-a¬t®-I-h¿ Ct∏mƒ hcn-s√∂pw ]d-p. F∂m¬ Xs‚ `¿Ømhv
XpWbv°p hcp-sa∂v ]d-p. inj-y¿ DÆn-bm¿®bv°v Aømbncw ]Ww Z£nW sImSpØp bm{X
]d-p. At∏m-tgbv°pw Ipn-cm-a≥ Ahn-sS-sb-Øn.
292 ˛ 349: \\-ap≠p hncn-®ßp Ccp-∂-h\pw...........
............ B¬Ø-d-b-cn-Ibpw sN√p-∂p≠v
A\p-Iqew = kΩ-Xw, cmP-]-X-sh-y∂v = cmP-]-Z-hn-sb-∂v, sImºpapdw = N´n-apdw (]-c∂ cq]w,
D-bcw Ipd-hv), Xmºqew = Xmºqew ˛ sh‰n-e, ]d--sXm-Øn-\n°v = ]d-Xv icn-bmbn (HØp
F\nbv°v)
F¥n-\mWv Ct∏mƒ t]m∂-sX∂v DÆn-bm¿® `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv tNmZn-®p. Abmƒ ]d-p.
A—\pw AΩbpw kΩ-Xn-®p. F∂mepw A{I-an-I-fmb tPm\-I¿]p-f-bv°p∂ \mK-]p-c-Øn¬IqSn thWw
\ap°p t]mIm≥. Hs° hn[n-t]mse hcpw. Ah¿ \mK-]p-c-sØ-Øn. tPm\-I¿ DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS
kuµ-cyw I≠v {`an®p ˛ Ff-am-hn≥ ssX Xf¿Ønb t]mse F∂p XpS-ßnb \mS≥ D]-am-\-߃
{i≤n-bv°pI ˛ tPm\-I¿ aq∏s\ hnhcw Adnbn®p. Ah-sf-]-d-\n-d-t∏m-Sp-IqSn ktLmjw ]nSn-®p-sIm-
≠p-h-c-W-sa∂p aq∏≥ Iev]n-®p. tPm\-I¿ B¿®-bpsS kao-]-sØØn.
351 ˛ 429: tPm\-I¿ \n¬°pw \ne-I-≠tem .....................
..........................-hn-´n-´p-X-s∂bpw t]mIp-∂p≠v
]d--sXm-Øn-\n°v = ]d-Xv HØp (icn-bm-bn) F\n-bv°v. hm°sS Iøpw s]mØn-\n∂p =
hmbvss° s]mØn \n∂p ˛ _lp-am\ kqN-\. Iø-∑m¿ = sImf-f-cp-XmØ `rXr¿, Iømw-I-fn-°m¿
F∂p-am-hmw. \mS-√mWv = \mSm-W-t√m. ZqjWw = Bt£]w. FIcw = Db-cw, tPm\-I¿ s]mSnbpw
sXffpw = tPm\-Isc sXf-fn-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ \\pØ s]mSn-bm-°pw.
tPm\-I¿ DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS ASp-Øp-Iq-Sn. Ipn-cm-a≥ t]Sn-®p-hn-d-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. DÆnbm¿®
`¿Øm-hn\v ss[cyw ]I¿∂p. tPm\-I¿ _lp-am\w \Sn®v DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS apºn¬ ImgvN-∏-d-sh-®p.
CsX-¥n-\p-ff ImgvN-bm-sW∂v B¿® tNmZn-®p. AtXmsS tPm\-I-cpsS `mhw amdn. Ah¿ hSnbpw
De-bv°-bp-ambn DÆn-bm¿®sb hf-p. Ipn-cm-as\ _‘n-bv°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. DÆn-bm¿®
Xs‚ B`-c-W-߃ Agn®v apºn¬sh-®p. AXmWv th≠-sX-¶n¬ sIm≠p-t]mImw F∂p ]d-p.
Ah¿°p th≠Xv Ah-sf-bm-Wv. ss[c-y-ap-s≠-¶n¬ h∂p ]nSn-®p-sIm-f-fp-hm≥ ]d-p. Ahƒ A¶-
Øn-s\m-cp-ßn. Bbp[w D]-tbm-Kn-°msX Xs∂. Hcp ]Incn Xncn-®nepw IpXn-c-∏m-®nepw IgntXmsS
FÆq-tdmfw tPm\-I¿ \new-]-Xn-®p. Bßf Btcm-a¬t®-I-h-cmsW Cu Al-¶m-cn-I-fmb tPm\-Isc
Rm≥ s]mSn-®p-sX-ffpw F∂p Ahƒ sh√p-hn-fn-®p. Btcm-a¬t®-I-h-cpsS s]ß-fm-Wn-sX-∂-dn-tXmsS
tPm\-I¿ Poh-\pw-sIm-t≠mSn ad-p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 105

tNmZ-y-߃
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ ˛ (\qdv ˛ \q‰-ºXv hm°p-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
School of Distance Education
1) ]qØqcw ho´n∂p t]mt∂-∏ns∂
B‰pw aW-tΩep ht∂-∏ns∂
ImgvN-Iƒ the Rm≥ I≠n-´n√ ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Ipdn-bv°p-I.
2) ]pØqcw ho´nse s]Æp-ßfpw
]mW-s\-Øp-W-Iq´n t]mbn-´n√
\nß-fpsS ]g°w ]dp \n߃ ˛ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bnse Bt£-]-[-z-\n-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
3) Nqc-t°m-emte sagp°pw Rmt\ ˛ B¿? Bsc? F¥n\v?
4) \mK-]p-c-ØqsS t]mI-thWw
tPmt\m¿]p-f-∏p-ff \mS-√mWv ˛ Fs¥-√m-amWv tPm\¿]p-f∏v?
5) s]Æmb Rm\pw hnd-bv°p-∂n√
BWmb \n߃ hnd-bv°p-s∂t¥ ˛ kµ¿`w hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI
6) Im‰Øp ]n-]-d-°pw-t]mse
hn´n´p Xs∂bpw t]mIp-∂p≠v ˛ Bcv? Bsc? F¥p-sIm≠v?
II D]\ymktNmZ-y-߃(aq-∂qdp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
1) Xt‚Sn-bmb Hcp amXrIm h\nX F∂ \ne-bn¬ IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mb-I-Y-bnse DÆn-bm¿®sb
hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
2) DÆn-bm¿® IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mb IY-bn-eqsS sXfn-bp∂ A∂sØ hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønse
kmaq-ly hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 106

am∏n-f-∏m´v
\mS≥ ]m´pIƒ
(1) _Z-dp¬ ap\o¿ ˛ lpkv\p¬ Pam¬
tambn≥Ip´n sshZ-y¿
School of Distance Education
"am∏nf" F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ]pXp-a-W-hm-f≥, hc≥ Fs∂ms° ae-bm-f-Øn¬ A¿∞-ap-≠v. hntZi-Øp-\n∂v
tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂v Chn-SpsØ kv{XoIsf hnhmlw Ign-®-h¿ F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmbn-cn°Ww
blqZ¿°pw ss{IkvX-h¿°pw ap…o-߃°pw am∏nf F∂v kap-Zm-b-t∏-cp-h-∂-Xv. hym-]-
I-amb Cu A¿∞w Npcpßn ae-_m-dn¬ ap…o-ßsf am{Xw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kap-Zm-b-t∏-cmbn Ct∏mƒ
am∏nf F∂ ]Zw {]tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p. am∏n-f-am-cpsS kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-hpambn sI´p-]n-Wp InS°p∂
Km\ kap-®-b-amWv am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ. kaq-l-PohnX-Ønse F√m kµ¿`-ß-fnepw ]m´p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-h-cmWv am∏n-f-am¿. Cui-z-cm-cm-[-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv CXnse Hcp henb `mKw˛ hkq-cn,
tImfd apX-emb `oI-c-amb kmw{I-anI tcmK-߃ {Kma-ß-fn¬ ]S¿∂p ]nSn-°p-tºmƒ ]f-fn-I-fn¬\n∂v
hnf-°p-ta¥n kwLw-tN¿∂v Cui-z-c-kvXp-Xn-Iƒ (saueqZv) ]mSn cm{Xn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Ducp-Np-‰p∂ G¿∏m-
Sp-≠v. tZhm-e-b-ß-fnepw hoSp-I-fnepw ]pW-y-Im-e-ß-fn¬ saueqZv \S-Øm-dp-≠v. a¨a-d kn≤-∑mtcbpw
c‡-km-£n-I-tfbpw {]oWn-∏n®v kaq-l-Øns‚ tbmK-t£-a-Øn\p \SØp∂ "dmØo_v' Fs∂mcp
A\p-jvTm-\-ap-≠v. CXn-s\m-s°bpw am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. hnhmlw, {]k-hw, Krl{]thiw
XpS-ßnb kµ¿`-ß-fn-epw, _oUn sXdp-°p-I, Imf-h≠n sXfn-°pI apX-emb sXmgnseSp-°p∂ kµ¿`ß-fnepw
tIm¬°-fn, Ad-h-\-ap´v apX-emb Iem-{]-I-S-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-tºmgpw am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ
]mSp-∂p. bp≤w, Iem]w F∂nh hnh-cn-°p∂ am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Ifpw D≠v. H‰bv°v ]mSmt\m hmbn-°mt\m
Df-f-X√ am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ F∂Xv Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ cNn-°p-∂Xv hy-‡n-I-fm-sW-
¶nepw kaq-l-Øns‚ Iq´m-bva-I-fn-ep-ff {]tbm-K-amWv Ah-bpsS e£-yw.
aWn-{]-hm-f-Øn\p kam-¥-c-amb Hcp `mj-bmWv am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. GtX-
¶nepw c≠p-`m-j-I-fpsS am{Xw ka-\-z-b-a√ CsXt∂ hy-X-ym-k-ap-f-fq. Ad-_n, kwkvIr-Xw. Xan-gv, lnµpÿm-\n,
]m¿kn, I∂U XpS-ßnb `mj-I-fn¬ \ns∂√mw btYjvSw ]Z-߃ kzo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp
hnim-e-amb ImgvN-∏m-SmWv `mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ am∏n-f-∏m-´n-\p-f-f-Xv. Ad_n ]Z-ßfpw Ad_n hym-I-c-Whpw
ae-bm-f-tØmSp Iq´n-t®¿°p-∂-XmWv apJ-y-k-z-`m-hw. hmsam-gn-tbm-Sp-ff _‘hpw FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.
kwKo-X-amWv am∏n-f-∏m-´ns‚ Poh≥. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ {]mk-{]-tbm-K-ß-fn-ep-ff \njvI¿j
hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. ]m´p-km-ln-X-y-Ønse tam\bv°p kam-\-amb ]Zm¿≤mZn{]mkw F∂ "Iºnbpw"
\∂mep hcn-I-fnse Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]mkw F∂ "IgpØp' (]m-´nse "FXpI'-Ibv°v kam-\-am-Wn-Xv). A¥ym-£-c-{]mkw
F∂ "hm¬°-ºnbpw' ]g-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ km¿∆-{Xn-I-ambn I≠phcp∂ A¥m-Zn-{]m-k-sa∂
"hmep-Ω¬ Iºn'bpw am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ s]mXpth ImWmw. CuWhpw, Xmfhpw, {]mk-hp-sam-∏n-bv°m-
\mWv bmsXmcp XX-z-Zo-£-bp-an-√msX A\-y-`m-j-I-fn-se√mw \n∂v X¬`-h-ambpw X’-a-ambpw ]Z-߃
Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂-Xv. am∏n-f-am¿°p kz-¥-am-bp-ff "Ad-_n-˛-a-e-bmfw' F∂p hnfn-°p∂ en]n-k-{º-Zm-b-ØnemWv
am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv. Ad-_n-bn-tebpw ae-bm-f-Øn-tebpw A£-c-߃ apgp-h≥ Dƒs°mf-fp-∂-XmWv
Ad-_n-˛-a-e-bmfw en]n-h-y-h-ÿ.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 107

tambn≥Ip´n sshZ-y¿
School of Distance Education
1852¬ C∂sØ ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ sImt≠m-´n-bn-emWv Hm´p-]md Bep-߬I≠n
tambn≥Ip´n sshZ-y¿ P\n-®-Xv. Ad-_n-˛-a-e-bm-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb Ihn-bm-Wn-t±-lw.
hoc-I-Y-Ifpw tZi-N-cn-{X-ßfpw hnh-cn-°p∂ {]kn-≤-amb A\-h[n am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fpsS I¿Øm-hmb
Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ccp-]Xmw hb- n¬ cNn-® {]Ya Imh-y-amWv _Z-dp¬ ap\o¿ ˛ lpkv\p¬ Pam¬. {]kn-
≤-amb t]¿j-y≥ {]WbIYsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn cNn® Cu IrXnbmWv am∏n-f-∏m´v {]ÿm-\-
Ønse BZ-ysØ t{]a-Im-h-yw. `mh-\m-hn-em-kw, ]Z-k-zm-[o-\w, kwKo-Xm-fl-IX F∂o KpW-ß-fpsS
hnf-\n-e-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ. kzm-X-{¥-y-t_m-[-Øns‚ Ihn-sb∂v At±-lsØ hnti-jn-∏n-
°m-dp-≠v. t{]a-km-^-e-y-Øn-\p-th≠n sIm´mcw hn´n-dßn kml-kn-I-X-bn-eqsS Ian-Xm-hnt‚bpw Xt‚bpw
PohnXw `{Z-am-°nb "lpkv\p¬ Pam¬' F∂ \mbn-I-bpsS Ah-X-cWw Xs∂ At±-lØns‚ kzm-X-
{¥-y-t_m-[-Øn\v ZrjvSm-¥-am-Wv. _Z¿ ]S-∏m-´v, DlZp ]S-∏m-´v, lnPvd, ae-∏pdw ]S-∏m´v F∂n-h-bmWv
At±-l-Øns‚ a‰p {][m\ IrXn-Iƒ.
]mT-y-`m-K-Øn-eqsS
]qa-Iƒ = e£vao-tZ-hn, tlaw = kz¿Æw,
B_-c-W-t°mh = B`-c-W-ß-fpsS Iq´w, IØpw = tim`n-bv°p∂,
XJvØv = I´n¬, acp≠pw = InS-°p-∂,
A∂-\-S-®mben¬ = Ac-b-∂-sØ-t∏m-se-bp-ff \S-Ø-Øn¬,
^cp°n = Ae-¶-cn-®, Pn∂v = sNIp-Øm≥, a\p-h¿ = a\p-j-y¿,
X≥t_m[w = Xt_m[w sImsff = ]‰n lp∫v = {]Wbw
t\iw = teiw tX\m¿ = tX≥]pg Nnd°pw = Hen°pw
^b°w = `mjWw C≥km¬ = kvJe\w sbØpw = kw`-hnbv°pw
kmam-\-ym¿∞w
lpkv\p¬ Pam¬ e£vao-tZ-hn-sb-t∏mse hf¿∂p-h-∂p. Nn{X-∏-Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp]mSv kz¿Æm-
`cWßfp≠v Ahƒ°v. Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ FÆn-∏-d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. Ahƒ \h-c-Xv\-tim-`-bn¬
BdmSn. Ahƒ tim`n-bv°p∂ I´n-en¬ InS-°p∂ B ImgvNbv°p kam-\-ambn as‰m-∂n-√. ac-X-I-∏´v
sRdn-p-Sp-Øv, amWn-Iytim`-bp-ff c≠p ssIIfpw hoin-sb-dn-v, Xe-apSn NoIn-sbm-Xp-°n-b-e-¶-cn-®v,
am\n-s\-t∏mse IgpØv sNcn-®v, B\-sb-t∏mse CSØpw heØpw Aa¿Øn-®-hn-´n, ]pcn-I-߃
sh´n-®v, Imam¿Øn-tbmsS t\m°n, ]hn-g-s∏m≥Np-≠p-I-fn¬ aµ-lmkw s]mgn-®v, Ac-b-∂-Øn-s\-t∏mse
Ahƒ hcp∂ hc-hp-I-≠m¬ sNIp-Øm-\m-bmepw a\p-j-y-\m-bmepw kz-t_m[w \jvS-s∏-´v, aZ-\m¿Ønbn¬
apgp-Ipw.
B ]©-h¿Æ-°n-fn°v cmP-]p-cp-j-\mb _Z-dp¬ ap\odn-emWv {]nb-ap-≠m-b-Xv. a\- n¬ Xnf-®padnbp∂
A\p-cmKw \nanØw Ahƒ Aev]-t\-cw-t]mepw th¿]n-cn-bm-Xn-cn-bv°pw.
Icp-Ø-\mb _Z-dp¬ ap\o-dn-s\-t∏mse tbmK-y-X-Iƒ XnI at‰mcp ]pcp-j-\n-√. Ahs‚ apJw
I≠m¬ Xma-c-hn-Scpw. Ahs‚ `mjWw tI´m¬ tX≥]p-g-sbm-gpIpw. at\m-l-c-amb hm°p-I-fpw,
kwKo-Xm-em-]w-t]m-se-bp-ff i_vZhpw Hs°-bp-ff Ah-s\-°-≠m¬ a\p-j-y-kv{Xo-I-fm-Is´ tZh-kv{Xo-
I-fm-Is´ kzbw ad∂v kvJe\w kw`-hn-°pw.
Cßs\ Cu ]m´n¬ \mbn-Im-\m-bI∑msc h¿Æn-°p-∂p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 108

tNmZ-y-߃
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ ˛ (\qdp˛\q-‰-ºXp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
(1) X©-߃ Pn∂p-a-\p-h¿I-Æm¬
Xt_mZw _n´v aZ-s^-Sp-ta˛ F¥p-I-≠m¬? hnh-cn-°p-I.
(2) Iman\n Pn≥a-\p-^q-am-Z¿Iƒ
I≠m¬ aZn-a-d∂v C≥km¬sbØpw ˛ Ft∏mƒ? kµ¿`hpw ImWn-°p-I.
II D]-\-ym-k-tNm-Zyw ( ap∂q-dp-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
School of Distance Education
(1) ]mT-y-`m-KsØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fnse `mjm-]-c-amb {]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ
DZm-l-c-W-߃ D≤-cn®v ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.
(2) \ΩpsS \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ°p-ff ÿm\w \n¿Æ-bn-°p-I.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 109

ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m´v
ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m´v
imIp-¥fw ˛ \memw-JWvUw
a®m´v \mcm-b-W≥ Cf-bXv
School of Distance Education
{]mNo-\-Imew sXmt´ tIc-f-Ønse sslµ-h-kv{Xo-I-fpsS Hcp \rØ-hn-t\m-Z-amWv ssIsIm-´n-
°-fn. apXn¿∂ kv{XoI-fpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ s]¨Ip-´n-Ifpw I\-y-I-am-cpw, kpaw-K-en-I-fp-amWv CXn¬
]s¶-Sp-°m-dp-f-f-Xv. Xncp-hm-Xnc BtLm-j-Øns‚ Hcp-`m-Kw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. Xncp-hm-Xn-cbv°v kpaw-K-enam¿
]pe¿s® shf-f-Øn-en-dßn \n∂v XpSnbpw ]m´pw Pe-tI-fn-Ifpw Ignpw {hX-Øns‚ `mK-amb Dd-
°-sam-gn-b-en\pw \nb-ta\ ssIsIm´n-°fn®ncp-∂p. HmWhpw, ]gbImesØ "sI´p-I-e-ym-W-"hp-am-Wv
ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-bpsS a‰p thZn-Iƒ. AXn-\m¬ Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°fn F∂pw AXn\p {]kn≤nbp-≠v. (]t£
"Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°fn' F∂p am{X-ap-ff {]tbmKw sX‰mWv) lmk-y-{]-[m-\-amb CXnse Ne-\-ß-fpsS
Nph-Sp-sh-∏p-Ifpw tamln-\n-bm-´-tØmSv hnZq-c-_-‘-ap-f-f-Xm-Wv. k¶o¿Æ-amb Nph-Sp-Ifpw Cc-Sn-I-fpwsam-s°-bp-ff
ssIsIm-´n-°fn kv{XoI-fpsS Hcp a’c hnt\m-Z-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. henb Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnepw
a‰pw hnZ-KvZ-kv{Xo-Isf \n¿Øn ssIsIm-´n-°fn ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Nne ]pcp-j-∑mcpw ssIsIm-´n-°-fnbn¬
sshZ-Kv[yw t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. kv{XoIfpw A]q¿∆-ambn ]pcp-j-∑mcpw CS-I-e¿∂pw Ifn-®n-cp-∂p.
IpΩn-b-Sn, Xncp-∏-d-°¬ F∂n-hbpw ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. ap…oß-fpsS H∏-\bv°pw,
{InkvX-ym-\n-I-fpsS am¿§w I-f-nbv°pw CXns‚ cq]m-¥-cßsf∂v am\-kn-I-ambpw Bflo-b-ambpw kmln-
X-y-]-c-am-bpw, imco-cn-I-ambpw {]tbm-P\w sNøp∂ Cu tIc-fob h\n-Xm-\m-S≥Ie Ct∏mƒ bph-P-t\m-
’-h-ßsf B{i-bn®v \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
ssIsIm-´n-°-fn°v ]g-b-Im-eØv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv Cui-z-c-kvXp-Xn-]c-ßtfm ]pcm-W-I-Ymwim-J-ym-\-]-cßtfm
Bb H‰-sbm‰ A⁄m-X-I¿Ør-°-fmb \mS≥Km-\-ß-fm-Wv. {]mk-`w-Kn, `mjm-emfn-X-yw,
Nph-Sp-Iƒ°p ]mI-Øn¬ apdnp hogp∂ ]Z-L-S\ F∂n-h-sb-√m-amWv ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m-
´ns‚ P\-{]n-b-X. B´-°-Ym-Km-\-ß-tf-bm-Wv, {]tX-y-In®v Cc-bn-Ω≥X-ºn, hb-kvIc aq Zv (Zptcym-
[\h[w), DÆm-bn-hm-c-n-b¿ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-I-fn-∏-Z-ß-tf-bmWv ]n¬°m-eØv ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m-´mbn
kpe-`-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂-Xv.
a®m-´n-f-b-XmWv ]pcmtWXn-lm-k-I-Y-Isf ]q¿Æ-ambn ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m´p cq]-Øn¬ ]e-a-
´n¬ sNm√m≥ hrØ-ssh-hn-[-y-tØmsS cNn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. AtXmsS {Kmay IhnX F∂p ap{Z-
IpØn sXs√mcp ]p—-tØmsS hy-h-l-cn-bv°-s∏-´n-cp∂ ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m´pw s{]uUamb Hcp {]ÿm-
\-t`-Z-ambn hf¿∂p. h©n-∏m´p hn`m-K-Øn¬ cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿°p-ff ÿm\w ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m-
´n¬ a®m-´nf-b-Xn\pw A¿l-X-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
a®m´v \mcm-b-W≥ Cf-bXv (a-e-bm-f-h¿jw 940-˛1017 ˛ F Un 1765 ˛ 1842)
Xr»q¿ Pn√-bn¬ hS-°m-t©-cn-bv°-Sp-Øp-ff a®m´p {Kma-Øn¬ P\-\w. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬,
{]tX-y-In®v tPym-Xnj imkv{X-Øn¬ XnI ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p. Sn∏p-kp¬Ømt‚bpw, sIm®n
i‡≥ Xºp-cmt‚bpw apºn¬ tPym-Xn-j-kw-_-‘-amb kma¿∞yw t_m≤-y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
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School of Distance Education
PmX-Im-tZ-i-c-Xv\w, a®-m´p-`mj F∂o c≠p tPymXnj {KŸ-ßfpw cmam-bWw ba-I-Im-h-yhpw cNn-®n-
´p-≠v. F∂m¬ ssIsIm-´p-°-fn-∏m-´p-I-fpsS t]cn-emWv At±lw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
imIp-¥fw F´p hrØw, ]m¿∆Xo kz-bw-hcw ]{¥-≠p-hr-Øw, ]m¿∆Xo kz-bw-hcw \mep-hr-Øw, KtP-
{µ-tam£w \mep-hrØw, e£-Wm-k-z-bw-hcw F´p-hrØw, koXmk-z-bw-hc \mep-hr-Øw, hrIm-kp-ch[w
c≠p-hr-Øw, Ie-ym-W-skuK‘nIw c≠p-hr-Øw, hkv{Xm-]-l-cWw c≠p-hrØw AarXaY\w
F∂n-h-bmWv Cf-b-Xns‚ {][m\-s∏´ ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m-´p-Iƒ. kc-f-a-[p-c-amWv Cf-b-Xns‚ `mjmssi-en.
Ip©≥\-º-ym-cpsS Imh-y-ssi-en-tbm-SmWv AXn\v ASp-∏w. cN-\m-skujvTh-Ønepw ]mSn-°fn-bv°p-ff
CW-°-Ønepw C{Xbpw anI® ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m-´p-Iƒ hf-sc-hn-c-f-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ ""HmSpw arK-ß-sf-tØSn \c-]Xn'', ""Ie-ym-Wn-I-f-hmWn'' XpS-ßnb At±-l-Øns‚ ]e ]m´p-Ifpw
\nc-£-c-cmb \mS≥ a¶-am-cpsS \m°n≥Xp-ºn¬t∏mepw XØn-°-fn-®n-cp-∂p.
]mT-y-`m-K-Øn-eqsS
imIp-¥fw \memw-J-WvU-amWv ]mT-y-`m-Kw. Zpj-y-¥-a-lm-cm-Pmhv IW-zm-{i-a-Øn¬sh®v iIp-¥fsb°mWp-∂Xpw
Km‘¿∆- hn-[n{]Imcw hnhmlw Ign-bv°p-∂Xp-amWv Cu JWvU-Ønse
IYm-h-kvXp.
B{ia I\-y-I-bmb iIp-¥-f-tbmSv Zpj-y-¥≥ tNmZn-®p. ""tl, kpµ-co, \obm-cmWv? BcpsS
aI-fm-Wv. \ns∂°≠-Xp-ap-X¬ Rm≥ Ima-hn-Im-c-Øm¬ hnh-i\mIp-∂p. AXp-tI´v B I\-yI ]Xps°-∏-d-p.
""cmPm-th, Rm≥ IW-z-a-l¿jn-bpsS ]p{Xn-bm-Wv. Fs‚ t]cv iIp-¥-f. Ft∂mSv Aßbv°v
Aßs\sbmcm{Klw D≠mbXv DNnX-a-√. Xm]-k-kv{Xosb £{Xn-b≥ hnhmlw Ign-bv°p-∂Xv ]m]amWv.''
At∏mƒ Ah-tfmSv cmPmhv ]d-p. ""\nXy {_“-Nm-cn-bmb IW-z-a-l-¿jn-bpsS ]p{Xn-bmWv
F∂p \o ]d-Xv \pW. \o kXyw ]d-bq''. At∏mƒ B kpµcn (k-c-km£n = ]¶-Pm-£n) ]d-p.
""Fs‚ IY apsºm-cn-°¬ al¿jn ]dp tI´p-´p-≠v. AXp ]dbmw. temI-{]-kn-≤-\mb hni-zm-an-
{X≥ ]≠v GIm-{K-Nn-Ø-\mbn X] p XpS-ßn. CXpI-≠v (`m-hn-bn¬ Cubmƒ C{µ-]Zw X´n-sb-Sp-
°ptam F∂v) `b-s∏´ tZth-{µ≥ Ima-tZ-h≥ apX-em-b-h-tcmSv IqSn kpµ-cn-bmb ta\-Isb ]d--b-
®p. ta\-I-bpsS kuµ-cyw I≠v hni-zm-an{X al¿jnbpsS a\- n-f-In. (a-l¿jn ta\-Isb kzo-I-cn-®p).
Ipd-®p-Imew Ign--t∏mƒ ta\I K¿`w-[-cn-®p. Ahƒ Cu Im´n¬ Fs∂ {]k-hn-®p. hni-zm-an{X
_oP-Øn\p \mi-ta¬°p-I-bn√ F∂p-d® ta\I Fs∂ Dt]-£n®p kz¿§-Øn-te-bv°p-Xs∂ t]mbn.
AΩ-bp-t]-£n®v ape-∏m¬ IqSn In´m-sX-In-S-°p∂ Fs∂ ]£n-Iƒ FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mbn IW-z-al¿jn-bpsS
ssIøn¬ c£n-°m-t\¬∏n-®p. iIp¥ßƒ (]-£n-Iƒ) Fs∂-sIm-≠p-t]mbn sImSp-Ø-
Xn-\m¬ IW-z-a-l¿jn F\n°v iIp-¥f F∂p t]cp-an-´p. Aßs\ Rm≥ hf¿∂p. CXmWv ]cam¿∞w’’.
F∂v Ahƒ ]d--t∏mƒ k¥p-jvS-\mb cmPmhv ]d-p. Znhykv{Xobmb ta\-I-bpsS
]p{Xn-bm-sW∂p ]d-Xv t_m[-y-ambn a\p-j-y-]p-{Xnbv°v C{X-am{Xw ico-c-Im¥nbp≠m-In-√. \o C\nta¬
Fs‚ `mc-y-bm-bn-cn-°pw. al¿jnbv°pw AXp-k-Ω-X-am-Ipw. hn[n-{]-Imcw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff hnhml-®-S-ßp-I-fp-≠v.
AXn¬ Km‘¿∆-amWv £{Xn-b¿°v DØ-aw. AXp \o kΩ-Xn-bv°-Ww. H´pw aSnbv°-cpXv
F∂v am\-y-cm-Pmhv ]d--t∏mƒ Ahƒ \mWn®p Xe XmgvØn-∏-d-p. AXp-s\mcp XS- -
ap-≠v. AXp-]-dømw. Aßbv°v F∂n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ ]p{Xs\ `mhn-cm-Pm-hmbn hmgn-bv°-Ww. AXp
Rm≥ sNømw F∂v Ah-tfmSv kXyw (k-a-bw) sNbvXp ]cm-{I-an-bmb cmPmhv Ah-fpsS ssI ]nSn-®p.
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 111

tNmZ-y-߃
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ ˛ (\qdp˛\q-‰-ºXp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
School of Distance Education
1) ""I\-y-I-b-Xp-tI´p aµ-a-ßp-c-sNbvXp’’. GXp I\-yI? F¥m-bn-cp∂p adp-]Sn?
2) ""]cn-tNmsS hf¿Øn-Xp, ]c-am¿∞-an-sX-∂-hƒ
]d--t∏mƒ sØfnp `q]-Xnbpw’’ Ahƒ ]d ]c-am¿∞-sa¥v? `q]Xn sXfn-bm≥
Imc-W-sa¥v?
3) AXp-sN-bvXo-Sp-h≥ Rms\-∂-h-tfmSp ka-bw-sN˛
bvXXp-e-hn-{I-a≥ ]mWn-{K-lWw sNbvXp.˛ kµ-¿-`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
II D]-\-ym-k-tNm-Zyw ( ap∂q-dp-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
1) ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m-´n-\p-≠m-bn-cn-bvt°≠ KpW-߃ Fs¥√mw? imIp-¥fw \memw
JWvU-Øn¬ Ah-sb√mw F{X-I≠v Ds≠∂p ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.
2) ae-bmf kmln-X-y-Øn\v a®m-´n-f-b-Xns‚ kw`m-h\ Fs¥√mw?
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 112

School of Distance Education
ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 113