1 - Diaspora Lanka

efu rig> kd;dhH
ngg;utup> 2012
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022
kf;fs; jpl;lk;
vjpHfhyj;ij fdhf; fhzy;> vq;fs;
ghuk;gupaj;Jf;F Gj;Japuspj;jy;

cs;slf;fk;:
ed;wp etpyy; .......................................................................................................................................... 4
gFjp I .................................................................................................................................................... 5
1. mwpKfk; .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd ghHit ..................................................................................................... 5
1.2 kd;dhupd; cghauPjpahd ,l mikT ................................................................................. 5
1.3 kd;dhH khtl;lj;jpw;fhd mgptpUj;jp re;jHg;gq;fs; .......................................................... 5
1.3 jpl;lj;jpy; kf;fis xd;wpizj;jy; ..................................................................................... 6
2. Kf;fpa rhuk;rk; .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.1 KOikahd njupT ................................................................................................................ 8
2.2 jkf;fhd epfo;r;rp epuiyj; jahupf;Fk; rKjhak; ............................................................... 8
2.3 kf;fs; vd;d nrhy;fpd;whHfs; .............................................................................................. 9
2.4 ePq;fs; efu rigapd; jiytuhf ,Ug;gpd;… ................................................................... 11
2.5 kf;fspd; jpl;lk; ................................................................................................................... 13
3. njhiyNehf;F nraw;ghL............................................................................................................ 17
3.1 rKjha njhiyNehf;F……………………………………………………………………..17
3.2 kd;dhupd; rKjha njhiyNehf;F ..................................................................................... 17
3.3 Ma;T ..................................................................................................................................... 17
3.4 rKjha nraykHTfs; ........................................................................................................ 19
3.5 rKjha muq;fk; ................................................................................................................... 19
gFjp II ................................................................................................................................................... 22
4. ngWNgWfs; tpsf;fkhf ............................................................................................................. 22
4.1 mwpKfk; ................................................................................................................................ 22
4.2 kd;dhupd; kdepiy – kf;fs; jw;NghJ vq;Fs;sdH? ..................................................... 22
4.3 kd;dhupd; re;jHg;gq;fs; - kd;dhiu Nehf;fp tUtJ vd;d? ......................................... 28
4.4 kd;dhupd; njhiyNehf;F – kd;dhupw;fhd kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l vjpHfhyk;
vd;d? .......................................................................................................................................... 30
4.5 kd;dhupd; eltbf;iffs; - ehk; mjid vt;thW ajhHj;jkhf;FtJ? ...................... 38
1

–
gFjp III ................................................................................................................................................ 48
gpw;NrHf;iffs; ..................................................................................................................................... 48
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 Rtnuhl;b ............................................................................................... 49
nraykHT kw;Wk; muq;fk;: khjpup rpj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly; Fwpg;Gf;fs; .................. 50
fpuhk nraykHTfs; kw;Wk; rKjha muq;F vd;gtw;wpd; KOikahd Fwpg;Gf;fs; .................. 52
Ma;T kw;Wk; kWrPuikg;Gf;fs; .......................................................................................................... 69
2

ed;wp etpyy;
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 vd;w rKjha ghHit nraw;wpl;lk;> mgptpUj;jp topfSf;fhd gj;J tUl
njhiyNehf;F kw;Wk; kd;dhH efuj;jpd; mgpUj;jpf;fhd ghijahf> kd;dhH efu rigapdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lj; jpl;lkhFk;. ,e;j jpl;lkhdJ efu rigapd; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l jpl;lkplypy;
mg;gFjp kf;fspdhy; ftug;gl;l mZFKiwf;F topNfhYk; vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kjyhtjhf> kd;dhupy; trpf;Fk;> gzpGupAk; kw;Wk; fy;tp fw;Fk; kf;fs; kw;Wk; kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp
eltbf;iffspy; gq;Fgw;wpatHfs; midtUf;Fk; efu rig jkJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wJ. mtHfSila nraw;wpwd; kpf;f gq;fspg;gpd; Clhf> kd;dhupd; mgptpUj;jpapy;
MHtj;Jld; gq;Fgw;WtJld;> jkJ efuk; kPjhd cz;ikahd mHg;gzpg;G kw;Wk; md;gpid mtHfs;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. efu rig CopaHfspdhy; toq;fg;gl;l gq;fspg;Gk; ,e;j epfo;tpd; ntw;wpf;F
topaikj;Js;sikia tpNrlkhf Rl;bf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
,uz;lhtjhf> jkJ Mrpfis toq;fpa kd;dhH khtl;lj;jpd; murhq;f mjpgH> jpU. Ruj; utPe;jpu>
,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpid fsg;gLj;jpa nraw;FO cWg;gpdHfs;> Ie;J fpuhkq;fisr; NrHe;j kf;fs;
gq;Fgw;Wtjid cWjp nra;tjw;F> fpuhk NrtfHfis gaDWjp kpf;f tifapy; xUq;fpizj;j 6n
3gpuNjr nrayhsH> jpUkjp. ];nld;yp B nky; MfpNahUf;Fk; efu rig ed;wpfis njuptpf;f
tpUk;Gfpd;wJ. kfpo;Tld; fye;J nfhz;lik kw;Wk; ngWkjp kpf;f gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpaikf;fhf
nfhOk;gpypUe;J te;jpUe;j jpl;lkply; epGzHfshd jpU. yypj; Kj;JFkhud> nry;tp rr;rpjhde;jk;>
epHkyh B nky; kw;Wk; NguhrpupaH rpwp n`l;bNf MfpNahUf;Fk; efu rig ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wJ.
epjpg; gq;fspg;G toq;fpaikf;fhf nfhOk;G> Exxon Mobil,w;Fk; efu rig jkJ ed;wpfisj;
njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. mtHfSila gq;fspg;G ,y;iynadpy;> ,e;j epfo;r;rp rhj;jpakhfpapUf;fhJ.
%d;whtjhf> jkJ ek;gpf;if> Mty; kw;Wk; tpupthd tiyaikg;G MjuT vd;gtw;iw toq;fpa
kd;dhH gpui[fs; FOitr; NrHe;j jpU. rpd;fpsahH gPl;lH> kd;dhH kf;fSf;fhd NeHik kw;Wk;
jiyikj;Jtj;jpid toq;fpa Kd;dhs; murhq;f mjpgH rNtupad; kupajhrd; FU];> ,e;j
nraw;wpl;lk; kPjhd ek;gpf;if> maHr;rpaw;w ciungaHj;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizj;jy; MjuT vd;gtw;iw
toq;fpa jpU. N[. fky; uh[;> epGzj;Jtkhd xOq;FgLj;jiy toq;fpa jpU. Rrpyd; kA+ud;> ghupa
njhlHfshf ,lk;ngw;w rKjha muq;fpy; gq;Fgw;WeHfSf;F jukhd jfty;fis toq;Ftjid
cWjp nra;j tsthsHfs; kw;Wk; midj;J epfo;TfSk; rpwg;ghf ,lk;ngWtjw;F jkJ ciog;gpid
cWjp nra;j gy ,sk; gq;fspg;ghsHfshd> V. rahd; fhd;> gP. gpujPgh> vy;.vk;.B.gP. N[ha;]; Nkup
kw;Wk; v];. n~uPd; Juk; MfpNahH cs;slq;fyhf fLikahf cioj;j kw;Wk; ,e;j nraw;wpl;lk;
fdptjw;F Mtyhf ,Ue;j gyUf;Fk; efu rig ed;wpAilajhf cs;sJ.
,Wjpahf> jpU. n[ukp ypadNfapw;Fk;> la];Nghuh yq;fhtpw;Fk; (mT];jpNuypah) nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;fhf
toq;fpa MjuT> Cf;fk; kw;Wk; efu rigf;F njhlHr;rpahd cjtp njhlHgpyhd cWjp
vd;gtw;wpf;fhf efu rig ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. kd;dhH khtl;lj;jpd;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ePz;l fhy mHg;gzpg;ig nfhz;Ls;s midj;J ,d kw;Wk; kjf; FOf;fisr;
NrHe;j ,yq;ifaHfis la];Nghuh yq;fh cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
………………………………………………………. ……………………………………….. ……………………………………………..
jpU. re;jdg;gps;is Qhdg;gpufhrk; jpU. N[k;]; N[Rjhrd; jpUkjp. NgHdhl; FU];
jiytH cgj; jiytH nrayhsH
kd;dhH efu rig
ngg;utup> 2012
4

gFjp I
1. mwpKfk;
1.1 vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd ghHit
%d;W jrhg;jq;fshf ,lk;ngw;w Kuz;ghl;bw;Fg; gpd;dH> tlf;F khfhzj;jpd; nghJ kf;fspd;
tho;f;if epiy nkJthf ,ay;G epiyf;F jpUk;gpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. mz;ikapy;
,lk;ngw;w NjHjypidj; njhlHe;J> cs;@H mjpfhupfsplk; epHthfg; nghWg;Gf;fs;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sik ,e;j epiykhw;wj;jpw;fhd Mjhukhf cs;sJ. cs;@H epHthfj;jpd;
epiy ,t;thwpUf;ifapy;> kf;fis murhq;fj;Jld; NkYk; neUf;fkhf;Fk;> jkJ gzpfSf;F
kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l ghHit kw;Wk; topfhl;liy fl;likf;Fk; nghJ kf;fs;
gq;Fgw;wy; mZFKiwahd kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 vd;w epfo;r;rpia kd;dhH efu rig
jpl;lkpl;L> nraw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Gjpjhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l rigapd; MW khj nraw;ghLfs;
vd;w rf;fuj;jpw;Fs; 2011Mk; Mz;L etk;gH kw;Wk; brk;gupy; ,e;j epfo;r;rp
nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;lJ. jkJ gjtpf;fhyj;ij Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ> jkJ Ml;rpg; gFjpapy; cs;s
kf;fs; Gjpa epHthfj;jplkpUe;J vjid vjpHghHf;fpd;whHfs; vd;w fUj;JrhH Gupe;JzHit
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> cynfq;fpYk; cs;s gy efu rigfs; cs;thq;fpa rKjha
njhiyNehf;F ghHit nraw;ghl;L eltbf;ifapd; njhlHr;rpahf ,e;j Kaw;rp
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 nraw;ghlhdJ> la];Nghuh yq;fh mT];jpNuypahtpd; MjuTld;
kd;dhH efu rigapdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kd;dhH efug; gFjpapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd efu
rigapd; vjpHfhyj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpfspid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,J
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;by; kd;dhH efu gpui[fs;> nraw;FOtpd; cjtpAld;
xd;wpize;J nraw;gLtjw;fhd cgg; gpupTfSk; cs;slq;fpAs;sd. ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd;
tlf;fpd; tre;jk; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rp kw;Wk; Njrpa ngsjPf jpl;lkply; nfhs;if 2011-2030 1
(NPPPP 2011-2030) vd;gtw;wpd; gue;j msTUf;fSf;F cl;gl;ljhf ,e;j nraw;wpl;lk;
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1.2 kd;dhupd; Nfe;jpu ,lmikT
,yq;ifapd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy; kd;dhH khtl;lk; mike;Js;sJ. Nfe;jpuk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;fjhf
kd;dhH khtl;lk; mike;Js;s Gtpapay; #oikthdJ Mrpahtpd; Gtpapay;rhH murpaypy; Kf;fpakhd
,lj;ij kd;dhUf;F mspj;Js;sJ. gpujhdkhd ,e;jpa Jizf; fz;lk; kw;Wk; rPdh vd;gd ,jpy;
rpwg;G ngWfpd;wd. Nkyjpfkhf> kd;dhH jPtpd; tlKidapy; mike;Js;s jiykd;dhupypUe;J>
,e;jpahtpw;F fly; topahf 18 fpNyhkPw;wHfs; njhiytpy; cs;sJ. mj;Jld; ,e;jpahtpw;F ntF
mUfpy; mike;Js;sikahdJ> tHj;jfk;> Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; ,uz;L
ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nfe;jpu ikakhf mike;Js;sJ. mur gilapdUf;Fk;> jkpoPo tpLjiyg;
GypfSf;Fk; (vy;.uP.uP. jkJ Njrpa ngsjPf jpl;lkply; nfhs;if kw;Wk; jpl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf> tsHe;J
tUk; tzpf eltbf;iffSf;fhd ikakhf kw;Wk; ehL KOtjidAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;fpw Njrpa MHtj;jpd; xU mq;fkhd r%f eltbf;ifahf kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd murhq;f
%Nyhghakhf ,J cs;sJ.
1.3 kd;dhH khtl;lj;jpw;fhd mgptpUj;jp re;jHg;gq;fs;
NPPPP 2011- 2030,w;F mika> Mrpa neLQ;rhiy kw;Wk; buhd;]; Mrpad; uapy;Nt
nraw;wpl;lq;fspdhy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd tpNrl Nehf;fk; nfhz;l efukhf kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd;
Nghf;Ftuj;J ikakhf kd;dhH ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfis kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
Jizf; fz;lj;ij ,izf;Fk; Eiothapyhf jiykd;dhH cs;sJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpw;F kpf
1 ,yq;if [dehaff; Nrh~yprf; Fbaurpd; tHj;jkhdp, EXTRAORDINARY, ,y.1729/15, xf;NlhgH
27,
2011
5

mz;ikapy; kd;dhH mike;Js;sikAk;> mk;ghe;Njhl;ilf;fhd gpNuupf;fg;gl;l neLQ;rhiyAk;>
jpUNfhzkiyf;fhd uapy; ghij ,izg;G kw;Wk; cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l cs;sf tpkhd Nrit vd;gd
ajhHj;jkhf khWk; NghJ> ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpw;Fk;> njw;fhrpa may; ehLfSf;Fk;> ,yq;ifapd;
gy gFjpfSf;Fkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J NeuKk;> nryTk; Mr;rupakpf;f tifapy; FiwAk;. 2
,e;Njh-,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;J tiyaikg;gpd; Clhf ,e;j mgptpUj;jp Kaw;rpfs; mjpfupj;j
vz;zpf;ifapy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;> tHj;jf gpuKfHfs; kw;Wk; ahj;jpupfHfspid ftHe;J>
kd;dhupw;Fs; rpwe;j jq;Fkpl trjpfs;> tHj;jf cjtp Nritfs;> Gw rikay; ,lq;fs; kw;Wk;
nghONghf;F eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd Nfs;tpia mjpfupf;Fk;. ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ,yq;iff;F
,ilapyhd Rje;jpu tHj;jf cld;gbf;ifapd; fPo;> GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l JiwKfk;> gpuhe;jpa fiuNahu
vupthA kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhy; Ma;T> cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l Vw;Wkjp gjdply; tyak; kw;Wk; 24 Vf;fH
ifj;njhopy; Ngl;il vd;gdTk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tsHr;rpf;fhd rhj;jpaj; jd;ikia
cUthf;fpAs;sd. 3
1.3 jpl;lj;jpy; kf;fis xd;wpizj;jy;
kd;dhupw;F jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; gy jpl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk;> ,Jtiu
jkJ gFjpapd; mgptpUj;jpf;F nraw;wpwd; kpf;f tifapy; gq;fspg;gjw;fhd kw;Wk;
,yq;ifapd; ,e;j jdpj;Jtkhd gFjpf;F jkf;F tpUg;gkhd vjpHfhyj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;jHg;gk; kd;dhH kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gltpy;iy. mNjNtis> kd;dhupy;
cs;s ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; Aj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J kPSk;> jkJ gps;isfis fw;gpf;Fk; kw;Wk;
tho;thjhuq;fis fl;bnaOg;Gk; epiyapy; ,d;Wk; „gJq;fpapUj;jy; kdepiyia‟
filg;gpbg;gjid czuf; $bajhfTs;sJ. vdNt> jkJ gFjpapd; vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;j
MHtj;ijAk;> rhjfkhd vjpHfhyj;ij
milahsk; fhz;gjw;F kw;Wk; jOTtjw;F Cf;fkspf;Fk; tifapy; kd;dhH efu rigapdhy;
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 (MM2022) vd;w epfo;r;rp cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;> efu
2 ibid
3 ibid
6

igapd; KjyhtJk;> elg;G fhyj;jpy; efu rigapd; nraw;ghl;bw;fhd njspthd epfo;r;rp
epuiy tbtikg;gJk; ,e;j epfo;r;rpapd; vjpHghHg;ghf cs;sJ. njhiyNehf;F ,y;yhjtHfs;>
mope;J NghthHfs;‟ vd;w gonkhop kd;dhH kf;fs; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ nghJj; Jiw
CopaHfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; cz;ikahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
fpuhk nraykHTfs;> ghupa rKjha muq;Ffs; kw;Wk; Ma;Tfis cs;slq;fpa MM2022
epfo;r;rp> efu rig kw;Wk; gpui[fSf;F ,ilapy; Mf;fg;g+Htkhd gzpahw;wy;
cwTKiwia Vw;gLj;jy;> epiyj;jpUf;ff; $ba mgptpUj;jpia ,aYkhf;fy;> kd;dhupd;
msg;gupa ghuk;gupaj;ij ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; 21Mk; E}w;whz;L cyfkakhfpAs;s cyfpy;
kf;fs; kdTWjpAld;

2. Kf;fpa rhuk;rk;
2.1 KOikahd njupT
kd;dhH khtl;lk; Aj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J nkJthf vOe;J tUk; epiyapy;> Aj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J
mikjpf;Fk;> tPo;r;rpapypUe;J tsHr;rpf;Fk; epiykhw;wk; miltjpy; mk;khtl;lj;jpd; kf;fs;
jaq;fpa epiyapNyNa cs;sdH. vd;d Kd;Ndw;wk; cs;sJ vd;gJ njhlHgpy; epr;rapd;ik
kw;Wk; gak; Fwpj;j czHTfs; vd;gd ehshe;j tho;f;if kw;Wk; fle;j Jauq;fs; kPJk;
ftdk; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wJ. jkJ vjpHfhyk; vd;gJ fhzhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ> Ntw;W kf;fspd;
jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tbtikg;Gf;fspd; gypf;flhf;fshf khwptpl;Nlhk; vd;w czHit mtHfs;
nfhz;Ls;sdH. mt;thwhd czHTfs; ,Ug;gjid Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jhYk;>
khtl;lj;jpw;fhf murhq;fk; kw;Wk; jdpahH Jiwapd; jpl;lq;fspd; tpisthf mtHfis
Nehf;fp tUk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f re;jHg;gq;fspd; gyd;fis mtHfs; ngw KbahjthW jil
nra;fpd;wJ. ,e;j ePz;l njhiyit vl;bg; gpbf;Fk; jpl;lq;fspd; tpisthf jkf;F
fpilf;ff; $ba gyd;fis miltjw;F gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd my;yJ jkJ md;Gf;Fupa
kd;dhH r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu xJf;fYf;F cs;shtjid fhzf; $ba re;jHg;gk;
kf;fSf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; fpl;bAs;sJ. NeHepiyahd vjpHfhyj;jpy; KjyPL nra;tjw;F>
Gjpa tHj;jf re;jHg;gq;fis milahsk; fhzy;> njhopy;EZf;f Gj;jhf;fq;fis
cs;thq;fy; kw;Wk; mNjNtis> jkJ fyhrhuk;> gz;ghL kw;Wk; tho;f;ifi Kiw
ghJfhj;jy; vd;gd njhlHghd njspthd kdepiy Fwpj;Jk; kd;dhH kf;fs; ftdk;
nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. „jkJ tpjpia epHzapg;gtHfshf‟ mtHfis
khw;Wtjw;F tYT+l;Lk; tifapy;> kd;dhH kWkyHr;rp 2022 vd;w rKjha njhiyNehf;F
nraw;wpl;lk; vd;gJ> kd;dhH efu rigapdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 30 tUlq;fshf
nraypoe;J fhzg;gl;l kd;dhH efu rig> NjHjypdhy; njupT nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;dH> efu
rigapd; vjpHfhy ghij kw;Wk; Kd;Dupikfis jPHkhdpg;gjw;F kf;fspd; vz;zq;fis
xd;wpizg;gjpy; MHtkhf cs;sJ. mjid Guptjw;F> jkJ vjpHfhyj;ij jPHkhdpg;gjw;F
gq;fspg;gjw;fhd re;jHg;gj;ij kf;fSf;F toq;fpAs;sJld;> kf;fspd; mgpyhi~fis Gupe;J
nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpd;wJ. rHtNjr uPjpapy; rpwe;j gapw;rpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ghHf;Fk; NghJ>
,e;j njhiyNehf;F nraw;ghL vd;gJ efu rig jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rp tbtikj;jypy;>
tpNrlkhf efu rigapd; KjyhtJ gjtpf; fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;s nghJ
kf;fs; gq;fspg;gpw;fhd re;jHg;gq;fis toq;fpAs;sJ.
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 (MM2022) vd;w nraw;wpl;lk; cgha uPjpahf> tlf;fpd; tre;jk;
kw;Wk; Njrpa ngsjPf jpl;lkply; nfhs;if kw;Wk; jpl;lk; 2011-2030 (NPPPP 2011-2030) 4
Nghd;w ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fSld; ,ize;jjhf cs;sJ. mj;Jld;>
kd;dhH efurig tsf; Nfhit 2008,y; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s cs;@H jpl;lkply;
Kaw;rpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ,J mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,izg;Gf;fs;> Njrpa kw;Wk;
rHtNjr kl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpuq;fshf kd;dhH kf;fis itj;jpUf;Fk;. gy
jrhg;jq;fshf gpd;jq;fpAs;s kd;dhiu Kd;dpiyf;F nfhz;L tUjy; kw;Wk; xU fhyj;jpy;
ngUikf;Fupajhf kw;Wk; tsk; epiwe;j gFjpahf ,Ue;j kd;dhiu gioa epiyf;F
nfhz;L tUjy; vd;gtw;iw Nehf;fpa KjyhtJ gbahf kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022,y;> kd;dhupy; trpf;Fk;> gzpGupAk; kw;Wk; fy;tp fw;Fk; 210 Ngupd;
Ma;T> fpuhkk; kl;lj;jpyhd ehd;F nraykHTfs; kw;Wk; ghupa rKjha muq;F vd;gd
cs;slq;fpAs;sd. jkJ Nerj;jpw;Fupa kd;dhH efuk; Fwpj;j nghJthd ghHit nfhz;l
MHtKila> tpthjk; Gupe;j kw;Wk; Nguk; Ngrpa gue;j FWf;F ntl;L kf;fs; cs;sikia
,e;j khWgl;l eltbf;iffs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd. jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rp tbtikj;jypy;
kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpa mZFKiwia efu rig gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd njspthd topfhl;liy
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s KbTfspd; rhuk;rk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
4 ibid
8

2.3 kf;fs; vd;d nrhy;fpd;whHfs;.
Ma;T> fpuhk nraykHTfs; kw;Wk; rKjha muq;F vd;gtw;wpy; gq;Fgw;wpatHfspdhy; vl;L gpujhd
fUg;nghUs;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;ld. vl;L fUg;nghUs;fspy; MW efurigapd; nghWg;Gf;fspd; Muk;g
cj;jpfshf cs;sd – Rw;Wr; #oy;> efuj; jpl;lkply; (efu rig Nritfs;> nghJ trjpfs;> fopTePH
tbfhy;> Fg;ig kw;Wk; tPjpfs;)> rKjha epfo;r;rpfs;> ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jp> Rw;Wyhj; Jiw kw;Wk;
epjp. kw;iwa ,uz;L fUg;nghUs;fshd fy;tp kw;Wk; tHj;jf mgptpUj;jp vd;gd> cs;@H
murhq;fj;jpd; tPr;nry;iyf;F ntspapy; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> Vida murhq;f kw;Wk; jdpahH Jiw
epWtdq;fshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 2022Mk; Mz;by; Kd;khjpupahd rKjhak; xd;iw cUthf;Fk;
MHtj;Jld;> midj;J eltbf;iffspYk; cw;rhfj;Jld; gq;Fw;WeHfs; fye;J nfhz;ldH. fhurhukhd
tpthjk;> kfpo;r;rpahd nehbfs; kw;Wk; gy ey;y tplaq;fs; mkHTfspy; cs;slq;fpapUe;jd.
RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;tjhapd;> mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; jkJ efuj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp kPJ
nghWg;Gs;stHfshf ,Uf;Fk; kd;dhH kf;fspd; gpujhd nra;jpfshf fPNo cs;sit tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
m. fy;tp
tpNrlkhf> 30 taJ tiuahd ,isQHfSf;fhf mbf;fb typAWj;jg;gLk; tplakhf fy;tp cs;sJ.
mJ khj;jpukpd;wp> kd;dhupd; vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd cWjpahd m];jpthuj;ij mikg;gjw;F
mj;jpahtrpakhdjhfTk; fy;tp ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghjpa %d;whk; epiy fy;tp trjpfs; ,d;ikapdhy;
kd;dhiur; NrHe;j ,isQHfs;> Ntwplq;fSf;F nry;tjid mtjhdpf;ff; $ba epiy fhzg;gLtjhf
kf;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wdH.
gpd;tUtd mikf;fg;gLjy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;:
� rfy njhopy; EZf;f trjpfSlDk;> njhopy; El;gf; fy;Y}upfs;
� gy;fiyf;fof tshfk;
� Ma;T kw;Wk; Gj;jhf;fj;jpy; KjyPL
� Mq;fpy kw;Wk; rpq;fs nkhop fw;if
� tpNrlkhf caH juk; fw;Fk; khztHfSf;F fy;tp cjtp Nritfs; kw;Wk; Gyikg;guprpy;fs;
M. tHj;jf mgptpUj;jp
kPd;gpbAld; rhHe;j tHj;jf mgptpUj;jp njhlHgpy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,Ue;jhYk;> NtW gFjpfshd
Rw;Wyhj; Jiw (jdpahf cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)> tptrhaj; Jiwf;fhd „ngWkjp NrH‟
re;jHg;gq;fSf;fhd Njit kw;Wk; midj;J JiwfspdJk; jfty; njhopy;El;g mgptpUj;jp rhHe;j
Nehf;fk; vd;gdTk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. vjpHfhy vz;nza; mfo;T eltbf;ifapdhy; jkJ kPd;gpb
kw;Wk; flyl;il ,Uf;Fk; gFjpfSf;fhd gpuNtrk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;> ,e;jpa kPdtHfs; kw;Wk;
kd;dhUf;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J rpq;fs> K];yPk; kPdtHfspd; mj;JkPwpa kPd;gpbf;F vjpuhf Nghjpa
eltbf;if vLf;fg;glhik kw;Wk; mjdhy; mtHfSila vjpHfhy tho;thjhuj;jpw;F Vw;gl;Ls;s
mr;RWj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mDkjpg; gj;jpu Kiw> XusT njhopy; EZf;f Nkk;ghL my;yJ jkJ
njhopypy; „ngWkjp-NrH‟ kw;Wk; Mo;fly; kPd;gpb jil vd;gd cs;slq;fyhf kPdtHfs; gy
tplaq;fis Kd;itj;jdH.
kd;dhupd; xl;Lnkhj;j tHj;jf mgptpUj;jpf;F> gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd:
� FspHrhjd trjpfs; kw;Wk; kPd; Nrfupj;jy; epiyaq;fs; (thb tPLfs;) cs;slq;fyhf ghupa
kw;Wk; njhopy; EZf;f uPjpahf etPd kPd; re;ij epHkhzk;.
� ghupa glFfs; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpu glFfSf;fhd trjpfSld; nrsj; ghH> fPup kw;Wk; jho;Tg;ghL
gFjpapy; JiwKfk; kw;Wk; kPd;gpb Jiwfis GJg;gpj;jy;.
� tHj;jf jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpy; gapw;rp kw;Wk; cjtpAk;> etPd njhopy; El;gk;
Fwpj;j tpopg;GzHTk;
� kPd; gz;izfs; kw;Wk; ngWkjp NrHf;fg;gl;l flYzT njhopw;rhiyfs; epHkhzk;
� nropj;Njhq;Fk; Mil njhopy; Jiwf;F MjuT toq;fy;
� Gj;JzHT+l;lg;gl;l Fbirj; njhopy; Jiwf;F> tpNrlkhf jr;R Ntiy> Jzp ntSj;jy; kw;Wk;
ijay;> njq;F cw;gj;jpfs;> fs; jahupg;G> gutyhf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; etPd gidj; njhopy; kw;Wk;
cg;Gf;fhd [pg;rk; cw;gj;jp Nghd;wtw;wpw;F ftHr;rpfukhd murhq;f Cf;Ftpg;G
� Fwpg;gpl;l tHj;jf vy;iy cUthf;fk;
,. Rw;Wr; #oy;
kd;dhH kf;fs; jkJ tho;f;iff;fhd KOikahd rhHe;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikf;F ,aw;if #oypy;
jq;fpAs;sdH. vjpHfhyj; jiyKiwfSf;fhf jkJ Rw;Wr; #oiy ghJfhg;gjw;F mjpf MHtk;
nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH. kzy; mfo;jy;> mjpf kPd;gpbia cWjp nra;tjw;F KUiff; fw;ghiwfs;
mfo;jy; kw;Wk; efuj;jpd; ,aw;ifahd tbfhy; mikg;Gf;fspy; mghafukhd ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jf;
$ba tifapy; tPlikg;Gf;fhf ghuk;gupa Fsq;fis %Ljy; vd;gtw;wpw;F fLk; vjpHg;ig ntspg;gLj;jp
tUfpd;wdH.
9

vt;thwhapDk;> fly; ePupd; kl;lk; mjpfupj;jy; rhHe;jjhf kf;fspd; mr;rk; gpujhdkhdjhf cs;sJ.
kd;dhH jPT KOikAk; %o;fptpLk; vd;w mghaKk; mtHfsplk; cs;sJ. mtHfspd; Nfhupf;ifahf
,Ug;gJ:
� fly; ePH kl;lq;fs; mjpfupg;gjid jLg;gjw;F gytPdkhd gFjpfisr; #o;e;jjhf fy; Ntypfis
mikj;jy;
� kzy; mfo;tpdhy; Vw;gLk; mupg;gpid jtpHg;gjw;F kzy; kw;Wk; kz;zpw;fhd khw;W tsq;fis
fz;lwpjy;.
� ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fspdhy; Vw;glf; $ba tpisTfis jzpg;gjw;F fl;ll FwpaPLfis jpUj;jy;
kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghlhd tyaq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;
� ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fis vjpHnfhs;s jahuhtjw;F gaDWjp kpf;f Kd;ndr;rupf;if Kiwfs;
kw;Wk; Nghjpa epfo;r;rpfis cUthf;fy;
� kz;zupg;ig jLg;gjw;Fk;> gpuNjrj;jpd; moif Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F NkYk; mjpf kuq;fis eLjy;
� ,aw;if Fsq;fis kPz;Lk; mikg;gjd; Clhf ,aw;if tbfhy; mikg;Gf;F top tFj;jy;.
nghJ trjpfs;> tbfhy;> Fg;ig> tPjpfs;)
jkJ md;Gf;Fupa kd;dhH efuk; njhlHgpy;> mq;F trpg;gtHfs; midtUk; mHg;gzpg;G kw;Wk;
NeHikAld; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> mg;gFjpapd; „Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; czHT‟ njhlHgpy; kf;fs;
mjpUg;jpia ntspapLfpd;wdH. efuk; kpfTk; Nkhrkhd tifapy; jpl;lkplg;gl;L> rpf;fyhf
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf mtHfs; czHfpd;wdH. Nkhrkhd tbfhy; trjpapdhy; nts;sk; epiwe;j
tPjpfspd; epiyahd gpur;rpidfs;> jdpg;gl;l xd;wpw;fhd mgptpUj;jp> NtW egHfspd; epyj;jpd; kPJ
rl;ltpNuhj Mf;fpukpg;G> FbePH trjp gw;whf;Fiw> jtwhd fopTePH mikg;G Kiw> xOq;fw;w kpd;rhu
tpepNahfk;> kpfg; gioa nghJ trjpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs;> NkLk;> gs;sKkhd tPjpfs; kw;Wk; ntFrpy
nghOJNghf;F trjpfs; (tpNrlkhf rpWtHfSf;F) Nghd;w gy cjhuzq;fis mtHfs;
Kd;itf;fpd;wdH.
jkJ vz;zq;fis G+Hj;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; Kiwahd efuj; jpl;lkplNy> mtHfspd; MHtkhf
cs;sJ. gy MNyhridfis mtHfs; Kd;itj;Js;sdH:
� efuj;jpd; kPs; tbtikg;G – xNu vy;iyf;Fs; midj;J murhq;f mYtyfq;fSk;> trjpfSk;
kd;dH efuj;ij mofhdjhf;Fk;. midtUf;Fk; mZff; $ba tPlikg;G> jiu fPo; tbfhyikg;G>
fopT ePH kw;Wk; kpd;rhu taHfs;> fPupapy; ,Ue;J my;yhJ> KUq;fdpy; ,Ue;J FbePH> Kiwahd
tbfhy; kw;Wk; fopT ePH Kiwfs;> kw;Wk; tPjp tpsf;Ffs;
� kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l efuj; jpl;lj;ij kd;dhUf;F toq;Ftjw;F efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu
rigAld; ,ize;J gzpahw;wy;.
� etPdkakhd trjpfs; - etPd nghJ itj;jparhiy> etPd re;ijf; fl;llk;> efu rig fl;llj;
njhFjp> Gjpa kPd; re;ij kw;Wk; JiwKfk;> re;jpapy; kzpf;$l;L NfhGuk;> gaDWjp kpf;f uapy;
Kiw> jfty; njhopy;El;g trjpfSld; etPd E}yfk;> kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; trjpfs;
� rpWtHfs; kw;Wk; ,isQHfSf;fhd guhkupg;G – ePr;ry; jlhfj;Jld; ngupa etPd tpisahl;L
muq;fk;> rpWtH G+q;fhf;fs;> Fsp&l;lg;gl;l miwfSld; etPd jpiuauq;Ffs;>
� gaDWjp kpf;f Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jy; - nghJ kyry$l trjpfSld; etPd
uapy; kw;Wk; NgUe;J jupg;gplq;fs;
c. rKjha epfo;r;rpfs;
nropg;Gs;stHfSf;F khj;jpuky;yhJ> Fwpg;ghf tajhdtHfs;> Aj;jj;jpdhy; fztid ,oe;jtHfs;>
epHf;fjpahdtHfs; kw;Wk; khw;Wj; jpwdhspfspd; eyDf;fhd rKjha Nrit epfo;r;rpfis efu rig
Muk;gpg;gjid vjpHghHj;Js;s Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT kf;fs; cs;sdH. ,t;thwhd epfo;r;rpfSf;F
gq;fspg;gjw;F MHtkhf cs;sikia gq;Fgw;WeHfs; gyH ntspg;gLj;jpdH. Aj;jk; epiwtile;jjd;
gpd;dH> jkJ r%fj;jpd; jhHkPf tbtj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s Jupj rPHFiyT Fwpj;Jk; gyH ftiy
ntspapl;ldH. cs;sf td;Kiwapd; mjpfupg;G> rpWtajpy; fHg;gkiljy;> rpWtH ghypay;
J~;gpuNahfk;> Aj;jj;jpdhy; tpjitahdtHfs; J~;gpuNahfj;jpw;F ,yf;fhjy; kw;Wk; kJ> Nghijg;
nghUSf;F mbikahjy; Nghd;w rk;gtq;fs; mjpfupj;Js;sikia fhzf; $bajhf cs;sjhf
mtHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.
gpd;tUk; eyd;Gup eltbf;iffs; mtHfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
� KjpatHfs; fz;zpaj;Jld; tho;tjw;F cjTk; mtHfspd; Njitfis milahsk; fhzy;
kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpfis tbtikj;jy;
� kd;dhupd; gpujhd ,lj;jpy; kJghdf; fil mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikia NtW ,lj;jpw;F khw;Wtjw;F
rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdupd; Mjuit ehly; cs;slq;fyhf kJ kw;Wk; Nghijg; nghUs; rhH
epfo;r;rpia cUthf;fy;
� rpW taJ fHg;gk; jupj;jy;> cs;sf td;Kiw kw;Wk; rpWtH J~;gpuNahfk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
epfo;r;rpfis Kd;ndLj;jy;
� ruptilAk; xOf;f kw;Wk; kjj; juq;fis milahsk; fhZk; epfo;r;rpfis J}z;Ljy;
C. kfspH mgptpUj;jp
jdpahd kfspH mgptpUj;jp rq;fk; xd;iw mikg;gjw;F jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt> ngz;fspd;
tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; mgpyhi~fs; Gwe;js;sg;glhJ my;yJ xJf;fp itf;fg;glhJ Vida
10

Kd;DupikfSld; ,ize;jjhf ghHf;fg;gLk;. ngz;fs; rhHe;j tplaq;fspy; mjpfk; Ngrg;gl;l
tplaq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
� ngz;fSf;fhd RaNtiytha;g;G Nritfs;> tpNrlkhf Aj;jj;jpdhy; fztid ,oe;jtHfSf;F
tho;thjhuq;fs;
� Gjpa fsq;fspy; tUkhdk; gpuNjrj;jpw;F Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd tpisTfis Fiwg;gjw;F mtw;wpd; fl;Lg;ghl;il jhNk itj;jpUg;gJ vd;gtw;iw
mg;gFjp kf;fs; Muha;e;jdH. rpwpa mstpyhd> fyhrhu uPjpahf $UzHthd> nghUshjhu uPjpahf
epiyahd kw;Wk; Rw;Wr; #oYf;F ,iaghd mZFKiwfis mtHfs; Kd;nkhope;jdH. jkJ
ghuk;gupaq;fis ghJfhj;J> jkJ jdpj;Jtkhd cs;@H mwptpid VidNahUld; gfpHe;J nfhs;Sk;
Rw;Wyhj; Jiw mZFKiw njhlHgpYk; mtHfs; fijj;jdH. vt;thwhapDk;> tpNrlkhf nghJ
,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,uhZt gpd;thq;fy; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf gpujhd mf;fiw ,Ue;jJ. Vnddpy;>
,uhZtr; #oy; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs; kfpo;r;rpahd nghOij tpUk;Gk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ftuhJ.
kd;dhupy; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F mtHfs; gy vz;zq;fis Kd;itj;jdH:
� nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahH NgUe;J jupg;gplk; kw;Wk; etPdkakhd uapy; epiyaj;jpid epHkhzpj;jy;
� js;shb KfhkpypUe;J ,uhZtk; ntspNaWtJ Fwpj;j mf;fiw> mjd; %yk;> Kfhkpid cs;sf
tpkhd epiyakhf khw;w KbAk;.
� rpwe;j jukhd Rw;Wyh-epakkhd tpLjpfs;> fyhrhu uPjpahf $UzHthd flw;fiu tPLjpfs; kw;Wk;
N`hl;ly;fs;> ghyj;jpw;F mUfpy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ftUk; el;rj;jpu me;j];J N`hl;ly;fs;
cs;slq;fyhf ftHr;rpfukhd Rw;Wyh trjpfis tbtikj;jy;.
� gpd;tUk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ftUk; ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; jsq;fis GJg;gpj;jYk;> kPsikj;jYk; -
kL jpUj;jyk;> jpUf;NfjP];tuk; Nfhtpy;> rpyhtj;Jiw fly; (Kj;Jf;Fspj;jy;)> kd;dhH Nfhl;il>
my;ypuhzpf; Nfhl;il> gs;spKid ngUf;fkuk;> GJf;FbapUg;G ntspr;r tPL> jiykd;dhH
JiwKfk;> Njhl;lntsp kw;Wk; ghupa ePH jhq;fp
� Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F kd;dhupy; fpilf;ff; $ba tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; ftHr;rpfukhd gpurhuk;
nra;jy;.
V. epjp
mNjNtis> epjpr; rq;fk; xd;W mikg;gJ njhlHghd tpNrl Nfhupf;if vJTk; kf;fshy;
Kd;itf;fg;gltpy;iy. kf;fspd; gj;J tUl „tpUg;G gl;baiy‟ epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd epjp ifahSif
njhlHgpy; epjp %Nyhghaj;jpid tbikg;gjw;F ,t;thwhd rq;fk; xd;W Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gJ
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
epjpr; rq;fj;jpd; Nkyjpf tprhuizfs; Njitnad;gjw;F gpd;tUk; nghWg;Gf;fs; milahsk;
fhzg;gl;Ls;sd:
� murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; topfhl;ly; rigapy; Vw;fdNt cs;s kf;fs; Kaw;rpfis jPHkhdpj;jy;.
,jd; %yk;> gq;fhspj;Jt xOq;Ffis Nguk; Ngryhk;.
� Kd;Dupik nfhz;l nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jf; $ba kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz murhq;fq;fspd;
epjp xJf;fPLfis milahsk; fhzy;.
� ntspaf KjyPl;il ftuf; $ba jpl;lq;fis jahupj;jy;
� efu rigapd; jw;Nghija tUkhdk; mjid
vt;thW tp];jupf;f KbAk; vd fz;lwpjy;.
2.4 ePq;fs; efu rigapd; jiytuhf ,Ug;gpd;…
rKjha muq;fpd; ,Wjp gapw;rpahf> efu rigapd; jiytuhf ,Ug;gpd; ve;j mbg;gilapy;
Kd;Dupikfis jug;gLj;JtPHfs; vd gq;Fgw;WeHfsplk; Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. efu rigapd; toikahd
nghWg;Gf;fs; rpy ml;ilnahd;wpy; gl;bayplg;gl;L> Rtupy; khl;lg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU gq;Fgw;WeUf;Fk;
%d;W gr;ir epw xl;Lg;Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gl;L> efu rigapd; eltbf;iff;fhd Kd;Dupikfs; vJthf
,Uf;Fk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; xd;W> ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W vd xl;LkhW Nfhug;gl;lJ. „tbfhy;
jpl;lk;‟ vd;gNj mjpfstpyhNdhH njupT nra;jdH. mj;Jld;> „efuj; jpl;lkply;‟ kw;Wk; „tPjpfs;
vd;gdTk; Kf;fpakhd ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;baitahf ,Ue;jd. ,jid ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L>
Kiwahd efuj; jpl;lkply; njhlHgpy; kd;dhupy; tjpAk; kf;fs; vj;jid Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
toq;Ffpd;whHfs; vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. jug;gLj;Jtjw;F re;jHg;gk;
mspf;fg;gl;ljd; %yk;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapy; mtHfSf;F mjpf mOj;jj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; gpur;rpid vJ vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. thf;fspg;gpd; KbTfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. tbfhy; jpl;lk; - 79 thf;Ffs;
2. efuj; jpl;lkply; - 62 thf;Ffs;
3. tPjpfs; - 40 thf;Ffs;
11

4. Fg;ig – 30 thf;Ffs;
5. Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G – 22 thf;Ffs;
6. E}yfk; - 22 thf;Ffs;
7. nghOJNghf;F G+q;fh – 12 thf;Ffs;
8. r%f Nrit/jd;dhHtg; gzp – 12 thf;Ffs;
9. rKjha xUikg;ghL – 11 thf;Ffs;
10. Rw;Wyhj; Jiw – 5 thf;Ffs;
12

2.5 kf;fspd; jpl;lk;
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp vd;w ftHr;rpfukhd jiyg;G> kd;dhH efiur; NrHe;j ,isQH fky; uh[pdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j jiyg;gpw;F cldb mq;fPfhuk; fpilj;jJld;> ngUk;ghyhd cs;@H kf;fspd;
ehtpy; mbf;fb GuSk; thHj;ijahf khwpAs;sJ. ,e;j efuj;jpd; vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd fdTfs; kw;Wk;
mgpyhi~fSf;fhd ek;gpf;if rhH thfdkhf kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp khwpAs;sJ. nkhj;jkhf>
IE}wpw;Fk; mjpfkhf kf;fs;> kd;dhH efug; gpupTf;fhd gj;J tUl njhiyNehf;F Fwpj;J
Ngr;RthHj;ijapy; gq;Fgw;wpdH. mtHfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j nra;jp njspthf cs;sJ. jkJ fdTfis
edTfshf khw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfspd; njhFjp kw;Wk; ngUksthd eltbf;iffs; ,ize;j
njhiyNehf;fpid mtHfs; Kd;itj;jdH.
njhiyNehf;F mwpf;if
“kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp – vjpHfhyj;ij fdhf; fhzy;> vq;fs; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F Gj;Japuspj;jy;’
Nfhl;ghLfs;
� ed;F jpl;lkplg;gly;
� ftHr;rpfukhd czHr;rp
� ghuk;gupaj;ij ghJfhj;jy;
� Kd;Ndhf;fpa rpe;jid
� Rw;Wr; #oy; uPjpahf tYthd
� gd;Kfj; jd;ik cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;
� J}z;ly; kpf;f jiyikj;Jtk;
eltbf;if Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
� kd;dhUf;F tYthd fy;tp ghijia cUthf;fy;
� nghWg;ghd tHj;jf mgptpUj;jpia Kd;ndLj;jy;
� Rw;Wr; #oy; uPjpahf epiyahd mgptpUj;jpia cWjp nra;jy;
� gaDWjpkpf;f efuj; jpl;lkply; jPHTfis mDrupj;jy;
� gytPdk; epiwe;jtHfspd; Njitfis Nkk;gLj;Jk;> rKjha epfo;r;rpfis tbtikj;jy;
� ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfspd; cupikfs;> tfpghfq;fs; kw;Wk; gq;fspg;gpid cWjp nra;jy;
� fyhrhu uPjpahf $UzHT kpf;f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr; #oy; rpNefg;G+Htkhd Rw;Wyhj; Jiw
mgptpUj;jpia Kd;ndLj;jy;
� xOq;fhd kw;Wk; kd;dhiu Nkk;gLj;Jk; epjpj; jpl;lkpliy cWjp nra;jy;
rKjha njhiyNehf;F nraw;wpl;lk; njhlHgpy; ,uz;L gq;Fgw;WeHfspd; gpujpgypg;Gf;fis ,e;j gpupT
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. njhiyNehf;F gapw;rpapd; Clhf> gpufhrkhd vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd xNu ek;gpf;if
Fwpj;j re;Njfj;jpypUe;J> jhk; gpujhd tfpghfj;ij nfhz;Ls;s kd;dhH efu kf;fspd; gazj;ij
xt;nthd;Wk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
ghjpupah tpf;lH #ir> Vicar General, fj;Njhypf;f Njthyak;> kd;dhH.
“kd;dhupy; eilngWk; $l;lj;jpw;F ehd; te;Js;s KjyhtJ re;jHg;gk; ,JthFk;.
tho;f;ifapd; NtWg;gl;l kl;lq;fisr; NrHe;j> nry;te;jH kw;Wk; twpatH> K];yPk;fs; kw;Wk;
fpwp];jtHfs;> fw;wtHfs; kw;Wk; fy;yhjtHfs;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;fs;> rpd;df;filiar;
NrHe;j nry;te;j kf;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fisr; NrHe;j rhjhuz kf;fs; vd gue;j
jug;gpyhdtHfs; ,q;F te;Js;sdH.
jkJ efuj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd kw;Wk; NkYk; cl;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; trjpfisg;
ngWtjw;fhd ,e;j nraw;ghl;by; kpFe;j kfpo;r;rpAld;> fye;J nfhs;tjw;fhd kpF
tpUg;GlDk; rpWtHfs; cs;sdH. Gjpa njhopy;EZf;fq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; fpilf;ff;
$baj; jd;ik njhlHgpYk; mtHfs; fye;JiuahbdH.
kf;fs; nra;jpia Gupe;J nfhz;ldH. jkJ efuk; vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; vjpHfhyj;
jiyKiwf;F vt;thwhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd jhk; tpUk;Gk; tifapy;> jkJ
tpUg;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhupf;iffis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F kf;fSf;F ,J rpwe;j re;jHg;gkhFk;.”
jpU. rpd;fpsahH gPl;lH> cWg;gpdH> kd;dhH gpui[fs; FO
“nraykHTfspd; Muk;gj;jpy; kf;fs; mj;jid MHtkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. murhq;fj;jpd;
jiyaPl;bdhy;> jkJ tpUg;gq;fSf;F Vw;g vjidAk; Gupa KbahJ vd kf;fs; vz;zpdH.
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l midj;J mgptpUj;jp jpl;lk; njhlHgpYk;> mtHfs; vjpHkiwahd
vz;zq;fis nfhz;bUe;jdH. nraykHtpd; gpd;dNu midtUf;Fk; vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;j
ek;gpf;if Njhd;wpAs;sJ. mtHfs; ,g;NghJ vjpHkiwahd my;yJ ghjfkhd vz;zk;
nfhz;ltHfshf ,y;iy. mtHfSila rpe;jpf;Fk; Kiw khw;wkile;Js;sJ. ,e;j
nraykHTfs; mtHfSila fz;fis jpwe;J tpl;Ls;sJ. jkJ vjpHfhyj;ij rpe;jpf;fTk;>
jpl;lkplTk; mtHfSf;F re;jHg;gk; xd;W toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
13

fijg;gJ khj;jpuk; NghjpaJ my;y vd mtHfs; ek;Gfpd;wdH. mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfspy;
jhkhfNt ,e;j Vw;ghLfs; Kd;Ndhf;fpr;
nry;tjw;Fk;> tpNrlkhf kf;fs; ,e;j nraw;ghL Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjt Ntz;Lk;
vd mtHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH.
14

gy;NtW fpuhk nraykHTfs; kw;Wk; muq;Ffspd;> rpj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; FO gilg;Gf;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
15

3. njhiyNehf;Fr; nraw;ghL
3.1 rKjha njhiyNehf;F
rKjha njhiyNehf;F vd;gJ ,yhgj;jpw;fhf my;yhJ> vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhf ghJfhg;ghd> jplkhd
,lj;jpid FbapUg;ghsHfs;;> murhq;fk;> tHj;jfq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F toq;Ffpd;wJ. NtWghLfis
jPHf;fTk;> vjpHfhyj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $ba khWghlhd tplaq;fis milahsk;
fhz;gjw;fhd %Nyhghaq;fis tbtikg;gjw;Fk; gy;NtWgl;l vz;zq;fis nfhz;Ls;s kf;fs;
Xuplj;Jf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;ldH. nghJ Mo;e;jhuha;Tfs; kw;Wk; xUkpj;j fl;bnaOg;gy; njhlHgpy;
ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F kf;fSf;F ,e;j epfo;T re;jHg;gj;ij mspf;fpd;wJ.
kf;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fspdhy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l jiytHfspd; nraw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd
,ilntspia epug;Gk; ghykhf rKjha njhiyNehf;F nraw;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cynfq;fpYk;
cs;s gy efu rigfs; ,e;j njhiyNehf;F gapw;rpfis> jkJ Nritf; fhyk; Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ
kf;fspdhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l gue;j fUj;JrhH Gupe;JzHT kw;Wk; topfhl;ly; njhlHgpy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. efu rig ,jid jkJ NtWgl;l tHj;jf nraw;ghLfshf
epiykhw;Wfpd;wJ. ,J nghJthf efu rigapd; KiwrhH FOf;fspd; MNyhridAld;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;.
,e;j nraw;ghl;by; %d;W mbg;gil epiyfs; cs;slq;fpAs;sd:
1. nraw;ghl;bd; Nkw;ghHit kw;Wk; xOq;fikj;jYf;F nghWg;ghd nraw;FOtpid mikj;jy;.
2. vjpHfhyj;jpw;F kf;fSf;F vd;d Njit vd;gjid fz;lwptjw;F rKjha nraykHTfs; kw;Wk;
nghJf; $l;lq;fis elj;jy;.
3. rKjhaj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; nraw;gLk; rpwpa
FOf;fspyhd gzpf; FOf;fis epakpj;jy;.
,aYkhd tiuapy;> midj;J rKjha njhiyNehf;F eltbf;iffSk;:
� ,d> rhjp> kj> ghy;epiy> fy;tp kw;Wk; me;j];J NtWghL njhlHgpy; cs;slf;fkhf
,Uj;jy;.
� gfpuq;f cWg;GupikAld;> rKjhak;> nghJ kf;fs;> jdpahH kw;Wk; ,yhg Nehf;fw;w
Jiwfis nrd;wiljy;
� NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; vz;zq;fis mutizj;jy;
� vjpHfhy Nehf;Fld; ,Uj;jy;> fle;j fhyj;jpy; Njq;fptplf; $lhJ.
3.2 kd;dhupd; rKjha njhiyNehf;F
2011Mk; Mz;L etk;gupy;> kd;dhH efu rig> kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 epfo;r;rpf;fhd
nraw;FOtpid cUthf;fpaJ. mjpy; murhq;f mjpgH> rk;ge;jg;gl;l mikr;Rf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;>
cs;@H mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs;> rKjhak; rhH epWtdq;fs;> kj kw;Wk; jdpahH Jiw gpujpepjpfs;>
,isQHfs;> gpui[fs; kw;Wk; efu rig CopaHfs; MfpNahH cs;slf;fg;gl;ldH. efu rigapd;
jiytH kw;Wk; cgjiytupdhy; $l;lq;fs; trjpaspf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. $l;lq;fspy;> Gtpapay; vy;iy>
njhiyNehf;F eltbf;iffs;> tsthsHfs;> tpUe;jpdHfs; kw;Wk; Vida xOq;F trjpfs; vd;gd
tpthjpf;fg;gl;ld.
juT Nrfupg;gjw;fhd %d;W Muk;g topfs; njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. ,jpy; XusT fl;likf;fg;gl;l
rKjha Ma;T> ehd;F fpuhk nraykHTfs; kw;Wk; ghupa rKjha muq;F vd;gd ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.
gue;j mstpyhd fUj;Jf;fs; xg;gplg;gl;L> NtWghL fhzg;gLtjid cWjp nra;tjw;F>
juTfis Kf;Nfhz Kiw mstPL nra;tjw;F %d;W Kiwfs; cs;thq;fg;gl;ld.
3.3 Ma;T
kd;dhH njhlHgpy; kf;fs; tpUk;GtJ vd;d> vjidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s mtHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH kw;Wk;
vjid khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd mtHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH vd;gtw;iw milahsk; fhz;gNj ,e;j Ma;tpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;. efu rigapd; mf;fiw kw;Wk; eltbf;if njhlHgpy; gpujhd %d;W Kd;Dupikfs; vd
vtw;iw mtHfs; milahsk; fhz;ghHfs; vd;Wk; mtHfsplk; Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. XusT fl;likf;fg;gl;l
Ma;tpy;> jpwe;j kw;Wk; %lg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs; ,ize;J ,Ue;jd. juT Nrfupj;jypd; ,e;j msT Kiw
nraykHTfs; kw;Wk; muq;fpd; NkYk; ju mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiwfis tuNtw;Fk; Kfkhf
tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,e;j Ma;T Mq;fpy nkhopapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;L> gpd;dH jkpopw;F nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;lJ. 20 ,sk;
jd;dhHt CopaHfis cs;slf;fpa FOtpdhy; ,e;j Ma;T Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. mtHfNs ,e;j
Ma;tpd; fzf;nfLg;ghsHfshfTk; fye;J nfhz;ldH. Ma;tpd; guPl;rhHj;j eltbf;ifnahd;Wk;>
,isQHfshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L> mtHfspd; gpd;D}l;lq;fs; Gjpa Ma;tpid nkUNfw;Wtjw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Nghjpa Neukpd;ikahy; ,Wjp mj;jpahak; fsj;jpy; guPl;rpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
jpUj;jg;gl;l Kiw kw;Wk; Ma;T elj;Jtjw;fhf kd;dhH khtl;lj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwfis
epakpg;gjw;F Kd;dH vt;thW mjid epHtfpg;gJ vd;gJ njhlHgpy;> ,isQHfSf;F RUf;fkhd
17

tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU fzf;nfLg;ghsUk; gj;J njhlf;fk; gjpide;J gbtq;fis G+Hj;jp
nra;J> nkhj;jkhf 146 gbtq;fis G+Hj;jp nra;jpUe;jdH. rKjha muq;fpw;F te;jpUe;jtHfSf;Fk;
Ma;T gbtq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. 56 NgH mq;NfNa gbtq;fisg; G+Hj;jp nra;jdH. ,jd; NghJ>
gbtq;fis G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;F mtHfSf;F cjtp toq;fg;gltpy;iy. Ma;Tg; gbtq;fis G+Hj;jp
nra;jtHfspy; 55%MdtHfs; Mz;fs;. 45%MdtHfs; ngz;fs;.
Ma;Tg; gbtq;fis G+Hj;jp nra;jtHfs; njhlHghd rpy gpd;dzpj; jfty;fis ,e;j ,uz;L
cUf;fSk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. mjpy; taJ kl;lk;> kd;dhupy; jq;fpAs;s fhy msT vd;gd
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
50-59
14%
40-49
12%
cU 1: fye;J nfhz;ltHfspd; taJ
Ma;tpy; fye;J nfhz;ltHfs; gy;NtW taJg; gpuptpidr; NrHe;jtHfshtH. 18 taJf;F Fiwe;j
rpWtHfs; Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy. mz;zsthf rk mstpy; fye;J nfhz;l taJg;
gpupTfshf 30 taJf;F Fiwe;jtHfs; (29%) kw;Wk; 40 taJf;F Fiwe;jtHfs; (31%). %d;whtJ
epiyapy; 40 taJf;F Nkw;gl;ltHfs; ,Ue;jdH.
20
tUlq;fSf;F
mjpfk;
63%
60-69
8%
> 70
5%
cU 2: kd;dhupy; tjpAk; fhy msT
,e;j Ma;Tf; Nfs;tpf;F gjpyspj;jtHfspy; mz;zsthf 63%MdtHfs;> kd;dhupy; ePz;l fhykhf
trpg;gtHfshfTk;> kd;dhupy; 20 tUlq;fSf;F mjpfkhf trpj;J tUgtHfshfTk; ,Ue;jdH.
73%MdtHfs; ,e;jg; gFjpapy; 10 tUlq;fSf;F mjpfkhf trpj;J tUfpd;wdH. 9%MdtHfNs Ie;J
tUlq;fSf;Fk; Fiwthd fhyk; trpj;J tUfpd;wdH. Fiwe;j elkhl;l Kiwfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wikahdJ> kpfTk; Fiwe;j Gw nry;thf;F nfhz;l gFjpahf ,J ,Ug;gjid
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J NeHik kw;Wk; gpuNjrk; kPjhd gw;wpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; mNj re;jHg;gj;jpy;>
18
5
tUlq;fSf;F
FiwT
9%
18-29
29%
30-39
31%
5-10 tUlq;fs;
14%
11-20
tUlq;fs;
14%

%f jdpikg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; rpe;jpj;jypYk;> nraw;gLtjpYk; jPtpukhd jd;ik vd;gd rhHe;j
rthy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wikiaAk; ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
3.4 rKjha nraykHTfs;
Ie;J fpuhkq;fspy;> ehd;F fpuhk nraykHTfs; elj;jg;gl;ld. kd;dhH efu rig vy;iyf;Fs;
tuyhw;W rpwg;Gj; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j fpuhkq;fs; njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. fpuhk NrtfHfs;
Clhf nraykHTfs; Fwpj;J gpurhuk; nra;tjw;F gpuNjr nrayhsupd; cjtp ngwg;gl;lJ. cg;Gf;Fsk;
(fpof;F)> gs;spKid (tlf;F)> gdq;fl;Lnfhl;L (njw;F) kw;Wk; ngl;lhTk;> rpd;df;filAk; (kj;jpa)
Mfpa fpuhkq;fspy; ,Ue;J mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; kf;fs; gq;Fgw;Wtjid fpuhk NrtfHfs; cWjp
nra;jdH.
gutyhf> gs;spaKid kf;fs; NghHj;Jf;NfaHfspd; jiyKiwahf fUjg;gLfpd;wdH. gdq;fl;Lnfhl;L
vd;gJ mjpf rdneUf;fb epiwe;j gFjp. rpy gFjpfspy; twpatHfs; mjpfkhf cs;sdH.
cg;Gf;Fsj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf K];yPk;fs; trpf;fpd;wdH. 1990fspy; ,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs;>
mz;ikapNyNa kPs;FbNawpAs;sdH. ngl;lh kw;Wk; rpd;df;fil Mfpa gFjpfspy; efuj;jpd; gpujhd
ikaq;fshf cs;sd. ,g;gFjpfspNyNa nry;thf;F epiwe;j> fw;w kf;fs; mjpfk; cs;sdH. fpuhk
nraykHTfspd; tpsf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
jpfjp/Neuk; epfo;T ,lk; r%fkspj;NjhH
etk;gH 29>
nrt;tha;f;fpoik
gp.g 2.30 – 5.00
etk;gH 30
Gjd;fpoik
gp.g 2.30 – 5.00
brk;gH 1>
tpahof;fpoik
gp.g 2.30 – 5.00
brk;gH 10>
rdpf;fpoik
K.g 10.00 – gp.g
12.00
fpuhkr; nraykHT #1
gdq;fl;bf;nfhl;L
fpuhkr; nraykHT #2
gs;spKid
fpuhkr; nraykHT #3
cg;Gf;Fsk;
fpuhkr; nraykHT #4
ngl;lh> rpd;df;fil
19
Gdpj nrg];jpad;
fpwp];jt Njthya
kz;lgk;
kWkyHr;rp rKjha
kz;lgk;> gs;spKid
fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;f
fl;llk;> gs;spKid tPjp
ngl;lh rdr%f epiya
fl;llk;
ml;ltiz 1: rKjha nraykHT ml;ltiz
rKjha nraykHTfs; ,uz;L gpujhd Nfs;tpfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jd. KjyhtJ> „mLj;j
gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhUf;F vd;d elf;Fk; vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpd;wPHfs;?‟ vd;w Nfs;tp tUlhe;j
$l;l gpd;dzpapy; tpdtg;gl;lJ. „mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhH vg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
ePq;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;wPHfs;?‟ vd;w ,uz;lhtJ Nfs;tpf;F> gq;Fgw;WeHfs; rpW FOf;fshf gpupe;J> efH
tpsf;fg;glj; jhspy; jkJ gjpiy tiue;J ntspg;gLj;JkhW Nfhug;gl;ldH. mjd; gpd;dH xt;nthU
FOtpypUe;Jk; xUtH> Fwpj;j rpj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s tplaq;fis tpsf;FkhW Nfhug;gl;lhH.
3.5 rKjha muq;F
kd;dhupy; trpf;Fk; gue;jstpyhNdhiu Mf;fg;G+Htkhd fye;JiuahlYf;F cs;spOg;gjw;F
xd;wpizf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; rKjha muq;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; $l;lj;ij> jpizf;fsq;fspd;
jiytHfs;> epGzHfspy; ,Ue;J jdpahf gpupj;J> FbapUg;ghsHfSf;F jdpahd $l;lq;fs; elj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd xOq;fikg;Gf; FOtpd; kPJ mOj;jk; nrYj;jg;gl;l NghjpYk;> kd;dhH r%fj;jpd;
gy;NtWgl;l gpupTfspd; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l MNuhf;fpakhd fye;Jiuahly;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F
,lk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ,Wjpapy; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. muq;fpw;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;
,uz;L gq;Fgw;wy; fpuhkg;Gw kjpg;gPl;L fUtpfspdhy; jpl;lkplg;gl;ld. mit kd;dhupw;Fs; cs;s
gyq;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tsg;gjpNtL (SWOT gFg;gha;tpd; xU
mq;fkhfTk; ,J cs;sJ) kw;Wk; gyq;fspy; ,Ue;J gpufhrkhd vjpHfhyj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd
fdT tiuglk; MfpaitahFk;.
mwpKfk; kw;Wk; rk;gpujhaq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dH> ghupa FOthdJ gj;J rpW FOf;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;L>
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; tsthsH epakpf;fg;gl;L> VO njhdpg;nghUs;fspy; xt;nthd;W toq;fg;gl;ld.
Ma;tpd; %yk; ntspahd gpujhd njhdpg;nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mit njupT nra;ag;gl;ld.
1. ,aw;if tsq;fs; (epyk;> fly;> ePH> Rw;Wr; #oy;)
2. kf;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; (cwTfs;> fy;tp> Rw;Wyhj; Jiw)
3. tho;thjhuk; (tUkhdk;> Ntiytha;g;G> tHj;jfk;)
35
38
42
28

4. fl;lg;gl;l #oy; (fl;llq;fs;> tPjpfs;> trjpfs;)
5. Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fs; (kd;dhiu jdpj;Jtkhdjhff; fhl;L tplaq;fSk;> ,lq;fSk;)
6. Nghf;Ftuj;J (jdpahH kw;Wk; nghJ Nghf;Ftuj;Jk;> trjpfSk;)
7. nghOJNghf;F (Xa;T eltbf;iffs;> tpisahl;L> nghOJNghf;Ffs;)
mjpfstpyhd gq;Fgw;WeHfspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; fhuzkhf> 8> 9 kw;Wk; 10Mk; FOf;fs; Kjy; %d;W
njhdpg;nghUs;fis KiwNa gfpHe;J nfhz;ld.
rpW FO mikg;Gf;fspy; gFg;gha;tpd; „re;jHg;gq;fs;‟ kw;Wk; „mr;RWj;jy;fis‟ G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;F
jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk;> xt;nthU FOtpdJk; ePskhd kw;Wk; czHr;rpfukhd mwpf;ifaplypd;
fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l Neuk; Nghjhikapdhy;> xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l fye;Jiuahly; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,e;j
fye;Jiuahlypy;> jk;ik Nehf;fp tUk; re;jHg;gq;fSf;F jhk; vt;thW jahuhtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J
fijj;jdH. mkHT epiwtilAk; tiu> ,e;j cj;Ntfj;jpd; njhlHr;rpapid jf;f itj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 rq;fj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd MNyhrid Kd;itf;fg;gl;L>
cs;thq;fg;gl;lJ. rq;fj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhs;s tpUk;GgtHfs; gjpT Nkirapy; jkJ ngaHfis gjpT
nra;ayhk; vd;w gfpuq;f mwptpg;Gld; mkHT epiwT ngw;wJ.
rKjha muq;F epiwtile;jikiaj; njhlHe;J ,lk;ngw;w KjyhtJ $l;lj;jpy; mz;zsthf 40
NgH fye;J nfhz;ldH. jhk; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F Mtyhf cs;s FOf;fs; njhlHgpy; gq;Fgw;WeHfs;
tpUg;gk; ntspapl;ldH. vl;L FOf;fspy;> fy;tp kw;Wk; tHj;jfk; Mfpa ,uz;L FOf;fs; khj;jpuk; efu
rigapd; rl;lthf;fj;jpd; fPo; nraw;glhJ. rq;fq;fspd; mikg;G Fwpj;j fLikahd jPHkhdk; kw;Wk;
,e;j rq;fq;fis mikg;gjpy; ve;jnthU cj;jpNahfg;g+Ht fl;likg;igAk; efnyLf;ff; $lhJ vd;w
vr;rupf;if vd;gd vQ;rpAs;s MW gpupTfSf;Fk; (efuj; jpl;lkply;> Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G> rKjha
epfo;r;rpfs;> kfspH mgptpUj;jp> Rw;Wyhj; Jiw kw;Wk; epjp) efu rigapd; KiwrhH rq;fq;fspd;
cUthf;fj;jpd; NghJ ngwg;gLk;> efu rigapd; rhd;WgLj;jiy ngw Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpd.
efu rigapd; gzpfSf;F Mjtuspf;Fk; tifapy; Nkyjpf nghwpaikg;Gf;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp MNyhridf; FOtpy;> kd;dhH efuk; kw;Wk; khtl;lj;jpw;F jkJ Mjuit
toq;fj; jahuhf ,Ue;j jfty; njhopy;El;g njhlHghly;> ghJfhg;G> efu tbtikg;G> Rw;Wr; #oy;
kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw Nghd;w gy;NtW jsq;fspy; nfhOk;igr; NrHe;j epGzHfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;ldH.
mT];jpNuypahtpd;> nky;NgHd; efupy; ,NjNghd;w rpe;jidf; FOit mikf;fTk; jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ.
Njitahd re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,e;j FOtplkpUe;J epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mwpTrhH trjpfs; toq;fg;gLk;.
kd;dhupid Njrpa uPjpahf kw;Wk; rHtNjr uPjpahf ,izj;jy; vd;gJ> jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhf
kd;dhupd; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; kj;jpapy; cs;s czHtpid khw;Wk;. mj;Jld;> ,d> kj> Njrpa
kw;Wk; cyfshtpa vy;iyfSf;F ntspNa Kf;fpakhd ey;ypzf;f gzpfSf;Fk; cjtpaspf;Fk;.
xl;L nkhj;jkhf kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 epfo;r;rpf;F> kd;dhH kf;fs; rhjfj; jd;ikAlDk;>
cj;Ntfj;JlDk; gpujpgypj;jdH. ,jd; eltbf;iffSf;F jkJ njhlHr;rpahd Mjuit
toq;Ftjw;Fk; mtHfs; cWjpaspj;jdH.
20

gFjp II
4. ngWNgWfs; tpsf;fkhf
4.1 mwpKfk;
,e;jg; gFjpapy;> Ma;tpd; KbTfspy; ,Ue;J> fpuhk nraykHTfs; kw;Wk; rKjha muq;fpypUe;J
ngwg;gl;l ghlq;fs; tiu> gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; %yk; rKjha
njhiyNehf;F nray;Kiwapd; midj;J mk;rq;fSk; tpsf;fkhf Muhag;gLk;.
A. kd;dhupd; kdepiy – kf;fs; jw;NghJ vq;Fs;sdH?
B. kd;dhupd; re;jHg;gq;fs; - kd;dhiu Nehf;fp tUtJ vd;d?
C. kd;dhupd; njhiyNehf;F – kd;dhupw;fhd kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l vjpHfhyk; vd;d?
D. kd;dhupd; eltbf;iffs; - ehk; mjid vt;thW ajhHj;jkhf;FtJ?
4.2 kd;dhupd; kdepiy – kf;fs; jw;NghJ vq;Fs;sdH?
“ePH gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd Rfhjhu trjpAs;sJ. kiof; fhyj;jpy;
nts;sj;jpdhy; epiwe;J> Nkhrkhd cs; tPjpfs; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;Gld;
fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. kpd;rhuk; ,y;iy. – midj;Jk; Fok;gpAs;sJ”
“mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhupw;F vd;d elf;Fk; vd epidf;fpd;wPHfs;?” vd;w Nfs;tpia vOg;gpa
NghJ> midj;J ehd;F fpuhk nraykHTfspYk; gq;Fgw;wpatHfs; jkJ vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;J gfpHe;J
nfhz;l gjpy;fspy; nghJthd Njhy;tp kdg;ghd;ik ,Ue;jikia czuf; $bajhftpUe;jJ.
ajhHj;jj;jpYk;> fw;gidapYk; mtyq;fs; mtHfSila tho;f;ifapy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.
Nkhrkhd cs;sf tPjpfs; kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd kpd;rhu tpepNahfq;fs;> tPjp eha;fs;> khLfs; kw;Wk;
fOijfs; njhlHgpy; guhkupg;G ,d;ik vd;gtw;Wld; ,e;j gFjpahdJ tpfhukhf> “Fg;igfs;
epiwe;j” efukhf fhl;rpaspg;gjhf mtHfs; njuptpj;jdH. kiof;fhyq;fspy; ,e;j gFjpahdJ
njhlHe;Jk; nts;sj;jhy; %o;fbf;ff; $ba mghak; cs;sjhfTk;> fly; ePupd; kl;lk; mjpfupj;J
tUtjdhy; kd;dhH jPNt ePupy; %o;ff; $ba mghak; cs;sjhfTk; mtHfs; mQ;Rfpd;wdH.
vz;nza;f;fhd mfo;tpd; fhuzkhf Vw;glf; $ba Rw;Wr; #oy; khriljy; njhlHgpy; mtHfs;
ftiy nfhz;Ls;sdH. mj;Jld;> kPd;gpbf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;Lg;ghLfspdhy;> kPd;gpb fpuhkq;fs;
mope;J Nghff; $Lk; vdTk; mtHfs; ftiy nfhz;Ls;sdH. #whtspfs;> Rdhkpfs;> fly; ePH kl;lk;
caHjy; kw;Wk; nts;sg; ngUf;Ffs; Nghd;w ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fs; jkJ tho;f;if mope;J
Nghtjw;F top tFf;fyhk; vd;gJ mtHfsJ czHthf cs;sJ. kd;dhH vd;gJ xU jpl;lkplg;gl;l
efukhf ,d;ikahy;> vjpHfhyj;jpy; NkYk; gy ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fs; ,lk;ngwf; $ba epiy
cs;sjhf mtHfs; mQ;Rfpd;wdH.
“midtUk; mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;J fijf;fpd;wdH. Mdhy; vJTk; elg;gjpy;iy.
fle;j 58 tUlq;fshf kd;dhupy; trpf;Fk; vdJ mDgtk; ,J. vJTNk
khwtpy;iy”
Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapdhy; cs;@H fyhrhuk; mopf;fg;glyhk; vdTk; mtHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. mj;Jld;>
Nkw;fj;ija fyhrhuk; jkJ fyhrhu ghuk;gupaj;ij Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd kw;Wk; jkJ tho;f;if
xOf;fj;jpw;F mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd mtHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. nel; fNgf;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs;>
,izaj;jsk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> Milf; Fiwg;G kw;Wk; ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp njhopy;El;gk;
vd;gtw;wpw;fhd ,yFthd gpuNtrk; Clhf ,J ,yFthf ,lk;ngwyhk;. Aj;jk; epiwtile;j
gpd;dUk;> ,d;ndhUtUf;F mbikahf ,Ug;gjidg; Nghy;> gj;J tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dH> NtW
xUtupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; mbikfshf ,Uf;fyhk; vd mtHfs; czHfpd;wdH. gj;J tUlq;fspd;
gpd;dH rpq;fs my;yJ K];yPk; kf;fs; jkJ gFjpfis Mf;fpukpj;J> mtHfNs jkJ jiytHfshf
,Uf;fyhk; vd;w mr;rKk; mtHfsplk; cs;sJ. kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tha;g;Gf;fs; kpfTk; Nkhrkhf
,Ug;gjdhy; kw;Wk; kd;dhupy; KjyPL nra;tjw;fhd mtHfSila ,aYik Fiwthf ,Ug;gjdhy;>
ntspegHfs; ,q;F te;J fl;Lg;ghl;bid vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tWikapd;
fhuzkhf jkJ G+HtPf ,lq;fis ntspegHfSf;F Fiwe;j tpiyf;F tpw;f Ntz;ba epHg;ge;jk;
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ> ,uhZt Kfhk;fSf;F mUfpy; trpj;jtHfis> tPLfis tpl;L ntspNaWkhW
,uhZtj;jpdH mOj;jk; nfhLj;J tUtjhf njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpyH kpfTk; Fiwe;j thliff;F
,uhZtj;jpdUf;F jkJ tPLfis toq;fptpl;L> Ntwplj;jpy; mjpfsT thlif toq;fp jq;fpAs;sdH.
mtHfSila jw;Nghija epiy ,t;thwpUf;fpd;w NghJ> vjpHfhyk; vt;thwpUf;Fk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J
rpe;jpg;gjw;F mtHfs; jahuhf ,y;iy.
22

“,e;j epiyapy; nrd;why;> gj;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH> ehk; jw;NghJ
khjk; xd;wpw;F rk;ghjpf;Fk; msT xU ehSf;F khj;jpuNk Nghjpajhf
,Uf;Fk;.”
tpuy; tpl;L vz;zf; $ba vz;zpf;ifapyhdtHfNs> mjpfupj;j njhopw;rhiy Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs;>
mjpf tPLfs;> tHj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ trjpfs;> fy;tp kw;Wk; fy;tp trjpfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk;> rpwe;j
epiyapy; tPjpfs; kw;Wk; Jupj kf;fs; njhif tsHr;rp vd;gd fhuzkhf rhjfkhd vjpHfhyk;
cs;sjhf fUjpdH (Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> gpw;NrHf;if 3,y; cs;s xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpw;Fkhd
nraykHT Fwpg;Gf;fis ghHf;fTk;).
fPNo ,Ug;gJ> “mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhupw;F vd;d elf;Fk; vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpd;wPHfs;”
vd;w Nfs;tpf;F ehd;F fpuhk nraykHTfspYk; xt;nthU gq;Fgw;WeHfshYk; toq;fg;gl;l gjpy;fspd;
KOikahd gl;bayhFk;. r%fk; xd;W jkJ vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;J ,j;jid eLf;fj;Jld; rpe;jpg;gJ
vd;gJ ftiyj; juf; $ba tplakhFk;.
fpuhkr; nraykHT – gdq;fl;bnfhl;L
� kd;dhH xU efukhf khWk;
� gj;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH ehk; mbikfshf czHNthk;. ,d;Wg; NghyNt> NtW ahUila
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPohtJ ,Ug;Nghk;. Aj;jk; Kbe;j gpd;dUk; ekf;F Rje;jpuk; ,y;iy.
� kd;dhH vd;gJ tpfhukhd> Fg;igfs; epiwe;j efukhf ,Uf;Fk;.
� vz;nza; mfo;T fhuzkhf kPd;gpb kw;Wk; flyl;il tHj;jfk; vd;gd fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
mDkjpg; gj;jpu KiwfSk; kpfTk; rpf;fYf;Fupajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
� vz;nza; Fjq;fs; kw;Wk; ehd;fhapuk; mb Moj;jpw;F mfo;jy; vd;gd kPd;gpbia jil nra;Ak;.
kd;dhH jPT mope;J NghFk;.
� kd;dhupd; Gwj;Njhw;wk; mofhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> kf;fs; rpije;J NghapUg;gH.
� mjpfupf;Fk; fly; ePH kl;lk; vk;ik Ntwplj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;Yk;.
� kd;dhH efuk; mofhdjhf khWk;. Mdhy;> kPdtHfs;> $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; kiwe;J NghFk;.
23

� ePH gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd Rfhjhu trjp vd;gd fhzg;gLk;. nts;s ePH> Nkhrkhd tPjpfs;
kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;G> kpd;rhukpd;ik vd;gtw;why; efuk; rpijtile;J fhzg;gLk;.
� Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapd; fhuzkhf cs;@H fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; ghuk;gupak; vd;gd moptilAk;.
� rpwe;j tPjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;iffis ehk; mikf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> tPjp eha;fs;> fOijfs; kw;Wk;
khLfs; njhlHgpy; ehk; mf;fiw nrYj;j khl;Nlhk;.
� NkYk; mjpf ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fs; ,lk;ngWk;. trjpfs; kw;Wk; fl;llq;fspd; mikTfs; ,e;j
mdHj;jq;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fSf;F Kd;dhaj;jk; ,y;iy.
� njhopw;rhiyfs; %ykhd mjpf Ntiytha;g;G rhjfkhd tplakhFk;.
� ,e;j tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; ehk; mf;fiw nrYj;jp> mtw;Wf;F eltbf;if vLj;jhy; ey;yJ
,lk;ngwyhk;.
� ehk; VjhtJ nra;jhy; ey;yJ elf;Fk;.
fpuhkr; nraykHT – gs;spKid
� fy;tp kw;Wk; fy;tp trjpfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk;.
� Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik mjpfupf;Fk;. mjpfhupfSf;F yQ;rk; toq;fpdhy; khj;jpuNk cq;fSf;F
Ntiytha;g;G fpilf;Fk;.
� fly; ePH kl;lk; mjpfupj;jy; vkf;F ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;> tbfhyikg;gpYk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
� ghupa mgptpUj;jpfs;> ghupa tPLfspd; epHkhzk; vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.
� fy; tPjpfs; ey;y epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. jhH tPjpfs; cUthFk;.
� ,jw;F Kd;dUk; gy jpl;lq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;ld. vJTk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. 10
tUlq;fspd; gpd;dUk; ,Nj epiyNa ePbf;Fk;.
� 10 tUlq;fspy; kPdtHfs; kPJ NkYk; fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gLk;.
� ,e;j gFjpapd; 80%MdtHfs; kPdtHfs;. fl;Lg;ghLfs; mjpfupj;Js;sd. vkJ gpujpepjpfs;
jkpoHfs;.
� 10 tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH rpq;fstH my;yJ K];yPk;fs; ,q;fpUg;gH. mtHfs; vkJ jiytHfshf
,Ug;gH.
� 10 tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH vk;khy; jiyepkpu KbahJ.
� %d;W tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH Aj;jk; epiwtile;jJ. ,uhZtj;jpduhy; 13 tPLfs; thliff;F
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vkf;F me;j tPLfs; kPz;Lk; Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; vkJ tPl;Lf;F Nrjk;
tpistpf;fpd;wdH.
24

� ,uhZt Kfhkpw;F mUfpy; trpj;j 10 tPl;L cupikahsHfs;> mr;rk; fhuzkhf
,uhZtj;jpduplk; tPl;il xg;gilj;J ntspNawpAs;sdH. gilapdH ,e;j tPl;Lf;F khjhe;jk; &
600 toq;Ffpd;wdH. Mdhy;> Fwpj;j tPl;L cupikahsHfs; ntspapy; kpf mjpf thliff;F
trpf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak; cs;sJ. murhq;f mjpgUf;F mwptpj;Jk; gadpy;iy. Vnddpy;>
cj;juTfs; Nkyplj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.
� Vida flNyhug; gFjpfspy;> jkJ epyq;fis tpw;FkhW flw;gilapduhy; kf;fs; mOj;jj;jpw;F
cs;shfpd;wdH. ,tHfspy; gy mjpfhupfs; fle;j Ie;J tUlq;fshf kd;dhupy; ,Ug;gtHfs;.
� ,e;j epiyapy; gj;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH> khjk; xd;wpw;F ehk; rk;ghjpf;Fk; gzk;> xU ehs;
Njitf;F khj;jpuNk NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
� gj;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH kd;dhH ePupy; %o;fpapUf;Fk;.
fpuhkr; nraykHT – cg;Gf;Fsk;
� cg;Gf;Fsk; xU tpNrlkhd ,lk;.
� fly; epy kl;lj;jpw;F neUq;fp tUtjdhy; gj;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH kd;dhupd; gy gFjpfs; ePupy;
%o;fpapUf;Fk;.
� murhq;f fl;llq;fs; kw;Wk; eypTw;w epyq;fSf;F ,lk; toq;fp kf;fs; NtW ,lq;fSf;F ngau
NeupLk;.
� fy;tpf;fhf khztHfs; aho;g;ghzk;> tTdpah kw;Wk; nfhOk;Gf;Fr; nry;tjhy; fy;tpepiy
ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
� kj Kuz;ghLfs; mjpfupj;jy;.
� ehshe;j tho;f;ifr; nryTfs; mjpfupf;Fk;> FLk;gq;fs; fPo; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLk;
� kfspH tplaq;fs; vOg;gg;gLk; - mtHfsJ tho;thjhuk;> J~;gpuNahf tpgj;Jf;fs;> ,d;dgpw
� jdpahH fy;tp Jiw Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;L> mur ghlrhiyfspd; juk; tPo;r;rpailAk;
� kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tha;g;Gf;fs; Nkhrkhf ,Ug;gjdhy;> kd;dhupy; KjyPL nra;tjw;fhd
mtHfspd; ,aYik FiwT. vdNt> ntspahl;fs; te;J KjyPL nra;J> nry;thf;F nrYj;j
tha;g;gspf;Fk;.
� Nghjpa Kjy; ,d;ikahy;> kf;fs; jkJ G+HtPf epyq;fis ntspahl;fSf;F mjpf tpiyf;F
tpw;fpd;wdH. Vnddpy;> kf;fSf;F gzk; Njit.
25

� efu kf;fs; njhif Jupjkhf mjpfupg;gjdhy;> kUj;Jt Nritfspd; juk; Fiwtjw;F top
tFf;Fk;.
fpuhkr; nraykHT – ngl;lh kw;Wk; rpd;df;fil
� fl;llq;fSk;> cl;fl;likg;Gk; mjpfupf;Fk;
� tPjpfs; ed;F Ngzg;gLk;
� Jupjkhd kf;fs; njhif tsHr;rp fhzg;gLk;. kf;fs;> tPjpfs; kw;Wk; trjpfshy; efuk; epiwe;J
fhzg;gLk;.
� vy;yhk; Fok;gp fhzg;gLk;> tPLfis epHkhzpg;gjw;F ,lkpUf;fhJ. vJTNk jpl;lkplg;gl khl;lhJ.
� mdHj;j mr;RWj;jy;fs; mjpfupf;Fk; - #whtspfs;> Rdhkpfs;> fly;ePH kl;lk; mjpfupj;jy;> fly;
nts;sg;ngUf;F kw;Wk; kio nts;sk; vd;gd kz;zupg;Gf;F top tFf;Fk;.
� gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH ,q;F ghyk; ,y;iy. ehk; mjid rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ ,q;F
ghyk; cs;sJ.
� midtUk; mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;J fijf;fpd;wdH. Mdhy;> vJTk; elf;ftpy;iy. kd;dhupy; fle;j 58
tUlq;fs; tho;e;j vd;Dila mDgtk; ,J. vJTNk khwtpy;iy.
� ngl;lhtpy; gy mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fspd; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; gpujpepjpfs; trpf;fpd;wdH.
Mdhy; tbfhyikg;G ,y;iy.
� kf;fs; njhif mjpfupf;f> tho;f;ifj; juq;fs; tPo;r;rpailAk;
� Ntiytha;g;G ,y;iy. tho;f;ifj; juq;fis NgZtjw;F Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;.
� Nkhrkhd tbfhyikg;gpdhy; Vw;fdNt nlq;F Neha;j; jhf;fk; cs;sJ. vdNt> rdj;njhif
mjpfupf;f ,e;j epiy NkYk; NkhrkilAk;.
� ntspehl;L fyhrhuq;fs; te;J vkJ fyhrhuj;ij mopf;Fk;. Nkw;fj;ija fyhrhuk; vkJ
xOf;fj;jpid ghjpf;fpd;wJ. nel;fNgf;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs;> ,izaj;jsk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp
miytupirfs;> Milfs; kw;Wk; ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpfspd; mgptpUj;jpapd; Clhf ,J
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
26

jpU. fky;uh[;> nraw;FO cWg;gpdH> kd;dhH gpuNjrthrp kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l cjtpahsH> MM2022
eltbf;iffs; midj;jpYk; fye;J nfhz;ltH> mtH njuptpj;j fUj;J….
“kf;fs; kj;jpapy; NrhHT> vjpHkiw vz;zk; kw;Wk; jkJ vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;J Nghjpa fl;Lg;ghL
,d;ik rhHe;j czHNt vkJ midj;J ehd;F nraykHTfspdJk; nghJ mk;rkhf
ntspg;gl;lJ. Rw;Wr; #oy; khriljy;> jkJ jdpj;Jtkhd fyhrhuj;jpd; mopT njhlHghd
mr;rj;ijAk;> njhopy;El;g tsHr;rp ,isQHfis J~;gpuNahfk; nra;Ak; kw;Wk; jkJ
khtl;lj;jpy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;tp re;jHg;gq;fspdhy; khztHfs; Ntwplq;fSf;F ngaHe;J
nry;yy; Nghd;w mr;rq;fisAk; mtHfs; njhlHr;rpahf ntspg;gLj;jpdH.
,jd; NghJ FWf;fpl;l n[ukp (tsthsH)> jhk; tho;tjw;F cfe;j ,lkhf kd;dhH
,y;iynadpy;> Vd; kd;dhiu tpl;L mtHfs; ntspNawhJ cs;sdH vd;w Nfs;tpia vOg;gpdhH.
vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;j ftiyfspy; NrhHe;JtplhJ> jkJ jiytpjpia epHzapg;gtHfshf khWtjw;F
kf;fSf;F Cf;fk; mspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. nraykHtpd; ,Wjpapy; mtHfs; ek;gpf;ifAld;
nrd;wdH.”
27

4.3 kd;dhupd; re;jHg;gq;fs; - kd;dhiu Nehf;fp tUtJ vd;d?
kd;dhH ,dpNkYk; jkJ nrhe;j rhjdq;fSld; Njq;fpapUg;gjw;F ,lkspf;fg;glhJ vd;gNj cs;@H
rkd;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mwpKfj;jpy; Rl;bf;fhl;bajidg; Nghd;W> gy;NtW
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mgptpUj;jpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd my;yJ Muk;gpf;fg;glTs;sd:
� kjthr;rpapypUe;J> jiykd;dhH tiuahd uapy; ghij ,izg;G kw;Wk;> Njrpa uapy;
tiyaikg;Gld; mjid ,izj;jy;. Gjpa uapy; epiyaq;fSk;> trjpfSk; ,e;j mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iff;F Jiz GupAk;.
� jiykd;dhupd; JiwKf trjpfis kPsikj;jy;. ,e;jpahTf;fhd glF Nritia Muk;gpj;jy;.
,jd; %yk;> gpuNjrj;jpd; tHj;jfk;> Rw;Wyhj; Jiw kw;Wk; jy ahj;jpiu vd;gd Nkk;gLk;.
kd;dhH cg;gsj;jpy; njhFjp 1,y; jw;NghJ Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L tUk; mfo;T
epiwtile;jTld;> kd;dhH ePHg;gFjpapy; ngw;Nwhypa mfo;T Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;. njhFjp vl;lhf
epHzapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhFjp 8,w;fhd mfo;T 4>995 rJu fpNyhkPw;wHfshf cs;sJ.
kd;dhupy; mfo;T eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lTld;> nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; kw;Wk;
njhopyhsUf;fhd Nfs;tp cldbahf mjpfupf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> gpuNjrj;jpd; tq;fpr; Nrit>
fhg;GWjp> epHkhzk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> gad;ghl;L Nritfs;> njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; NtW
cl;fl;likg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nritfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLtjw;fhd ,izg;ig cUthf;Fk;. 5
� Njrpa ngsjPf jpl;lkply; nfhs;if kw;Wk; jpl;lk; 2030 (NPPP 2011-2030),w;F mika
rdj;njhif ,uz;L klq;F mjpfupf;ff; $ba tha;g;Gs;s ,uz;L tpNrl Nehf;fk; nfhz;l
efuq;fspy; xd;whf kd;dhH cs;sJ. kd;dhupypUe;J> mk;ghe;Njhl;ilf;fhd Jupjfjp ghij kw;Wk;
uapy; ghij ,izg;G> kd;dhupypUe;J jpUNfhkzkiyf;F Gjpa uapy; ghij> cs;sf tpkhd
epiyak; kw;Wk; khtl;lj;ij Kf;fpakhd Nghf;Ftuj;J ikakhf khw;Wk; buhd;]; Vrpad; uapy;
ghij cs;slq;fyhf gy mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; mjpy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpahtpd;>
,uhNk];tuj;jpypUe;J jiykd;dhUf;fhd epytop ghyk; mikg;gJ Fwpj;j cj;Njrj; jpl;lk;
khj;jpuk;> kd;dhUf;F rpwe;j nghUshjhu tsHr;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;. Vnddpy;> ,e;j ghyk; Jupjkhf
tsHe;J tUk; njd;dpe;jpa khepyq;fshd Nfush> jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fHehlfhTld;
,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ 6
� jiyefH kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F nry;tjw;fhd Gjpa ghij epHkhzk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J Neuj;ij
Fiwf;Fk;.
� ,yhgfukhd Rw;Wr; #oy; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwf;Fs; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd re;jHg;gq;fs;. uhk;rhH jsq;fs;
Nghd;w ,lq;fs;> Gyk;ngaH gwitfSf;F cfe;j ,lkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. mj;Jld;> kj;jpa-njd;
Mrpa tpkhdg; ghijapd; ,Wjp epWj;jy; ,lkhfTk; ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j ,lj;jpy; khj;jpuk;
mz;zsthf 4800 n`f;Nlaupy; 20>000,w;Fk; mjpfkhd gwitfs; te;J nry;fpd;wd 7 . tpy;gj;J
Njrpag; G+q;fh mUfpy; cs;sikAk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis njd; gFjp kf;fs; kd;dhH Nehf;fpr; nry;fpd;wdH. gy nfhOk;G epWtdq;fs; kd;dhupw;Fs;
te;J> mjpetPd nraw;ghLfis ];jhgpj;J tUfpd;wd. mtHfs; jk;Kld; CopaHfis mioj;J
tUtjdhy;> ,yhgq;fs; khtl;lj;ij tpl;Lr; nry;fpd;wd. NkNy gl;bayplg;gl;l re;jHg;gq;fSk;> efuk;
kw;Wk; kf;fSf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Jiz GupAk;. xU fhyj;jpy; cwq;fpf;
fple;j> jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,e;j ,lk; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ehLfle;J nry;tjw;fhd gpujhd ikakhf
khw;wk; milAk;. ,e;j mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghl;by; jtw tplg;gLk; tplakhf> kd;dhH kf;fspd;
gy ,lg;ngaHTfs; kw;Wk; fzprkhd ,og;G vd;gtw;wpy; ,Ue;J jg;gpAs;s
kd;dhH kf;fs; gpd;diltpy; ,Ue;J ntsptUjiy ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdH. ,e;j NghuhLk; FzKk;>
jg;gpapUj;jy; kdepiyAk; mtHfSila vjpHfhyg; gazj;jpw;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd kPz;Lk;
ep&gzkhfpAs;sJ. kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 njhiyNehf;F gapw;rp> gpuNjrthrpfspd; ek;gpf;ifaw;w
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpw;F rthyhfTk;> efuk; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf Cf;fkspf;Fk; kUe;jhfTk;
Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhd re;jHg;gk; mtHfSf;F fpl;bAs;sJ.
,e;j jtpHf;f Kbahj mgptpUj;jpia rpwe;jjhf khw;wp kd;dhH FbapUg;ghsHfis rpwe;j epiyapy;
itj;jpUg;gjw;F Njit vd;d vd;gjid rKjha muq;fpy;> filrpf; Nfs;tp milahsg;gLj;jpaJ.
gq;Fgw;WeHfs; kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; tpuf;jpAld; rpe;jpj;jikapdhy;> ,J Muk;gj;jpy; kpfTk; rpf;fyhf
,Ue;jJ. ,tw;wpd; kj;jpapy;> VidNahH njhiyNehf;F Fwpj;J Gupe;J nfhz;L> ajhHj;jkhd
Kaw;rpfis Kd;itf;f Muk;gpj;jdH. cjhuzkhf> Rw;Wyhj; Jiwia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd kw;Wk;
5 gpurhd;> [_d;> ,yq;ifapd; tlkhfhz efu tupirapy; kd;dhH efuk;> g33
6 ibid p34
7 Ibid p37
28

topfhl;bfis gapw;Wtpg;gjw;fhd cghak;> Mq;fpy kw;Wk; rpq;fs nkhop epfo;r;rpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
kw;Wk; jfty; njhopy;El;g njhlHghly; gapw;rp kw;Wk; kd;dhH fzdpkakhf;fg;gly; Nghd;w
tplaq;fis Fwpg;gplyhk;. kPd;gpbj; Jiwf;F njhopy;El;g gapw;rp trjpfis ];jhgpj;jy;> kPd;gpb kw;Wk;
tptrhaj; Jiwfis „ngWkjp-NrH‟; Jiwfshf tpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; fhfpj njhopw;rhiy
cs;slq;fyhf Gjpa njhopy;fspd; cUthf;fk; Nghd;w jpl;lq;fisAk; mtHfs; Kd;itj;jdH. ,e;jg;
gzpfis njhlHtjw;F kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 FOtpd; cUthf;fk; Fwpj;Jk;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJld;> ed;F MjuTk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rpy nghJthd fUj;Jf;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
“vjpHfhyj;ij vjpHnfhs;tjw;F ehk; cz;ikahf jahuhf cs;Nshkh?”
“vkJ kj kw;Wk; fyhrhu ghuk;gupaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; vjpHfhy mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ehk;
xd;wpiza Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; ehk; gy r%f rpf;fy;fis vjpHnfhs;Nthk;”
midj;J fye;Jiuahly;fs;> $l;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nraykHTfspd; gpd;dUk;> gq;Fgw;WeHfspd; kj;jpapy;
Kd;Ndwpr; nrd;W> kd;dhupd; vjpHfhy mgptpUj;jpapd; nghWg;ig vLg;gjw;F> mjd; nghUl;L Fuy;
vOg;Gtjw;F kw;Wk; fyhrhu ghuk;gupaq;fs; mopahJ vjpHfhy mgptpUj;jpia cWjp nra;Ak;
Cf;fj;jpw;fhd cWjpj; jd;ik czHT fhzg;gl;lJ.
29

4.4 kd;dhupd; njhiyNehf;F – kd;dhupw;fhd kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l vjpHfhyk;
vd;d?
kd;dhUld; kf;fSf;fhd njhlHgpd; jd;ikiag; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F kd;dhH njhlHgpy; kf;fs;
tpUk;GtJ vd;d vd;gJ Fwpj;j Nfs;tpAk;> Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. fpuhk nraykHTfspy;
toq;fg;gl;ltw;wpYk; ghHf;f> mjpf Fwpf;Nfhs; tha;e;jjhf mtHfsJ gjpy;fs; ,Ue;jd. mq;F> jkJ
ftiyfs; kw;Wk; mf;fiwfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F gq;Fgw;WeHfs; re;jHg;gj;ij gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;ldH. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j gFjpapy; kf;fs; tpUk;GtJ vd;d vd;gJ njhlHgpy; ftdk; nrYj;JkhW
mtHfs; Nfl;fg;gl;l NghJ> jkJ gjpy;fs; njhlHgpy; kpFe;j vr;rupf;if nfhz;ltHfshf>
rkkhdtHfshf> kd;dhH tho;f;if njhlHgpy; gy tplaq;fis mtHfs; tuNtw;gjhf
mq;fPfupg;gtHfshf ,Ue;jdH. rKjha muq;fpy;> kd;dhupd; „gyq;fs;‟ kw;Wk; „gytPdq;fis‟
gFg;gha;T nra;AkhW gq;Fgw;WeHfs; Nfhug;gl;ldH. ,lk; njhlHgpy; kf;fspd; rhjfkhd
eltbf;iffSld; Muk;gpf;Fk; ,e;j gFjp> mtHfs; vjpHNehf;Fk; rpf;fy;fs; Fwpj;j gjpy;fSld;
epiwtilfpd;wJ.
kd;dhH njhlHgpy; ePq;fs; tpUk;GtJ vd;d?
gjpy;fs; msT tPjk;
,aw;if Rw;Wr; #oy; 49 23.7
rpwe;j khw;wq;fs;> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Nfe;jpu Njhw;wk; 39 18.9
tho;f;if juq;fs; Nkk;gly; 28 13.5
tpNrl fl;llq;fs; kw;Wk; jyq;fs; 25 12.1
jdpj;Jtkhd/fyhrhu ghuk;gupak;/tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G 14 6.8
mikjpahd> gpizf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; 13 6.3
r%f gy;tifj; jd;ik 12 5.8
rpwe;j trjpfs; 8 3.9
NtW 8 3.9
ed;F fw;w> kjpg;Gf;Fupa kf;fs; 4 1.9
kd;dhupypUe;J tUtJ ngUikahdJ 4 1.9
Aj;jj;jpw;F gpd;duhd mikjp 3 1.5
nkhj;jk; 207 100
ml;ltiz 2: kd;dhH njhlHgpy; kf;fs; tpUk;GtJ
nraykHTfspYk;> muq;fpYk; nkhj;jkhf fhy; gq;fpdH> ,aw;if Rw;Wr; #oy; njhlHgpy; jkJ
kfpo;r;rpia ntspapl;ldH. ,aw;if #oypy; jq;fpAs;stHfs; vd;gjid xg;Gf; nfhz;ldH. mjd;
ghJfhg;Gf;F mtHfs; gy Ntz;LNfhs;fis Kd;itj;jdH. xl;Lnkhj;jkhf> epyKk;> flYk;
mtHfSila tho;f;ifapy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij gpbj;Js;sd. Aj;jk; epiwtile;Js;sikahdJ>
rhjfkhd khw;wq;fis nfhz;L te;Js;sjhf gq;Fgw;WeHfs; njuptpj;jdH. Kf;fpakhf> Nfe;jpu
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j nghUshjhu Njhw;wk;> Gjpa mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fs; (19%) kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l
tho;f;if juk; (14%). tuyhw;W rpwg;G kw;Wk; kj jyq;fspd; mikT Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpd;
jdpj;Jtj;jpidAk;> epue;jukhd fyhrhu ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; mtHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH (19%). ,d kw;Wk;
kj Kuz;ghLfs; njhlHgpy; mtHfs; tpopg;GzHTld; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> kd;dhupd; fyhrhu kw;Wk;
kj gy;tifj; jd;ikia mtHfs; kjpf;fpd;wdH. nkhj;jj;jpy; mtHfs; mikjpia tpUk;Gk;>
xd;wpize;j kf;fshf cs;sdH (12%).
gpuNrjj;jpd; gyq;fis milahsk; fhZkhW Nfhupa NghJ ,e;j czHTfspy; gy rKjha
muq;fpYk; tpsf;fkhf gpujpgypj;jd. ngUk;ghd;ikahdtHfshy; Ngrg;gLk; xNu nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop
fhuzkhf> ,yFthd njhlHghly;> r%f xUq;fpizg;Gf;fhd mHg;gzpg;G kw;Wk; gpujhd kjq;fs;
kj;jpapy; ,aw;ifahd cwT Fwpj;j mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; rpwe;j kj xOf;fq;fis gpd;gw;wypd;
fhuzkhd caHjukhd elj;ij vd;gd cs;slq;fyhf gytw;iw mtHfs; tpsf;fpdH. midj;J
fsq;fspYk; fw;w kf;fis nfhz;Ls;sjhfTk;> vOj;jwpT tPjk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhfTk; kd;dhH
kf;fs; njuptpj;jdH. gy tpisahl;L tPuHfSk;> tpisahl;L mwpTWj;JdHfSk; kd;dhupypUe;J
cUthfpAs;sjhfTk;> rHtNjr uPjpapy; rpwe;j mq;fPfhuj;ij nfhz;Ls;sjhfTk; njuptpj;jdH. kPz;Lk;>
Ma;T KbTfisg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ> kd;dhupy; tpNrlkhf kPd;gpbj; Jiw kw;Wk; jr;R Ntiy> Jzp
ntSj;jy; kw;Wk; ijay;> njq;F kw;Wk; gid cw;gj;jp Nghd;w Fbirj; njhopy;fspy; rpwe;j
tho;thjhuq;fis vl;Ltjw;F mtHfSf;fhd re;jHg;gq;fis muq;fpd; gq;Fgw;WeHfs; Gupe;J
nfhz;ldH. kd;dhupy; caH jpwd; kpf;f njhopyhsH tY> Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd murhq;f
Nritfs; kw;Wk; mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fspd; cz;ikahd MjuT vd;gd
cs;sjhf mtHfs; cWjpahf ek;Gfpd;wdH.
30

kL khjh Njthyak;> jpUf;NfjP];tuk;> kd;dhH efupy; cs;s lr;R Nfhl;il> rpyhtj;Jiw mupg;G
my;ypuhzpf; Nfhl;il> gs;spKid ngUf;fkuk;> GJf;FbapUg;G ntspr;r tPL> jiykd;dhH JiwKfk;>
Njhl;lntsp> ghupaj;jhq;fp kw;Wk; cs;@H kPd;gpb kw;Wk; tptrhak;> kd;dhH cg;gsq;fs;>
js;shbapypUe;J gz;ghl;LrhH %ypiffs; kw;Wk; rpyhtj;Jiw Kj;Jf;fs; Mfpad cs;slq;fyhf
kd;dhupd; jdpj;Jtkhd kw;Wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tuyhw;W jsq;fNs mbf;fb typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.
kd;dhupd; ve;j ngsjPf mk;rq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;?
fhg;ghw;wg;gl Ntz;ba kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ngsjPf mk;rq;fs; vit vd;gJ njhlHghd
Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpyhf> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lijg; Nghy; Rw;Wr;#oy; (53%) kw;Wk; njhy;ypay;> kj kw;Wk;
fyhrhu jsq;fs; (33%) Kd;nkhopag;gl;ld. Rw;Wr; #oy; rhHe;j gjpy;fspy; fly; kw;Wk; fiuNahu
ghJfhg;G> jPtpd; FbePH tsq;fis ghJfhj;jy;> ,aw;if fhLfis mopf;fhJ ,Uj;jy; kw;Wk; fdpkk;
mlq;fpa kzy; mfo;it jLj;jy;> kd;dhiu fly; kl;lj;jpy; caukhf;fy;> KUiff;fw;ghiwfs;> fly;
kw;Wk; fly;tho; capupdq;fis ghJfhj;jy; vd;gd rhHe;jjjhf fhzg;gl;ld. ngUf;fkuk; kw;Wk;
gwitfspd; ruzhyaq;fs; vd;gdTk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;ld.
gjpy;fs; msT tPjk;
Rw;Wr; #oy;/,aw;if tsq;fs; 175 53.2
njhy;ypay;/Rw;Wyhj; jsq;fs; 81 24.6
fyhrhu kw;Wk; topghl;Lf;fhd ,lq;fs; 28 8.5
nghJf; fl;llq;fs;> trjpfs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G 20 6.1
Fbirf; ifj;njhopy; 18 5.5
jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fs; 7 2.1
nkhj;jk; 329 100
ml;ltiz 3: ngsjPf mk;rq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
31

nghJ trjpfs;
kw;Wk;
jdpj;Jtkhd
cl;fl;likg;G
Fbirf; mk;rq;fs;
6%
ifj;njhopy;fs; 2%
5%
Rw;Wr;
#oy;/,aw;if
tsq;fs;
53%
ml;ltiz 3: ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ngsjPf mk;rq;fs;
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba r%f fhl;rpg; gz;Gfs; vit?
nraykHTfs; kw;Wk; muq;fpy; fijf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fs; ,e;j Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;fshf
gpujpgypj;jpUe;jd. mjpfkhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gjpyhf fyhrhu ghuk;gpaj;ij ghJfhj;jy; (33%)
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. tuyhw;W Gj;jfq;fis> fpwp];jt fyhrhuj;ij> gz;ghl;L gof;fq;fis> fHehlf
rq;fPj kw;Wk; fiyfis> ehl;Lf; $j;J> ehlfk; kw;Wk; jkpo; fyhrhuj;ij ghJfhj;jy; Fwpj;j
gjpy;fSk; njuptpf;fg;gl;ld. ntsp fyhrhuq;fspd; jpzpg;G njhlHgpy; gyH ntWg;G ntspapl;bUe;jdH.
jkpo; fyhrhuj;ij ghJfhj;jy; vDk; ngaupy; Nkw;fj;ija fyhrhuq;fspd; jpzpg;Gk; epWj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd mtHfs; Fwpg;gpl;ldH.
gjpy;fs; msT tPjk;
fyhrhu ghuk;gupak; 103 32.8
ed;dlj;ij> xOf;fk;> cupikfs; 73 23.3
rKjha xUikg;ghL 72 22.9
NtW 24 7.6
vjpHfhy kd;dhH Fwpj;j ek;gpf;if 15 4.8
jd;dhHtj; njhz;L/r%f Nrit 13 4.0
rKjha xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; 8 2.7
Rw;Wr; #oy; kPjhd guhkupg;G 6 1.9
nkhj;jk; 314 100
ml;ltiz 4: ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba r%f fhl;rpg; gz;Gfs;
ed;dlj;ij> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; cupikfs; njhlHghd tplak; (23%)> midj;J jfty; Nrfupg;G
gapw;rpapYk; mbf;fb vOe;jJld;> xOq;fikg;ghsHfSf;F Mr;rupaj;ijAk; mspj;jJ. Aj;jj;jpd;
gpd;dH jkJ r%fj;jpd; ed;dlj;ijapd; m];jpthuk; Ml;lk; fhz Muk;gpj;Js;sjhf mtHfs;
kj;jpapy; xUtpj czHT cs;@u ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,J vq;F nfhz;L nry;Yk; vd;gJ njhlHgpy; kf;fs;
Mtyhf cs;sdH. rpWtHfSf;F Kiwahd xOf;fk; fw;gpj;jy;> kJghdf; filfspy; ,Ue;J
jg;gpapUj;jy; my;yJ gpujhd ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J xJf;Fg;Gwkhd ,lq;fSf;F kJghdf; filfis
khw;wy;> flTSf;F gae;j tho;f;ifia cs;thq;fy;> rpWtHfs; kPjhd Ruz;liy epWj;jy; kw;Wk;
rpWtHfSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw> fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; jtwhf elj;jg;gliy jLj;jy;> kJ
kw;Wk; Nghijg; nghUs; ghtidia epWj;jy;> ey;y r%fj;ij cUthf;fy;> r%fj;jpw;F vjpuhd
elj;ijia epWj;Jjy;> rl;l xOq;if cWjp nra;jy;> KjpatHfis kjpj;jy; kw;Wk; ghy;epiy
rkj;Jtj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy; njhlHgpy; Ntz;LNfhs;fis Kd;itj;jdH.
32
njhy;ypay;/
Rw;Wyhj;
jsq;fs;
25%
topghl;L kw;Wk;
fyhrhu
,lq;fs;
9%

ed;dlj;ij>
xOf;fk;>
cupikfs;
23%
kd;dhH
vjpHfhyj;jpw;fh
d ek;gpf;if
5%
cU 4: ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba r%f fhl;rpg; gz;Gfs;
xU FWfpa r%fuPjpahf ,irthd r%fk; vd;gNj gjpyspg;gtHfs; Kd;itj;j kw;WnkhU tplakhf
,Ue;jJ. kd;dhupy;> K];yPk;fs; kw;Wk; jkpoHfSf;F ,ilapyhd> NtWgl;l kj FOf;fSf;F
kj;jpapyhd kw;Wk; murhq;fj;ij Nehf;fpa cwTfs; kd;dhupy; rpwe;j mstpy;> rpwe;j cwtpid
nfhz;Ls;sjhf 23%MdtHfs; njuptpj;Js;sdH. rKjhaq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij nfhz;L
tUk;> ,dq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Ntw;Wikfis xopf;Fk; eltbf;iffis cUthf;FkhW jkJ rf
gpui[fsplk; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jdH. rKjhaq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; rpwe;j cwit
kPsfl;likg;gjw;F fpuhkj;jpy; ,zf;fk;> kPdtHfSf;F kj;jpapy; xw;Wikia Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk;
r%f> kj $l;lq;fis xOq;F nra;jy; Mfpa eltbf;iffisAk; mtHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH.
kd;dhiu rpwe;j ,lkhf khw;wf; $baJ vJ?
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba r%f fhl;rpg; gz;Gfs;
Rw;Wr;
#oYf;fhd
guhkupg;G
2%
NtW
8%
rKjha
xUikg;ghL
23%
kd;dhH kf;fspd; nra;jpfspy; tpNdhjkhd njhlHr;rp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. efu rigf;F khj;jpuky;y>
nrtpkLf;Fk; vtUf;Fk; mJ mt;thNw Njhd;Wk;. Kiwahd efuj; jpl;lkply; (26%)> tho;thjhuq;fs;
(21%)> Nkyjpf fy;tp (9%) kw;Wk; r%f ,zf;fk; (8%) vd;gd jw;NghJ Kf;fpakhd
njhdpg;nghUl;fshf cs;sd. Nghjpa Fg;ig Nrfupj;jy; ,lk;ngWtjpy;iy vd Fuy;
vOg;gg;gLfpd;wd. tpuf;jpailar; nra;Ak; tifapy; Nghjpa mstpy; kpd;rhu tpepNahfk; ,d;ik
vd;gd fhuzkhf njhlHe;J> kPz;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd njhdpg;nghUl;fisNa kd;dhH
kf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;L tUfpd;wdH.
gjpy; msT tPjk;
efuj; jpl;lkply;> trjpfs;> cl;fl;likg;G> tPjp 133 25.8
tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp 107 20.7
Nkyjpf fy;tp 48 9.3
rKjha xw;Wik kw;Wk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy; 42 8.1
Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G 38 7.4
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l Nghf;Ftuj;J 31 6.0
Rj;jkhd efuk; 21 4.1
kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; ePH 21 4.1
Rw;Wyhj; Jiw 19 3.7
NtW (epyg; gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; tPlikg;G) 17 3.3
Rfhjhu trjpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; 15 2.9
ed;dlj;ij/cupikfs;/rl;l tpjpfs; 15 2.9
33
fyhrhu
ghuk;gupak;
33%
jd;dhHtj;
njhz;L> r%f
Nrit
rKjha
xj;Jiog;G 4%
kw;Wk;
gq;Fgw;wy;
2%

fiy/fyhrhuk;/nghOJNghf;F 9 1.7
nkhj;jk; 516 100
cU 5: kd;dhUf;F MNyhrpf;fg;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;
Gjpa kw;Wk; tpj;jpahrkhd efiu mikg;gjd; %yk; efuj; jpl;lkpLgtHfs; kd;dhiu mofhdjhf
khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd kd;dhH FbapUg;ghsHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. ftHr;rpfukhd nghJ ,lq;fs;> fyhrhu
epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; etPdkakhd trjpfs; vd;gtw;Wld; epiyahd mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilapy;
kd;dhiu cyfpy; gpugykhd efukhf khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd mtHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. nghJ jdpahH
gq;fhspj;Jtq;fs;> ghupa mstpyhd njhopw;rhiyfs; xU GwKk;> Fbirf; ifj;njhopy;fs; kWGwKk;
vd cs;@H nghUshjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;Lk; vd mtHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. twpa kf;fspd;
tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiyaw;w ,isQHfSf;F Ntiytha;g;gspg;gjid
,yf;F itj;j mgptpUj;jpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;l> r%f nghWg;G thae;j gupkhzk; Njit vd mtHfs;
tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. ,yq;if kPjhd ,e;jpahtpd; Mjpf;fj;ij Fiwj;J> jd;dpiwTld;> epjpAjtpahsHfspy;
ek;gpapuhJ kd;dhiu fzdpkag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd mtHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; mg;ghy;>
Njrg;gw;Wld; ,Uj;jy; kw;Wk; Njrpa MHtj;jpw;F Mjutspj;jy;> midj;J fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk;
kjpg;gspj;jy; kw;Wk; rpq;fs/jkpo;/K];yPk; kf;fSld; xw;WikAld; nraw;glYld;> ehl;bd; vjpHfhyk;
Fwpj;J rpe;jpf;FkhW Vida gpui[fis mtHfs; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wdH. mtHfSila Nfhupf;if
RaeykhdJ my;y. ,Ug;gpDk;> nghJ eyj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtNj mtHfsJ Nfhupf;ifahf cs;sJ.
„kd;dhupy; trpf;Fk; kf;fs; xw;Wikahf Ntz;Lk;. ,J vkJ ,lk; vd ehk; vz;z Ntz;Lk;‟ vd
xUtH njuptpj;jhH. „midj;J kj kf;fSk; xd;wpize;J> kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022,w;F cjt
Ntz;Lk;” vd kw;WnkhUtH njuptpj;jhH.
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l
Nghf;Ftuj;J
6%
Rw;Wyhj; Jiw 4%
gad;ghLfs; 4%
Rj;jkhd efuk;4%
Rw;Wr; #oYf;fhd
guhkupg;G
7%
rKjha
xUikg;ghL>
kf;fs; gq;Fgw;wy;
8%
NtW
3%
ed;dlj;ij
Rfhjhuk; tpjp fyhrhuk;
3% 3% 2%
Nkyjpf fy;tp
9%
cU 5: kd;dhiu rpwe;j ,lkhf khw;wy;
jkJ fUj;Jf;fspy;> kjq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; kj nfhs;if ntwp njhlHgpYk;
vr;rupf;if tpLj;jdH. jfty; njhopy; El;gk; my;yJ Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; rpq;fsk; Nghd;w NtW
nkhopfis fw;gjw;fhd rpW MHtk; njhlHgpYk; mtHfs; fUj;J njuptpj;jdH. kPdtHfsplk; cs;s
kPd;gpb kw;Wk; njhopy; EZf;f Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; njhlHgpy; etPd kw;Wk; epiyahd Kiwfs; Fwpj;j
rpW tpopg;GzHtpd; fhuzkhf elg;G mZFKiwfis mtHfshy; vjpHnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. kf;fspd;
mikjpahd tho;f;ifapy; murpaNy Fog;gj;ij Njhw;Wtpg;gjhfTk;> murpay; ,ilaPNl rKjhaj;ij
gpupg;gjhfTk; mtHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. Ntiytha;g;G re;jHg;gq;fs; mupjhf cs;sikapdhy;> fw;wtHfs;
rpwe;j tha;g;GfSf;fhf kd;dhupypUe;J ntspNaWfpd;wik njhlHgpy; mtHfs; mjpf rpuj;ij
nfhz;Ls;sdH. caH fy;tpf;fhf aho;g;ghzk; kw;Wk; nfhOk;gpid Nehf;fp ,isQHfs; gilnaLj;Jr;
nry;tjpYk; mNj epiyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
JiwrhH tplaq;fSk; mtHfSf;F mf;fiwAilaitahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kPdtHfs; njhlHe;J
murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghLfis gy tpjq;fspy; rfpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. Mo; fly; kPd;gpbapy;
fl;Lg;ghLfs;> rpy Fwpg;gpl;l kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjpy; jilahdJ kd;dhUf;F
34
efuj; jpl;lkply;>
trjpfs;> tPjpfs;>
tbfhyikg;G
26%
tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jp
21%

ntspapy; cs;stHfSf;F epahakw;w rhjfj; jd;ikia toq;Ffpd;wJ. gaDWjpaw;w mDkjp Kiw
kw;Wk; njhlHr;rpahd glF kw;Wk; thfd gupNrhjid vd;gdTk; mjpfupj;j mOj;jj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. gy;NtWgl;l gFjpfisr; NrHe;j kPdtHfSf;F ,ilapyhd NkhjiyAk; mtHfs;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdH. ,yq;if fly; gFjpapy; mj;JkPwpa kPd;gpbapy;
tPjpfs; tp];jupf;fg;gl Ntz;ba epiyapy; FbapUg;ghsHfs; Nghjpastpy; xj;Jiog;G toq;fhik
Fwpj;Jk; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;ld. efuj;jpw;fhd KOikahd tbfhyikg;G Kiw Nghjpajhf ,y;iy.
mj;Jld;> Kiwahd kPs;Row;rp KiwAk; ,y;iy. Fg;igfis Nrkpg;gjw;fhd ,lKk; ,y;iy.
Ntwplq;fisr; NrHe;j ghupa xg;ge;jjhuHfs;> ghupa mgptpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lq;fspy; nghJthf
gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfSf;F re;jHg;gk; ,y;yhJ Nghfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l NtW gytPdq;fshf> Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F Nghjpa trjpfs; ,d;ik> Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Njf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; ,uhZtj;jpdupd; gpuNtrk; vd;gd
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;ld. cjhuzkhf> kL khjh jpUj;jyj;jpd; kw;Wk; jpUf;NfjP];tuk; Nfhtpy; ghupa kj
nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;> Kj;J njhopiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; rpyhtj;Jiw vd;gtw;wpd; kPjhd jhf;fq;fis
Fwpg;gplyhk;. ngWkjpkpf;f Rw;Wyhj; Jiw nrhj;jhf tpsq;Fk;> kd;dhH Nfhl;il> ,uhZtf;
fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdH jq;fpapUg;gjdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl KbahJs;sjhf kf;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. kd;dhupd; ,sk; jiyKiwf;F Nfhl;iliag; ghHg;gjw;fhd re;jHg;gk; fpilf;ftpy;iy
vdTk; mtHfs; ftiy njuptpf;fpd;wdH. mNjNtis> js;shb Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; %ypif
kUe;JfSf;F gpugykhd ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ. jw;NghJ mJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lkhf cs;sJ (muq;F
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ Kjy;> ,uhZtj;jpdH fl;Lg;ghLfis jsHj;jpAs;sJld;> Nfhl;ilf;fhd gpuNtrj;ij
toq;fpAs;sdH).
efu rigf;F ePq;fs; $w tpUk;Gk; %d;W Kf;fpakhd ,yf;Ffs; vit?
efu rig Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd jhk; tpUk;Gk; %d;W ,yf;Ffis Kd;Dupikg;gLj;JkhW>
gq;Fgw;WeHfs; Nfhug;gl;ldH. jdpegHfspd; ngWkjpfs; kw;Wk; mtHfSf;F Kf;fpakhdJ vd;d
vd;gJ Fwpj;j Gupe;JzHit ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,e;j Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;lJ. xUtupd; gjpyhdJ>
mtHfs; vt;thW tplaq;fSf;F Kd;Dupik mspf;fpd;wdH vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhf
,Ue;jJ. kd;dhH kf;fSf;F jpul;lg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd Kd;Dupikfspid fz;lwptjw;F tpfpjhrhuq;fs;
fzf;fplg;gl;ld.
35

gjpy;
,aw;if
Rw;Wr;#oiy
Kjy; tpUg;G
,uz;lhtJ
tpUg;G
msT % =%*3 msT % =%*2 msT %
36
%d;whtJ
tpUg;G nkhj;jk;
ghJfhj;jy; 81 38.57 115.71 23 10.95 21.90 28 13.33 150.94
mbg;gil
cl;fl;likg;ig
toq;fy; 55 26.19 78.57 46 21.90 43.81 31 14.76 137.14
kpfTk;
gytPdkhdtHf
is guhkupj;jy;>
nghJ
gq;Fgw;wy;>
jd;dhHtj;
njhz;L 27 12.85 38.57 44 20.95 42.11 43 20.48 100.96
epiyj;jpUf;Fk;
nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpia
Cf;Ftpj;jy; 22 10.48 31.43 48 22.86 45.71 21 10.00 87.14
rpWtHfs; kw;Wk;
,isQHfis
kjpj;jy; 4 1.90 5.71 12 5.71 11.43 40 19.05 36.19
fyhrhu
ghuk;gupaq;fis
nfhz;lhly; 15 7.14 21.43 15 7.14 14.29 1 0.48 36.19
ghHitf;F
ftHr;rpfukhd
Njhw;wk; nfhz;l
efiu
cUthf;fy; 4 1.90 5.71 13 6.19 12.38 34 16.19 34.29
Gjpa
nghOJNghf;F
trjpfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jy; 2 0.95 2.86 9 4.29 8.57 12 5.71 17.14
nkhj;jk; 210 100 210 100 210 100
ml;ltiz 6: efurigf;fhd FbapUg;ghsHfspd; ,yf;Ffs;
fpuhk nraykHTfspd; ngWNgWfSld; ,ize;jjhf> jkJ epyk; kw;Wk; fly; kPjhd kd;dhH
FbapUg;ghsHfspd; gpizg;G nrhw;fspy; ntspahdJ. „,aw;if Rw;Wr; #oiy ghJfhj;jy;‟ vd;gNj
jkJ jdpg;gl;l ngWkjpfs; kw;Wk; efu rigf;F mtHfs; njuptpf;f Ntz;ba nra;jpapd; gpujhd
tpUg;gkhf mike;jpUe;jJ. Rw;Wr; #oy; ghJfhg;G vd;gNj Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; kjpg;ghf 25%Md
gq;Fgw;WeHfshy; njupT nra;ag;g;lbUe;jJ. Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $w Ntz;ba kw;WnkhU Kf;fpakhd kjpg;ghf
,Ug;gJ> rKjha rhHghd eyd;Gup kw;Wk; kdpj Nrit Kaw;rpfis (16.8%) efu rig Muk;gpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. efu rig mbg;gil cl;fl;likg;ig Ngz Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;Fk; (23%)>
epiyj;jpUf;ff; $ba nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia Cf;Ftpj;jYf;Fk; (15%) toq;fg;gl;l gjpy;fs;
Mr;rupakhditahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
nkhj;jk;
%
25.1
22.9
16.8
14.5
6.0
6.0
5.8
2.9
100

pWtHfs; kw;Wk;
,isQHfis
kjpj;jy; 6%
epiyj;jpUf;Fk;
nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jp
14%
gytPdkhd kf;fs;>
nghJ gq;fspg;G>
jd;dhHtj; njhz;L
17%
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
fyhrhu
ghuk;gupaq;fis
nfhz;lhly;
6%
Gjpa
ftHr;rpahd
Nghf;Ftuj;J
efu
trjpfs;
epiyak;
3%
6%
cU 6: efu rigf;F ePq;fs; nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; jdpg;gl;l ,yf;Ffs;
cU 7: efurigf;F ePq;fs; nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; jdpg;gl;l ,yf;Ffs; (tpUg;gpd; Ngupy;)
37
,aw;if #oiy
ghJfhj;jy;
25%
mbg;gil
cl;fl;likg;ig
toq;fy;
23%
First Preference =%*3
Second Preference =%*2
Third Preference Percentage

4.5 kd;dhupd; eltbf;iffs; - ehk; mjid vt;thW ajhHj;jkhf;FtJ?
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 eltbf;iffs; gy Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis Nrfupj;jJ. tpNrlkhd kw;Wk;
tpopg;GzHT kpf;f eltbf;iffspd; nghJikg; gz;Gfis fz;lwptNj> njhiyNehf;F nray;Kiwapd;
Kf;fpakhd eltbf;ifahf cs;sJ. efu rigapd; eltbf;iff;fhd kf;fspd; Kd;Dupikfis
njspTg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ,Wjpahd Kaw;rpapid ,e;j gpupT nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jg; gpuptpd;
filrpapy;> kd;dhupd; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspy; nraw;wpwDld; gq;fspf;f tpUk;Gfpd;whHfsh vd
gq;Fgw;WeHfsplk; Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld;> mtHfs; njupT nra;tjw;fhd gy njupTfSk;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
ePq;fs; kd;dhH efu rigapd; jiytuhdhy;….
“ePq;fs; ,e;j efu rigapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhy;> eltbf;iff;fhd %d;W gpujhd Kd;Dupikfs;
vit?” vd;w Nfs;tp> kf;fs; jkJ vz;zk; kw;Wk; ,yf;if $Hikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F> mtHfis
rhujp nghWg;gpy; itj;Jg; ghHg;gjw;F tpdtg;gl;lJ. rKjha muq;fpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l gapw;rpiag;
Nghd;w gapw;rpahfNt ,J fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;> efu rigf;fhd %d;W Kd;DupikfSk; (tPjpfs;>
tbfhyikg;G kw;Wk; efuj; jpl;lkply;) khw;wkilahJ ,Ue;jd. (rKjha muq;fpd; gl;baypy; ,Ue;J
„Rfhjhuk;‟ vd;w gpupT ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sik> ,uz;L ngWNgWfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Neubahd xg;gPl;by; rpy
rpf;fiy Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ)
Ma;T ngWNgWfs; rKjha muq;F ngWNgWfs;
1. tPjpfs; – 22%
1. tbfhyikg;G – 27%
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
tbfhyikg;G – 20%
efuj; jpl;lkply; – 13%
Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G – 11%
r%f Nrit/jd;dhHtj; njhz;L – 11%
Fg;ig – 10%
2.
3.
4.
5.
efuj; jpl;lkply; – 21%
tPjpfs; – 14%
Fg;ig – 10%
Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G – 8%
7. Rfhjhuk; – 4%
6. E}yfk; – 8%
8. nghOJNghf;F trjpfs; – 3%
7. nghOJNghf;F trjpfs; – 4%
9. rKjha xw;Wik – 2%
10. Rw;Wyhj; Jiw – 1%
11. E}yfk; – 1%
8. r%f Nrit/jd;dhHtj; njhz;L – 4%
9. rKjha xw;Wik – 4%
10. Rw;Wyhj; Jiw – 2%
11. (njupTfspy; Rfhjhuk; vd;gJ
cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy)
ml;ltiz 7: efu rigj; jiytUf;fhd Kd;Dupikfs;
,Njtifahd> Kd;dH Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ml;ltizfspidg; Nghy;> Kjy; tpUg;Gf;fhd tPjk; %d;W
klq;fhfpAs;sJ. ,uz;lhtJ tpUg;G ,uz;L klq;fhfpAs;sJ. KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ kw;Wk;
%d;whtJ tpUg;Gf;fhd ngWkjp khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
38

gjpy; KjyhtJ tpUg;G ,uz;lhtJ tpUg;G %d;whtJ
tpUg;G
msT % =% * 3 ms
T
% =% * 2 msT % nkhj;jk; nkhj;j
msT
tPjpfs; 42 28 84 22 16.30 32.59 16 17.39 133.98 22.4
tbfhyikg;G 28 19 56 41 30.37 60.74 4 4.35 121.09 20.2
efuj; jpl;lkply; 13 8.67 26 23 17.04 34.07 16 17.39 77.47 12.9
Rw;Wr; #oy;
guhkupg;G
21 14.00 42 7 5.19 10.37 13 14.13 66.50 11.1
jd;dhHtj;
njhz;L/r%f
Nrit
10 6.67 20 13 9.63 19.26 25 27.17 66.43 11.1
Fg;ig 18 12.00 36 11 8.15 16.30 6 6.52 58.82 9.8
Rfhjhuk; 8 5.33 16 9 6.67 13.34 5 5.43 24.1 4.0
nghOJNghf;F
trjpfs; kw;Wk;
fyhrhu
eltbf;iffs;
4 2.67 8 3 2.22 4.44 3 3.26 15.71 2.6
rKjha xw;Wik 3 2.00 6 4 2.96 5.93 2 2.17 14.63 2.4
Rw;Wyhj; Jiw 1 0.67 2 2 1.48 2.96 2 2.17 7.14 1.2
E}yf kw;Wk;
E}yf Nritfs;
2 1.33 4 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 4.00 .6
nkhj;jk; 150 100 135 100 92 100 100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
ml;ltiz 8: efu rigj; jiytUf;fhd Kd;Dupikfs; (tpUg;G %yk;)
cU 9: efu rigj; jiytUf;fhd Kd;Dupikfs; (tpUg;G %yk;)
39
First Preference =% * 3
Second Preference =% * 2
Third Preference %

jd;dhHtj;
njhz;L/r%f
nghOJ Nghf;F
Nritfs;
trjpfs; kw;Wk;
fyhrhu 12%
eltbf;iffs; 3%
E}yfk;/
Nritfs; 1%
efuj;
jpl;lkply;
14%
Rw;Wyhj; Jiw
1%
Fg;ig
10%
r%f
xw;Wik Rfhjhuk;
2% 1%
Rw;Wr; #oy;
guhkupg;G
12%
cU 8: efu rigj; jiytUf;fhd Kd;Dupikfs;
40
tPjpfs;
23%
tbfhyikg;G
21%

kd;dhupd; vjpHfhy mgptpUj;jpapy; gq;fspg;G
kd;dhH efuj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpapy; gq;fspf;f MHtk; cs;sjhf ,e;j Ma;tpy; ngUk;
vz;zpf;ifapyhdtHfs; njuptpj;jdH. gy;NtWgl;l njupTfspd; fPo; gyH jq;fSila ngaiu
Fwpg;gpl;ldH. Rw;Wr; #oy; nraw;wpl;lq;fspd; gq;fspg;G (28%) vd;gJ Kjy; ,lj;ijAk;> MNyhridf;
FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf ,Uj;jy; (21%) kw;Wk; r%f Nritf;fhd jd;dhHtj; njhz;L (20%) mLj;j
,lq;fisAk; gpbj;jd. rpukjhd eltbf;iffspy;

njhiyNehf;F jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffSf;Fg; gpd;dH
2011> brk;gH khjk; 10Mk; jpfjp> rdpf;fpoik> kd;dhH efu rigapy; njhlH ftdpg;G $l;lk;
eilngw;wJ. cg jiytH> efu rig cWg;gpdHfs;> efu FbapUg;ghsHfs; cs;slq;fyhf 40 NgH
,e;j $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;ldH. kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jypy;>
efu rigf;F cjTk; FOf;fspy; mq;fk; tfpg;gjw;F mtHfs; tpUg;gk; ntspapl;ldH. vl;L MM2022
cg FOf;fis mikj;jy; njhlHgpy; ePz;l tpthjq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Nghyp nraw;ghLfis
jtpHg;gjw;F> efu rig rl;lj;jpw;F mikthf efu rigapd; KiwrhH FOf;fshf rpy FOf;fis
epakpg;gJ njhlHgpy; efu rig mf;fiw nrYj;jpaJ. efu rig cWg;gpdupd; jiyikapd; fPo;
gpd;tUk; MW FOf;fis cUthf;Fjy; njhlHgpy; kd;dhH efu rigf;F gpNuuiz rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ:
1. efuj; jpl;lkply; (khefu Nritfs; kw;Wk; nghJ trjpfs; cs;slq;fyhf)
2. Rw;Wr; #oy; ];jpuj; jd;ik
3. rKjha epfo;r;rpfs;
4. Rw;Wyhj; Jiw mgptpUj;jp
5. kfspH mgptpUj;jp
6. epjp
vQ;rpa ,uz;L FOf;fSf;Fkhd jiytHfs; efu rigf;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gl;ldH.
,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j ,uz;L FOf;fSk;> Vida MW FOf;fspd; gq;fhspj;Jtj;Jld; nraw;gLk;. mit
gpd;tUkhW:
7. Nkyjpf fy;tp
8. tHj;jf mgptpUj;jp
43

efu rigapd; nraw;ghLfs;
1. xt;nthU efuj;jpw;Fk; epakpf;fg;gl;l efu rigahdJ> ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; %yk; my;yJ NtW
vOjg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; %yk; xJf;fg;gl;l my;yJ mspf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fSf;F cl;gl;lJ.
cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhuk; vd;w tifapy; efuj;jpd; epHthf vy;iyf;Fs; kf;fspd; kw;Wk; efuj;jpd;
nrsfupaq;fSf;fhd nghJ Rfhjhuk;> nghJ gad;ghl;L Nritfs; kw;Wk; nghJtopfs;> kw;Wk;
nghJthf nrsfupak;> trjp kw;Wk; eyd; vd;gtw;wpd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL vd midj;J
tplaq;fspdJk; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; epHthfk; vd midj;J tplaq;fSk;> tpjpKiwfSf;F cl;gl;lJ.
(efu rig fl;lisr; rl;lq;fs;> mj;jpahak; 25> gf;fk; 2> 1988)
29. (1) efu rigahdJ> fhyj;Jf;F fhyk;> rigapd; mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs; my;yJ nghWg;Gf;fs;>
my;yJ efu rigapd; mf;fiwf;Fl;gl;l NtW tplaq;fs;> njhlHgpy; Fwpg;Gjtpf;F efu rigf;Fk;
MNyhrid toq;Fjy; vd;w Nehf;Fld;> efu rigapd; cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l my;yJ gFjpastpy;
efu rigapd; cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l kw;Wk; gFjpastpy; efuj;jpy; tjpgtHfisf; nfhz;l
FOf;fis epakpf;fyhk; kw;Wk; fhyj;Jf;F fhyk;> jkJ mjpfhuq;fs; my;yJ tfpghfq;fis fld;
ngWtjw;F> tpfpjk; tpjpj;J> my;yJ tup tpjpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;Jk; FOf;fs; jtpHe;j NjitfSf;F
mt;thwhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; my;yJ #o;epiyfs; jPHkhdpf;fg;glyhk; 8 .
8 efu rigfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; mj;jpahak; 25> gf;fk; 9> 1988
44

eltbf;iffSf;F neUf;fkhjy;
,e;j $l;lj;jpd; NghJ> jkJ MHtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gq;Fgw;WeHfs; FOf;fis njupT nra;jdH.
milahsk; fhzg;gl;l kw;iwatHfs; FOf;fspy; ,iztjw;F miof;fg;gl;ldH. mjd; gpd;dH
xt;nthU gpupTf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd cghaq;fis fz;lwptjw;F Muk;gpj;jdH. 2012Mk; Mz;L [dtup
Muk;gj;jpy; njhlH ftdpg;G $l;lk; xd;W jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; NghJ> kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022
mwpf;ifapy; fz;lwpag;gl;l tplaq;fs; fpilf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
FOf;fspy; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l gpujhd tplaq;fs; fPNo gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd:
FO 1: efuj; jpl;lkply;
� kd;dhUf;F efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rigaplkpUe;J efuj; jpl;l tiuig ngwy;.
� tPlikg;G njhFjpfs; kw;Wk; njhlHkhbf; fl;llq;fs; Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;jy;.
� tbfhy; kw;Wk; fopTePH jpl;lq;fis etPdkag;gLj;jy;
� ghJfhg;ghd FbePH (fy;rpak; ePf;fy; Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;jy;)
� ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l tbfhy; jpl;lk;.
� flw;fiu tPjp
� ,e;jpahtpypUe;J kypT tpiyapy; kpd;rhuk;
� Rw;WtisTfs;
FO 2: Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G
� kz;zupg;G
� mjpfupf;Fk; fly; ePH kl;lq;fs;
� FbePH kw;Wk; epyf;fPo; ePH tsq;fs;
� gid tsq;fs;
FO 3: rKjha epfo;r;rpfs;
� kJ kw;Wk; Nghijg; nghUs; mbikahjiy milahsk; fhzy;
� rpWtH J~;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; ghypay; J~;gpuNahfj;ij jLg;gjw;fhd gpurhuq;fs;
� cWjpahd kj/ed;dlj;ij ngWkjpfis typAWj;Jk; epfo;r;rpfs;
� kJghdf; filfspd; ,lq;fis khw;wy;
� KjpatHfspd; guhkupg;G njhlHgpy; mjpf ftdk;
FO 4: Rw;Wyhj; Jiw
� nghOJ Nghf;F ,lq;fis Nkk;gLj;jy;> c-k;: flw;fiu $lhuq;fs;
� gwit ruzhyak;
� ngUf;f kuj;jpid Rw;Wyhg; gFjpahf khw;wy;
� kd;dhH JiwKfj;ij Gduikj;jy;
FO 5: kfspH mgptpUj;jp
� RaNtiytha;g;Gf;fhd gapw;rp
� fztid ,oe;jtHfSf;F Ntiytha;g;G re;jHg;gq;fs;
� Gjpa jsq;fspy; tUkhdk;

� RaNtiytha;g;G
� cs;@H njhopy;fSf;fhd njhopy; ikaj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;
� fljhrp njhopw;rhiy
jpl;lk; fdpe;Js;sJ> mjid epiwNtw;WtNj vQ;rpAs;sJ. kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 guPl;rhHj;jj;jpd;
ngWkjp> KbTfis CopaHfs; kw;Wk; efu rigf;F njupT nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk; kd;dhH
kf;fs; vj;jid J}uj;jpw;F Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdH> eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; vj;jid msT kd;dhH efu rigia tpj;jpahrkhd efukhf
khw;Wtjw;fhd Kaw;rp vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. tpUg;Gf;Fupa vjpHfhyj;ij vl;Ljy; kw;Wk; rpwe;j
,lkhf kd;dhupid khw;Wjy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd gy gbepiyfspd; Kjy; gbahf MM2022
nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; G+Hj;jp fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
46

gFjp III
gpw;NrHf;iffs;
1. kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 Rtnuhl;b
2. nraykHT kw;Wk; muq;F: khjpup rpj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly;
Fwpg;Gf;fs;
3. fpuhk nraykHTfs; kw;Wk; rKjha muq;fpd; KOikahd Fwpg;Gf;fs;
4. kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 Ma;T kw;Wk; gjpy;fs;
48

kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 Rtnuhl;b
49
gpw;NrHf;if 1

50
gpw;NrHf;if 2
nraykHT kw;Wk; muq;F: khjpup rpj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly;
Fwpg;Gf;fs;

52
gpw;NrHf;if 3
fpuhk nraykHTfs; kw;Wk; rKjha muq;fpd; KOikahd Fwpg;Gf;fs;
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022
vkJ vjpHfhyj;jpd; njhiyNehf;F> vkJ ghuk;gupaj;ij kPl;nlLj;jy;
Nehf;fk;.
rpwe;j ghuk;gupaq;fis nfhz;Ls;s> cWjpahd vjpHfhyj;ij Nehf;fp tpUj;jpailAk;>
jdpj;Jtkhd kd;dhH khtl;lj;jpy; rhjfkhd njhiyNehf;fpid tpijj;jy;.
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
rthy;
1. kd;dhH khtl;lj;jpd; vjpHfhyk; njhlHgpy; gfpug;gl;l rhjfkhd njhiyNehf;fpid
Nehf;fp gq;fspj;jy;
2. khtl;lj;jpd; fyhrhu kw;Wk; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; jdpj;Jtj;jpid fhg;ghw;wy; kw;Wk;
ghJfhj;jy;
3. epiyahd r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Rw;Wr; #oy; m];jpthuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
21Mk; E}w;whz;bd; cyf #o;epiyf;F Vw;w jsj;jpw;F kd;dhiu nrJf;Fjy;.
fle;j tUlk; kd;dhupy; elj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpypUe;J> kf;fs; vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;J cWjpaw;w
jd;ikAld; ,Ug;gJk;> kf;fs; jho;thd kdg;ghd;ikAld; ,Ug;gJk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
Gupe;Jf; nfhs;sf; $ba tifapy;> ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J jdpahdjhf mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
toikahd gapw;rpfs; rhHe;jjhf jg;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kPs;fl;Lkhz rKjha Kaw;rpfs;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kd;dhUf;fhd gpujhd rthyhf ,Ug;gJ> fle;j fhy ,d;dy;fis
fle;J> cyfkakhd 21Mk; E}w;whz;L #o;epiyf;fhd vjpHfhy re;jHg;gq;fis gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sjy; MFk;.
kd;dhUf;F> gy jpl;lq;fs; tupirapy; fhj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,e;jpahTf;Fk;> ,yq;iff;Fk;
,ilapyhd fg;gy; Nritia kPs Muk;gpj;jy;> jiyefUldhd khtl;lj;jpd; njhlHig
neUf;fkhf;Fk; nfhOk;gpy; ,Ue;J kd;dhUf;fhd fiuNahu tPjp epHkhzk;> ,e;jpahTld;
,yq;ifapd; Rje;jpu tHj;jf cld;gbf;if> vz;nza; kw;Wk; vupthA mfo;T> jd;dpiwT
rf;jpf;F fhw;whiyfs;> gwitfs; ruzhyak; kw;Wk; tptrhaj;jpYk;> fhy;eil
mgptpUj;jpapYk; mjpfupj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw rpwg;ghf Fwpg;gplyhk;. nghJ kw;Wk;
jdpahH JiwapdH ,e;j njhiyNehf;fpid Gupe;J nfhz;lhy; kd;dhH jk;ik jplkhdjhf>
Jbg;ghdjhf> ftHr;rpfukhdjhf> tsk; epiwe;j r%fkhf ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
re;jHg;gq;fis ,e;j mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; toq;Fk;.
Kuz;ghl;Lf;F gpd;duhd ,e;j fhyj;jpy;> khtl;lj;jpd; ePz;l fhy r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
Rw;Wr; #oy; MNuhf;fpaj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mZFKiwAld;> ,e;j rKjhak;
kPsrpe;jpg;gjw;fhd> kWrPuikf;Fk; kw;Wk; kPsikf;Fk; re;jHg;gq;fs; gy cs;sd. gaDWjp
kpf;f epyg; gad;ghL> gaDWjp kpf;f nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J> gaDWjp kpf;f tsg; gad;ghL>
Fiwe;j khR kw;Wk; fopT> ,aw;if Kiwfis kPsikj;jy;> ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba
tPlikg;G kw;Wk; Rj;jkhd tho;f;ifr; #oy;> MNuhf;fpakhd r%fr; #oy;> cWjpahd
nghUshjhuk;> rptpy; gq;Fgw;wy; kw;Wk; cs;@H fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; mwpT ghJfhg;G

vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; ,jid vl;lyhk;. ,e;j epiyapy;> Gyk;ngaHe;jtHfs; kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapy;
trpg;gtHfs; vd ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk; epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ngWkjp kpf;f kw;Wk; Mf;fg;g+Htkhd
tfpghfk; cs;sJ.
rKjhaq;fis r%f uPjpahf>
nghUshjhu uPjpahf kw;Wk; Rw;Wr; #oy; uPjpahf kd;dhH vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
mtHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH? fz;lwptjw;F> vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd nghJthd njhiyNehf;fpid
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd gy;NtW topfs; njhlHgpy; FbapUg;ghsHfSld; fye;jha;T
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,d;wpypUe;J 10 tUlq;fspy; kd;dhH vt;thW ,Uf;Fk; vd cs;@H kf;fs;
rpe;jpg;gjw;F rKjha nraykHTfs;> 3 epkpl tPbNah njhFg;Gf;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> Ma;Tfs;
kw;Wk; NtW Mf;fg;g+Htkhd fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
khjpup Nfs;tpfs;:
� kd;dhH njhlHgpy; ePq;fs; tpUk;Gk; %d;W tplaq;fs; vit?
� kd;dhupy; cs;s ve;j jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rj;ij ghJfhf;f ePq;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;wPHfs;?
� kd;dhiu cz;ikahf Kd;Ndw;wf; $ba %d;W tplaq;fs; vit?
� efUf;F tUk; tpUe;jpdHfsplk; ,Ue;J mg;Gwg;gLj;j ePq;fs; tpUk;Gk; 3 ,lq;fspid
ngaupLf.
� tpUe;jpdiu mioj;Jr; nry;tjid jtpHf;f tpUk;Gk; 2 ,lq;fspid ngaupLf.
rptpy; gq;fspg;ig J}z;btply;.
Vida cyf ehLfSk; ,NjNghd;w njhiyNehf;F nray;Kiwfis Kd;ndLj;Js;sd.
mj;Jld;> nraw;wpwd; kpf;f kf;fs;> ngWkjp kpf;f rptpy; gq;fspg;ig toq;fy; kw;Wk;
rKjhaj;jpd; MjuTld; rpwe;j xUq;fpizj;jy; jpl;lkply; ntspaPLfSld; mjpfhupfs;
Mfpa ,uz;L topfspYk; gaidAk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,t;thwhd nray;Kiwfs; jkJ epyk;
njhlHgpy; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; gf;jpia Njhw;Wtpf;ff; $ba rKjha ciuahlYld;
Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. FbapUg;ghsHfsplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l kjpg;ghd kw;Wk; rhjfkhd jfty;fs;
efu rigapd; FWfpa kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpfspy; cs;thq;fg;gLk;.
2011 epfo;r;rp
jpfjp/Neuk; epfo;T ,lk;
29> etk;gH>
nrt;tha;f;fpoik
gp.g 2.30 – 5.00
30> etk;gH>
Gjd;fpoik
gp.g 2.30 – 5.00
01> brk;gH>
tpahof;fpoik
gp.g 2.30 – 5.00
02> brk;gH>
nts;spf;fpoik
gp.g 3.00 – 5.00
03> brk;gH>
rdpf;fpoik
K.g 9.00 – gp.g 1.30
10> brk;gH>
rdpf;fpoik
K.g 10.00 – gp.g 12.00
10> brk;gH>
rdpf;fpoik
gp.g 3.00 – 5.00
fpuhk nraykHT #1
gdq;fl;bf;nfhl;L
fpuhk nraykHT #2
gs;spKid
fpuhk nraykHT #3
cg;Gf;Fsk;
tsthsHfSf;fhd tpsf;f
$l;lk;
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022
rKjha muq;F
fpuhk nraykHT #4
ngl;lh kw;Wk; rpd;df;fil
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022
FOf; $l;lk;
53
Gdpj nrg];jpad; fpwp];jt
Njtyha kz;lgk;
kWkyHr;rp rKjha kz;lgk;>
gs;spKid
RDS fl;llk;> gs;spKid tPjp
gpuNjr nrayhsH mYtyfk;
efu kz;lgk;
ngl;lh rKjha epiyak;
efu rig kd;dhH

fpuhk nraykHTfs;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;: :
1. mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fSf;F kd;dhUf;fhd kf;fspd; Nehf;fj;jpid milahsk; fhzy;
2. efu rigapd; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpfSf;F gue;j topfhl;liy toq;fy;
Neuk;
gp.g 2.30
eltbf;if kw;Wk; egHfspd; nghWg;G
tUif kw;Wk; gjpT
ahH
,isQHfs;
tsq;fs;
gjpT jhs;fs;
Ngid
fkuh
gp.g 2.45 mwpKfk;
� GS ,d; tuNtw;G
� nraykHtpd; Nehf;fk;
� la];Nghuh yq;fh kw;Wk; n[ukpf;fhd
mwpKfk;
� n[ukp
gp.g 3.00 Nf: mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhUf;F vd;d
elf;Fk; vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpd;wPHfs;?
� kd;dhUf;fhd kw;wtHfspd; epfo;r;rp epuy;?
� kd;dhUf;fhd cq;fSila epfo;r;rp epuy;?
gp.g 3.30 Nf: mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhupy; vJ
elg;gjid ghHg;gjw;F ePq;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;wPHfs;?
� mJ vt;thwpUf;Fk;? (ngsjPf)
� kf;fspd; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
cwT vt;thwpUf;Fk;? (r%f)
� kf;fs; vd;d nra;thHfs;? (nghUshjhu)
� ,aw;if #oy; Fwpj;J kf;fs; vd;d
epidg;ghHfs; (Rw;Wr; #oy;)
� vkf;fhf vkJ jiytHfs; vt;thW
nraw;gLtH? (murpay;)
gp.g 3.45 kd;dhupd; epow;gl mr;RtiuG
� rKjhaq;fspd; FOr; nraw;ghL 5 gpupTfs;
- xt;nthU gq;Fgw;WeiuAk; 1-5
,yf;fkply;
� ehlfk;: efu rigia
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; xt;nthU
FOTf;Fk; epfo;r;rp gpupT toq;fg;gl;lJ
(ngsjPf> r%f> nghUshjhu> Rw;Wr; #oy;
kw;Wk; murpay;) kw;Wk; vjpHtUk;
NjHjYf;fhd jpl;lj;ij tbtikj;jy;
� kd;dhupd; epow;gl mr;Rtiuig
gq;Fgw;WeHfs; tiujy;
gp.g 4.15 FO rkHg;gzq;fs;
� xt;nthU FOTk; rkHg;gpg;gtiu gpNuupf;Fk;
� FO rkHg;gzq;fs;
gp.g 4.45 epiwT
� UC kw;Wk; GS,d; epiwT ciufs;
� rdpf;fpoik rKjha muq;fpy;
gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd miog;G
54
GS
jpU. FU];
fky;
n[ukp
n[ukp
fky; -
ciungaHg;ghsH
,sk; egH –
vOj;jH
n[ukp
fky; -
ciungaHg;ghsH
n[ukp
fky; -
ciungaHg;ghsH
fky;
rkHg;gpg;gtH
UC gpujpepjp
GS
fky;
n[ukp
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp
gjhif
efH tpsf;fg;glj; jhs;>
Fwpg;gpfs;
GSnlf;
efH tpsf;fg;glj; jhs;
epw Fwpg;gpfs;
GSnlf;
rpw;Wz;b
FspHghdk;
Fg;igj; njhl;b
GSnlf;

fpuhk nraykHT – gdq;fl;bf;nfhl;L
Nf 1: mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhUf;F vd;d elf;Fk; vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpd;wPHfs;?
� kd;dh efukhf khWk;
� vz;nza; mfo;T kPd;gpb kw;Wk; flyl;il tHj;jfj;jpy; jPtpu fl;Lg;ghLfis Vw;gLj;Jk;>
mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fSf;fhd gFjpia rpf;fyhf;Fk;
� kd;dhupd; ntspj;Njhw;wk; mofhf fhl;rpaspf;Fk;> Mdhy; kf;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;ghHfs;
� ehd;fhapuk; mb Moj;jpw;F ngw;Nwhypa Fjq;fspd; mfo;T kPd;gpbf;F ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
kd;dhH jPT kiwe;J Nghfyhk;
� mjpfupf;Fk; fly; ePH kl;lk; ehk; ,q;fpUe;J ntspNaw Ntz;ba epHg;ge;jj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
� gj;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH ehk; mbikfisg; Nghy; czHNthk;. ,d;iwg; NghyNt
,d;ndhUtupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ehk; ,Ug;Nghk;. Aj;jk; epiwtile;j NghJk; ekf;F Rje;jpuk;
,y;iy.
� kd;dhH efuk; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; kPdtH $l;LwT rq;fq;fs; mope;J NghFk;.
� ePH gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd MNuhf;fpa Kfhikj;Jtk; fhzg;gLk;. nts;sePH> Nkhrkhd
tPjpfs; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;G> kpd;rhuk; ,d;wp efuk; Nkhrkhf fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
� Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapd; fhuzkhf cs;@H fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; ghuk;gupak; mopAk;.
� rpwe;j xOq;iffs; kw;Wk; tPjpfis ehk; mikg;Nghk;. Mdhy;> tPjp eha;fs;> fOijfs;>
khLfs; Fwpj;J ehk; mf;fiw nrYj;j khl;Nlhk;.
� kd;dhH Rj;jkpd;wp> midj;Jk; rPHFiye;j efukhf ,Uf;Fk;.
� mjpf ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fs; ,lk;ngWk;. trjpfs; kw;Wk; fl;llq;fs; mikf;fg;gLk; NghJ
,e;j mdHj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fSf;F
Kd;dhaj;jk; ,d;ik.
� ,e;j tplaq;fs; rpytw;iw ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;lhy;> VjhtJ nra;Aq;fs;. mg;NghJ ey;yJ
epfOk;.
� njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J mjpf Ntiytha;g;G vd;gJ rhjfkhd tplak;.
� ehk; VJk; nra;jhy; ey;yJ epfOk;.
Nf 2: mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhupy; vd;d elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ePq;fs;
tpUk;Gfpd;wPHfs;?
FO 1
� fy; mizfs; fly; kl;lk; mjpfupg;gjid Fiwf;Fk;. nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; kzy; mfo;T.
,jd; %yk; kz;zupg;ig jLf;fyhk;.
� miyapd; Ntfj;ij jzpg;gjw;F fiuNahuq;fspy; fw;fs; ,ly;.
� rTj; ghH> fPup kw;Wk; jho;Tg;ghL gFjpapy; kPd;gpb JiwKfq;fs;.
� uapy;Nt epiyaj;jpw;F Gjpa ghyj;jpypUe;J glF gFjp
� ghyj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s epyj;jpy; rpWtH G+q;fh kw;Wk; tpisahl;L ikjhdk;
� etPd muq;F
� gdq;fl;bnfhl;Ltpy; Gjpa kPdtH tPlikg;G njhFjp> jw;NghJ $lhuq;fs; mRj;jkhf kw;Wk; ghHf;f
rfpf;f Kbahj epiyapy; cs;sJ.
� ifj;njhopy; Ngl;il
� khw;W rf;jp epiyak;
� etPd mtru rpfpr;ir itj;jparhiy: jw;NghJ mtru rpfpr;irf;F tTdpahTf;F nfhz;L
nry;yg;gLfpd;wdH. rpyH nry;Yk; topapy; ,we;J tpLfpd;wdH.
� tsHr;rpaile;j flYzT njhopy;
� Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; czT tpLjp
� etPd re;ij filj;njhFjp
FO 2
� NtWgl;l ek;gpf;iffisf; nfhz;l Njtyhak;
� kPd;gpb JiwKfk;
� Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba tPlikg;G
� ];lhH czT tpLjpfs;
� rpWtH G+q;fhf;fs;
� Fsp&l;lg;gl;l trjp kw;Wk; rpwe;j xypaikg;Gld; etPd DTX jpiuauq;Ffs;
� etPd itj;jparhiy
� fly; cs;Ns tuhJ jLg;gjw;F fy; RtHfs;
55

� tPjpNahuq;fspy; kuq;fs;
� tPjp tpsf;Ffs;
� epyf;fPo; kpd;rhu taHfs;
� njhopy;El;g trjpfSld; etPd uapy;Nt kw;Wk; NgUe;J Nritfs;
� etPdka tHj;jfq;fs;
� tpupthf;fg;gl;l> etPdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l gid njhopy;
FO 3
� rTj;ghupy; jpUj;jg;gl;l kd;dhH JiwKfk; kw;Wk; kPd;gpb JiwKfk;
� Kiwahd Fsp&l;b miwfs; kw;Wk; kPd; Nrfupg;G epiyaq;fSld; ghupa kw;Wk; etPd
njhopy;El;g kPd; re;ij (thb tPLfs;)
� mjpfupf;Fk; fly; kl;lq;fis jLg;gjw;F fy; RtHfs;
� kuq;fs; kw;Wk; G+r;nrbfSld; G+q;fhf;fs;
� ghyj;jpw;F mUfpy; Rw;Wyh tpLjp
� etPd njhopy; El;g re;ij
� Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tHj;jf vy;iy – td;nghUs;> eif> kpd;rhuk;
� Rw;W tistpy;> kzpf;$l;L NfhGuk;
� %d;W mLf;F itj;jparhiy
� tsUk; Glitj; njhopw;rhiy
� ghupa efu rig fl;llj; njhFjp
� jdpg;gl;l vy;iyf;Fs; mur mYtyfq;fs; mikT
� gutyhf;fg;gl;l etPd g]; Nrit kw;Wk; epiyak;
� ghupa glFfs; kw;Wk; kPd;gpbf; fg;gy;
� js;shb ,uhZt KfhKf;Fg; gjpyhf js;shb tpkhd epiyak;
FO 4
� midj;J murhq;f mYtyfq;fs; kw;Wk; trjpfs; xNu vy;iyf;Fs;
� jdpahH NgUe;Jfs;> mur NgUe;Jfs;> Kr;rf;fu tz;bfs; vd;gdtw;wpw;F ngw;Nwhy; epug;G
epiyaj;jpw;F mUfpy; etPd Nghf;Ftuj;J ikak;
� rpwe;j czT tpLjpfs;> flw;fiu tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; czT tpLjpfs; cs;slq;fyhf ftHr;rpfukhf
Rw;Wyh trjpfs;
� epyf;fPo; tbfhyikg;G kw;Wk; fopTePH fhZld; kPs;tbtikf;fg;gl;l efuk;. Gjpa kPd; re;ij>
JiwKfk;> kzpf;$l;L NfhGuk;> ghupa tpisahl;L muq;F> rpWtH G+q;fhf;fs;> etPd nghJ
itj;jparhiy kw;Wk; gaDWjp kpf;f uapy; Kiw.
� etPd njhopy; El;gf; fy;Y}up kw;Wk; ed;F trjpAld; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lk;
FO 5
� mjpfsthd kuq;fs; kw;Wk; tPjp tpsf;Ffs;
� midtUf;Fk; epue;j tPlikg;G
� etPd itj;jparhiy
� njhopy;El;g gapw;rp fy;Y}up
� cs;@H kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F glF trjpfs;
� etPdkakhd JiwKfk;
� rpwe;j juj;jpy; jukhd czT tpLjpfs;
� rpWtH G+q;fhf;fs;
� ePr;ry; jlhfk;
� kzpf;$l;L NfhGuk;
� etPdkakhd NgUe;J epiyak;
� kPd; gz;izfs; kw;Wk; cg;gpy; ,Ue;J mjpfupj;j [pg;rk; cw;gj;jp
fpuhkr; nraykHT – gs;spKid
Nf 1: mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhUf;F vd;d elf;Fk; vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpd;wPHfs;?
� fy;tp kw;Wk; fy;tp trjpfspy; Nkk;ghLfs;
� Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik mjpfupf;Fk;> mjpfhupfSf;F yQ;rk; toq;fpdhy; khj;jpuNk Ntiytha;g;G
fpilf;Fk;
56

� ghupa mgptpUj;jpfs; kw;Wk; ghupa tPLfspd; fl;llq;fs;
� fy; tPjpfs; rpwe;j epiyapy;> jhH ,lg;gl;bUf;Fk;
� ,jw;F Kd;dUk; jpl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. mLj;j gj;J
tUlq;fspYk; ,Nj epiyNa fhzg;gLk;.
� gj;J tUlq;fspy; kPdtHfs; kPJ NkYk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;.
� ,e;j gFjpapy; 80%Mdit kPd;gpb rKjhaq;fs;. fl;Lg;ghLfs; mjpfupj;Js;sd. vkJ gpujpepjpfs;
jkpo;. gj;J tUlq;fspd; rpq;fstHfs; my;yJ jkpoHfs; ,q;fpUg;gH. mtHfNs vkJ
jiytHfshf ,Ug;gH.
� gj;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH vk;khy; jiynaLf;f KbahJ.
� %d;W tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH Aj;jk; epiwtile;jJ. gilapdUf;F gj;J tPLfs; thliff;F
tplg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw njhlHe;Jk; thliff;F ngw ,uhZtk; tpUk;Gfpd;wJ. Mdhy; vq;fSf;F
mit kPz;Lk; Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; vkJ tPl;il Nrjg;gLj;jp tpLthHfs;.
� ,uhZt Kfhkpw;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j gj;J tPl;L cupikahsHfs; gak; fhuzkhf jkJ tPLfis
,uhZtj;jpduplk; xg;gilj;J tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sdH. khjhe;jk; & 600 vd;w thliff;F mtHfs;
toq;fpAs;sdH. Mdhy;> ,tHfs; NtW egupd; tPLfspy; trpg;gjw;F mjpf thlif toq;Ffpd;wdH.
mtHfs; mur mjpgUf;F njuptpj;Js;sdH. cj;juTfs; caH kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUtjdhy;
vJTNk elf;ftpy;iy.
� Vida flNyhug; gFjpfspy;> flw;gil mjpfhupfs; kf;fis> jkJ ,lq;fis tpw;FkhW mOj;jk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wdH. ,tHfspy; rpy mjpfhupfs; kd;dhupy; Ie;J tUlq;fSf;F mjpfk; cs;sdH.
� ,e;j epiyapy; nrd;why; gj;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH> xU khjj;jpw;fhd tUkhdk;> xU ehSf;Nf
Nghjpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
� gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhH ePUf;Fs; %o;fptpLk;.
Nf 2: mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhupy; vd;d elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ePq;fs;
tpUk;Gfpd;wPHfs;?
FO 1
� KO jPitAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mizfs;
� flw;fiu czT tpLjp kw;Wk; jq;Fkpl tpLjpfs;
� gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}up
� rTj;ghUf;F mUfpy; kpUff;fhl;rp rhiy
� ePr;ry; jlhfk;
� Rw;Wyh tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; jq;Fkpl tpLjpfs;
� etPd uapy;Nt epiyak;
� gy mLf;F fl;llq;fs;
FO 2
� midj;J tPjpfSk; fhHgl; tPjpfs;
� fy; mizfs; flypUe;J epyj;ij ghJfhf;Fk;
� kPd;gpb JiwKfk;> re;ij fl;llk; kw;Wk; rHtNjr juj;jpyhd muq;F ,Uf;Fk;
� Gjpa tPlikg;Gj; njhFjpfSk;> fl;llq;fSk;
� njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}up kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofk;
� Glitf; ifj;njhopy;> jfuj;jpy; milf;fg;gl;l kPd; kw;Wk; NtW njhopw;rhiyfs;
� midj;J ePiuAk; flYf;F nfhz;L nry;Yk; Kiwahd tbfhyikg;G Kiw
� kd;dhH kw;Wk; ,e;jpahit ,izf;Fk; ghyk;
FO 3
� njhopy; El;g kPd;gpb kw;Wk; gidj; njhopy; kw;Wk; fly; cw;gj;jp
� midtUf;Fk; epue;ju tPlikg;G
� midj;Jg; gFjpfSf;Fk; ePH tpepNahfk;
� midj;J tPjpfSf;Fk; tPjp tpsf;Ffs;
� fzdpkag;gLj;jg;gl;l E}yfq;fs;
� fzdpkag;gLj;jg;gl;l midj;J Jiwfs;
� tpNrl re;ij vy;iyfs; kw;Wk; re;ij fl;llj; njhFjp
� flw;fiuia ghJfhg;gjw;fhd fy; mizfs;
FO 4
� midj;J fyhrhuq;fs; kw;Wk; tHj;jfq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; xw;Wik
57

� epyj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;fhd fy; miz
� kz;zupg;ig jLg;gjw;fhd kuk; eLif
� Fsp&l;b Nrkpj;jy; trjpfSld; kPd;gpb JiwKfk;
� Mo; fly; kPd;gpb trjpfs;
� Njhl;lkply; kw;Wk; tpisr;rYf;fhd ,lk;
� gy;fiyf;fofk;> njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}up> njhopw;fy;tp epiyaq;fs;
� etPd itj;jparhiy
� tPjp milahsq;fs; kw;Wk; ghjrhup flitfs;
� rpwe;j cs;sf tPjpfs; kw;Wk; rpwe;j ePH tpepNahfk;
� epyf;fPo; kpd;rhu taHfs;
� etPd neLQ;rhiyfs;
� cs;sf tpkhd epiyak;
FO 5
� midj;J cs;@H kjq;fspd; xw;Wik
� midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; kPd;gpbg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
� rKjha nghOJNghf;F kw;Wk; ftHr;rpfukhd G+q;fhg; gFjpfs;
� Rj;jkhd kw;Wk; ftHr;rpfukhd fly;fs;
� ePr;ry; jlhfk;
� rpWtH guhkupg;G epiyaq;fs;
� fzdpkag;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy;El;g E}yfk;
� etPd uapy;Nt epiyak;
fpuhkr; nraykHT – cg;Gf;Fsk;
Nf 1: mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhUf;F vd;d elf;Fk; vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpd;wPHfs;?
� gj;J tUlq;fspy; cg;Gf;Fsk; rpwe;j ,lkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
� fly; ePH epyj;ij Nehf;fp Ntfkhf tUtjdhy;> kd;dhupd; gy gFjpfs; ePupd; fPo; nrd;WtpLk;.
� murhq;f fl;llq;fSf;fhf FbapUg;ghsHfs; NtW ,lq;fSf;F efu Ntz;Lk;.
� khztHfs; aho;g;ghzk;> tTdpah kw;Wk; nfhOk;Gf;F ,lk;ngaHtjdhy; fy;tp kl;lk;
tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.
� mjpfupj;j kj Kuz;ghLfs;
� ehshe;j tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fs; rpf;fYf;F js;sg;gLk;
� kfspH gpur;rpidfs; vOg;gg;gLk; - mtHfsJ tho;thjhuk;> J~;gpuNahf rk;gtq;fs;> ,d;dgpw
� jdpahH fy;tp Jiw tpUj;jpailAk; kw;Wk; nghJ ghlrhiyfspd; juk; tPo;r;rpailAk;
� kf;fspd; nghUshjhu epiyfs; Nkhrkhf ,Ug;gjdhy;> kd;dhupy; KjyPL nra;tjw;fhd
mtHfSila ,aYik FiwT. vdNt> ntspegHfs; te;J> KjyPL nra;tjw;fhd re;jHg;gk;
Vw;gLk;.
� Fiwthd KjyPL fhuzkhf> gzj; Njitf;fhf kf;fs; jkJ G+HtPf epyq;fis ntspegHfSf;F
mjpf tpiyf;F tpw;fpd;wdH.
� cs;@H kf;fs; njhif Jupjkhf mjpfupf;Fk;. ,J Nkhrkhd kUj;Jt Nritf;F top tFf;Fk;.
Nf 2: mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhupy; vd;d elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ePq;fs;
tpUk;Gfpd;wPHfs;?
FO 1
� lr;R Nfhl;ilia kPsikj;jy;
� gy; mLf;F tHj;jf njhFjpapd; Clhf ftdj;ij mjpfupj;jy;
� xNu $iuapd; fPo; murhq;f kw;Wk; epHthfr; nraw;ghLfs;
� jfty; njhopy;El;g G+q;fh
� rpWtH G+q;fh> tpisahl;L ikjhdk; kw;Wk; Kiwahd fhy;ge;J muq;F
� etPd E}yf trjpfs;
� tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;
� rk;ge;jg;gl;l kj milahsq;fSld; Rw;W tisTfs;
� Rw;Wyhj; Jiw mgptpUj;jp
58

� cs;sf td;Kiw
FO 2
� nts;sg; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd miy Kwpfs;
� njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}up kw;Wk; MrpupaHfs; gapw;rp fy;Y}up
� xNu $iuapd; fPo; murhq;fj; jpizf;fsq;fs;
� kd;dhUf;F ehd;F xOq;if neLQ;rhiy
� rpWtH G+q;fh
� gy; mLf;F mgptpUj;jp
� etPd itj;jparhiy njhFjp
FO 3
� nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;glhJ jLg;gjw;F KOikahd tbfhy; Kiw
FO 4
� ruhrup Nghf;Ftuj;Jld;> gue;j tPjpfs;
� mjpfupf;Fk; fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J nts;sg;ngUf;if jLg;gjw;F miy Kwpfs;
� FspH Nrkpg;G cs;slq;fyhf kPd;gpbfs; etPd trjpfs;
FO 5
� JiwKfk;
� re;ij
� cs;sf tpkhd epiyak;
fpuhkr; nraykHT – ngl;lh kw;Wk; rpd;df;fil
Nf 1: mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhUf;F vd;d elf;Fk; vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpd;wPHfs;?
� gy fl;llq;fSk;> cl;fl;likg;Gk; mjpfupf;Fk;
� tPjpfs; ed;F Ngzg;gLk;.
� Jupj kf;fs; njhif tsHr;rp fhzg;gLk;. kf;fs;> tPjpfs; kw;Wk; trjpfshy; efuk; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;.
� midj;Jk; fye;jpUf;Fk;. tPLfis mikg;gjw;F ,lk; ,Uf;fhJ> vJTNk jpl;lkplg;gl;bUf;fhJ.
� mdHj;j mr;RWj;jy;fs; mjpfupf;Fk; - #whtspfs;> Rdhkpfs;> mjpfupf;Fk; fly; kl;lq;fs;> fly;
nts;sq;fs; kw;Wk; kio nts;sq;fs; vd;gd kz;zupg;Gf;F top NfhYk;.
� gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH ghyk; ,y;iy. vdNt> mjid rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ ,q;F
ghyk; cs;sJ.
� midtUk; mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;J fijf;fpd;wdH. Mdhy;> vJTNk elf;fhJ. kd;dhupy; fle;j 58
tUlq;fshf trpj;j mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilayhdJ ,J. vJTNk khwtpy;iy.
� gy mur rhHgw;w kw;Wk; murhq;f mjpfhupfs; ngl;lhtpy; trpf;fpd;wdH. Mdhy;> tbfhyikg;G
,y;iy.
� kf;fs; njhif mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ> tho;f;ifj; juq;fs; tPo;r;rpailAk;.
� Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik. vdNt> tho;f;if juq;fis NgZtjw;fhd Nghuhl;lk;.
� Kiwahd tbfhyikg;G ,d;ikahy; Vw;fdNt nlq;F jhf;fk; cs;sJ. vdNt> kf;fs; njhif
mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ epiyik NkYk; NkhrkilAk;.
� ntspehl;L fyhrhuq;fs; te;J vkJ fyhrhuj;ij mopj;J tpLk;. Nkw;fj;ija fyhrhuk; vkJ
ed;dlj;ijia ghjpf;Fk;. nel;fNgf;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs;> ,izaj;jsk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp
miytupirfs;> Milfs; kw;Wk; ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpfspdhy; ,J ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
Nf 2: mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy; kd;dhupy; vd;d elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ePq;fs;
tpUk;Gfpd;wPHfs;?
FO 1
� Mq;fpy nkhop fw;wYf;F njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}up
� gy;fiyf;fofk; my;yJ njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}upapd; fpis
� etPd itj;jparhiy
� etPdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l NgUe;J epiyak;> NgUe;Jfs;
� ftHr;rpfukhd G+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;fhd trjpfs;
59

� gdp> cg;G> Glit cs;slq;fyhf> kPd;> ez;Lfs; kw;Wk; ,why;fspd; Nrkpg;G> Fsp&l;ly;
vd;gtw;Wf;fhd gy njhopw;rhiyfs;
� rHtNjr kw;Wk; cs;sf tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
� Fsq;fis kPsikj;jy;
� nghJ fl;llq;fs; kw;Wk; epue;ju tPLfs;
� ,yq;if kw;Wk; ,e;jpahTf;fhd ghyk;
� kuq;fSld; kd;dhH fiuNahuk;
FO 2
� flyupg;ig jLg;gjw;fhd fy; RtHfs;
� ghyj;jpw;F mUfpy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; czT tpLjp
� kPd;gpb JiwKfk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; efuj;jpw;F ftHr;rpfukhd Eiothapy;
� jdpj;Jtkhd vy;iyfSld; rpwe;j efuj; jpl;lk; - fyhrhu> tHj;jf> Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> murhq;fk;
� Rj;jkhd flw;fiufs;
� rHtNjr juj;jpy; tpisahl;L ikjhdk;
� ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ,yq;iff;F ,ilapyhd ghyk; re;jHg;gq;fis cUthf;Fk;.
FO 3
� ghyj;jpw;fhd Eiothapy; Xa;ntLj;jYf;F cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
� jiykd;dhUf;fhd neLQ;rhiy
� njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}up> Mq;fpy nkhop %y rHtNjr ghlrhiy
� tPjp tpsf;Ffs;
� gy mLf;F njhlHkhb FbapUg;Gf;fs;
� Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; jq;Fkplq;fs;
� midj;J ehLfisAk; NrHe;j kf;fSf;fhd kPs;FbNaw;w njhFjpfs;
� etPd re;ij
� etPd uapy; Nrit
� ,e;jpahTf;fhd ghyk;
� flypUe;J epyj;jpid ghJfhg;gjw;fhd miz
FO 4
� ghyj;jpw;F mUfpy; Xa;T trjpfs;
� flypypUe;J epyj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;fhd RtHfs;
� Ngzg;gl;l Njthya fl;llq;fs;
� etPd itj;jparhiy njhFjp
� KjpatH ,y;yq;fs;
� re;ij njhFjp
� njhopw;rhiyfs;
� nghOJNghf;F G+q;fhf;fs;> rpWtH G+q;fhf;fs;> tpisahl;L muq;F
� Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G kw;Wk; gy kuq;fs;
� Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;fhd czT tpLjpfs;
� Kiwahf jpl;lkplg;gl;l efuk;
60

Kjha muq;F
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
1. mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fSf;F kd;dhH kf;fspd; njhiyNehf;if milahsk; fhzy;
2. kd;dhH efu rigapd; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpfSf;F gue;j topfhl;liy toq;fy;.
eltbf;if 1: kd;dhupd; ‘gyq;fs;’ kw;Wk; ‘gytPdq;fis’ milahsk; fhzy;
tpsf;fk; ts tiuglkhdJ rKjhaj;jpd; thOk; #oiy fhz;gpf;Fk; - mit ,aw;if tsq;fs;>
kf;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs;> tho;thjhuk;> cl;fl;likg;G> Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fs;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; � gFjpapd; gyq;fs; njhlHgpy; NkNyhl;ilj;ijg; ngWtjw;F
� kf;fspd; tho;f;ifr; #oYld; njhlHGila gpur;rpidfis fz;lwpjy; kw;Wk;
fye;Jiuahly;
� tsq;fSf;fhd gpuNtrk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfis fw;gjw;F
gpujhd
Nfs;tpfs;
1. ,aw;if tsq;fs; (epyk;> fly;> ePH> Rw;Wr; #oy;)
� kd;dhiu cWjpahf;Fk; ,aw;if tsq;fs; vit?
� ahuhy; ,e;j tsq;fis gad;gLj;j KbAk;> ahuhy; gad;gLj;j KbahJ?
� ,e;j tsq;fis vt;thW rpwe;j tifapy; gad;gLj;j KbAk;?
� milahsk; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba gpujhd Rw;Wr;#oy; gpur;rpidfs; vit?
2. kf;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd; tsq;fs; (cwTfs;> Rw;Wyhj; Jiw> fy;tp)
� NtWgl;l FOf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cwTfs; vt;thwhdJ?
� rKjhaj;ij gpupf;Fk; tplaq;fs; vit?
� kd;dhH kf;fs; vt;thW rpwe;j mikjpNahL tho KbAk;?
� ntspegHfs; vt;thW cs;@H kd;dhH kf;fshy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wdH?
� kd;dhH kf;fs; vt;thW mtHfsJ mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;fis rpwe;j tifapy;
Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;?
3. tho;thjhu tsq;fs; (tUkhdk;> Ntiytha;g;G> tHj;jfk;)
� kd;dhupd; njhopy; GupAk; kf;fspd; gyq;fs; vit?
� kd;dhupy; ntw;wpfukhd tHj;jfj;jpd; mk;rq;fs; vit?
� ahH Kd;Ndwpr; nry;fpd;wdH> ahuhy; ,aytpy;iy?
� tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; tHj;jf mgptpUj;jpia Kd;Ndw;WtJ vJ?
4. fl;lg;gl;l Rw;Wr;#oy; tsq;fs; (fl;llq;fs;> tPjpfs;> trjpfs;)
� fl;lg;gl;l Rw;Wr;#oypd; rhjfkhd mk;rq;fs; vit?
� mtw;wpd; jw;Nghija epiy vd;d?
� mit vt;thW Nkk;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;?
� ve;j Gjpa trjpfs; Njit?
5. Kf;fpa ,lq;fs; tsq;fs; (kd;dhiu jdpj;Jtkhf;Fk; tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; ,lq;fs;)
� kd;dhupy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; mk;rq;fs; vit?
� jw;NghJ> mit njhlHgpy; VNjDk; gpur;rpidfs; cs;sdth?
� ahUf;F mijg; gw;wp njupAk;> ahUf;Fj; njupahJ?
� ,e;j tsq;fis vt;thW Kd;Ndw;WtJ?
6. Nghf;Ftuj;J (jdpahH kw;Wk; nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J)
� kd;dhupy; kf;fs; vt;thW Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;fpd;wdH?
61

� jw;Nghija Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfspd; rhjfkhd mk;rq;fs; vit?
� jw;Nghija Nghf;Ftuj;J topfspd; %yk; kf;fs; vjpHNehf;Fk; rpf;fy;fs; vit?
� nghJg;; Nghf;Ftuj;jpid vt;thW Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;?
7. nghOJNghf;F (Xa;T eltbf;if> tpisahl;L> nghOJ Nghf;Ffs;)
� kd;dhupy; cs;s NtWgl;l kf;fs; vt;thW Xa;T ngWtH kw;Wk; kfpo;e;jpUg;gH?
� kf;fs; jk;ik kfpor; nra;tjw;F VNjDk; ghjfkhd topfs; cs;sdth?
� ve;j Gjpa nghOJNghf;F trjpfs; Njit?
� Xa;T vLj;jy; kw;Wk; kfpo;jYf;fhd nryT Fiwe;j njupTfs; vit?
Fwpg;Gf;fs;/ ts tiuglk; vd;gJ Muk;gpg;gjw;F rpwe;j ,lk;. cs;@H kf;fSf;F mjid GuptJ kpf
,yFthdJ. FO cWg;gpdHfSf;F ,ilapy; fye;Jiuahliy Muk;gpg;gjw;F mJ
cjTk;. jfty; Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T njhlHghd xUq;fpize;j nraw;ghl;il
Muk;gpg;gjw;F mg;ghy;> ts tiuglkhf;fy; vd;gJk;> kf;fs; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ gFjp
njhlHgpy; ntspahl;fs; gof;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F gaDs;s fUtpahFk;. Vnddpy;> mJ
FO kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tsq;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j mikg;ig toq;Ffpd;wJ.
trjpaspj;jy; 1. kd;dhupw;Fs; cs;s „gyq;fs;‟ kw;Wk; „gytPdq;fis‟ ,e;j eltbf;if ftdk;
nrYj;Jk;.
2. gq;Fgw;WeHfs; FOf;fshf Nfs;tpfis fye;Jiuahb „gyq;fs;‟ kw;Wk; „gytPdq;fs;‟
vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; efH tpsf;fg;glj; jhspy; gjpy;fis vOJjy;.
3. xUtH jkJ fUj;ij Kd;itj;j gpd;dH> kw;wtHfsplk; ,zq;Ffpd;whHfsh>
,y;iyah my;yJ NtW vjidAk; NrHf;f Ntz;Lkh vd Nfl;fTk;. kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk;
te;Js;s midtupdJk; gq;fspg;gpid Cf;Ftpf;fTk;.
4. gj;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH ePq;fs; vjid ghHf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wPHfs; vd;gjid xU
jhspy; tiuaTk;.
5. FO ,yf;fk; kw;Wk; jpfjpapid jhspy; Fwpg;gpl kwf;f Ntz;lhk;.
6. mkHT epiwtiltjw;F Kd;dH> gq;Fgw;WeHfspd; gq;fspg;Gf;F ed;wp njuptpf;fTk;.
7. kPz;Lk; ghupa FOTf;F mwpf;ifaply; - gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fis gl;bayply; kw;Wk;
cq;fSila tpUg;Gf;Fupa vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;j rpj;jpuj;ij tpsf;fTk;.
nraw;ghL xd;W gjpy;fs;
(ciungaHg;Gf;fhd ,ilA+wpd; fhuzkhf rpy FOf;fSf;F jfty; G+Hj;jpahftpy;iy>)
FO 1: ,aw;if tsq;fs;
tiuglk;
� khiyjPtpidg; Nghy jPitr; Rw;wp fw;fis itj;J> mjpfupf;Fk; ePH kl;lj;jpypUe;J kd;dhiu
ghJfhj;jy;.
FO 2: kf;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs;
gyq;fs;
� nghJthf kf;fs; xNu fhyj;jpy; ,Uj;jy;
� midj;J JiwfspYk; kd;dhupy; fw;wtHfs; cs;sdH> vdNt> ,sk; jiyKiwapdUf;F
gapw;rpaspg;gjw;F mtHfs; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
gytPdq;fs;
� NtWgl;l FOf;fSf;F kj;jpapy; gy Nkhjy;fs;
� gy kjq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;
� mjpfstpyhd kj ntwp
tiuglk;
� ed;F trjpfSld; itj;jparhiy njhFjp
62

� ,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;J rigapd; NgUe;J epiyaj;ij etPdkag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Ntwplj;Jf;F
khw;wy;
� kd;dhH jPtpidr; #o fiuNahu tPjp
FO 3: tho;thjhuk;
gyq;fs;
� kPd;gpb
� jr;Rj; njhopy;> Jzp ntSj;jy; kw;Wk; ijay; Nghd;w Fbir njhopy;
� Njq;fha;> gid kw;Wk; fs; jahupj;jy; Nghd;w tsUk; njhopy;fs;
� kd;dhupy; mjpf jpwDila njhopyhsHfs; cs;sdH
� mjpf thlif thfdq;fs;
gytPdq;fs;
� kPdtHfs; Mokw;w ePupy; mjpfsT mf;fiw nrYj;Jtjhy;> Mo;fly; kPd;gpb ,y;iy
� tHj;jf kf;fs; re;jpj;J> fye;JiuahLtjw;F cupa ,lk; ,y;iy
� jkJ cupikj;Jtj;ij cWjp nra;tjw;F gy fil cupikahsHfsplk; gj;jpuk; ,y;iy
� NtWgl;l gpd;Gyq;fis nfhz;l kPdtHfs; kj;jpapy; Nkhjy;
� kPd;gpb rk;ge;jg;gl;l etPd kw;Wk; cWjpahd Kiwfs; njhlHgpy; rpW tpopg;GzHT
� njhopy;EZf;f Nkk;ghLfs;> elg;G mZFKiwfSld; ,izf;fg;glhik
� kPd;fSf;F Fsp&l;ly; Kiw ,d;ik
� kPd;gpb njhopYf;F ngWkjpNrHit ,d;ik
� kPdtHfs; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;
� ,yq;if fly; gFjpapy; kPd;gpbf;Fk; ,e;jpa kPd;gpbf; fg;gy;fs; njhlHgpy; eltbf;iffs; ,d;ik
� gy kf;fs; mur fhzpfspy; FbNawpAs;sdH. vdNt> ,l cupik njhlHgpy; gy gpur;rpidfs;
cs;sd.
tiuglk;
� kd;dhH efuk; Kiwahd tifapy; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
FO 4: fl;lg;gl;l #oy;
gyq;fs;
� epHkhzj; Jiwapy; jpwd; kpf;f kdpj tsq;fs;
� mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fspd; cjtpfs;
� cWjpahd kPd;gpb tsq;fs; kw;Wk; cg;gsq;fs;
� kPd;gpbf;fhd ngWkjp NrHj;jy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. c-k;: Ngrhiyapy; ez;biwr;rp njhopw;rhiy
� kd;dhUf;fhd ePz;l fhyj; jpl;lq;fs; Nfhl;ghl;by; cs;sik
gytPdq;fs;
� Gjpa fl;llq;fs; epHkhzpg;gjw;F Nghjpa epyk; ,d;ik
� jpl;lkplypy; nghJ kf;fs; gq;fspg;G ,d;ik
� kf;fs; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;ifapy; gq;fspg;gJ ,y;iy. c-k;: tPjp mfykhf;fy;
� Nghjpa tbfhyikg;G trjp ,d;ik
� Fg;igfis Nrkpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrfupj;jy; gpur;rpid
� kPs;Row;rp Kiw ,d;ik
� NtW ,lq;fisr; NrHe;j ghupa xg;ge;jjhuHfs;> rpW cs;@H xg;ge;jjhuHfis Gwk; js;sy;
tiuglk;
� gy mLf;F fl;llq;fs;. c-k;: xU khbf; fl;llq;fspw;Fg; gjpyhf> ,uz;bypUe;J ehd;F tiuahd
khbf; fl;llq;fs;.
� mjpfupf;Fk; fly; kl;lq;fspd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; flw;fiuf;F mUfpy; trpg;gjpy;iy.
.
63

FO 5: tpNrl ,lq;fs;
gyq;fs;
� kLkhjh Njthya fl;llk;> NfjP];tuk; Nfhtpy;> lr;R Nfhl;il> mupg;G my;ypuhzpf; Nfhl;il
kw;Wk; ngUf;f kuk; vd;gd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ftUk; rpwe;j ,lq;fs;
� rpythj;Jiwapd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G
gytPdq;fs;
� ghupa jpUtpohf;fspd; NghJ kjj; jyq;fspy; Nghjpy; trjpapd;ik
� Kj;Jf;Fspj;jYf;F> rpythj;Jiw tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpf;f ,lk;. Mdhy;> jw;NghJ ,uhZtj;jpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sJ.
� Nfhl;il xU nrhj;J. Mdhy;> ,uhZt fl;Lg;ghLfs; fhuzkhf vtUk; ghHg;gjw;F
mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. kd;dhupd; ,isQHfs; mq;F nrd;wNj ,y;iy.
� js;shb mjd; %ypif kUe;J jhtuq;fSf;F ngaH ngw;w ,lk;. Mdhy;> jw;NghJ mJTk;
,uhZt fl;Lg;ghl;L gFjp.
� cg;gs tp];jupg;gpd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; jkJ tPLfis ,of;fpd;wdH.
� nts;sg;ngUf;F re;jHg;gq;fspy;> murhq;fk; Kd;ndr;rupf;ifahf eltbf;if vLf;Fkhapd;>
Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; ,lk;ngau NeuhJ.
tiuglk;
� gFjpapd; gytPdq;fs; kw;Wk; tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; gjpyspf;f murhq;f mjpfhupfs; xd;W $ly;.
jkJ jPHkhdk; vLj;jypy; murpay; nry;thf;if jtpHj;jy;.
FO 7: nghOJNghf;F
gyq;fs;
� kd;dhupy; rHtNjr kl;lj;jpy; gy rpwe;j tpisahl;L tPuHfSk;> tpisahl;L MNyhrHfSk;
cs;sdH.
gytPdq;fs;
� njhopy;rhH tpisahl;L tPuHfSf;F Nghjpa gapw;rp trjpfs; ,d;ik
� tpisahl;L tPuHfSf;F Nghjpa kUj;Jt trjpfs; ,d;ik
� rpwe;j tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs; ,d;ik
� nghJ E}yfk; nraypoe;Js;sJ> trjpfs; Nkhrkhditahf cs;sd. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; E}yfk;
,y;iy
� Nghjpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,d;ik
� ngz;fSf;F mjpf ijay; ,ae;jpuq;fs; Njit
FO 8: ,aw;if tsq;fs;
gyq;fs;
� KUiff;fw;ghiw
� fly; tsq;fs;
gytPdq;fs;
� kPd;gpbf;F cs;@H Kiwfs; rpwe;jjhf ,y;iy
� Ntwplq;fisr; NrHe;j kPdtHfs; kd;dhH gFjpf;Fs; Mf;fpukpf;fpd;wdH
� kPdt FLk;gq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; tuTnryTj; jpl;lkply; my;yJ tUkhd jpl;lkply; ,y;iy.
vdNt> tUkhdk; Nghjpajhf ,y;iy
� mjpfupf;Fk; ePH kl;lkhdJ> kd;dhH kf;fSf;Fk;> mtHfSila tho;f;if KiwapYk;
mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ
� FbePH gw;whf;Fiw
� Nkhrkhd ePH tbfhyikg;G fhuzkhf ePH Njq;fy; kw;Wk; Esk;G ngUFk; gFjpfs; njhlHe;Jk;
cs;sd
� kf;fs; ve;j Kaw;rpiaAk; Muk;gpg;gjpy;iy
� eha;fs; kw;Wk; fOijfs; cs;slq;fyhf gy tPjp kpUfq;fs;> ,lj;ij mRj;jkhfTk;>
mghafukhdjhfTk; khw;Wfpd;wd.
64

� Fg;ig Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrkpj;jy; rpf;fyhf cs;sJ
� kf;fSf;F rpwpJ Rw;Wr; #oy; tpopg;GzHr;rp cz;L
tiuglk;
� kd;dhH flw;gug;gpy; rl;ltpNuhj kPd;gpb ,y;iy
� Esk;Gfs; ,y;iy
� mofhd ,aw;if #oy;
FO 9: kf;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs;
gyq;fs;
� xNu nkhopnad;gjhy;> njhlHghly; ,yF
� Nky;kl;lj;jpy; kjq;fs; kj;jpapy; neUf;fkhd njhlHG
� jdpj;Jtkhd kw;Wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tuyhw;Wj; jsq;fs;
� rpwe;j kjg; gapw;rp fhuzkhd ed;dlj;ij
� efug; gFjpapy; vOj;jwpT tPjk; mjpfk;
gytPdq;fs;
� Gjpa tplaq;fis fw;gjpy; kf;fs; MHtk; fhl;Ltjpy;iy
� kf;fspd; mikjpahd tho;f;ifapy; murpay; Fog;gk; tpistpf;fpd;wJ
� Ntiytha;g;G re;jHg;gq;fs; FiwT. vdNt> kf;fs;> tpNrlkhf fy;tp fw;w kf;fs; kd;dhiu tpl;L
Ntwplq;fSf;F ,lk;ngaHfpd;wdH
� kj rKjhaq;fSf;F ,ilapy; Nkhjy;
� Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F Nghjpa trjpfs; ,d;ik
� rpq;fsk;> Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w Vida nkhopfis fw;gjw;F kf;fs; MHtkpd;ik
tiuglk;
� fyhrhu uPjpahf $UzHT kpf;f Rw;Wyh trjpfs; mwpKfk;
� tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;f ,lq;fs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gly;
� Nghjpa vz;zpf;ifapy; tpUe;jpdH tpLjpfs;
� midtUk; Mq;fpyk; Ngry;
� etPd E}yf trjp
� ,isQHfs; mHj;jKs;s gzpapid nfhz;Ls;sdH
FO 10: tho;thjhuk;
gyq;fs;
� caHthd fly; tsq;fs;
� gid cw;gj;jpf;fhd ,aYikfs;
� kd;dhH efuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vz;zpf;ifapy; murhq;f Nritfs;
gytPdq;fs;
� kPdtHfSf;fhd mDkjp gj;jpu Kiw cw;gj;jpapd; gaDWjpj; jd;ik kw;Wk; juj;jpid
kl;Lg;gLj;jpAs;sJ
� murpay; ,ilaPL rKjhaj;ij gpupj;Js;sJ
� Kf;fpakhd kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;tJ njhlHghd fl;Lg;ghLfs;> kPdtHfSf;F
epahakw;w tpisit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
� kPd;gpbf;fhd cWjpahd mZFKiwfs; njhlHgpy; kPdtHfs; kj;jpapy; tpopg;GzHT FiwT
� kd;dhupd; caHfy;tp ,y;iy. vdNt> ,isQHfs; aho;g;ghzk; kw;Wk; nfhOk;Gf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdH
� njhopy;rhH gapw;rp epiyaq;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw
tiuglk;
� gpujhd tPjpapy; Kiwahd re;ijj; njhFjp
� gid cw;gj;jpfSf;F gapw;rp epiyak;
� tp];jupf;fg;gl;l cg;gs njhopy;
� fiuNahug; gFjpfspy; mjpfupj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; gdpf;fl;b njhopw;rhiyfs;
� caHfy;tp epWtdk;
65

nraw;ghL 2: ePq;fs; efu rigapd; jiytuhf ,Ug;gpd;> cq;fSila gpujhd %d;W
Kd;Dupikfs; vit?
nkhj;j FOr;
nraw;ghL
KbTfs;
efu rig eltbf;iff;fhd Kd;Dupikfs;
1. efu rig nghWg;Gf;fs; 10 milahsk; fhzg;gl;L. xt;nthd;Wk; jdp ml;ilapy;
vOjg;gl;L RtupNy xl;lg;gl;ld.
2. xt;nthU gq;Fgw;WeUf;Fk; %d;W gr;ir Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gl;L> kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdit
vd fUJk; nghWg;gpy; gjpf;FkhW Nfhug;gl;ldH. %d;W Gs;spfis xNu nghWg;gpYk;
gjpf;fyhk; my;yJ %d;W NtW nghWg;Gf;fspy; gjpf;fyhk; vd mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. gq;Fgw;WeHfs; midj;J Gs;spfisAk; gjpj;jjd; gpd;dH> xt;nthU flikf;Fkhd
Gs;spfs; fzpf;fg;gl;ld.
4. ve;j nghWg;G mjpf Gs;spfis ngWk; vd gq;Fgw;WeHfsplk; NfSq;fs;.
5. mtHfSf;F ngWNgw;iw mwptpj;jy;.
1. tbfhyikg;G – 79 thf;Ffs;
2. efuj; jpl;lkply; - 62 thf;Ffs;
3. tPjpfs; - 40 thf;Ffs;
4. Fg;ig – 30 thf;Ffs;
5. Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G 22 thf;Ffs;
6. E}yfk; - 22 thf;Ffs;
7. nghOJNghf;F G+q;fh – 12 thf;Ffs;
8. r%fNrit/jd;dhHtj; njhz;L – 12 thf;Ffs;
9. rKjha xw;Wik – 11 thf;Ffs;
10. Rw;Wyhj; Jiw – 11 thf;Ffs;
nraw;ghL 3: kd;dhupd; topapy; tUk; ‘re;jHg;gq;fis’ milahsk; fhzy;
nkhj;j FO
eltbf;if
MM2022,w;fhd
mHg;gzpg;G
eltbf;if %d;W gjpy;fs;
nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahH mikg;Gf;fshy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l kd;dhH tyaj;jpw;fhd
„re;jHg;gq;fs;‟ Fwpj;J ,e;j eltbf;if ,yf;F itf;Fk;.
2. kd;dhiu Nehf;fp tUk; vjpHfhy „re;jHg;gq;fs;‟ njhlHgpy; rpe;jpf;FkhW
gq;Fgw;WeHfsplk; NfSq;fs;.
3. re;jHg;gq;fSf;F kd;dhH kf;fs; vt;thW jahuhfyhk; vd fye;Jiuahly;> v.fh>
Gjpa tHj;jfq;fs;> tHj;jf cjtp Nritfs;> Rw;Wyhj; Jiw trjpfs;>
nghOJNghf;F vz;zq;fs;> ,d;dgpw> ,e;j re;jHg;gq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. gjpy;fis gjpT nra;jy;.
gq;Fgw;WeHfspd; MHtq;fis xd;wpizj;jy; kw;Wk; jpul;ly; ,Wjp flikahFk;.
kd;dhiu mgptpUj;jp nra;tjpy; ahnuy;yhk; cWjpahf ,Uf;fpd;whHfs; kw;Wk;
Neuk; kw;Wk; mHg;gzpg;gpid nfhz;Ls;shHfs; vd Nfl;fTk;. mtHfSila
njhlHG tpguq;fis gjpNtl;by; Fwpg;gpLkhW $wTk;.
(Nghjpa Neuk; ,d;ik> ,ilA+W vd;gd fhuzkhf ,e;j mkHtpid KOikahf elj;j Kbatpy;iy)
kd;dhUf;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l vjpHfhy „re;jHg;gq;fSf;F‟ jahuhtjw;F> gpd;tUk; Kaw;rpfis
gq;Fgw;WeHfs; mwpTWj;jpdH:
� Rw;Wyhj; Jiw cghaj;jpid jahupj;J> Rw;Wyh topfhl;bfSf;F gapw;rpaspj;jy;
� Mq;fpy kw;Wk; rpq;fs nkhop epfo;r;rpfis ];jhgpj;jy;
� kd;dhupy; jfty; njhopy;El;g njhlHghly; gapw;rpf;Fk;> fzdpkakhf;fYf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
toq;fy;.
66

� kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;fhd njhopy;El;g gapw;rp trjpfis mikj;jy;
� ngWkjp NrH njhopy; Jiwfis cUthf;fy;> tpNrlkhf kPd;gpb kw;Wk; tptrhaj;
JiwfSf;F
� fljhrp njhopw;rhiy cs;slq;fyhf Gjpa njhopy;fis cUthf;fy;
� kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 FOit Muk;gpj;jy;
gq;Fgw;WeHfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rpy nghJthd fUj;Jf;fs;:
� „vjpHfhyj;ij vjpHnfhs;tjw;F ehk; cz;ikahfNt jahuhf cs;Nshkh?‟
� „Gjpa gzpj; jsq;fs; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspy; ehk; gy gpur;rpidfis vjpHnfhs;Nthk;.‟
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 FOf; $l;lk;
brk;gH khjk; 10Mk; jpfjp rdpf;fpoik> kd;dhH efu rigapy; ,lk;ngw;w $l;lj;jpy; 40 NgH fye;J
nfhz;ldH. cgjiytH> cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk; efu FbapUg;ghsHfs; ,e;j $l;lj;jpy; fye;J
nfhz;ldH. vl;L MM2022 cg FOf;fis mikj;jy; njhlHgpy; ePz;l tpthjq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Nghyp
nraw;ghLfis jtpHg;gjw;F> efu rig rl;lj;jpw;F mikthf efu rigapd; KiwrhH FOf;fshf rpy
FOf;fis epakpg;gJ njhlHgpy; efu rig mf;fiw nrYj;jpaJ. efu rig cWg;gpdupd;
jiyikapd; fPo; gpd;tUk; MW FOf;fis cUthf;Fjy; njhlHgpy; kd;dhH efu rigf;F gpNuuiz
rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ:
1. efuj; jpl;lkply; (khefu Nritfs; kw;Wk; nghJ trjpfs; cs;slq;fyhf)
2. Rw;Wr; #oy; ];jpuj; jd;ik
3. rKjha epfo;r;rpfs;
4. Rw;Wyhj; Jiw mgptpUj;jp
5. kfspH mgptpUj;jp
6. epjp
vQ;rpa fy;tp kw;wk; tHj;jf mgptpUj;jpapy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; ,uz;L FOf;fSf;Fkhd jiytHfs;
efu rigf;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gl;ldH.
jkJ tpUg;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gq;Fgw;WeHfs; FOf;fis njupT nra;tH. milahsk; fhzg;gl;l
VidNahH FOf;fSf;F miof;fg;gl;L> xt;nthU gpupTf;Fk; Nehf;fk; xd;iw tbtikg;gjw;F
rhjfkhd cghaq;fis fz;lwpaj; njhlq;FtH. njhlH ftdpg;G $l;lk; 2012> [dtup Vohk; jpfjpf;F
jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 mwpf;ifapd; KbTfs; fpilf;ff; $bajhf
,Uf;Fk;.
,jd;NghJ> cUthd gpujhd Fwpg;Gf;fs; fPNo gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd:
FO 1: fy;tp
� njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}up
� Mq;fpyf; fy;tp gapw;rp
� jfty; njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndhbahf kd;dhH
FO 2: Rw;Wyhj;Jiw
� nghOJNghf;F ,lq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp. c-k;: flw;fiu jq;Fkplq;fs;
� gwitfs; ruzhyak;
� ngUf;f kuj;jpid Rw;Wyhj; Jiw ftHr;rpfukhd ,lkhf ngWkjp NrHj;jy;
� kd;dhH Nfhl;ilia Gduikj;jy;
FO 3: tHj;jf mgptpUj;jp
� vjpHfhy re;jHg;gq;fspy; KjyPL nra;tjw;fhd Gjpa rpW tHj;jf mgptpUj;jp
� tpisr;rYf;fhd ngWkjp NrHj;jy;
� RaNtiytha;g;G
� cs;@H tHj;jfq;fSf;F njhopw;Ngl;ilfis cUthf;fy;
� fljhrp njhopw;rhiy
FO 4: rKjha epfo;r;rpfs;
� kJ kw;Wk; Nghijg; nghUs; mbikahjiy milahsk; fhzy;
67

� rpWtH J~;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; ghypay; J~;gpuNahfj;ij milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhd gpurhuq;fs;
� cWjpahd kj xOf;f tpOkpaq;fis typAWj;Jk; epfo;r;rpfs;
� kJghdf; filfspd; ,lj;ij khw;wy;
� KjpatHfspd; guhkupg;G njhlHgpy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
FO 5: Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G
� kz;zupg;G
� mjpfupf;Fk; fly; kl;lq;fs;
� vz;nza; kw;Wk; vupthA njhopypy; Rw;Wr; #oy; kjpg;gPLfs;
� FbePH kw;Wk; epyf;fPo; ePH tsq;fs;
� gid tsq;fs;
FO 6: kfspH mgptpUj;jp
� RaNtiytha;g;Gf;fhd gapw;rp
� fztid ,oe;jtHfSf;F Ntiytha;g;G re;jHg;gq;fs;
� Gjpa jsq;fspy; tUkhdk; cWg;Gupikf;fhd kf;fs;
milahsk; fhzg;gl;ldH.
efu rigapd; nraw;ghLfs;
5. xt;nthU efuj;jpw;Fk; epakpf;fg;gl;l efu rigahdJ> ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; %yk; my;yJ NtW
vOjg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; %yk; xJf;fg;gl;l my;yJ mspf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fSf;F cl;gl;lJ.
cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhuk; vd;w tifapy; efuj;jpd; epHthf vy;iyf;Fs; kf;fspd; kw;Wk; efuj;jpd;
nrsfupaq;fSf;fhd nghJ Rfhjhuk;> nghJ gad;ghl;L Nritfs; kw;Wk; nghJtopfs;> kw;Wk;
nghJthf nrsfupak;> trjp kw;Wk; eyd; vd;gtw;wpd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL vd midj;J
tplaq;fspdJk; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; epHthfk; vd midj;J tplaq;fSk;> tpjpKiwfSf;F cl;gl;lJ.
(efu rig fl;lisr; rl;lq;fs;> mj;jpahak; 25> gf;fk; 2> 1988)
29. (1) efu rigahdJ> fhyj;Jf;F fhyk;> rigapd; mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs; my;yJ nghWg;Gf;fs;>
my;yJ efu rigapd; mf;fiwf;Fl;gl;l NtW tplaq;fs;> njhlHgpy; Fwpg;Gjtpf;F efu rigf;Fk;
MNyhrid toq;Fjy; vd;w Nehf;Fld;> efu rigapd; cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l my;yJ gFjpastpy;
efu rigapd; cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l kw;Wk; gFjpastpy; efuj;jpy; tjpgtHfisf; nfhz;l
FOf;fis epakpf;fyhk; kw;Wk; fhyj;Jf;F fhyk;> jkJ mjpfhuq;fs; my;yJ tfpghfq;fis fld;
ngWtjw;F> tpfpjk; tpjpj;J> my;yJ tup tpjpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;Jk; FOf;fs; jtpHe;j NjitfSf;F
mt;thwhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; my;yJ #o;epiyfs; jPHkhdpf;fg;glyhk;. (efu rig fl;lisr; rl;lq;fs;>
mj;jpahak; 25> gf;fk; 9> 1988)
68

Ma;T kw;Wk; gjpy;fs;
kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 Ma;T
cq;fs; fUj;ij njuptpAq;fs;!
69
gpw;NrHf;if 4
,e;j jdpj;Jtkhd ,lj;jpd; vjpHfhy mgptpUj;jpia jpl;lkplypy; kd;dhH efu r%fj;Jld;
,ize;J gzpahw;Wtjw;F efu rig tpUg;gk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,d;W cq;fSila efuk;
njhlHgpy; rpwg;ghdjhf vjid fUJfpd;wPHfs; kw;Wk; mjid vt;thW vjpHfhyj;jpy;
mgptpUj;jp nra;a KbAk; vd;gjid efu rig Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F cq;fSila
fUj;Jf;fs; Jiz GupAk;. ,e;j gbtj;ij G+Hj;jp nra;J> mLj;j gj;J tUlq;fspy;
kd;dhiu Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F cjTq;fs;.
kd;dhH efupy; ePq;fs; trpf;fpd;wPHfsh? fw;fpd;wPHfsh? my;yJ gzp Gupfpd;wPHfsh?
kd;dhupy; ePq;fs; vt;tsT fhyk; trpf;fpd;wPHfs;?
5 tUl FiwT 5-10 11-20 20 tUlq;fSf;F mjpfk;
ghy;epiy Mz; ngz;
taJ: 17FiwT 18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69
70f;F mjpfk;
Nf 1: kd;dhH njhlHgpy; ePq;fs; tpUk;GtJ vd;d?
1. ey;y trjpfs; (c-k;: kpd;rhuk;> itj;jparhiy)
2. mikjp> gpizf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; (c-k;: tpUe;Jgrhuk;)
3. tho;f;if juq;fs;> (c-k;: tptrhak;> kPd;gpb> mjpfupf;fg;gl;l njhopy; re;jHg;gq;fs;>
tHj;jf mgptpUj;jp)
4. r%f gy;tifj; jd;ik (kf;fspd; rpwe;j Gupe;JzHT> ngz;fSf;F kjpg;G)
5. ed;F fw;w kjpg;Gf;Fupa kf;fs;
6. ,aw;ifr; #oy; (fly;> flw;fiufs;)
7. tpNrl fl;llq;fs; kw;Wk; jsq;fs; (topghl;L jsq;fs;> Nfhl;il> ngUf;f kuk;)
8. rpwe;j rthy;fs;> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; cghaj; Njhw;wk; (c-k;: tPjp mgptpUj;jp> fy;tp
trjpfs;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp> njhopy; tpupthf;fk;> mjpfupj;j r%f Nritfs;>
mdhij tpLjpfs;> Rw;Wyhj; Jiw> ngw;Nwhypa mfo;T> mjpf mstpyhd filfs;)
9. kd;dhiur; NrHe;jtHfs; vd;w ngUik
10. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd mikjp
11. jdpj;Jtk;/fyhrhu ghuk;gupak;/tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G
12. NtW (c-k;: midtUk; jkpo; fijf;fpd;wdH> fpwp];jt ngUk;ghd;ik> tpisahl;L>
ghyk;> Nghjpa tjptplk;)

Nf 2: kd;dhupy; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tpNrl ngsjPf mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f fhl;rpg;
gz;Gfs; vit?
ngsjPf mk;rq;fs; r%f fhl;rpg; gz;Gfs;
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ngsjPf mk;rq;fs;:
1. njhy;nghUspay;/Rw;Wyhj; jsq;fs; (c-k;: njhy;nghUspay; jsq;fs;> Nfhl;il>
my;ypuhzpf; Nfhl;il> ngUf;f kuk;> gwit ruzhyak;)
2. fyhrhu kw;Wk; topghl;L ,lq;fs; (c-k;: kLj; jpUj;jyk;> jpUf;NfjP];tuk; Nfhtpy;)
3. Rw;Wr; #oy;/,aw;if tsq;fs; (c-k;: fly;> flw;fiu> FbePH> jhtuq;fs;> ku eLif>
cs;@H Fsq;fs;> kz;zupg;ig jLj;jy;> ,aw;if fhLfs;> fdpk kzy;> kzy;
mfo;tjid epWj;jy;> kzy; Fd;Wfs;> CHtd> kuq;fs; ntl;Ltjid epWj;jy;)
4. Fbirj; njhopy; (c-k;: gid> njq;F)
5. jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fs; (c-k;: fOijfs;> tuyhw;W rpd;dq;fs;> kd;dhH milahsk;)
6. nghJthd fl;llq;fs;> trjpfs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G (c-k;: Rfhjhu trjpfs;> rpwe;j
tPjpfs;> ghyk;> JiwKf trjpfs;> tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;> tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs;)
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba r%f fhl;rpg; gz;Gfs;
1. fyhrhu ghuk;gupak; (c-k;: tuyhw;W Gj;jfq;fs;> fpwp];jt fyhrhuk;> gz;ghl;L
gof;fq;fs;> ntsp fyhrhuq;fs; CLUtiy jLj;jy;> fHehlf rq;fPjk; kw;Wk; fiy>
$j;J eldk; kw;Wk; ehlfk;> jkpo; fyhrhuk;> Nkw;fj;ija fyhrhu Mjpf;fj;ij
epWj;jy;)
2. jd;dhHtj; njhz;L/r%f Nrit (c-k;: r%fj;jpd; gy;NtWg;gl;l Njitfis G+Hj;jp
nra;jy;> KjpatHfis guhkupj;jy;> twpatHfs; kj;jpapy; tho;thjhu mgptpUj;jpf;F
fld;fs; kw;Wk; MNyhrid toq;fy;> Fiwe;j tUkhd FOf;fis milahsk;
fhzy;> epHf;fj;jpahdtHfs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfs; njhlHgpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jy;)
3. rKjha xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; (c-k;: ehq;fs; rNfhjuHfs; vd;w mq;fPfhuk;>
kf;fis eltbf;ifapy; r%f czHTfs;> kPdtHfSf;F Kd;Dupik
toq;fy;)
4. rKjha xw;Wik (c-k;: rKjhaq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij nfhz;L
tUtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis cUthf;fy;> ,dq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis
ePf;fy;> fpuhk ,zf;fk;> kPdtHfSf;F kj;jpapy; xw;Wik> r%f kw;Wk; kj xd;W
$ly;fs;> rKjhaq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; rpwe;j cwTfs;)
5. vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;j ek;gpf;if (c-k;: ,isQHfs; vjpHNehf;Fk; tpuf;jpia xopj;jy;>
,isQHfSf;fhd Ntiytha;g;G> kd;dhupd; vjpHfhyk; ek; ifapy;> kf;fs; kd;dhiu
tpUk;gr; nra;jy;> ,isQHfspd; vz;zq;fis kjpj;jy;> vjpHfhy nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jp> kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk;> mikjpahd #oiy Ngzy;> Gjpa vz;zq;fspd;
Kd;Dupik toq;fy;> jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
6. ed;dlj;ij> tpOkpak;> cupikfs; (c-k;: xOf;fkhd rpWtHfs;> kJghdf; filfis
tpl;L xJq;fpapUj;jy;> flTSf;Fg; gae;j tho;f;ifia cs;thq;fy;> rpWtH Ruz;ly;
kw;Wk; rpWtUf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwia epWj;jy;> fztid ,oe;jtHfs; kPjhd
J~;gpuNahfj;ij epWj;jy;> kJ kw;Wk; Nghijg; nghUs; gad;ghL epWj;jg;gly;>
rpwe;j r%fj;ij cUthf;fy;> r%fj;jpw;F vjpuhd elj;ijia epWj;jy;> rl;l
xOq;if epiyehl;ly;> KjpatHfis kjpj;jy;> ghy;epiy rkj;Jtk;> kJghdf;
filapd; ,lj;ij khw;wy;> kj mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;> kf;fSf;fhd cupikfs;> jdpahd
cupikfs;)
7. Rw;Wr; #oYf;fhd guhkupg;G (c-k;: flw;fiufspy; ,Ue;J kziy
mg;Gwg;gLj;Jtjid epWj;jy;> KUiffw;ghiwfis ghJfhj;jy;> kuq;fs;
ntl;Ltjid epWj;jy;> cs;@H Fsq;fis kPsikj;jy;> kuq;fs; ely;> Fg;igfs;
tPRtjid epWj;jy;> kPs;Row;rp)
8. ngWkjp kpf;f kdpj tsq;fs; (xUq;fpize;j tif 8 kw;Wk; 9) (c-k;: nkhop
fw;wiy Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jy;> tpNrlkhf Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; rpq;fsk;> ,U ghyhUf;Fk;
rkkhd fy;tp> khztHfSf;F rpwe;j fy;tp)
70

9. NtW (tif 10) (c-k;: r%f eltbf;iffs;> FLk;g cwTfs;)
Mq;fpyj;jpypUe;J> jkpOf;F nkhopngaHj;jikapy;> mHj;jk; khwpaikapd; fhuzkhf> ,e;j
Nfs;tpf;F Nkhrkhd gjpy;fs; fpilj;jd. ve;j ngsjPf kw;Wk; r%f mk;rq;fs;
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F tpilaspg;gjw;F gjpyhf> kd;dhupy; tho;f;ifia
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F gq;Fgw;WeHfs; tpilaspj;jpUe;jdH.
Nf 3: kd;dhiu rpwe;j ,lkhf khw;Wtjw;F gpufhrkhd vjpHfhyj;ij cUthf;FtJ
njhlHgpy; cq;fSila MNyhridfs; vit?
1. Nghf;Ftuj;J (c-k;: uapy;ghijia tpiuthf fl;Ljy;> NgUe;J epiyaj;jpy;
kyry$l trjpfs;> etPd NgUe;Jfs;)
2. tho;thjhu kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp (c-k;: Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba tho;f;ifr;
nryT> tHj;jf Jiw etPdkakhf;fg;gly;> cw;gj;jpf;F cs;@H %yg;nghUl;fis
gad;gLj;jy;> twpa kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;> ngz;fSf;fhd
Ntiytha;g;G> ,e;jpah> ,yq;if ,izg;G> flYzT njhopy; mgptpUj;jp> fzdpj;
Jiw mgptpUj;jp> jd;dpiwthd kd;dhH> nghJ-jdpahH gq;fhspj;Jtk;> ghupastpyhd
njhopw;rhiyfis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;> fljhrp njhopw;rhiyfs;> mjpf Vw;Wkjpfs;>
ngz;fSf;fhd Fbirf; ifj;njhopy;)
3. Rj;jkhd efuk; (c-k;: kahdq;fspy; Fg;ig Nrfupj;jiy epWj;jy;> toikahd Fg;ig
Nrkpj;jy;> efiu Rj;jkhf itj;jpUj;jy;)
4. r%f xw;Wik (c-k;: kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ghugl;rk; ,d;ik> ehl;bd; vjpHfhyk; njhlHgpy;
rpe;jpj;jy;> Njrg;gw;Wld; ,Uj;jy;> Njrpa MHtj;jpw;F Mjutspj;jy;> midtuJ
fUj;ijAk; kjpj;jy;> rpq;fs/jkpo;/K];yPk; xw;Wik> Raeykpd;wp ,Uj;jy;>
nghJeydpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jy;> kd;dhupy; thOk; kf;fs; xw;Wikahf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;> ,J vkJ ,lk; vd ehk; vz;z Ntz;Lk;> midj;J kj kf;fSk;
xd;wpize;J> kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022,w;F Mjutspf;f Ntz;Lk;)
5. Nkyjpf fy;tp (c-k;: Mq;fpy> rpq;fs nkhop gapw;rp> njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}up kw;Wk;
gy;fiyf;fofk; mikj;jy;> rKjhaf; fy;tp toq;fy;> etPd njhopy; EZf;f fy;tp>
Gjpa Ma;T kw;Wk; ,ilaPLfSf;F epjpaply;> caHjuf;fy;tpia epiwT nra;tjw;F
khztHfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;> Nkyjpf fy;tpf;F Gyikg;guprpy; toq;fy;)
6. Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G (c-k;: kuk; ely;> ,aw;if tsq;fs; mgptpUj;jp> flyupg;ig
epWj;jy;> rl;ltpNuhj kz; mfo;it epWj;jy;> flw;fiu mizfis mikj;jy;>
mdHj;j Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lj;ij tbtikj;jy;)
7. Rfhjhu trjpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; (c-k;: Rfhjhu tpopg;GzHT epfo;r;rpfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jy;> rpwe;j itj;jparhiy trjpfs;> nlq;F jLg;G epfo;r;rpfis> xopg;G
epfo;r;rpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;)
8. efuj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; trjpfs; (c-k;: tPjp tpsf;Ffs; kw;Wk; gioatw;iw Ngzy;>
rpWtH G+q;fhf;fs;> nghJ ,lq;fs; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gly;> kd;dhiu mofhf;fy;> ePd
E}yfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;> tPjp rkpf;iQfis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;> Gjpa efiu
fl;bnaOg;gy;> cWjpahd mgptpUj;jp> flw;fiu G+q;fhit mikj;jy;> efu ,lj;ij
tp];jupj;jy;> tpisahl;L ikjhdk; mikj;jy;> fyhrhu epiyak; mikj;jy;>
kd;dhiu cyfpy; gpugykhd ,lkhf khw;wy;> re;ijj; njhFjp mikj;jy;> kd;dhH
efiu vt;thW tbtikj;jy; vd;gJ njhlHgpy; kf;fSf;F tpopg;GzHT toq;fy;)
9. tPjp mgptpUj;jp (c-k;: jPitr; Rw;wp flw;fiu tPjp> cs;sf tPjpfSld; ,izj;jy;>
gioa tPjpfis Gduikj;jy; kw;Wk; Gjpatw;iw mikj;jy;> tPjpfis gutyhf;fy;)
10. tbfhyikg;G (c-k;: Fsq;fis kPsikj;jy;> tbfhyikg;ig etPdkakhf;fy;)
11. gad;ghLfs; - kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; ePH (c-k;: fPupapypUe;J ePH vLg;gjid epWj;jp>
KUq;fdpypUe;J vLf;fTk;> NghjpasT rf;jp tpepNahfj;ij cWjp nra;jy;>
FbePUf;fhd Foha;fis mikj;jy;)
12. ed;dlj;ij/cupikfs;/rl;l tpjpfs; (c-k;: ,sk; jiyKiwapdH khw Ntz;Lk;>
midtUf;Fk; rl;lk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gly;> murpay; nry;thf;if Fiwj;jy;> nghWg;ghd>
NeHikahd mYtyfq;fis cWjp nra;jy;> midj;Jk; ePjpahf> rkkhf gfpug;gly;>
cjtp tpepNahfj;jpy; ghugl;rkpd;ik> ey;yhl;rp> rk cupikfis cWjp nra;jy;)
13. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw (c-k;: Nfhl;ilia kPsikj;jy;> flw;fiuia mofhf;fy;>
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw jq;Fkplq;fis toq;fy;> fPup kw;Wk; rTj;ghH flw;fiuia mgptpUj;jp
nra;jy;> kj jsq;fis ghJfhj;jy;> Rw;Wyh tpLjpfis mikj;jy;> jiykd;dhH
kzpf;$l;L NfhGuj;ij kPsikj;jy;> jiykd;dH Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp> ghyj;jpw;F
mUfpy; Xa;ntLj;jy; ,lj;ij mikj;jy;)
71

14. NtW (c-k;: tPjp tpyq;Ffis guhkupj;jy;. etPd ,Wjpf; fpupia Kiwfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jy;> tup t#ypj;jy;> rpwe;j epHthfj;ij cWjp nra;jy;> efu rig
tUkhdj;ij mjpfupj;jy;> efu rig kw;Wk; gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdHfSf;F gapw;rp
toq;fy;. kf;fis jtwhf elj;jhik> kd;dhH kw;Wk; Vida khtl;lq;fSf;F
,ilapyhd cwit Nkk;gLj;jy;> etPd njhiyj;njhlHG Kiwfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jy;> jpUg;gp toq;fhJ murhq;fj;jpd; epjp xJf;fPLfis KOikahf
gad;gLj;jy;> kd;dhupd; tsq;fis epiyj;jpUf;ff; $ba tifapy; gad;gLj;jy;)
15. kf;fspd; gq;fspg;G (c-k;: kd;dhupd; mgptpUj;jp njhlHgpy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jy;> cs;@H FOf;fs; kw;Wk; r%f rhHghd epWtdq;fs;
Clhf eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> gpuNjr kf;fs; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspy; njhiyNehf;F kw;Wk; gzpfSf;F midtUk; cjtNtz;Lk;> cs;@H
kf;fspd; fUj;ij NfSq;fs;> mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mHg;gzpg;G> ,isQH rpukjhdq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;jy;> ,isQHfspd; mgptpUj;jpapd; Clhf kd;dhH rpwe;j ,lkhf khWk;>
vkJ vjpHfhyj;ij ehk; jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;> kd;dhupd; kWkyHr;rp 2022 njhlHgpy;
midtUf;Fk; tpopg;GzHT toq;fy;)
16. fiy/fyhrhuk;/nghOJNghf;F (ePf;fg;gl;l gFjp)
17. epy cupikfs; kw;Wk; tPlikg;G (c-k;: epy cupikj;Jtk; njhlHghd rpf;fy;fis
jPHj;jy;> kPs;FbNawpatHfSf;F epue;ju tPLfis toq;fy;)
Nf 4: efu rigf;F ePq;fs; nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; %d;W Kf;fpakhd ,yf;Ffs; vit?
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s gl;baypy; cq;fSf;F %d;W Kf;fpakhd ,yf;Ffis 1> 2> 3 vd
Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
,aw;if #oiy ghJfhj;jy;
kf;fspd; fyhrhu ghuk;gupaj;ij nfhz;lhly;
kpfTk; gytPdkhd kf;fis guhkupj;jy;
epiyj;jpUf;Fk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;
tPjpfs;> tbfhyikg;G> Fg;ig Nghd;w mbg;gil cl;fl;likg;G toq;fy;
efu rig epfo;r;rpfspy; rKjha MHtk; kw;Wk; nghJ

C20 kPs;Row;rp
C20 r%f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr; #oy; uPjpahf ehk; tpopg;GzHTld; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
C26 thrfH tl;lk;
C26 Clf ,izaj;jsk;
C30 tPjp rkpf;iQfs;
C30 nghJ trjpfspd; guhkupg;G
C30 tPjp tpyq;Ffs; Kfhikj;Jtk;
C31 FbapUg;Gf;fhd jho; epyq;fspd; gz;gLj;jy;
C38 ghlrhiyfSf;Fs; cUthf;fg;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; Nritfs;
C38 midj;J kj khztHfSf;Fkhd ghlrhiy tpLjpfs;
C39 Gjpa Kd;gs;spfs; kw;Wk; ghlrhiyfs;
C40 kPd;gpb mDkjp Kiwia ePf;fy;
C42 nghJ re;ij mwpKfk;
C46 rpWtHfs; kw;Wk; ,sk; ngz;fs; ghJfhg;G
C48 mofpa kd;dhH efuk;
C50 mupg;gpypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gl;l flw;fiu
C50 Gjpa fyhrhuj;jpd; Nkhrkhd tpisTfis Fiwj;jy;
C62 kf;fspd; tpUg;gq;fis mwpe;J nfhz;L nraw;gly;
C72 midj;J tPjp tpsf;FfSk; nraw;gLtjid cWjp nra;jy;
C74 kd;dhUf;F Nrit nra;j kf;fis mq;fPfupj;jy;
C76 toikahf tPjpfis Ngzy;> vdNt> mtw;iw jpUj;j Ntz;b NeuhJ
C77 vt;thW rpwe;j gpui[ahf ele;J nfhs;tJ vd;gJ njhlHgpy; fUj;juq;Ffis
elj;jy;
C77 thliff;F mkHj;jg;gl;l Rj;jpfupg;ghsHfs; Kiwahf nraw;gly;
C78 mjpfupj;j tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy;
C78 flw;fiufs; Rj;jk; nra;ag;gl;L> ,Uf;if trjpfs; nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;
C81 rpWtH G+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
C88 ruhrup kdpjUk; Gupe;J nfhs;sf; $ba tifapy; tpopg;GzHT epfo;r;rpfis
xOq;F nra;jy;
C92 jd;dhHtj; njhz;L Nkk;gLj;jg;gly; kw;Wk; jd;dhHt CopaHfSf;F
Mjutspj;jy;
C96 mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fp kd;dhiu topelj;jy;
C103 kw;iwa khtl;lq;fsplk; ,Ue;J fw;wy;
C106 fzdp mwpT kf;fSf;F mspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
C114 kahdj;ij Rj;jkhf itj;jpUj;jy;> gpzq;fis vupf;Fk; ,lj;ij Ngzy;
C116 efiu Rj;jk; nra;jYf;F mjpf Kd;Dupik toq;fy;
C129 r%fj;jpw;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffis fz;lwptjw;F fiy eltbf;iffs;
kw;Wk; NtW Gj;jhf;f topfis gad;gLj;jy;
C132 midj;J rKjhaq;fSk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf xd;wpizf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
C135 ,isQHfSk;> khztHfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJld;> Ntiytha;g;G toq;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
C140 ,yQ;rk; %yk; my;yhJ> nghJ mjpfhupfspy; ,aw;if Cf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;
C143 tHj;jf epiyfis gutyhf;fy; kw;Wk; Gjpa njhopy; EZf;fj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jy;
C145 E}yfk; kw;Wk; mjd; Nritfis Nkk;gLj;jy;
C147 efu kz;lgj;ij GJg;gpj;jy;
C149 KjpatHfis guhkupj;jy;
C150 tpisahl;L tPuHfis cw;rhfg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rpfis toq;fy;
C151 ngz;fspd; fy;tp kw;Wk; tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jy;
73

C152 tPl;L ,yf;fq;fs; njspthf milahsk; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
C153 muq;fpid kPs;tbtikj;jy;
C157 rdneUf;fbahd gFjpfspy; tPjp vy;iyfis ];jhgpj;jy;
C172 gutyhd tPjpfs;
C172 jpl;lkplg;gl;l tifapy; filfs; kw;Wk; tHj;jf vy;iyfis cUthf;fy;
C172 Kiwahd efuj; jpl;lkpliy xd;wpizj;jy;
W1 lr;R Nfhl;il kw;Wk; my;ypuhzpf; Nfhl;ilia kPsikj;jy;
W4 kd;dhH nghJ itj;jparhiyapy; itj;jpa epGzHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia
mjpfupj;jy;
W6 fl;ll FwpaPLfs; midj;Jk; Gjpa epHkhzj;Jld; nghUe;jpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
W7 Esk;G ngUFk; ,lq;fs; midj;ijAk; milahsk; fz;L> nlq;F gutiy
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
W8 efupd; kj;jpapypUe;J> gpujhd tPjpia khw;wy;
W10 midj;J rKjha nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;Fk; „cjTk; fuk;‟ Kd;dzpia
cUthf;fy;
W12 Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf kd;dhiu tpl;L ntspNawpa GyikahsHfis njhlHG
nfhs;sy;
W12 ,U ghypdUf;Fk; njhopy; gapw;rp kw;Wk; tpisahl;L trjpfis cUthf;fy;
W12 Fg;ig kw;Wk; Njitaw;w nghUl;fspd; kPs;Row;rp
W13 etPd nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
W14 cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk; CopaHfSf;F ,ilapy; rhjfkhd cwTfSld; xNu
Nehf;fj;ij vl;Ltjw;F efu rig cWg;gpdHfs; xd;wpizjy;
W22 kd;dhupy; etPd khbfSld; fl;llq;fis mikj;jy;
W32 mofhd tPjpfis epHkhzpj;jy;
W37 kw;w kf;fspd; epyq;fspy; rl;ltpNuhj Mf;fpukpg;ig epWj;jy;
W38 efupd; kj;jpapy; kzpf;$l;L NfhGuj;ij mikj;jy;
W41 rkhjhd tpopg;GzHT epfo;r;rpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;
W41 K];yPk; kf;fis gaDWjp kpf;f tifapy; kPs;FbNaw;wy;
W44 kpd;rhuk;! kpd;rhuk;! kpd;rhuk;! nghUj;jkhd eltbf;if vLj;jy;
W47 epyj;jpd; gaDWjpkpf;f gad;ghl;bw;F etPd tPlikg;Gj; njhFjpfis
epHkhzpj;jy;
W53 mjpfupf;Fk; fly; kl;lq;fis fz;lwpe;J rPHgLj;jy;
W55 ghupa FWf;Fg;ghijfSf;F ,ilapy; Rw;WtisTfs; mikj;jy;
Nf 6: ePq;fs; kd;dhH efu rig jiytuhf ,Ug;gpd; eltbf;iff;fhd %d;W gpujhd
Kd;Dupikfs; vitahf ,Uf;Fk;?
1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. tPjpfs;
2. tbfhyikg;G
3. Rw;Wr; #oy; guhkupg;G
4. Fg;ig
5. Rw;Wyhj; Jiw
6. efuj; jpl;lkply;
7. E}yfk; kw;Wk; E}yf Nritfs;
8. nghOJNghf;F trjpfs; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;
9. jd;dhHtj; njhz;L/r%f Nritfs;
74

10. rKjha xw;Wik
11. Rfhjhuk; (c-k;: Rfhjhuk;> tPjp tpyq;Ffs;> Nghijg; nghUs; J~;gpuNahfk;)
12. NtW (c-k;: tup Nrfupj;jy;)
Ma;tpid cUthf;fpatH> cs;@H murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;Gf;fs; njhlHgpy; gq;Fgw;WeHfs;
gupr;rakhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w jtwhd fUJNfhis Kd;itj;jhH. rpy kf;fs;
khj;jpuNk efu rigapd; tfpghfq;fs; kw;Wk; flikfs; njhlHgpy; gupr;rak; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
,e;j Nfs;tp gaDWjp kpf;f tifapy;> efu rig nghWg;Gf;fspd; jw;Nghija gl;baypy;
,Ue;J> mtHfSila Kd;Dupikfis jug;gLj;Jtjw;F gq;Fgw;WeHfs; Nfhug;gl;l ghupa
rKjha nraykHtpy; gjpyspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nf 6: kd;dhH efupd; vjpHfhy mgptpUj;jp eltbf;ifapy; ePq;fs; vt;thW khLfs;) Kfhik nra;tjw;F cjTjy;
…………………..gpuptpy; njhopy; EZf;f epGzj;Jtk; toq;fy;
efuj;jpw;F fyhrhu epfo;T epfo;r;rpfis tbtikf;f cjTjy;
rpukjhd epfo;r;rpfspy; G+Hj;jp
nra;ag;gl;l Ma;T gbtj;ij kd;dhH efu rigaplk; xg;gilAq;fs;.
75