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Chronic Poverty Research<br />
Centre<br />
Baart Baart maoM maoM inarMtr inarMtr inaQa-nata<br />
inaQa-nata<br />
ek ek Avalaaokna<br />
Avalaaokna<br />
AaSaa AaSaa kpUr kpUr maohta<br />
maohta<br />
Aimata Aimata Aimata Saah<br />
Saah<br />
Saah<br />
:<br />
Indian Institite of<br />
Public Administration
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> %<br />
%<br />
,d ,d ,d <strong>voy¨du</strong><br />
<strong>voy¨du</strong><br />
<strong>voy¨du</strong><br />
vk‘kk vk‘kk diwj diwj esgrk<br />
esgrk<br />
vferk vferk ‘kkg<br />
‘kkg<br />
iqfLrdk&2<br />
iqfLrdk&2<br />
iqfLrdk&2<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; <strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; yksd yksd Á‘kklu Á‘kklu laLFkku] laLFkku] uà uà fnYyh<br />
fnYyh<br />
<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> vuqla/kku d¢aæ
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> %<br />
,d <strong>voy¨du</strong><br />
vk‘kk diwj esgrk<br />
vferk ‘kkg<br />
iqfLrdk&2<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; yksd Á‘kklu laLFkku] uà fnYyh<br />
<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> vuqla/kku d¢aæ<br />
1
;g vkys[k ewyr% <strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; tu Á‘kklu laLFkku] uà fnYyh <strong>esa</strong><br />
15&16 eÃ] 2002 d¨ vk;¨ftr Þ<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ leqfpr<br />
lek/kku dh ryk‘k d¢ fy, vuqla/kku <strong>fu</strong>;kstu dk;Z‘kkyk% <strong>esa</strong><br />
ÁLrqr fd;k x;k- bl dk;Z‘kkyk dk vk;¨tu <strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; yksd<br />
iz’kklu laLFkku rFkk lhvkjihlh }kjk <strong>Hkkjr</strong> ljdkj d¢ Xkzkeh.k<br />
fodkl ea=ky; d¢ lg;¨x ls fd;k x;k- bld¢ Ápkj&Álkj d¢<br />
fy, ukckMZ dh v¨j ls ljkguh; lg;¨x fn;k x;klh-vkj-ih-lh-&<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; yksd iz’kklu laLFkku iqfLrdk<br />
J`¡[kyk dk Ádk‘ku <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> lacU/kh fo“k;¨a ij g¨ jgs dk;¨± d¢<br />
<strong>fu</strong>“d“k¨± d¢ vknku Ánku d¢ fy, fd;k tk jgk gS- bld¢ eq[;<br />
<strong>fu</strong>“d“k¨± d¨ tu lk/kkj.k d¢ fy, O;kid fopkj foe‘kZ gsrq ;gka<br />
Ádkf‘kr fd;k tk jgk gSvk‘kk<br />
diwj esgrk <strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; tu Á‘kklu laLFkku] uà fnYyh <strong>esa</strong><br />
1997 ls vFkZ‘kkL= dh Ák/;kfidk gSa- vki 1986 ls laLFkku <strong>esa</strong><br />
v/;kiu dk dk;Z dj jgha gSa- bld¢ igys vki fnYyh<br />
fo‘ofo|ky; <strong>esa</strong> v/;kiu dj jgha Fkha- vki <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong><br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> vuqlaLFkku d¢aæ d¢ dk;¨± dk usr`Ro djrha gSa- vki<br />
QqyczkÃV ;kstuk rFkk eSdukekjk izfr“Bku dh QSy¨ Hkh jg pqdha<br />
gSa- vktdy vkidk vuqla/kku dk;Z iwjh rjg <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> deh d¢<br />
mik;¨a ij d¢afær gS-<br />
vferk ‘kkg xqtjkr fodkl vuqla/kku laLFkku] vgenkckn <strong>esa</strong><br />
vFkZ’kkL= dh Ák/;kfidk gSa- vuqla/kku <strong>esa</strong> ÁkÑfrd lalk/ku ÁcU/ku<br />
rFkk lrr vkthfodk d¢ fo“k;¨a <strong>esa</strong> vkidh xgu #fp jgh gS- vkius<br />
foLFkkiu] lgHkkxh tyk‘k; fodkl] rFkk lajf{kr {ks= Áca/ku ij<br />
d¢afær i;kZoj.k fodkl lacfU/kr fo“k;¨a ij dà v/;;u fd, gSa-<br />
2
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> % ,d <strong>voy¨du</strong><br />
1 ifjp; %<br />
vk‘kk diwj esgrk] vferk ‘kkg<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ ÞlaiUurk ls oafpr g¨us dh fLFkfrÞ d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong><br />
ifjHkkf“kr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk <strong>fu</strong>/kZu g¨us dk vFkZ gS] ÞHkw[kk&uaxk]<br />
cs?kj] chekj] cscl v©j vf‘kf{kr g¨uk- <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x Áfrdwy<br />
ifjfLFkfr;¨a d¢ le{k vf/kd cscl v©j vlqjf{kr g¨rs gSa- mud¢<br />
lkFk ljdkj v©j lekt dh fofHkUu laLFkkv¨a }kjk HksnHkko fd;k<br />
tkrk gS lkFk gh mudh vkokt+ v©j ‘kfDr dk Hkh neu fd;k<br />
tkrk gS- ¼vkÃchvkjMh] 2000&2001%15½ vk; d¨ iSekuk cukrs gq,<br />
fo‘o fodkl fji¨VZ¼2000&2001%2½ <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh O;k[;k ßlaiUurk<br />
d¢ chp lekfgr vfr nfjærkÞ d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> nsrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd<br />
nq<strong>fu</strong>;k dh vkcknh dk ikapoka fgLlk Áfrfnu ,d Mkyj ¼djhc<br />
iSarkyhl #i;k½ ls de ij xqtkjk djrk gS v©j bl<strong>esa</strong> ls 44<br />
Qhlnh y¨x flQZ nf{k.k ,f‘k;k <strong>esa</strong> jgrs gSa-<br />
¼1- ;g Áys[k <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> vuqla/kku d¢aæ] esupsLVj<br />
fo‘ofo|ky; }kjk uoacj 2001 <strong>esa</strong> dk;Z Ákys[k la[;k&7 d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong><br />
Ádkf‘kr g¨ tk pqdk gS- ,aMª;w ‘ksQMZ }kjk Ánku dh xÃa lwpukv¨a<br />
rFkk mud¢ fopkj¨a ls bls rS;kj djus <strong>esa</strong> cgqr enn feyh gS-<br />
bld¢ lkFk gh bLkdh ifjdYiuk d¢ le; rFkk d¢iVkmu dk;Z‘kkyk<br />
d¢ le; MsfoM g;we d¢ lkFk gq, fopkj foe‘kZ v©j d¢V cMZ o<br />
v#.k esgrk d¢ fopkj¨a ls Hkh bLk<strong>esa</strong> dkQh enn feyh gS- <strong>fu</strong>f[kyk<br />
esuu] t¨fd bl Áys[k <strong>esa</strong> vuqla/kku vf/kdkjh Fkha] d¢ mRlkgtud<br />
lg;¨x ds bl dke d¨ iwjk djus <strong>esa</strong> vge Hkwfedk jgh- n¨ ;qok<br />
vuqla/kkudrkZv¨a r`“.kk lrirh rFkk uke dh tkap ls dSjsu ewj dh<br />
egRoiw.kZ fVIif.k;ka] fopkj] mud¢ }kjk lq>k, x, egRoiw.kZ fcUnq<br />
bl vuqla/kku dk;Z dk ,d vge fgLlk jgs gSa- d¢iVkmu <strong>esa</strong><br />
vk;¨ftr dk;Z‘kkyk <strong>esa</strong> bl ckjs <strong>esa</strong> gqà ppkZ dk Hkh bl<strong>esa</strong> ;¨xnku<br />
jgk- bld¢ Hkkx 1]2]3 o 5 vk'kk diwj esgrk }kjk rS;kj ß<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong><br />
<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> % ,d <strong>voy¨du</strong>Þ uked Ákys[k ls fy, x, gSa<br />
tcfd Hkkx 4 vferk ‘kkg d¢ ß<strong>Hkkjr</strong> d¢ fiNM+s jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong>Þ<br />
3
Ákys[k ls fy;k x;k gS- vkÃ-vkÃ-ih-,- rFkk th-vkÃ-Mh-vkj- us<br />
bl<strong>esa</strong> egRoiw.kZ lg;¨x rFkk lalk/ku Ánku fd, gSa½<br />
xjhch d¢ fofHkUu Lo:i¨a <strong>esa</strong> lalk/ku¨a rd igq¡p u g¨us vFkok<br />
laifRrfoghurk d¢ y{k.k lkekU;r% ik, tkrs gSa- ty] taxy]<br />
t+ehu] ?kj] tekiwath] f‘k{kk vkfn lalk/ku x+jhc¨a d¢ LokfeRo ls<br />
ijs g¨rs gSa- <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x lkekftd rFkk0 Hk©frd :i ls r¨ det+¨j<br />
g¨rs gh tkrs gSa] viuh ckr Bhd rjg j[kus <strong>esa</strong> Hkh v{ke ik, tkrs<br />
gSax+jhch<br />
js[kk ls dkQh uhps jg jgs O;fDr d¨ isV Hkjus d¢<br />
fy, vf/kdrj ,sls dk;¨± <strong>esa</strong> yxuk iM+rk gS tgka mldk <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong><br />
‘k¨“k.k g¨rk gS- mls dM+h esgur v©j csgn t+¨f[ke Hkjs dke d¢<br />
cnys cgqr Fk¨M+h lh etnwjh feyrh gS- ;g vkenuh mldh n¨ twu<br />
dh j¨Vh d¢ fy, Hkh de iM+rh gS- ,sls <strong>esa</strong> xqtj clj djus v©j<br />
[kpZs pykus d¢ fy, vf/kd vkenuh dh vko‘;drk iM+rh gSifj.kkeLo:i<br />
vDlj og euekus C;kt+nj ij lwn[k¨j¨a ls m/kkj<br />
ysrk gS- dà ckj r¨ ;g C;kt+ nj 120 Áfr‘kr Áfro“kZ rd g¨rh<br />
gS- m/kkj ugha feyus dh fLFkfr <strong>esa</strong> y¨x Hkw[k¨a ejus ij etcwj g¨rs<br />
gSa- ‘kfDr jktuhfr <strong>esa</strong> fiNM+k g¨us d¢ dkj.k ihus d¢ ikuh tSls<br />
lkekU;r% vi;kZIr jgus okys lalk/ku v©j xjhch <strong>fu</strong>okj.k d¢ uke<br />
ij vkus okyh ljdkjh enn Hkh ÁHkko‘kkyh o Hkz“V O;fDr;¨a dh<br />
gsjkQ¢jh dk f‘kdkj g¨us yxrh gS- xjhc¨a d¢ fy, f‘kdk;r <strong>fu</strong>okj.k<br />
dh d¨Ã ÁHkkoh ÁfØ;k u g¨us d¢ dkj.k bl rjg dh ?kVuk,a<br />
ruko v©j vlar¨“k d¨ tUe nsrha gSaxjhc¨a<br />
d¨ Áeq[kr% n¨ milewg¨a <strong>esa</strong> oxÊÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS<br />
& ,d] <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vFkkZr os y¨x t¨ ges‘kk ls gh <strong>fu</strong>/kZu jgs gSa<br />
rFkk nwljs os y¨x t¨ fiNys dqN le; ls xjhch dk f‘kdkj gq,<br />
gSa- <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> uqla/kku d¢aæ xjhch ls <strong>fu</strong>tkr ikus <strong>esa</strong> ukdke<br />
v©j vHkh rd oafpr jgs oxZ ;k<strong>fu</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> xjhch dh ekj >sy jgs<br />
y¨x¨a dh v¨j lekt dk /;ku vkdÆ“kr djus dh d¨f‘k‘k djrk<br />
gS- <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> vuqla/kku d¢aæ] ß<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> xjhchß d¨ l?ku<br />
xjhch] nh?kZdkfyd xjhch ,oa cgqvk;keh <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong><br />
ifjHkkf“kr djrk gSbl<br />
ifji= <strong>esa</strong> l?ku <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ rhu :i¨a <strong>esa</strong> ns[kk x;k gS &<br />
4
1- os y¨x t¨ yacs Lke; ls xjhch js[kk d¢ uhps gaS vFkok xjhch<br />
js[kk <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kkZfjr vk; d¢ vuqikr <strong>esa</strong> 75 Qhlnh ;k mlls de<br />
vkenuh j[krs gSa-<br />
2- os y¨x t¨ izk;% Hkw[ks jgus ij etcwj gSa vFkok n¨ twu dh<br />
j¨Vh d¢ fy, Hkh e¨grkt gSa-<br />
3- os y¨x t¨ vkinkv¨a vFkok Áfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;¨a d¢ >Vd¢ u<br />
lg ldus d¢ dkj.k vR;ar <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong>] Hkq[kejh ;k vkRegR;k d¢<br />
f‘kdkj g¨rs gSa-<br />
LFkkà vFkok nh?kZdkyhu <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk vuqeku fdlh ifjokj d¢<br />
fiNys ikap] nl] iUæg ;k blls vf/kd o“k¨± d¢ thou d¢ vk/kkj<br />
ij yxk;k tk ldrk gS- yacs le; ls xjhch dh ekj >sy jgs<br />
ifjokj¨a dh igpku ukekoyh vkadM¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij dh tk ldrh<br />
gS v©j bls mud¢ bfrgkl d¢ vk/kkj ij vkxs cqdko ij fopkj fd;k x;k<br />
gS- bl<strong>esa</strong> ;g Hkh vkdyu fd;k x;k gS fd fofHkUu jkT;¨a us <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
vkcknh dk vuqikr de djus <strong>esa</strong> dgka rd lQyrk ÁkIr dh gSbld¢<br />
i‘pkr xaHkhj ifjLFkfr;¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> xjhch<br />
5
dk ,d ekufp= cukus dk Á;kl fd;k gS rkfd xjhch js[kk ls<br />
dkQh uhps jgus okys y¨x¨a dh vf/kd vkcknh okys jkT;¨a rFkk<br />
bu<strong>esa</strong> Hkh ,sls {ks=¨a ftUgsa vfr <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ f‘kdkj {ks= vFkok ,sls<br />
{ks= tgka y¨x¨a d¨ n¨ twu dh j¨Vh Hkh miyC/k ugha gS] d¨<br />
<strong>fu</strong>rkar <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ lad¢rd {ks=¨a d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> fpfUgr fd;k tk<br />
ld¢- bl ys[k <strong>esa</strong> vkxs vkinkv¨a d¨ u lg ldus d¢ dkj.k<br />
xjhch d¢ f‘kdkj gq, y¨x¨a dh igpku d¨ Hkh egRp fn;k x;k<br />
gS- bl Hkkx <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ ekuo fodkl] fyax Hksn<br />
lq/kkj lwpd¨a v©j f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj vkfn cgqvk;keh lad¢rd¨a dh<br />
leh{kk djus ls igys ukekoyh vkadM+¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong><br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ le; v©j dky dh Hkh leh{kk Hkh dh xà gS- bl<br />
ys[k d¢ rhljs Hkkx <strong>esa</strong> ,sfrgkfld n©j <strong>esa</strong> gh gkf’k, ij Mky<br />
fn, x, vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr] o`) ukxfjd] efgyk,a v©j<br />
fodkykax vkfn ox¨± <strong>esa</strong> O;kIr <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ fo“ke ÁHkko<br />
v©j bu ox¨± }kjk mBk, tk jgs d“V¨a d¢ pyrs xjhch ls mcjus<br />
<strong>esa</strong> budh ukdkeh d¢ rF;¨a ij j¨‘kuh Mkyh xà gS-<br />
Hkkx 4 <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls XkzLr LFkkuh; {ks=¨a v©j lqnwj d¢<br />
Xkzkeh.k bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ ÁHkko v©j ÁÑfr dh ij[k<br />
dh xà gS- bl<strong>esa</strong> nwjLFk Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a d¨ n¨ ox¨± <strong>esa</strong> ckaVk x;k<br />
gS] ,d r¨ ‘kq“d Áns‘k¨a d¢ os o`gr HkwHkkx tgka Qly v©j<br />
j¨t+xkj d¢ lk/ku u g¨us d¢ dkj.k xjhc¨a d¢ fy, j¨t+h j¨Vh<br />
dk bart+ke djuk Hkh eqf‘dy g¨rk gSa v©j mudk thou ges‘kk<br />
vlqjf{kr cuk jgrk gS- nwljs ?kus taxy¨a <strong>esa</strong> cls xkao ftUgsa ge<br />
taxy vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh dg ldrs gSa] fo‘ks“k :i ls<br />
igkM+h {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> cls vkfnoklh cgqy xkao¨a dh vkcknh ftld¢<br />
ikl ,d r¨ ÁkÑfrd lalk/ku¨a dk ekfydkuk gd ugha g¨rk<br />
nwljs os tkudkjh v©j ckt+kj ls Hkh iwjh rjg dVs jgrs gSa- bl<br />
Hkkx <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ ÁHkkfor djus okys rF;¨a dk<br />
fo'ys“k.k] <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> v©j Ñf“k&tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;¨a] lL;<br />
foKku dh LFkkuh; fo‘ks“krkv¨a] ekuo {kerk] lkekftd o<br />
cq<strong>fu</strong>;knh
d¢ vk/kkj ij <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> xjhch ij vkxs d¢ vuqla/kku¨a dh<br />
dk;Z;¨tuk ÁLrqr dh xà gS-<br />
2- <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ,oa <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk fo'ys“k.k %<br />
2-1 <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> vk; xjhch dh Áo‘fRr v©j ÁHkko<br />
;¨tuk vk;¨x] jk“Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k laxBu }kjk fd,<br />
x, ?kjsyw&mIkHk¨Drk loZs{k.k¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢<br />
ÁHkko dk vkdyu djrk gS- o“kZ 1973&74 v©j mld¢ ckn ls<br />
jk“Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k laLFkku }kjk 6 cM+s uewuk miHk¨Drk loZs{k.k<br />
fd, x, gSa- o“kZ 1973&74 ,oa 1999&2000 d¢ e/;] x+jhch js[kk ls<br />
uhps jgus okys y¨x¨a dh la[;k 54-9 Áfr‘kr ls ?kVdj 26 Áfr‘kr<br />
rd igqap xà Fkh- ¼lwph la[;k 1 ns[ksa½- bl n©jku xjhc¨a d¢<br />
tula[;k Áfr‘kr <strong>esa</strong> fxjkoV dh Áxfr fofHkUu dkykarj¨a <strong>esa</strong> vyx<br />
vyx jgh- 1980 d¢ n‘kd <strong>esa</strong> ;g vPNh&[kklh Fkh tcfd 90 d¢<br />
n‘kd dh ‘kq:vkr <strong>esa</strong> bl<strong>esa</strong> deh vk;h- 90 d¢ n‘kd d¢ mRrjk/kZ<br />
<strong>esa</strong> ;g nl Áfr‘kr rd tk igqaph Fkh- 1970 d¢ n‘kd <strong>esa</strong> xjhch<br />
js[kk d¢ uhps jgus okys y¨x¨a dh la[;k 80 yk[k T;knk gqà Fkh<br />
ysfdu 1980 d¢ n‘kd <strong>esa</strong> nks dj¨M+ vBkjg yk[k dh deh ntZ dh<br />
xÃ- 1990 d¢ n‘kd dh ‘kq:vkr <strong>esa</strong> bl<strong>esa</strong> ;g ,d dj¨M+ rhl<br />
yk[k vf/kd gqà ysfdu blh n‘kd d¢ vxys o“k¨± <strong>esa</strong> bl<strong>esa</strong> N%<br />
dj¨M+ dh deh ntZ gqÃ-<br />
rkfydk 1% 1973&74 ls 1999&2000 d¢ e/; <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk<br />
ÁHkko&{ks=] tUla[;k Áfr‘kr ,oa x+jhch js[kk ls uhps jgus oky¨a<br />
dk tula[;k<br />
o“kZ <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vkcknh<br />
¼izfr’kr½<br />
ifjorZu xjhcksa dh dqy<br />
vkcknh (million)<br />
1973&74 54-9 321-3<br />
1977&78 51-3 &3-6 328-9<br />
1983 44-5 &6-8 322-9<br />
1987-88 38-9 &5-6 307-1<br />
1993-94 36 &2-9 320-3<br />
1999-2000 26-1 &9-9 260-2<br />
L=ksr % u©oha iapo“kÊ; ;¨tuk ¼1997&2002½ dk Mªk¶V]<br />
1999&2000 d¢ fy, Hkjr ljdkj dk <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> vkdyu fji¨VZ] i=<br />
lwpUkk dk;kZy; & 22 Qjojh 2001<br />
7
1980 d¢ n‘kd <strong>esa</strong> xjhch <strong>esa</strong> mYys[kuh; fxjkoV ntZ dh xÃ-<br />
;g <strong>fu</strong>Eu rF;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ifjyf{kr g¨rh gS &<br />
& 1970 d¢ n‘kd <strong>esa</strong> xjhch js[kk d¢ uhps jgus oky¨a dh<br />
la[;k 32-89 dj¨M+ Fkh tcfd 80 d¢ n‘kd d¢ vafre<br />
o“k¨± <strong>esa</strong> ;g fxjdj 30-71 dj¨M+ jg xà Fkh-<br />
& 1980 d¢ n‘kd d¢ mRrjk/kZ <strong>esa</strong> xjhc¨a dk tula[;k<br />
Áfr‘kr 1970 d¢ eqdkcys 54-9% ls ?kVdj 39% rd vk<br />
x;k Fkk-<br />
& xjhch <strong>esa</strong> fxjkoV dh nj 1970 d¢ vafre o“k¨± <strong>esa</strong> 3-6<br />
Áfr‘kr Fkh tcfd 1980 <strong>esa</strong> ;g N% Áfr‘kr g¨ xà Fkhgkykafd<br />
1990 d¢ n‘kd d¢ vkjafHkd o“k¨± <strong>esa</strong> ;g Áxfr udkjkRed<br />
fn‘kk <strong>esa</strong> xÃ- xjhch js[kk d¢ uhps jgus oky¨a dh la[;k c
gkykafd bu vkadM+¨a dh fo‘oluh;rk ij loky mBrs jgs gSa<br />
D;¨afd 1999&2000 <strong>esa</strong> fd, x, bl o`gr iapo“kÊ; loZs{k.k ij loky<br />
mBrs jgs gSa- bl loZs <strong>esa</strong> uewuk bdV~Bk djus d¢ rjhd¢ <strong>esa</strong> Hkh cnyko<br />
¼xr Lkkr o“kZ rFkk xr 30 fnu <strong>esa</strong> mIkHk¨Drk O;; d¢ uewus vyx vyx<br />
ifjokj¨a ls ugha fy, x,½ fd;k x;k Fkk- ,d fji¨VZ <strong>esa</strong> dgk x;k gS fd<br />
Þlq/kkj ÁfØ;k d¢ vky¨pd¨a d¢ eqrkfcd ;s loZs{k.k lekt dh okLrfod<br />
t+:jr¨a dh txg ljdkj <strong>esa</strong> cSBs y¨x¨a d¨ ekfQd yxus okys rF;<br />
Ádkf‘kr djus okyh ljdkjh laLFkkv¨a }kjk ÁLrqr ßvkadM+¨a dh<br />
ckt+hxjhß gSÞ ¼oh- Jh/kj½- bl loZs{k.k d¢ r©j rjhd¨a <strong>esa</strong> xEHkhj =qfV;¨a d¢<br />
vkj¨i yxk, tkrs jgs gSa-<br />
1993&94 d¢ i‘pkr <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> vkà rhoz fxjkoV dh /kkj.k<br />
rFkk fodkl <strong>esa</strong> ,d cM+k varj] ftls ‘khyk HkYyk ,d ÞvkÆFkd<br />
fodkl nq?kZVukÞ dk uke nsrha gSa] 1991 d¢ ckn 1997 d¨ N¨M+dj<br />
gj lky Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> Áfr O;fDr [kir O;; <strong>esa</strong> fxjkoV d¢ :i<br />
<strong>esa</strong> lkeus vkrk gS-¼ ,l- HkYyk 2000½<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> dh T+;knkrj <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vkcknh xkao¨a <strong>esa</strong> clrh gS¼bLkdk fooj.k<br />
uhps fn;k x;k gS½- vc ;fn 1990 d¢ n‘kd <strong>esa</strong> Xkzkeh.k bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
okLrfod [kir O;; <strong>esa</strong> deh vk;h gS r¨ jk-u-l-1999&2000 dh <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
<strong>esa</strong> O;kid deh d¢ nkos d¨ Lohdkj djuk eqf‘dy gSgkykafd<br />
10 Áfr‘kr dh deh ;¨tuk vk;¨x }kjk <strong>fu</strong>/kkZfjr<br />
y{; 16 Áfr‘kr ls dkQh de gS- <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> de djus <strong>esa</strong> y{; ls<br />
dkQh ihNs jg tkus dh otg ÞÑf“k fodkl <strong>esa</strong> f
3-24 dj¨M+ dh Hkkjh deh vk;h- vr% bl varjky <strong>esa</strong> Xkzkeh.k&‘kgjh<br />
xjhc¨a dk vuqikr Hkh rst+h ls cnyk v©j ;g 80-3 Áfr‘kRk<br />
ls ?kVdj 75-5 Áfr‘kr rd vk x;k- nl lky d¢ bl varjky <strong>esa</strong><br />
xko¨a ls ‘kj¨a dh v¨j iyk;u d¢ pyrs ‘kgjh xjhc¨a dh vkcknh 1-<br />
06 dj¨M+ c
& 1973&74 ls 1993&94 d¢ e/; <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vkcknh <strong>esa</strong> deh<br />
dk Áfr‘kr lcls de Fkk-<br />
& <strong>Hkkjr</strong> dh <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vkcknh dk cM+k Hkkx fdl jkT; <strong>esa</strong> jgrk gS<br />
ns‘k <strong>esa</strong> xjhc¨a dh tula[;k dk yxHkx vk/kk rFkk dqy<br />
vkcknh dk ,d frgkà fgLlk flQZ rhu jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> jgrk gS- ;s jkT;<br />
gSa & mRrjÁns‘k¼mRrjkapy lfgr½] fcgkj¼>kj[kaM lfgRk½ rFkk e/;<br />
Áns‘k¼NRrhlx
1993&94 <strong>esa</strong> Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> jgus okyh 37-2 Áfr‘kr rFkk ‘kgjh<br />
{ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> jgus okyh 32-2 Áfr‘kr vkcknh xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgrh Fkhysfdu<br />
lkr jkT;¨a & fcgkj] mM+hlk] mRrj Áns‘k] e/; Áns‘k] egkjk“Vª]<br />
vle] v©j if‘pe caxky <strong>esa</strong> xjhc¨a dh tula[;k dk Áfr‘kr Xkzkeh.k<br />
bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong> ns‘k dh dqy <strong>fu</strong>/kZu tula[;k Áfr‘kr ls Hkh vf/kd Fkk- bld¢<br />
lkFk gh dukZVd] r<strong>fu</strong>yukMq v©j vka/kz Áns‘k lfgr bu<strong>esa</strong> ls igys ikap<br />
jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vkcknh dk Áfr‘kr ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> ns‘k dh dqy <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
vkcknh d¢ Áfr‘kr ls Hkh vf/kd Fkk -<br />
1973&74 ls 1992&94 d¢ e/; jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> xjhch d¢ ÁHkko {ks=<br />
<strong>esa</strong> ifjorZu%<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> d¢ fofHkUu jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu tula[;k <strong>esa</strong> deh dk<br />
vuqikr ?kVrk ck ldrk gS- rhu jkT;¨a] d¢jy] vka/kz Áns‘k v©j iatkc] <strong>esa</strong><br />
1973&74 ls 1993&94 d¢ chl o“k¨± d¢ varjky <strong>esa</strong> xjhch ls =Lr<br />
tula[;k <strong>esa</strong> mYys[kuh; deh ns[kh xÃ- bl n©jku xjhch js[kk ls<br />
uhps jgus oky¨a dh la[;k <strong>esa</strong> iatkc <strong>esa</strong> 58 Áfr‘kr] d¢jy <strong>esa</strong> 57<br />
Áfr‘kr v©j vka/kz Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> 55 Áfr‘kr dh deh nt+Z dh xÃ- blys<br />
lkFk gh xqtjkr] if‘pe caxky v©j jktLFkku <strong>esa</strong> xjhch d¢ ÁHkkj<br />
{ks= <strong>esa</strong> Øe‘k% 50] 44 v©j 41 Áfr‘kr dh mYys[kuh; deh ns[kh<br />
xÃ- tcfd tcfd dukZVd <strong>esa</strong> ;g 39 Áfr‘kr rFkk rfeyukMq<br />
<strong>esa</strong> ;g 36 Áfr‘kr de gqvkrkfydk<br />
4 %1972&74 ls 1993&94 d¢ e/; xjhch ls ÁHkkfor<br />
tula[;k <strong>esa</strong> mYys[kuh; deh ykus okys jkT;<br />
jkT; 1973&74 <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
tula[;k Áfr‘kr<br />
12<br />
1993&94 <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
tula[;k Áfr‘kr<br />
xjhch <strong>esa</strong><br />
deh<br />
iatkc 28.15 11.17 58%<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k 48.86 22.19 55%<br />
xqtjkr 48.15 24.21 50%<br />
d¢jy 59.79 25.43 57%<br />
jktLFkku 46.14 27.41 51%<br />
dukkZVd 54.47 33.16 39%<br />
rfeyukM+q 54.94 35.03 36%<br />
if‘pe caxky 63.43 35.66 44%<br />
L=ks= % ;¨tuk vk;¨x }kjk tkjh Ásl foKfIr] ekpZ 1997
ifLpe caxky <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu tul[;k Áfr‘kr <strong>esa</strong> vkà fxjkoV dk<br />
Js; oke e¨pkZljdkj d¢ laLFkkxr lq/kkj dk;ZØe¨a d¨ fn;k tk<br />
ldrk gS- bl<strong>esa</strong> ÞHkwfe lq/kkj ¼fo‘ks“k :i ls v¨ijs‘ku cxkZ½]<br />
iapk;rh jkt d¢ ek/;e ls jktuhfr dk leqfpr fod¢aæhdj.k]<br />
iapk;r¨a }kjk xjhch mUewyu dk;ZØe¨a dk lQyrkiwoZd<br />
fØ;kUo;u rFkk fdlku lHkk ,oa vU; ny¨a d¢ ek/;e ls <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
Xkzkeh.k¨a <strong>esa</strong> jktuhfrd lfØ;rk¼rsanqydj ,aM tSu] 1996½Þ rFkk<br />
Þiai lsV] V~;wc oSy] vkfn {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> cM+s iSekus ij <strong>fu</strong>th <strong>fu</strong>os‘k d¨<br />
c
viuh xjhch tUla[;k Áfr‘kr <strong>esa</strong> Fk¨M+k lq/kkj fn[kkrs gq, 11<br />
Áfr‘kr dh deh gkfly dh Fkh- vle] iwo¨ZRrj dk vd¢yk ,slk<br />
jkT; gS t¨ ns‘k <strong>esa</strong> lokZf/kd xjhch Áfr‘kr okys Ng jkT;¨a dh<br />
lwph <strong>esa</strong> ‘kkfey gS- bldh Hkh dqy vkcknh dk 41 Áfr‘kr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu gh<br />
gSa- Li“V gS fd fcgkj] mM+hlk] e/; Áns‘k] vle v©j mRrj Áns‘k<br />
nh?kZdkyhu xjhch vFkok <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> xjhch d¢ f‘kdkj jgs gSa<br />
D;¨afd ;gka dh 40 Áfr‘kr ls vf/kd vkcknh 20 o“kZ ls Hkh vf/kd<br />
le; ls <strong>fu</strong>/kZu gS-<br />
ÁR;sd jkT; d¢ ikl xjhch <strong>esa</strong> deh ykus <strong>esa</strong> lQyrk vFkok<br />
vlQyrk d¢ fy, vius vyx dkj.k gSa] ekuk tk ldrk gS fd]<br />
ÞÑf“k mit ,oa Áfr O;fDr xSj Ñf“k mRiknu] eqæk LQhfr dh nj<br />
es <strong>esa</strong> deh v©j jkT; d¢ fodkl [kpZ <strong>esa</strong> c
& Ñf“k vk; Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> gh ugha ‘kgjh xjhc¨a d¢ fy,<br />
Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS-<br />
& xS+j&Ñf“k Áo‘fRr;ka] [kkldj tu O;; {kerk, xjhch<br />
dk <strong>fu</strong>/kkZj.k djus <strong>esa</strong> vfr egRoiw.kZ gSa-<br />
& eqæk LQhfr d¢ LoHkkfod ÁHkko ls Hkh vf/kd<br />
egRoiw.kZ ;fn dqN gS r¨ og gS lkis{k ewY; ÁHkko<br />
& ÁkajafHkd ekuo ,oa Hk©frd lalk/ku
d¢jy <strong>esa</strong> 1970 d¢ n‘kd dh ‘kq#vkr ls 1990 d¢ n‘kd dh<br />
‘kq:vkr d¢ chp d¢jy <strong>esa</strong> Xkzkeh.k xjhch <strong>esa</strong> Áfr o“kZ 2-4 Áfr‘kr<br />
dh deh nt+Z dh xÃ+ bld¢ vykok ifLpe caxky] vka/kz Áns‘k]<br />
mM+hlk] rFkk dqN gn rd xqtjkr v©j rfeyukM+q <strong>esa</strong> Hkh] xjhch d¢<br />
ÁHkko {ks= <strong>esa</strong> deh ¼ewy Lrj dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong>½ vkÃ- tcfd fcgkj rFkk<br />
mRrj Áns‘k us lcls [kjkc Áxfr dh-Þ¼ vkÃ-ch-vkj-Mh-]200%12½<br />
bl fji¨VZ <strong>esa</strong> <strong>Hkkjr</strong> d¢ ikap lcls <strong>fu</strong>Eu vk; okys<br />
jkT;¨a¼fcgkj] mRrj Áns‘k] e/; Áns‘k] mM+hlk rFkk jktLFkkUk½ rFkk<br />
‘ks“k <strong>Hkkjr</strong> d¢ rjg lcls cM+s jkT;¨a d¢ chp Xkzkeh.k xjhch d¢ c
xjhch ij lh-Ã-vkj-,Q-Ã- dk vuqla/kku xjhch d¨ <strong>fu</strong>Eufyf[kr<br />
pkj Jsf.k;¨a <strong>esa</strong> vyx djus dh vko‘;drk ij cy nsrk gS &<br />
t+¨f[ke ijd <strong>fu</strong>/kZu] ;k<strong>fu</strong> t¨ xjhch d¢ [krjs dh v¨j vXkzlj g¨a]<br />
ysfdu <strong>fu</strong>/kZu u g¨a] mu ij nfjærk dk [krjk cu jgrk gS-<br />
& lhekorÊ <strong>fu</strong>/kZu] t¨ xjhch js[kk d¢ uhps g¨a v©j vius<br />
vkl ikl dh ifjfLFkfr;¨a ij ftudk <strong>fu</strong>;a=.k <strong>fu</strong>f“Ø;<br />
g¨ pqdk g¨-<br />
& iw.kZr% <strong>fu</strong>/kZu] viuh ifjfLFkfr;¨a ij <strong>fu</strong>;a=.k djus dh<br />
ftudh {kerk] lkekftd lacU/k¨a ,oa lalk/ku¨a dh –f“V<br />
ls ,dne u“V g¨ pqdh g¨-<br />
& vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu] t¨ viuh vleFkZrkv¨a rFkk laosnu‘khyrk<br />
dh otg ls gh igpkus tk ldrs g¨ablh<br />
Ádkj] d¨t+sy rFkk ikdZj] 2001 us dgk fd] Þxjhch ,d<br />
lk/kkj.k] ,d& vk;keh] vFkok ,d:i ?kVuk ugha gS] bldh rhu<br />
vyx vyx fLFkfr;ka feyrha gSa%<br />
vfdapUk ¼nhu ghUk½] xjhc] ÁkÑfrd vkinkv¨a] egkfoifRr<br />
vFkok vU; fdlh Ádkj dh eqlhcr d¢ >Vd¢ >sy pqd¢ y¨x t¨<br />
bud¢ pyrs vius j¨t+h j¨Vh dk lk/ku v©j ?kj ckj vkfn viuk<br />
lcdqN xoka pqd¢ g¨a-<br />
O;oLFkkijd xjhc% vkÆFkd :i ls <strong>fu</strong>/kZu g¨us d¢ lkFk<br />
ftudh xjhch mudh lkekftd igpku ls Hkh lac) g¨- ¼lkekftd<br />
igpku dk ÁkjafHkd <strong>fu</strong>/kkZj.k tkfr ls g¨rk Fkk½<br />
?kqearw <strong>fu</strong>/kZu % lalk/ku¨a dh –f“V ls mij¨Dr n¨u¨ ox¨± dh<br />
rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> laiUu] fdlh Ádkj d¢ _.k vkfn ls eqDr rFkk mRFkku<br />
dh v¨j vXkzlj y¨x<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
dh lHkh Jsf.k;¨a <strong>esa</strong> fofHkUu Ádkj d¢ t+¨f[ke rFkk<br />
laosnu‘khyrk dh vk‘kadk ges‘kk cuh jgrh gS ysfdu vfdapu rFkk<br />
O;oLFkkijd xjhc¨a <strong>esa</strong> budh fpark vf/kd g¨rh gS-<br />
vfr <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ f‘kdkj dqN <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ox¨± <strong>esa</strong> mudh<br />
ifjfLFkfr;¨a dh tfVyrk ij /;kUk d¢afær djrs gq, <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> xjhch<br />
d¢ rhu vuqHkkx lkeus vkrs gSa &<br />
17
d % xjhch js[kk ls rhu p©Fkkà vFkok mlls Hkh de vuqek<strong>fu</strong>r<br />
vk; okyh vkcknh dk LFkkuh; foLrkj {ks= v©j bld¢ vk/kkj<br />
ij xjhch js[kk ls dkQh uhps jgus okys y¨x¨a dh vf/kd<br />
vkcknh okys jkT;¨a v©j bu jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> Hkh LFkkuh; xjhch<br />
ÁHkkfor dfVcU/k¨a dh igpku djuk<br />
[k % n¨ twu dk Hk¨tu rd u tqVk ik ldus okys y¨x t¨ <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong><br />
xjhch <strong>esa</strong> Hkh <strong>fu</strong>rkar <strong>fu</strong>/kZu voLFkk <strong>esa</strong> g¨rs gSax<br />
% vkinkv¨a d¨ u lg ikus dh fLFkfr d¢ dkj.k t¨ vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
g¨rs pys x,<br />
d % <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong>] <strong>fu</strong>rkar vFkok vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a dk foLrkj % yxHkx<br />
26 dj¨M+ ls 32 dj¨M+ y¨x¨a d¢ chp <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vkcknh ¼;g la[;k<br />
1993&94 rFkk 1999&2000 d¢ vkadM+¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij r; dh tk ldrh<br />
gS½ <strong>esa</strong> ls ,d cM+k fgLlk ,sls y¨x¨a dk gS ftud¢ ikl thus d¢ t+:jh<br />
ekus tkus okys ekud¨a ls Hkh cgqr uhps gSa- 1993&94 <strong>esa</strong> ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
281-35 #i, rFkk Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
205-84 #i, dh Áfr O;fDr Áfr ekl dh vk; d¨ xjhch js[kk <strong>fu</strong>/kkZfjr<br />
fd;k x;k Fkk- bl vk/kkj ij vkuqeku yxk;k x;k Fkk fd Xkzkeh.k<br />
bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong> 15-2 Áfr‘kr rFkk ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> 14-85 Áfr‘kr vkcknh xjhch<br />
js[kk d¢ cjkcj ls ysdj bld¢ rhu p©Fkkà rd dh vkenuh ij clj<br />
djrh gS- bl rjg djhc 13 dj¨M 40 yk[k y¨x xjhch js[kk d¢ uhps<br />
xaHkhj :i ls <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> xjhch d¢ f‘kdkj gSajk“Vªh;<br />
uewuk loZs{k.k d¢ 1993&94 d¢ vkadM+¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij<br />
rkfydk 6 <strong>esa</strong> ÁR;sd jkT; <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu rFkk vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vFkkZr xjhch<br />
js[kk ls rhu p©Fkkà uhps rd dh vkenuh okyh vkcknh dk<br />
vuqikr fn[kk;k x;k gS- lkr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vk; okys jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ls ikap <strong>esa</strong><br />
Xkzke¨a <strong>esa</strong> vfr <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ÁHkko {ks= lkekU; ls vf/kd Fkk- fcgkj<br />
es Xkzkeh.k bykd¨a dh dqy vkcknh dk 27-67 Áfr‘kr] mM+hlk <strong>esa</strong><br />
21-77 Áfr‘kr]mRrj Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> 19-55 Áfr‘kr] e/; Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> 17<br />
Áfr‘kr rFkk egkjk“Vª <strong>esa</strong> 16 Áfr‘kr xjhch js[kk ls Hkh vR;ar uhps<br />
Fkk- nwljs ‘kCn¨a <strong>esa</strong> iwjs ns‘k d¢ eqdkcys bu jkT;¨a d¢ Xkzkeh.k<br />
bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong> vkcknh d¢ ,d cM+s fgLls dh vk; dk Lrj xjhch js[kk<br />
d¢ uhps d¢ rhu p©Fkkà ls Hkh de Fkk-<br />
bu ikap¨a jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> vR;ar xjhch dk Lrj lcls<br />
Åij rFkk xjhch Áfr‘kr <strong>esa</strong> deh lcls de gS- bu ikap ;k Ng jkT;¨a<br />
d¢ vykok ikap v©j jkT; gSa tgka vR;ar xjhch ÁHkkfor tula[;k dk<br />
18
Áfr‘kr 10 ls vf/kd gS- ;s ikap jkT; gSa & duk±Vd] rfeyukM+q ¼Xkzkeh.k<br />
o ‘kgjh n¨u¨a½] if‘pe caxky ¼Xkzkeh.k½] d¢jy o jktLFkku¼‘kgjh½rkfydk<br />
6 % Xkzkeh.k ,oa ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> vR;ar <strong>fu</strong>/kZu rFkk<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu tula[;k d¢ vkadM+s¼ Áfr‘kr <strong>esa</strong> ½% 1993&94<br />
jkT; ‘kgjh Xkzkeh.k<br />
vR;ar —— vR;ar<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
19<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k 4.18 15.89 16.78 38.34<br />
vle 13.12 45.00 1.16 7.74<br />
fcgkj 27.67 58.17 14.14 34.65<br />
xqtjkr 6.67 22.29 11.18 27.93<br />
gfj;k.kk 9.32 28.02 5.02 16.37<br />
dukZVd 11.11 29.89 22.13 40.18<br />
d¢jy 9.42 25.68 10.08` 24.50<br />
Ek/; Áns‘k 17.11 40.72 25.69 48.35<br />
egkjk“Vª 16.17 37.90 18.72 35.08<br />
mM+hlk 21.77 49.79 22.99 41.72<br />
iatkc 3.12 11.85 2.22 1.40<br />
jktLFkku 8.66 26.48 12.98 30.53<br />
rfeyukM+q 12.67 32.55 18.67 39.78<br />
mRrj Áns‘k 19.55 42.31 16.91 35.34<br />
if‘pe caxky 13.62 40.87 7.51 22.38<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> 15.26 37.23 14.85 32.28<br />
bl fo‘ys“k.k d¢ vk/kkj ij ;g v<strong>fu</strong>ok;Z g¨ tkrk gS fd ‘kgjh xjhch<br />
d¢ fofHkUu vk;ke¨a dk Hkh v/;;u djrs gq, <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> xjhch vuqla/kku d¢aæ<br />
d¨ viuk /;ku bu ikap&Ng jkT;¨a ij vf/kd d¢afær djuk pkfg,vfr<br />
xaHkhj <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> % {ks=h; <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> tky %<br />
,d rjQ <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh xaHkhjrk] <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong>rk rFkk vk;ke¨a d¢<br />
vk/kkj ij <strong>Hkkjr</strong> d¢ fofHkUu Hkkx¨a dh fo‘ks“krk,a rFkk Áo`fRr dk<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS ogha fodflr {ks=¨a vFkok jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> Hkh<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ N¨Vs N¨Vs tky {ks= lkeus vkrs gSa- Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
Xkzkeh.k <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh fLFkfr nf{k.k if‘pe e/; Áns‘k]nf{k.k mRrj<br />
Áns‘k] nf{k.kh mM+hlk] varj e/; egkjk“Vª] nf{k.k fcgkj] mRrj fcgkj rFkk<br />
e/; mRrj Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> vfr xaHkhj gS- bu lkr {ks=¨a dh 26 ls 42 Áfr‘kr
tula[;k rd vfrxaHkhj :i ls <strong>fu</strong>/kZu gS- bu {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> oxÊÑr <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
varj¼,l ih th½ Hkh i¡kp ls 9-7 Áfr‘kr rd feyrk gS- ¼rkfydk 7½<br />
rkfydk 7% Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu rFkk rFkk vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu mi<br />
{ks= %1993&94<br />
jkT;@ {ks= vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ,l-ih-th-<br />
nf{k.k if‘pe e/; Áns‘k] 42.24 68.2 9.678<br />
nf{k.k mRrj Áns‘k 39.7 66.74 7.9559<br />
nf{k.kh mM+hlk 34.08 69.02 6.8299<br />
varj e/; egkjk“Vª 28.91 50.02 6.6877<br />
nf{k.k fcgkj 31.57 62.44 5.5061<br />
mRrj fcgkj 27.62 58.68 5.0692<br />
e/; mRrj 26.79 50.2 4.9439<br />
L=ksr % d¢- ,y- nRr ,oa lfork ‘kekZ] <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> jgu lgu dk<br />
Lrj] v¨tuk vk;¨x] twu 2000<br />
blh rjg ‘kgj¨a <strong>esa</strong> varj e/; egkjk“Vª] nf{k.k if‘pe e/;<br />
Áns‘k] varj iwoÊ egkjk“Vª] nf{k.k mRrj Áns‘k] varj mRrj dukZVd]<br />
e/; e/; Áns‘k varj mRrj egkjk“Vª] nf{k.k mM+hlk rFkk nf{k.k<br />
e/; Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh fLFkfr xaHkhj gS- ;gka oxÊÑr <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
varj 5-5 ls 11 d¢ e/; gS ¼ rkfydk 8½<br />
rkfydk 8% ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu rFkk rFkk vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu mi<br />
{ks= %1993&94<br />
jkT;@ {ks= vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ,l-ih-th-<br />
varj e/; egkjk“Vª] 42.24 60.13 11.0036<br />
nf{k.k if‘pe e/; Áns‘k] 36.6 57.14 8.8297<br />
varj iwoÊ egkjk“Vª] 38.99 59.32 8.6218<br />
nf{k.k mRrj Áns‘k] 37.54 72.52 7.9317<br />
varj mRrj dukZVd] 36.49 57.63 7.6765<br />
e/; e/; Áns‘k 32.93 53.68 7.1517<br />
varj mRrj egkjk“Vª] 32.28 56.94 6.6407<br />
nf{k.k mM+hlk 33.53 45.64 6.29<br />
nf{k.k e/; Áns‘k 27.9 51.23 5.542<br />
L=ksr % d¢- ,y- nRr ,oa lfork ‘kekZ] <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> jgu lgu dk<br />
Lrj] v¨tuk vk;¨x] twu 2000<br />
20
l rjg e/; Áns‘k] mRrj Áns‘k] mM+hlk fcgkj o egkjk“Vª d¢<br />
fofHkUu Hkkx¨a <strong>esa</strong> vfr<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> XkzLr {ks= feyrs gSa- ;fn ge xaHkhjrk d¢<br />
lanHkZ <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu {ks=¨a d¨ js[kakfdr djsa r¨ ns[ksaxs fd <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢<br />
d¢aæ le>s tkus okys vfr xaHkhj {ks= e/; <strong>Hkkjr</strong> d¢ dqN bykd¢ gSa-bu<strong>esa</strong><br />
‘kkfey gSa nf{k.k if‘pe e/; Áns‘k] nf{k.k <strong>esa</strong> if‘pe Hkkx d¨ N¨Mdj<br />
iwjk varj e/; egkjk“Vª mRrj <strong>esa</strong> e/; o nf{k.k e/; Áns‘k ] rFkk<br />
nf{k.k&Ek/¸k&iwoÊ mRrj Áns‘k rFkk iwjk mM+hlk- vfr xaHkhj <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ls<br />
XkzLr mi{ks= rfeyukM+q] jktLFkku rFkk if‘pe caXkky <strong>esa</strong> Hkh feyrs gSa<br />
blh rjg ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> LFkkuh; vfr xaHkhj <strong>fu</strong>/kZu {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> vka/kz Áns‘k]<br />
fcgkj] dUkkZVd] jktLFkku] rfeyukMq] mRrj Áns‘k] if‘pe caxky d¢ dqN<br />
{ks=] egkjk“Vª d¢ vf/kdrj {ks= rFkk laiw.kZ mMhlk o e/; Áns‘k ‘kkfey gsagkykafd<br />
varj e/; egkjk“Vª] nf{k.k if‘pe e/; Áns‘k] varj iwoÊ egkjk“Vª]<br />
nf{k.k mRrj Áns‘k] varj mRrj dukZVd] e/; e/; Áns’k] varj mRrj<br />
egkjk“Vª] nf{k.k mM+hlk rFkk nf{k.k e/; Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh fLFkfr xaHkhj gS-<br />
¼[k½ & Hkw[k rFkk fnu <strong>esa</strong> n¨ twu dh j¨Vh dk vHkko % fo‘o <strong>esa</strong> [kk|<br />
vlqj{kk dh fLFkfr dh fji¨VZ]1999 d¢ vkadM+¨a d¢ eqrkfcd fodkl‘khy<br />
ns‘k¨a <strong>esa</strong> 79 dj¨M+ y¨x¨a d¢ ikl i;kZIr Hk¨tu dh O;oLFkk ugha gSa-<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> gh vYii¨f“kr y¨x¨a dh la[;k 20-4 dj¨M+ gS t¨ lgkjk<br />
vÝhdk dh dqy vYii¨f“kr tula[;k ls Hkh vf/kd gS- fo‘o dh dqy<br />
vYii¨f“kr vkcknh dh ,d frgkà nf{k.k ,f‘k;k <strong>esa</strong> jgrh gS- fji¨VZ d¢<br />
eqrkfcd 1990&92 ls 1995&97 dh n©jku] 37 ns‘k viuh vYii¨f“kr<br />
tula[;k <strong>esa</strong> djhc 10 dj¨M+ dh deh ykus <strong>esa</strong> lQy jgs tcfd<br />
fodkl‘khy ns‘k¨a <strong>esa</strong> budh la[;k <strong>esa</strong> N% dj¨M+ dh crs gq, Á/kkuea=h us dgk Fkk fd ns‘k <strong>esa</strong> 28-8 dj¨M+ y¨x vc Hkh<br />
vYii¨f“kr gSa] ns‘k <strong>esa</strong> 15 ls 49 o“kZ dh yxHkx vk/kh efgyk,a rFkk ,d<br />
p©Fkkà cPps jDr{kh.krk d¢ f‘kdkj gSa- rFkk ÞHkw[kk isV ÁR;sd euq“; dh<br />
ewy tSfod vko‘;drk d¨ iwjk djus <strong>esa</strong> O;oLFkk dh lQyrk ij loky<br />
[kM+s djrk gS-Þ¼VkbEl vkQ bafM;k] 25 vÁSy 2001½<br />
21
vkadM+¨a d¢ eqrkfcd fo‘o <strong>esa</strong> dqi¨“k.k d¢ f‘kdkj d¢ cPp¨a dh dqy<br />
la[;k d¢ 40 Áfr‘kr cPps <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> gSa tCkfd ;gka fo‘o d¢ dqy cPp¨a<br />
dh la[;k d¢ 20 Áfr‘kr cPps gh jgrs gSa-¼,aVuh eh‘ke rFkk ehjk<br />
pVtÊ]1999½- cPp¨a rFkk xHkZorh efgykv¨a <strong>esa</strong> dqi¨“k.k dh laHkkouk<br />
vf/kd jgrh gS- bld¢ rhu Áeq[k dkj.k lkeus vkrs gSa<br />
& vi;kZIr Hk¨tu<br />
& vfrlkj vkfn lkekU; chekfj;k¡] rFkk<br />
& iwjd Hk¨tu <strong>esa</strong> nsjh tSlh ns[kHkky dh gk<strong>fu</strong>dkjd vknrsa<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> rFkk fyax Hksn] vYii¨f“kr¨a dh cgqla[;k dk Áeq[k<br />
dkj.k gS- ¼,aVuh] eh‘ke rFkk ehjk pVtÊ] 1999½- if‘pe caxky d¢<br />
n¨ xkao¨a <strong>esa</strong> ikap o“kZ ls de mez d¢ cPp¨a <strong>esa</strong> i¨“k.k dh fLFkfr ij<br />
vkuqHkfod vuqla/kku <strong>esa</strong> mYys[kuh; :i ls cM+s iSekus ij<br />
vYii¨“k.k d¢ ÁHkko rFkk ml ij fyax Hksn dk vlj lkeus vk;k-<br />
¼ve`R; lsu rFkk lquhy lsuxqIrk]1983½<br />
fo‘o <strong>esa</strong> [kk| vlqj{kk dh fLFkfr dh fji¨VZ]1999 <strong>esa</strong> mYysf[kr<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> 20-4 dj¨M y¨x¨a d¨ i;kZIr ek=k <strong>esa</strong> Hk¨tu miyC/k djkus dh<br />
vko‘;drk r¨ gS gh ysfdu ljdkjh O;oLFkk dh ukdkeh blh ls<br />
t+kfgj g¨rh gS fd bl<strong>esa</strong> ls ,d cMk fgLlk n¨ twu dh j¨Vh d¢ fy,<br />
Hkh e¨grkt+ gS- g<strong>esa</strong>] n¨ twu dh j¨Vh d¢ Hkh vHkko <strong>esa</strong> th jgs y¨x¨a d¢<br />
vkadM+¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij] mUgsa <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk lcls fo“ke lad¢rd<br />
crkrs gq,] blh fo“k; dh v¨j /;ku vkdÆ“kr djuk gSjk“Vªh;<br />
uewuk loZs{k.k }kjk fd, x, 50osa loZs ¼1993&94½ <strong>esa</strong> ,sls<br />
ifjokj¨a d¢ Xkzkeh.k rFkk ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> foLrkj d¢ vkadM+s fn, x, gSa ftUgsa&<br />
& iwjs o“kZ<br />
& o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN eghus] rFkk<br />
& o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN eghus Hkh ugha n¨ twu dh Hk¨tu miyC/k jgrk gSbl<br />
loZs <strong>esa</strong> y¨x¨a ls n¨ oDr Hk¨tu feyus vFkok u feyus d¢ ckjs<br />
<strong>esa</strong> loky iwNs x, Fks v©j bl<strong>esa</strong> Hk¨tu dh xq.koRrk] ml<strong>esa</strong> feyus okyh<br />
dSy¨jh] rFkk ml<strong>esa</strong> lkaLÑfrd fofo/krk d¨ ‘kkfey ugha fd;k x;k Fkk-<br />
Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> Hkw[ks jgus oky¨a dh la[;k ‘kgjh {ks=¨a dh<br />
rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> dgha O;kid Fkh- Xkzkeh.k bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong> 4-2 Áfr‘kr rFkk<br />
‘kgjh bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong> 1-1 Áfr‘kr y¨x¨a d¨ n¨ twu dk Hk¨tu dqN<br />
eghus gh miyC/k g¨ ikrk Fkk- tcfd Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> 0-9 Áfr‘kr<br />
22
Fkk ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> 0-5 Áfr‘kr y¨x¨a d¨ o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN eghus Hkh n¨<br />
oDr dk Hk¨tu miyC/k ugha g¨ ikrk Fkk-¼rkfydk la[;k 9 ns[ksa½<br />
mEehn d¢ eqrkfcd] o¨ y¨x ftUgsa n¨ oDr dk Hk¨tu dqN<br />
eghus gh miyC/k g¨rk Fkk ¼Js.kh [k½ vFkok dqN eghus Hkh miyC/k<br />
ugha g¨rk gS¼Js.kh x½ dh la[;k U;wure ekfld Áfr O;fDr O;; oxZ<br />
<strong>esa</strong> lcls vf/kd Fkh- U;wure ekfld Áfr O;fDr O;; oxZ <strong>esa</strong> Xkzkeh.k<br />
{ks=¨a d¢ 11-8 Áfr‘kr rFkk ‘kgjh {ks=¨a d¢ 4-5 Áfr‘kr y¨x Js.kh<br />
^[k* <strong>esa</strong> vkrs gSa rFkk Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> 3-4 Áfr‘kr rFkk ‘kgjh <strong>esa</strong> 3-3<br />
Áfr‘kr y¨x Js.kh ^x* <strong>esa</strong> ik;s x,- Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> U;wure ekfld<br />
Áfr O;fDr O;; 120 #i, rFkk ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> ;g 160 #i, ls Hkh<br />
de Fkk- ;g 1993&94 <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kkZfjr xjhch js[kk 205 #i, ¼Xkzkeh.k<br />
{ks=½ v©j 281¼‘kgjh {ks«k½ ls Hkh 60 Áfr‘kr de Fkkrkfydk<br />
9 % fnu <strong>esa</strong> n¨ oDr d¢ Hk¨tu dh miyC/krk d¢<br />
vk/kkj ij ifjokj¨a dk jk“Vªh; Lrj ij foLrkj Áfr‘kr<br />
fnu <strong>esa</strong> n¨ oDr dk Hk¨tu fd miyC/krk okys ifjokj<br />
Xkzkeh.k {ks=<br />
120 #i, ls de<br />
U;wure ekfld Áfr<br />
O;fDr O;; oxZ<br />
iwjs o“kZ iwjs o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> flQZ<br />
dqN eghus<br />
23<br />
o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN<br />
ekg Hkh ugha<br />
84.2 11.8 3.4 100<br />
lHkh Jsf.k;ka<br />
‘kgjh {ks=<br />
160 #i, ls de<br />
98.5 4.2 0.9 100<br />
U;wure ekfld Áfr 91.9<br />
O;fDr O;; oxZ<br />
4.5 3.3 100<br />
lHkh Jsf.k;ka 98.1 1.1 0.5 100<br />
dqy<br />
L=ks= % jk“Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k }kjk 1993&94 <strong>esa</strong> fd, x,<br />
50osa n©j dk loZs] fji¨VZ la[;k 415<br />
uhps nh xà rkfydk la[;k 10 <strong>esa</strong> 15 Áeq[k jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> Hk¨tu dh<br />
vi;kZIrrk d¨ n‘kkZ;k x;k gS- mM+hlk] if‘pe caxky] d¢jy] vle] fcgkj<br />
v©j egkjk“Vª d¢ Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a rFkk d¢jy] if‘pe caxky] mM+hlk v©j vle<br />
d¢ ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> i;kZIr Hk¨tu dh miyC/krk dh fLFkfr cgqr gh<br />
fpUrktud Fkh- d¢jy v©j vle <strong>esa</strong> Hkw[k ,d xaHkhj eqn~nk cudj mHkjh gS]<br />
bld¢ dkj.k¨a ij vkxs d¢ v/;;u <strong>esa</strong> Ádk‘k Mkyk tk;sxk-
kfydk 10 % iUæg Áeq[k jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> fnu <strong>esa</strong> n¨ oDr d¢ Hk¨tu<br />
dh miyC/krk d¢ vk/kkj ij ifjokj¨a dk foLrkj Áfr‘kr<br />
jkT; o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> d¢oy dqN eghus o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN eghus Hkh ugha<br />
Xkzkeh.k {ks=<br />
mM+hlk 14.9 0.5<br />
if‘pe caxky 11.1 3<br />
d¢jy 7.4 0.4<br />
vle 6.1 3<br />
fcgkj 5.1 1.5<br />
egjk“Vª 4.1 0.4<br />
mRrj Áns‘k 2.9 0.5<br />
dukZVd 2.7 0.8<br />
e/; Áns‘k 2.5 0.3<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k 1.7 1.2<br />
rfeyukMq 1.5 0.9<br />
xqtjkr 0.9 0.4<br />
gfj;k.kk 0.8 0<br />
jktLFkku 0.6 0<br />
iatkc 0.1 0<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> 4.2 0.9<br />
‘kgjh {ks=<br />
mM+hlk 4.8 1.1<br />
if‘pe caxky 3.3 0.7<br />
d¢jy 2 1.5<br />
vle 1.2 0.6<br />
fcgkj 1.1 0.9<br />
egjk“Vª 1.1 0.4<br />
mRrj Áns‘k 0.8 0.2<br />
dukZVd 1 0.6<br />
e/; Áns‘k 0.9 0.3<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k 0.9 0.7<br />
rfeyukM+q 1 0.6<br />
xqtjkr 0.8 0.2<br />
gfj;k.kk 0.6 0<br />
jktLFkku 0.2 0<br />
iatkc 0.1 0.1<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> 1.1 0.5<br />
¼L=ksr % jk“Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k]1993&94] 50osa n©j dk loZs]<br />
fji¨VZ la[;k 415] i- l- 15½<br />
24
Xkzkeh.k bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong> twu] tqykÃ] vxLr rFkk flracj d¢ pkj<br />
eghu¨a <strong>esa</strong> n¨ oDr dh Hk¨tu d¢ vuqiyC/krk pje ij ik;h xÃ<strong>fu</strong>Eufyf[kr<br />
jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong>] mld¢ vkxs mYysf[kr eghu¨a <strong>esa</strong> ik¡p Áfr‘kr<br />
ls vf/kd y¨x fnu <strong>esa</strong> n¨ twu dh j¨Vh d¢ fy, e¨grkt+ ik, x,A<br />
if‘pe caxky % vÁSy ls uoacj rd vkB eghus- flracj d¢ eghus<br />
<strong>esa</strong> vkadM+s lcls Åij] 8-7 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a rdmM+hlk<br />
% eà ls vDVwcj rd d¢ N% eghus- flracj <strong>esa</strong> lokZf/kd] 7-8<br />
Áfr‘kr ifjokj<br />
d¢jy % twu ls vxLr rd rhu eghus- tqykà <strong>esa</strong> lokZf/kd 6-6<br />
Áfr‘kr<br />
vle % twu&tqykà rFkk flracj&vDVwcj d¢ pkj eghus-<br />
‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> Hkh twu ls flracj d¢ pkj eghu¨a <strong>esa</strong> n¨ oDr d¢ Hk¨tu<br />
dh vuqiyC/krk pje ij ik;h xÃ- gkykafd ;gka fnu <strong>esa</strong> n¨ oDr dh j¨Vh<br />
d¢ fy, e¨grkt+ tula[;k dk Áfr‘kr 0-9&1-1 Áfr‘kr rd ik;k x;k t¨<br />
rqyukRed :i ls Xkzkeh.k bykd¨a d¢ eqdkcys dkQh de Fkk- uhps crk;k<br />
x;k gS fd fofHkUu jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> fdu&fdu eghu¨a <strong>esa</strong> y¨x¨a d¢ lkeus n¨ oDr<br />
d¢ Hk¨tu dk ladV vf/kd jgrk Fkk rFkk mldh voLFkk fd;k jgrh Fkh &<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k & pkj¨a eghus] vf/kdre 1-2 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
vle & rhu eghus] vf/kdre 1-4 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
fcgkj & 11 eghus] vf/kdre 1-3 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
xqtjkr & n¨ eghus] vf/kdre 1-1 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
d¢jy & ckjg¨a eghus] vf/kdre 5-2 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
mM+hlk & vkB eghus] vf/kdre 2-4 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
if‘pe caxky & ckjg¨a eghus] vf/kdre 2-8 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
bld¢ Bhd foijhr gfj;k.kk <strong>esa</strong> flQZ 0-6 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> tuojh<br />
d¢ eghus <strong>esa</strong> fnu <strong>esa</strong> n¨ oDr Hk¨tu dk ladV ik;k x;k rFkk ckdh le; <strong>esa</strong><br />
d¨Ã ekekyk lkeus ugha vk;k- iatkc <strong>esa</strong> Qjojh d¢ eghus ¼0-2 Áfr‘kr½ d¨<br />
N¨M+dj iwjs o“kZ 0-1 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a ,sls feys ftUgsa n¨ oDr dk Hk¨tu<br />
miyC/k ugha jgk- jktLFkku <strong>esa</strong> flQZ tqykà v©j vxLr d¢ eghus <strong>esa</strong> 0-2<br />
Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a d¢ lkeus fnu <strong>esa</strong> n¨ oDr Hk¨tu dk ladV lkeus vk;k-<br />
ns‘k Hkj <strong>esa</strong> U;wure O;; oxZ ¼120 #i, ls de½ <strong>esa</strong> 11-8 Áfr‘kr<br />
Xkzkeh.k ifjokj¨a d¨ o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN eghus gh n¨ oDr dk Hk¨tu miyC/k g¨ ik<br />
25
jgk Fkk tcfd 3-4 Áfr‘kr ifjokj¨a d¨ iwjs o“kZ n¨ oDr Hk¨tu miyC/k ugha<br />
g¨ jgk Fkk-¼rkfydk la[;k 11 ns[ksa½ gkykafd jkT¸kokj fooj.k ns[kus ij<br />
bl<strong>esa</strong> foijhr rLohj uT+kj vkrh gS- if‘pe caxky v©j d¢jy <strong>esa</strong> U;wure<br />
vk; oxZ <strong>esa</strong> 25 Áfr‘kr Xkzkeh.k ifjokj¨a d¨ o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN eghus gh n¨ oDr<br />
dk Hk¨tu miyC/k g¨ ik jgk Fkk- bld¢ lkFk gh mM+hlk] egkjk“Vª] v©j<br />
vle dk vkdyu fn[kkrk gS fd ;gka o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN gh eghus Hk¨tu dh<br />
miyC/krk okys ifjokj¨a dk Áfr‘kr Øe‘k% 19-8] 17-2] 15-7 rFkk 15-3 Fkk]<br />
bu lHkh jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ;g Áfr‘kr ns‘k Hkj d¢ dqy v©lr Áfr‘kr 11-8 ls<br />
vf/kd gh Fkk- bld¢ myV iatkc] jktLFkku] x¨ok] xqtjkr] gfj;k.kk v©j<br />
fgekpy Áns‘k d¢ Xkzkeh.k bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong>] U;wure O;; oxZ <strong>esa</strong> Hkh d¨Ã<br />
ifjokj ,slk ugha Fkk ftls o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN eghus gh Hk¨tu miyC/k g¨ ikrk g¨vle<br />
<strong>esa</strong> p©adkus okys rF; lkeus vkrs gSa- ;gka U;wure O;; oxZ <strong>esa</strong><br />
45-5 Áfr‘kr Xkzkeh.k ifjokj¨a d¨ n¨ oDr dk Hk¨tu miyC/k ugha Fkkif‘pe<br />
caxky] dukZVd v©j d¢jy <strong>esa</strong> ;s vkdYku Øe‘k% 21-2]7-6 rFkk 5-5<br />
Áfr‘kr Fkk t¨ ns‘k d¢ dqy v©lr vkdyu] 3-4 Áfr‘kr ls dgha vf/kd gSrkfydk<br />
11 % Áeq[k jkT;¨a d¢ Xkzeh.k bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong> U;wure O;;<br />
oxZ <strong>esa</strong> iwjs o“kZ Áfrfnu n¨ oDr dk Hk¨tu u ik ldus okys<br />
ifjokj¨a dk Áfr‘kr<br />
Xkzkeh.k ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> n¨ oDr d¢ Hk¨tu dh miyC/krk<br />
1<br />
o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> dqN<br />
gh eghus¼2½s eghus Hkh ugha¼3½<br />
26<br />
;¨x¼2$3½<br />
¼3½<br />
U;wure Áfr O;fDr ekfld<br />
O;;% 120 # ls de<br />
vle 15.3 45.5 60.8<br />
if‘pe caxky 25.3 21.2 46.5<br />
d¢jy 24.9 5.5 30.4<br />
fcgkj 19.8 3 22.8<br />
mM+hlk 17.2 0.4 17.6<br />
dukZVd 8.8 7.6 16.4<br />
egkjk“Vª 15.7 0.4 16.1<br />
e/; Áns‘k 7.9 1.7 9.6<br />
mRrj Áns‘k 6.5 3.0 9.5<br />
rfeykukM+q 4.6 3.2 7.8<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k 3.7 0.9 4.6<br />
¼L=ksr % jk“Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k]1993&94 ] 50osa n©j dk loZs]<br />
fji¨VZ la[;k 415½3
vc rd d¢ v/;;u d¢ vk/kkj ij <strong>fu</strong>“d“kZ <strong>fu</strong>dkyk tk ldrk<br />
gS fd i;kZIr Hk¨tu miyC/k u g¨ ikus d¢ pyrs Hkw[k ,d xaHkhj<br />
leL;k gS- mM+hlk] if‘pe caxky] d¢jy] vle v©j fcgkj <strong>esa</strong><br />
r¨ ;g leL;k v©j Hkh <strong>fu</strong>dV gS- xeÊ d¢ e©le <strong>esa</strong>] twu ls flracj<br />
d¢ chp y¨x¨a d¨ n¨ oDr dk Hk¨tu tqVkuk Hkh eqf‘dy iM+ tkrk<br />
gS- mM+hlk v©j if‘pe caxky es r¨ ;g vof/k lcls T;knk jgrh<br />
gS- ;fn ge viuk /;ku Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> U;wure O;; oxZ rd<br />
lhfer j[ksa r¨ ikrs gSa fd vle] if‘pe caxky] d¢jyl~] fcgkj]<br />
mM+hlk] dukZVd] egkjk“Vª] mRrj Áns‘k v©j rfeyukMq <strong>esa</strong> bu ox¨±<br />
ea Hkw[k dk ÁHkko dkQh O;kid gS-<br />
bl lanHkZ <strong>esa</strong> T;ka æst+ ¼n fgUnw] 26-2-2001½ ,d folaxfr dk<br />
mYys[k djrs gq, crkrs gsa fd ,d rjQ r¨ Hkq[kejh gS v©j nwljh<br />
rjQ <strong>Hkkjr</strong> ljdkj d¢ [kk| <strong>fu</strong>xe d¢ x¨nke¨a <strong>esa</strong> djhc ik¡p dj¨M+<br />
Vu vukt LVkd <strong>esa</strong> gS ftld¢ j[k j[kko ij ljdkj dj¨M+¨a [kpZ<br />
dj jgh gS- os Hkh dà vU; fo‘ks“kK¨a dh rjg loky mBkrs gSa fd<br />
bl LVkd dk Á;¨x y¨x¨a d¨ Hk¨tu d¢ cnys j¨t+xkj nsus <strong>esa</strong> D;¨a<br />
ugha dj fy;k tkrk- T;k æst+ dgrs gSa fd Þ<strong>Hkkjr</strong> d¢ ,d rjQk<br />
y¨dra= <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a dh d¨Ã iwN ugha gSÞ] mUgsa ges‘kk gkf‘k,<br />
ij Mky fn;k tkrk gS v©j mudh jktuhfrd mis{kk lw[kk ihfM+r<br />
y¨x¨a rFkk ljdkjh deZpkfj;¨a d¢ chp ßlkekftd nwjhß c
gS fd Hkw[ks jgus dh etcwjh uhfrxr vlQyrkv¨a dh otg ls<br />
vkrh gS v©j bl ij /;ku fn, tkus dh vko‘;drk gSvkxs<br />
d¢ v/;;u <strong>esa</strong> ge Hk¨tu dh deh d¢ dkjd¨a ij j¨‘kuh<br />
Mkysaxs rFkk ns[ksaxs fd fdl rjg blls vfr xaHkhj :i ls xjhch<br />
ÁHkkfor [kaM¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> c
gkfMukV] 2000½Þ HkweaMyhdj.k vkfn uhfr;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ifjorZu ls Hkh dÃ<br />
ox¨± <strong>esa</strong> ifjokj¨a d¨ lnek yxus d¢ gkykr cu tkrs gSagky<br />
gh <strong>esa</strong> ehfM;k }kjk flÆlYyk <strong>esa</strong> Hkw[k ls csgky<br />
cqudj¨a }kjk vkRegR;k d¢ ekeys mBk, x,- bu fji¨V~lZ <strong>esa</strong> crk;k<br />
x;k fd fdl rjg ;s dkjhxj vius Qu <strong>esa</strong> dq‘kyrk d¢ ckot+wn<br />
<strong>fu</strong>jk‘kk v©j grk‘kk dk f‘kdkj gq,] mud¢ ikl dqN cspus vFkok<br />
fxjoh j[kdj dqN iSls dh O;oLFkk djus dh Hkh lkeF;Z] ugha cph<br />
Fkh rFkk ckt+kjoknh O;oLFkk d¢ pyrs fdl rjg mudk Hkqxrku<br />
#dk v©j mud¢ lkeus thfodk d¢ lc lk/ku cUn g¨ x,- ckt+kj<br />
ls Hk¨tu dh O;oLFkk djus d¢ fy, fdlh u fdlh rjg dh vk;]<br />
laifRr vFkok m/kkj ij vk/kkfjr vFkZ O;oLFkk vfr vko‘;d gSnwljh<br />
rjQ ljdkj ls le; jgrs lgk;rk ÁkIr djus d¢ fy,<br />
Þne[ke v©j igqap g¨us d¢ lkFk gh ,d liÆir] laosnu‘khy v©j<br />
rRij ljdkjh O;oLFkkÞ dk g¨uk t+:jh gS-<br />
Vhch] ,pvkÃoh&,M~l vkfn chekfj;ka xaHkhj g¨us dh voLFkk<br />
<strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh laokgd cu tkrha gSa- vka/kz Áns‘k d¢ fot;okM+k <strong>esa</strong><br />
dqN ifjokj¨a] ftUkls 1993 <strong>esa</strong> Hkhckrphr dh xà Fkh] d¢ ikl pkj<br />
lky <strong>esa</strong> n¨ckjk tkus ij lkeus vk;k fd mu<strong>esa</strong> ls 50 Áfr‘kr <strong>esa</strong><br />
chekjh dk ÁHkko rFkk xaHkhjrk yxkrkj c
vHkko vkÆFkd xfr‘khyrk dh ÁfØ;k d¨ le>us <strong>esa</strong> cgqr cM+h ck/kk<br />
gSÞ v©j Þ <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ dkjd d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> iw.kZr% nqHkkZX;] p¨jh] u©djh<br />
NwVuk] lw[kk vkfn vla[; rF; gSa t¨ vkink dk vk?kkr igqapkrs<br />
gSa] v©j fd ßfdlh ifjokj d¢ ikl ftruk vf/kd lqjf{kr LFkkÃ<br />
<strong>fu</strong>f/k rFkk mlls csgrj vk; d¢ lk/ku g¨axs mruk gh ml ifjokj<br />
ij vkink d¢ ÁHkko dk t+¨f[ke de jgrk gS-Þ<br />
<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh fLFkfr iSnk djus rFkk mls cuk, j[kus <strong>esa</strong><br />
HkweaMyhdj.k] uhfr;¨a <strong>esa</strong> cnyko] chekjh] fodkl ;¨tukv¨a d¢<br />
dkj.k foLFkkiu rFkk Ñf“k d¢ mrkj p
ft+yk Á‘kklu us jk“Vªh; ifjokj ykHk ;¨tuk d¢ rgr cqudj¨a<br />
d¢ ifjokj¨a dh enn d¢ fy, chekj y¨x¨a d¢ cPp¨a d¢ fy,] fo/kok<br />
isa‘ku d¢ rgr rFkk o`)koLFkk isa‘ku d¢ rgr 10]000 #i, dh enn<br />
dh ?k¨“k.kk dh gS gkykafd bl fn‘kk <strong>esa</strong> vc rd Hkh dqN dke ‘kq:<br />
ugha fd;k x;k gS- Á‘kklu us cqudj leqnk; d¢ fy, ijke‘kZ<br />
dk;ZØe pykus dk Hkh ,syku fd;k Fkk t¨ ÁdV dkj.k¨a ls ‘kq:<br />
ugha g¨ ldk gS- ikap ifjokj¨a d¨ jkgr jkf‘k ckaVus dk dke gqvk<br />
ysfdu jktuhfrd n[kyankt+h d¢ ckn bls vpkud j¨d fn;k x;kbykd¢<br />
d¢ <strong>fu</strong>okZfpr tuÁfr<strong>fu</strong>f/k us ;g dgdj jkgr dk dke<br />
#dok fn;k fd vHkh os fdlh dke <strong>esa</strong> O;Lr gSa v©j mud¢ vkus ij<br />
gh bldk forj.k fd;k tk;-<br />
L=ksr % n fgUnw] 04-04-2001<br />
<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> % vof/k<br />
xjhch ij Ádkf‘kr nLrkost+¨a rFkk lkfeXkzh <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
rFkk vYidkyhu <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> varj dgha dgha gh ns[kus d¨ feyrk<br />
gS- bldh otg gS fd bl lacU/k <strong>esa</strong> Ádkf‘kr lkfeXkzh <strong>esa</strong> lokZf/kd<br />
vkuqHksoqd fo'ys“k.k Hkh ;k r¨ jk“Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k d¢ vkdyu<br />
ij vk/kkfjr gSa vFkok fHkUu fHkUu o“k¨± <strong>esa</strong> xkao¨a <strong>esa</strong> fd, x, loZs<br />
ij- ¼xbgk] 1989½- <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> xjhch d¢ <strong>fu</strong>/kkZj.k d¢<br />
fy, vko‘;d gS fd ÁHkkfor ifjokj¨a ij ,d vyx Vhe }kjk<br />
yxkrkj ut+j j[kh tk; lkFk gh mudh fLFkfr d¢ v/;;u d¢ fy,<br />
dqN vU; csgrj rjhd¢ Hkh viuk, tk,a-<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> cgqr de fo‘ys“k.k ,sls gSa t¨ yacs le; rd dqN<br />
gh ifjokj¨a d¢ vkadM+¨a d¢ v/;;u ij vk/kkfjr gSa- ns‘k <strong>esa</strong> n¨<br />
vkadM+s laXkzg Áeq[krk ls bLrseky fd, tkrs jgs gSa] ;s<br />
gSa & ,u-lh-,-Ã-vkj- }kjk laXkzfgr Xkzkeh.k ifjokj¨a d¢ vkadM+s rFkk<br />
vkÃ-lh-vkj-vkÃ-,l-,-Vh- d¢ lw[kk ÁHkkfor bykd¨a d¢ vkadM+san¨u¨a<br />
laXkzg¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij <strong>fu</strong>dkys x, <strong>fu</strong>“d“kZ uhps fn, x, gSa &<br />
xbgk ¼1989½ us O;kogkfjd vkÆFkd vuqla/kku jk“Vªh;<br />
ifj“kn¼,ulh,Ãvkj½ }kjk 1968&69]1969&70] v©j 1970&71 <strong>esa</strong><br />
4]118 Xkzkeh.k ifjokj¨a ij fd, x, loZs{k.k¨a dk Á;¨x fd;k gS-<br />
bl<strong>esa</strong> bu rhu¨a o“k¨± d¢ n©jku] ÁR;sd o“kZ dh xjhch js[kk nsdj<br />
bld¢ uhps vkus okys ifjokj¨a dk <strong>fu</strong>/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gS- bu<br />
ifjokj¨a dh la[;k d¢ vk/kkj ij <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> xjhch d¢ ÁHkko dk<br />
v/;;u fd;k x;k gS- dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd xÃgk us bu rhu¨a<br />
31
o“k¨± <strong>esa</strong> yxkrkj xjhch js[kk d¢ uhps vkus ifjokj¨a d¢ vkad¢M+s d¢<br />
vk/kkj ij <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifjokj¨a dh igpku dh gSos<br />
fy[krs gSa fd] Þ<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifjokj d¢ y{k.k fdlh ,d<br />
o“kZ fo‘ks“k <strong>esa</strong> Áfr O;fDr vk;@O;; dk dkQh de jguk ugha gS<br />
cfYd ,d <strong>fu</strong>f‘pr le;kUrj <strong>esa</strong> bl<strong>esa</strong> vkus okyk mrkj p
& <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> ,d cM+k oxZ ;k r¨ Hkwfeghu<br />
Fkk vFkok djhc djhc Hkwfeghu Fkk-<br />
& <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x <strong>fu</strong>/kZu~ y¨x¨a dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> etnwjh<br />
ij vf/kd <strong>fu</strong>HkZj Fks] mud¢ ikl Hkwfe ;k r¨ Fkh gh ugha<br />
vFkok u d¢ cjkcj Fkh- pwafd n¨u¨a gh ox¨± <strong>esa</strong><br />
lkekU;r% ifjokj¨a dk vkdkj cjkcj Fkk- ifjokj d¢<br />
Hkj.k i¨“k.k dk c¨> vis{kkÑr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a ij vf/kd<br />
Fkk- <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a <strong>esa</strong> lk{kjrk dh nj Hkh vf/kd<br />
ns[kh xà Fkh-<br />
& <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a dh ikfjokfjd vk; ¼<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifjokj¨a<br />
d¢ 147 #i, dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> 395 #i,½<br />
rFkk Áfr O;fDr vk; <strong>esa</strong> ¼<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu d¢ 16 #i, dh<br />
rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu d¢ 90 #i,½ loZs d¢ le; n©jku<br />
<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> vf/kd o`f) gqÃ-<br />
& Áfr O;fDr vk; rFkk Áfr O;fDr [kir O;; d¢<br />
rqyukRed v/;;u <strong>esa</strong> ns[kk x;k fd d¢ Áfr O;fDr<br />
vk; de g¨us dh fLFkfr <strong>esa</strong> O;; vk; ls vf/kd Fkk<br />
tcfd Áfr O;fDr vk; vf/kd g¨us dh fLFkfr <strong>esa</strong> ;g<br />
varj yxHkx u d¢ cjkcj Fkk- bld¢ pyrs v©lr Áfr<br />
O;fDr [kir <strong>esa</strong> varj de gh ut+j vkrk Fkk- ;g<br />
le>uk vc vklku gS fd <strong>fu</strong>Eu Áfr O;fDr vk; Lrj<br />
ij [kpZ vk; ls vf/kd g¨us dh iwÆr m/kkj ys ysdj<br />
gh g¨rh jgh Fkh-<br />
& <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a dh ,d cM+h la[;k ¼79 Áfr‘kr ls<br />
Hkh vf/kd½ etnwjh ij vkfJr Fkh- loZs d¢ n©jku<br />
<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifjokj¨a dh vk; bl ij Hkh <strong>fu</strong>HkZj ikÃ<br />
xà fd bl n©jku etnwjh feyus dh ifjfLFkfr;¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
fdruk ifjorZu gqvk-<br />
<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu¨a <strong>esa</strong> vk; d¨ lhfer djus <strong>esa</strong> egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk<br />
[ksrhckM+h ls feyus okyh etnwjh rFkk vkenuh dh Fkh- dke d¢<br />
cnys nh tkus okyh Áfr O;fDr etnwjh <strong>esa</strong> Fk¨M+h lh dV©rh Hkh<br />
dqy vk; <strong>esa</strong> c
flag rFkk fcUkLoSaxj¼1993½ us ns‘k d¢ v/kZ&moZjk<br />
Å“.kdfVcU/kh; Áns‘k¼lSV½ <strong>esa</strong> rhu Ñf“k vkfJr {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> fLFkr N%<br />
xkao¨a d¢ 218 ifjokj¨a ls 1975&76 ls 1983&84 d¢ n©jku u©<br />
Qly o“kZ <strong>esa</strong> ,df=r vkadM+¨a dk Á;¨x fd;k gS- mUg¨aus ik;k fd&<br />
& y¨x¨a d¢ viuh fof‘k“Vrkv¨a d¢ vfrfjDr lalk/ku<br />
vk/kkj ls Hkh Hkh xjhch dk ut+nhdh lacU/k g¨rk gS-<br />
¼flag]1990½- <strong>fu</strong>/kZu [ksrhgj ifjokj¨a d¨ vU; ifjokj¨a<br />
dh vis{kk [kjkc t+ehu] ypj lalk/ku vk/kkj] t¨f[ke<br />
mBkus dh de {kerk] Hkj.k i¨“k.k dk vHksn tatky<br />
rFkk Qly mRiknu d¢ vifj“Ñr r©j rjhd¢ viukus<br />
dh etcwjh tSlh fo“kerkv¨a d¢ chp jguk iM+rk gS-<br />
¼flag]1982½<br />
& ewy :i ls <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> ls ftudh fLFkfr <strong>esa</strong><br />
lq/kkj ns[kk x;k mUg¨aus vius ifjokj <strong>esa</strong> dqy lnL;¨a<br />
dh la[;k <strong>esa</strong> ,d ;k mlls vf/kd dh deh dh ysfdu<br />
lkFk gh t¨ ifjokj <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ugha Fks v©j ckn <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
g¨rs pys x, mud¢ ifjokj <strong>esa</strong> ,d lnL; dh c
ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> ls ukS <strong>fu</strong>/kZu g¨ x, tcfd mudh v©lr<br />
vk; d¢ uewus <strong>esa</strong> o`f) ns[kh xÃgkykafd<br />
mUkdk dguk gS fd bu vkadM+¨a d¢ urht+¨a d¢ vk/kkj<br />
ij lkEkkU; <strong>fu</strong>“d“kZ cM+h gh lko/kkuh ls <strong>fu</strong>dkyk tkuk pkfg,<br />
D;¨afd ,slk ugha ekuk tk ldrk fd u© o“k¨± d¢ n©jku v/;;u d¢<br />
fy, pqus x, uewus Áfr<strong>fu</strong>f/k uewus cus jgscgqr<br />
ls y¨x t¨ <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls <strong>fu</strong>dyus <strong>esa</strong> dke;kc ugha g¨<br />
ld¢ vFkok yacs le; ls <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ f‘kdkj jgs os d¨Ygw<br />
d¢ cSy dh rjg dMs+ ifjJe v©j de etnwjh okys dk;¨± <strong>esa</strong> tqVs<br />
jgs- bls ÞjRuk ikanh dh t+¨f[keHkjh pk tk ldrk gS-<br />
ÞjRuk ikanh dh t+¨f[keHkjh p
mls r¨ cl vius gkFk¨a&iSj¨a d¢ bLrseky ls ;g p
nso ¼1984%14½ [ksrhgj etnwj¨a ij <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk vf/kd ÁHkko<br />
g¨us d¢ fy, mudh vfr <strong>fu</strong>Eu vk; d¨ ft+Eesnkj crkrs gSa ftld¢<br />
pyrs os xjhch js[kk d¢ uhps ncrs pys tkrs gSa- mudk lq>ko gS<br />
fd bu etnwj¨a dh etnwjh c
vkÃ-ch-vkj-Mh-¼2000½ }kjk xjhch mUewyu ij fd, x, jk“Vªh;<br />
v/;;u <strong>esa</strong> vÁf‘kf{kr iq:“k Ñf“k etnwj¨a dh etnwjh <strong>esa</strong> okÆ“kd<br />
v©lr c
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls lacfU/kr rkt+k vkadM+sa v©j<br />
fo‘ys“k.k miyC/k ugha gSa- blfy, vkxs dk dke bl fn‘kk <strong>esa</strong><br />
e©twn varj d¨ Hkjus <strong>esa</strong> enn djsxk- bl<strong>esa</strong> ge ukekoyh vkadM+¨a<br />
rFkk <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifjokj¨a v©j Hkwfeghu¨a dh etnwjh o muls<br />
lEcfU/kr pht+¨a dh ewY; <strong>esa</strong> ifjorZu ls lacfU/kr vkadM+¨a dk<br />
v/;;u djsaxsa- bls y¨x¨a dh ft+anxh rFkk fofHkUu mnkgj.k¨a d¢<br />
v/;;u ls ,df=r xq.kkRed vkadM+¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij laiUu fd;k<br />
tk;sxk- ;s vkadM+s nwljs n©j d¢ v/;;u d¢ fy, fpfUgr {ks=¨a ls<br />
fy, tk;saxs-<br />
2-3-4- <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ cgqvk;keh vFkok x+Sj vk; ekin.M<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ lkekU;r% vk; ij vk/kkfjr xjhch js[kk ls<br />
t¨M+dj gh ifjHkkf“kr dj fy;k tkrk gS+- gkykafd <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk<br />
nk;jk cgqvk;keh g¨rk gS rFkk <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vk; de g¨us d¢ lkFk lkFk<br />
v©j Hkh dà rjg dh oapukv¨a ls ihfM+r jgrs gSa- bu<strong>esa</strong> dà rjg<br />
dh ekuoh; oapuk,a tSls LoLFk rFkk thfor cus jgus dk ladV]<br />
cPp¨a d¨ j¨t+xkj feyus <strong>esa</strong> ijs‘kkuh] cPp¨a dk ;©u ‘k¨“k.k] ca/kqvk<br />
etnwj] i;kZoj.k Ánw“k.k] ?kjsyw fgalk rFkk fyax o tkfr Hksn d¢<br />
vk/kkj ij lkekftd cfg“dkj vkfn ‘kkfey gSa ftudk laca/k vk;<br />
ls lh/ks lh/ks ugha gS-¼la-jk-fo-dk-] 1997½- iwath] f‘k{kk] nh?kkZ;q]<br />
t+ehu] ikuh] taxy vkfn lalk/ku¨a rd <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a dh igqap ugha<br />
g¨rh-<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> vc ekuo o fyax fodkl d¢ lad¢rd¨a ls<br />
lacfU/kr v/;;u lkfeXkzh dh miyC/krk c
vuqla/kku drkZv¨a us Áeq[k jkT;¨a d¨ <strong>fu</strong>Eufyf[kr rkfydk d¢<br />
vuqlkj Js.khc) fd;k gS &<br />
rkfydk 13% jkT; oxÊdj.k % ekfolw]fyfolw]fyllw rFkk<br />
ek<strong>fu</strong>lw<br />
Js.kh ekfolw fyfolw] fyllw ek<strong>fu</strong>lw<br />
1 dsjy dsjy dsjy dsjy<br />
2 iatkc egkjk"Vª egkjk"Vª rfeyukMq<br />
3 egkjk"Vª xqtjkr fgekpy iatkc<br />
4 gfj;k.kk fgekpy xqtjkr egkjk"Vª<br />
5 xqtjkr iatkc dukZVdk gfj;k.k<br />
6 i- caxky dukZVdk gfj;k.k xqtjkr<br />
7 fgekpy rfeyukMq i- caxky dukZVdk<br />
8 dukZVdk i- caxky rfeyukMq i- caxky<br />
9 rfeyukMq vka/kz izns'k jktLFkku vka/kz izns'k<br />
10 va/kz izns'k gfj;k.k eè; izns'k mM+hlk<br />
11 vle vle iatkc eè; izns'k<br />
12 mM+hlk mM+hlk vka/kz izns'k jktLFkku<br />
13 jktLFkku eè; izns'k mRrj izns'k vle<br />
14 fcgkj jktLFkku fcgkj mRrj izns'k<br />
15 eè; izns'k fcgkj mM+hlk fcgkj<br />
16 mRrj izns'k mRrj izns'k vle 15 jkT;<br />
L=ksr % ekfolw o fyfolw & , d¢ f‘kodqekj] fyaxlekurk<br />
rFkk jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk% lqLokLF; d¢ vFkZ %1996½<br />
fyllw& vk‘kk diwj esgrk] fodflr ns‘k¨a d¢ fy, lwfp;¨a dh<br />
lq/kkj ÁfØ;k] 1996<br />
ek<strong>fu</strong>lw& d¢ lsB ÁHkq o laxhrk dkenkj] 1997 % ekuo fodkl d¢<br />
ifjÁs{; <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk rkRi;Z<br />
lHkh lwfp;¨a es d¢jy lcls Åij jgk gS tcfd egkjk“Vª ekfolw <strong>esa</strong><br />
rhljs LFkku ij] fyfolw rFkk fyllw <strong>esa</strong> nwljs LFkku ij rFkk ek<strong>fu</strong>lw <strong>esa</strong><br />
p©Fks LFkku ij gS- iatkc o gfj;k.kk ekfolw ¼nwljs o p©Fks LFkku ij½<br />
v©j ek<strong>fu</strong>lw¼ rhljk o ikapoka LFkku½ <strong>esa</strong> Åij jgs gSa ysfdu fyfolw¼5oka o<br />
40
10 oka½ v©j fyllw¼11oka o NBk½ <strong>esa</strong> mudk Lrj dkQh uhps jgk gSgkykafd<br />
vk; <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> Åij lkr jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ikap mM+hlk] mRrj Áns‘k]<br />
fcgkj] e/; Áns‘k o vle dk Lrj bu lHkh lwfp;¨a <strong>esa</strong> Hkh [kjkc gh jgk<br />
gS- jkTkLFkku vk; <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> csgrj Án‘kZu djrk jgk gS ysfdu ;gka<br />
ekuo fodkl ls lacfU/kr bu pkj¨a gh lwfp;¨a <strong>esa</strong> mldk Án‘kZu<br />
<strong>fu</strong>jk‘kktud jgk gSvka/kz<br />
Áns‘k] jktLFkku] egkjk“Vª v©j d¢jy d¨ N¨M+dj ns‘k d¢ lHkh<br />
Áeq[k 16 jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> vk; <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ÁHkko v©j ekuo fodkl lwpdkad<br />
yxHkx ,d gh tSlh rLohj is‘k djrs gSarkfydk<br />
14 % ekuo fodkl lwpdkad rFkk jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> xjhch js[kk ls<br />
uhps dh tula[;k ij vk/kkfjr jkT;okj Lrj<br />
Js.kh ekuo fodkl lwpkdkad xjhch js[kk ls uhps dh<br />
tula[;k<br />
1 dsjy iatkc<br />
2 iatkc vka/kz izns'k<br />
3 egkjk"Vª xqtjkr<br />
4 gfj;k.kk gfj;k.kk<br />
5 xqtjkr dsjy<br />
6 i- caxky jktLFkku<br />
7 fgekpy izns'k fgekpy izns'k<br />
8 dukZVd dukZVd<br />
9 rfeyukMq rfeyukMq<br />
10 vka/kz izns'k i- caxky<br />
11 vle egkjk"Vª<br />
12 mM+hlk mRrj izns'k<br />
13 jktLFkku vle<br />
14 fcgkj eè; izns'k<br />
15 eè; izns'k mM+hlk<br />
16 mRrj izns'k fcgkj<br />
L=ksr % rkfydk 13 ,oa ;¨tuk vk;¨x Ásl foKfIr 1997<br />
xjhch js[kk ls uhps de tula[;k okys jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> r¨ vka/kz<br />
Áns‘k nwljs LFkku ij jgk ysfdu lk{kjrk nj de jgus dh otg<br />
ls ekuo fodkl lwpdkad <strong>esa</strong> og lh/ks 10osa LFkku ij igaqp x;k]<br />
blh rjg jktLFkku NBs LFkku ls lh/ks 13osa ij igqap x;k- bld¢<br />
41
myV egkjk“Vª dk LFkku ekuo fodkl lwpdkad <strong>esa</strong> vk; <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
ÁHkko lwph <strong>esa</strong> 11osa dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> rhljk jgk ogha mPp lk{kjrk nj<br />
d¢ pyrs d¢jy vk; <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ÁHkko <strong>esa</strong> ik¡posa os LFkku ij g¨us d¢<br />
ckotwn ekuo fodkl lwpkdka <strong>esa</strong> igys LFkku ij jgkekuo<br />
fodkl lwph rFkk ekuo <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> lwph d¢ vk/kkj ij<br />
jkT;¨a dh rqyuk dj ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd rfeyukM+q o e/;<br />
Áns‘k dh fLFkfr <strong>esa</strong> dkQh ifjorZu vk;k- rfeyukMq <strong>esa</strong> ekfolw d¢<br />
eqdkcys ek<strong>fu</strong>lw <strong>esa</strong> lkr LFkku dk lq/kkj fd;k] bldh Áeq[k otg<br />
jgh LokLF; v©j ljdkjh vkÆFkd lgk;rk ;¨tukv¨a <strong>esa</strong> lq/kkj-<br />
LokLF; leL;kv¨a <strong>esa</strong> deh d¢ dkj.k e/; Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> Hkh ek<strong>fu</strong>lw <strong>esa</strong><br />
ekfolw d¢ eqdkcys pkj LFkku dk lq/kkj gqvk- ekuo fodkl lwph<br />
rFkk ySafxd fodkl lwph dh rqyuk djus ij ge ns[krs gSa fd<br />
iatkc o gfj;k.kk <strong>esa</strong> fyaxHksn lq/kkj d¢ pyrs dkQh ifjorZu gqvkySafxd<br />
l‘kDrhdj.k ewY;kadu <strong>esa</strong> iatkc] vle v©j mM+hlk <strong>esa</strong><br />
fLFkfr [kjkc g¨rh xà gS tcfd fgekpy] dukZVd] jktLFkku o<br />
e/; Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> efgykv¨a d¢ jktuSfrd thou <strong>esa</strong> lfØ; g¨us ls<br />
ifjfLFkfr;ka csgrj gqÃa gSa-<br />
f‘k‘kq e`R;q<br />
fofHkUu LFkku¨a ij f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj <strong>esa</strong> yxkrkj ifjorZu bu<br />
LFkku¨a ij raxgkyh dh fLFkfr ;k <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ lwpd d¢ :i<br />
<strong>esa</strong> lkeus vkrk gS- de vk;] laifRr dh deh] fØ;k ‘kfDr de<br />
g¨us d¢ dkj.k Hk¨tu o LokLF; lqfo/kkv¨a dh deh dk lacU/k lh/ks<br />
lh/ks uotkr f‘k‘kqv¨a dk] ;gka rd fd iSnk g¨us d¢ ,d o“kZ d¢<br />
Hkhrj gh] e`R;q dk f‘kdkj g¨us dh Ácy vk‘kadkv¨a ls t¨M+k tk<br />
ldrk gS- l-jk-fo-dk dh ekuo fodkl fji¨VZ & 2000 <strong>esa</strong> ÁLrqr<br />
vkadM+¨a <strong>esa</strong> 1998 <strong>esa</strong> ukoZs] LohMu]tkiku] v©j fQuySaM dh f‘k‘kq<br />
e`R;q nj flQZ pkj Fkh- vkLVªsfy;k] vkblySaM] uhnjySaM] Ýkal]<br />
fLoVt+jySaM] Ýkal] teZuh] Ly¨os<strong>fu</strong>;k o pSd x.kra= <strong>esa</strong> ;g ik¡p<br />
Fkh v©j dukMk] fczVsu] csfYt;e] vk;jySaM] bVyh] Lisu] blzkÃy]<br />
feJ] v©j ekYVk <strong>esa</strong> ;g N% Fkh- ysfdu <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> o“kZ 1998 <strong>esa</strong> f‘k‘kq<br />
e`R;q nj 69 Fkh-<br />
1991 dh tux.kuk d¢ vkadM+¨a d¨ vk/kkj cukrs gq,] jktu ,oa<br />
e¨gupaæu¼1998½ us ns‘k d¢ fofHkUu jkT;¨a rFkk ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> f‘k‘kq e`R;q<br />
nj dk vkdyu fd;k gS-1991 <strong>esa</strong> <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> vv©lr f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj 74<br />
Fkh- bl<strong>esa</strong> cM+s Lrj ij vkarjkZT;h; fHkUurk Hkh lkeus vkrh gS- ,d<br />
42
jQ f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj mM+hlk <strong>esa</strong> 108 v©j e/; Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> 107 Fkh ogha<br />
d¢jy <strong>esa</strong> ;g 37 Fkh-¼rkfydk la[;k 15 ns[ksa½<br />
ft+yk Lrj ij Hkh f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj <strong>esa</strong> dkQh varj ns[kk x;k- vka/kz<br />
Áns‘k d¢ gSnjkckn ft+ys <strong>esa</strong> f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj 23 Fkh tcfd e/; Áns‘k d¢<br />
f‘koiqjh <strong>esa</strong> ;g 154 Fkh- fpark dh ckr ;g gS fd 1998 <strong>esa</strong> ns‘k <strong>esa</strong><br />
37 ,sls ft+ys Fks ftudh f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj dk Lrj mM+hlk] ;k<strong>fu</strong> 108 d¢<br />
cjkcj ;k mlls Hkh vf/kd [kjkc jgk-<br />
bl<strong>esa</strong> vle dk ,d] mRrj Áns‘k v©j mM+hlk <strong>esa</strong> lkr&lkr] v©j<br />
e/; Áns‘k d¢ 23 ft+ys ‘kkfey gSa- lcls cnrj fLFkfr mM+hlk d¢<br />
ckys‘oj v©j e/; Áns‘k d¢ f‘koiqjh <strong>esa</strong> Fkh tgka f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj Ñe‘k%<br />
151 rFkk 154 Fkh- e/; Áns‘k v©j mM+hlk d¢ lHkh ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> f‘k‘kq<br />
e`R;q nj <strong>Hkkjr</strong> dh v©lr f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj ls vf/kd Fkh-<br />
rkfydk 15% jkT;okj f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj] 1991 ¼ D;w &1½<br />
jkT; dqy v©lr iq:“k efgyk<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> 74 71 75<br />
d¢jy 37 36 38<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k 49 51 45<br />
rfeyukMq 53 52 53<br />
iatkc 54 53 55<br />
gfj;k.kk 55 52 56<br />
egkjk“Vª 58 59 55<br />
dukZVd 60 62 57<br />
if‘pe caxky 67 65 69<br />
xqtjkr 69 63 72<br />
fcgkj 70 61 79<br />
fgekpy Áns‘k 75 76 70<br />
jktLFkku 81 79 83<br />
vle 85 86 83<br />
mRrj izns'k 89 84 94<br />
e/; Áns‘k 107 105 10<br />
mM+hlk 108 106 110<br />
L=ksr %<br />
ns‘k <strong>esa</strong> v©lr iq#“k f‘k‘kw e`R;w nj 71 Fkh v©j efgyk f‘k‘kw<br />
e`R;q nj 74 Fkh- iq:“k f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj <strong>esa</strong> lcls csgrj fLFkfr d¢jy<br />
43
¼36½ dh Fkh] tcfd mM+hlk ¼106½ rFkk e/; Áns‘k¼105½ lcls<br />
[kjkc fLFkfr <strong>esa</strong> Fks- e/; Áns‘k v©j mM+hlk <strong>esa</strong> gh efgyk f‘k‘kq e`R;w<br />
nj¼110½ lcls T;knk Fkh- ft+yk Lrj ij Hkh vkadM+¨a dk fo‘ys“k.k<br />
djus <strong>esa</strong> dkQh varj lkeus vkrk gS- iq:“k f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj 24<br />
¼gSnjkckn½ ls ysdj 184¼csrqy½ rd rFkk efgyk f‘k‘kq e`R;q e`R;qnj<br />
21¼gSnjkckn½ ls ysdj ckys‘oj¼181½ d¢ chp ns[kh xÃfcgkj<br />
d¢ lHkh ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> efgyk f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj iq:“k f‘k‘kq<br />
e`R;q nj ls vf/kd Fkh- nwljh rjQ fgekpy Áns‘k rFkk egkjk“Vª <strong>esa</strong><br />
efgyk f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj iq#“k f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj ls de Fkhiq#“k<br />
f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj d¢ ekeys <strong>esa</strong> lcls [kjkc fLFkfr mM+hlk<br />
dh Fkh tgka ;g 106 Fkh- gkykafd ft+yk Lrj d¢ vkadM+¨ d¢<br />
vè;;u ls lkQ g¨ tkrk gS fd e/; Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> 24] mRrj Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong><br />
lkr] mM+hlk <strong>esa</strong> N%] jktLFkku <strong>esa</strong> rhu] vle <strong>esa</strong> nks v©j egkjk“Vª<br />
<strong>esa</strong> ,d ft+ys <strong>esa</strong> iq#“k f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj dk vkdyu mM+hlk d¢ v©lr<br />
ls Hkh vf/kd Fkk- efgyk f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj d¢ ekeys <strong>esa</strong> Hkh lcls<br />
[kjkc Án‘kZu mM+hlk¼110½ dk gh Fkk- gkykafd ft+yk Lrj ij e/;<br />
Áns‘k d¢ 22] mRrj Áns‘k d¢ 13] jktLFkku fcgkj <strong>esa</strong> 10&10 ft+y¨a<br />
<strong>esa</strong> efgyk f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj mM+hlk ls Hkh [kjkc Fkh-<br />
efgyk f‘k{kk rFkk f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj ¼esgrk] 1998%16&17½ %<br />
Átuu rFkk f‘k‘kq e`R;q ij cq<strong>fu</strong>;knh f‘k{kk] fo‘ks“kdj efgyk<br />
f‘k{kk dk O;kid ÁHkko iM+rk gS- efgyk d¢ cq<strong>fu</strong>;knh :i ls<br />
f‘kf{kr g¨us ls i©f“Vdrk] i¨“k.k o LokLF; dh tkudkjh cus <strong>esa</strong><br />
lqfo/kk feyrh gS ftldk vlj f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj <strong>esa</strong> deh d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong><br />
ns[kk ldrk gS¼ewÆr] xqb;k o æst+] 1996½-<br />
ns‘k dh 94 Áfr‘kr vkcknh okys 14 Áeq[k jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> 296<br />
ft+y¨a d¢ vkadM+¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij ewÆr] xqb;k o æst+ us <strong>fu</strong>“d“kZ<br />
<strong>fu</strong>dkyk fd efgyk lk{kjrk dk f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj ij udkjRed o<br />
O;kid ÁHkko iM+rk gS- efgyk lk{kjrk d¢ efgyk o f‘k‘kq n¨u¨a gh<br />
rjg ls f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj ij udkjkRed ÁHkko iM+rk gS ysfdu efgyk<br />
f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj ij bldk ÁHkko vf/kd Li“V ut+j vkrk gS- bu<br />
rhu¨a fo}ku¨a us f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj ij <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ÁHkko d¨ Hkh Li“V<br />
fd;k gS-<br />
44
uhps nh xà vkÑfr la[;k 1 <strong>esa</strong> <strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; jkT;¨a d¨ efgyk<br />
lk{kjrk d¢ vk/kkj ij pkj Jsf.k;¨a <strong>esa</strong> foHkDr fd;k x;k gS 80<br />
Áfr‘kr ls vf/kd] 46 ls 55 Áfr‘kr] 35 ls 45 Áfr‘kr] o 35<br />
Áfr‘kr ls uhps- bld¢ lkFk gh ,d o“kZ ls de mez <strong>esa</strong> gh e`R;q d¨<br />
f‘kdkj g¨us okys f‘k‘kqv¨a dh la[;k d¢ vk/kkj ij jkT;¨a dk ikap<br />
Lrj ij oxÊdj.k fd;k x;k gS & 40 Áfr‘kr ls de] 40&55<br />
Áfr‘kr]56&75 Áfr‘kr 76&100 Áfr‘kr rFkk 100 Áfr‘kr ls<br />
vf/kd- bl vkÑfr <strong>esa</strong> efgyk lk{kjrk d¢ Lrj rFkk f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj<br />
d¢ Lrj <strong>esa</strong> lacU/k Li“V ns[kk tk ldrk gSa- bl<strong>esa</strong> vf/kdrj jkT;<br />
bld¢ fod.kZ ij fLFkr gSa- ,d Hkh ekeys <strong>esa</strong> mPp efgyk lk{kjrk<br />
okyk d¨Ã jkT; mPp f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj d¢ lehi ugha gS- oghW vka/kz<br />
Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> efgyk lk{kjrk de g¨us d¢ ckotwn ogka f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj<br />
<strong>esa</strong> deh ns[kh tk ldrh gS-<br />
vkÑfr 1% efgyk lk{kjrk rFkk f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj d¢ vk/kkj ij<br />
jkT;¨a dk oxÊdj.k<br />
40 ls cgqr de<br />
40&55 ls de<br />
56&75 ds eè;<br />
76&100 ls T;knk<br />
100 ls Hkh T;knk<br />
80%<br />
ls<br />
T;knk<br />
40%&55%<br />
ds chp<br />
rfeyukMq]<br />
iatkc<br />
egkjk"Vª]<br />
xqtjkr]<br />
fgekpy]<br />
i- caxky<br />
35%&45%<br />
ds chp<br />
35% ls Hkh<br />
de<br />
gfj;k.kk vka/kz izns'k<br />
dukZVd fcgkj<br />
vle jktLFkku]<br />
mÙkj izsn'k<br />
mM+hlk]<br />
eè; izns'k<br />
L=ksr % rkfydk 15 rFkk <strong>Hkkjr</strong> ljdkj dk vkÆFkd loZs{k.k<br />
dqy feykdj dgk tk ldrk gS fd mRrj Áns‘k] e/; Áns‘k]<br />
fcgkj] mM+hlk v©j vle tSls vf/kd <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ÁHkkfor jkT;¨a dk<br />
Án‘kZu ekfolw] ySafolw] ySa‘kvk rFkk ek<strong>fu</strong>lw tSls cgqvk;keh<br />
45
lad¢rd¨a ij Hkh cnrj gh jgk gS- mM+hlk o e/; Áns‘k tSls<br />
jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> lcls vf/kd e`R;q nj v©j lkFk mRrj Áns‘k o<br />
jktLFkku tSls jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> cM+h la[;k <strong>esa</strong> ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> mPp f‘k‘kq e`R;q<br />
nj g¨us ls bu jkT;¨a dh fLFkfr dh v©j cnrj fLFkfr gh<br />
lkeus vkrh gS- gkyakfd dqN jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> deh u vkus<br />
d¢ ckotwn f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj <strong>esa</strong> deh ykus <strong>esa</strong> lQyrk ÁkIr dh gS-<br />
vf/kdrj jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> lk{kjrk dh Åaph nj us f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj d¨<br />
uhps ykus <strong>esa</strong> enn dh gS-<br />
xaHkhjrk] vof/k o cgqvk;ke¨a d¢ lanHkZ <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢<br />
fo‘ys"k.k ls t¨ rF; lkeus vkrk gS og gS fd <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
ns‘k d¢ lHkh jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ,d vfr dfBu ifjfLFkfr d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> ik;k<br />
tkus okyk y{k.k gS- ekuk tk ldrk gS fd ns‘k <strong>esa</strong> xaHkhj :i ls<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ ls ÁHkkfor v©j thou <strong>fu</strong>okZg fofHkUu lk/ku¨a ls oafpr<br />
{ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> yacs le; ls rFkk rFkk ih
vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr %<br />
tkfr rFkk tutkfr dk k tk ldrk<br />
gS- v©lr :i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr;¨a <strong>esa</strong> n¨ <strong>esa</strong> ls ,d<br />
O;fDr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu gS tcfd lkekU; oxZ <strong>esa</strong> ;g vuqikr rhu <strong>esa</strong> ,d ls<br />
Hkh de gS- Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> xSj vtk@vttk oxZ <strong>esa</strong> tgka 31@4<br />
47
Áfr‘kr ifjokj xjhch js[kk d¢ uhps Fks ogha vtk <strong>esa</strong> 48 Áfr‘kr o<br />
vttk <strong>esa</strong> 52 Áfr‘kr ifjokj <strong>fu</strong>/kZu Fks- vFkkZr bu lewg¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
Xkzkeh.k <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ÁHkko 35&40 Áfr‘kr vf/kd Fkk- blh rjg<br />
‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> Hkh bu ox¨± <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk vuqikr dkQh vf/kd<br />
Fkk- l?ku <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ vkdyu ls ir pyrk gS fd Xkzkeh.k bykd¨a<br />
<strong>esa</strong> 12 Áfr‘kr xSj vtk@vttk ifjokj xjhch js[kk ls dkQh uhps<br />
Fks ogha vtk <strong>esa</strong> ;g la[kk 22 Áfr‘kr Fkh v©j vttk <strong>esa</strong> ,sls<br />
ifjokj 25 Áfr‘kr Fks- blh rjg ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> xSj vtk@vttk<br />
ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> 13 Áfr‘kr l?ku <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls XkzLr Fks tcfd 26<br />
Áfr‘kr vtk o 20 Áfr‘kr vttk ifjokj l?ku :i ls <strong>fu</strong>/kZu Fks-<br />
rkfydk 16 % <strong>fu</strong>/kZuk ,oa lkekftd vkÆFkd ox¨± <strong>esa</strong> vlekurk]<br />
1993&94<br />
Øe la fooj.k vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
Xkzkeh.k<br />
1 24.77 51.96<br />
2 21.79 48.32<br />
3 11.45 31.43<br />
4 15.26 37.23<br />
‘kgjh<br />
1 20.06 40.74<br />
2 25.67 49.84<br />
3 12.42 29.44<br />
4 14.85 32.28<br />
L=ksr % nRrk o ‘kekZ% oÆdax isij 7] ;¨tuk vk;¨x<br />
blh rjg dqy tula[;k d¢ 20 Áfr‘kr <strong>esa</strong> ls vtk <strong>esa</strong> djhc<br />
50 Áfr‘kr o vttk <strong>esa</strong> djhc 33 Áfr‘kr dkexkj [ksrhgj etnwjh<br />
djrs Fks- [ksrhgj etnwj¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ ÁHkko <strong>esa</strong> vkus dh<br />
laHkkouk,a dkQh Ácy jgrha gSa-<br />
rkfydk 17 % dqy tula[;k o vtk@ vttk <strong>esa</strong> dkexkj¨a<br />
dk oxÊdj.k - 1991<br />
Js.kh dqy vtk vttk<br />
fdlku 39.74 25.44 54.5<br />
[ksrhgj etnwj 19.66 49.06 32.69<br />
?kjsyw m|¨x 2.56 2.41 1.04<br />
vU; etnwj 38.04 23.08 11.76<br />
¼L=ksr % jk“Vªh; vuwlwfpr tkfr&tutkfr vk;¨x dh p©Fkh<br />
fji¨VZ] 1996&97 o 1997&98] okY;we 1] i‘“B la[; 13½<br />
48
ns‘k Hkj d¢ vkdyu ls irk pyrk gS fd xS+j vtk@vttk<br />
vFkok lkekU; oxZ <strong>esa</strong> v©lr [kir O;; vtk@vttk dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong><br />
32 Áfr‘kr vf/kd Fkk- vtk@vttk dh fLFkfr <strong>esa</strong> lkekU; ox¨± ls<br />
bruk cM+k varj u flQZ mUgsa rqyukRed :i ls cfYd vR;ar<br />
nq“dj ifjfLFkfr;¨a <strong>esa</strong> thus ij etcwj djrk gS-¼ t;jkt o<br />
lqczke.;u] 1999½ ¼rkfydk la[;k 18 ns[ksa½<br />
rkfydk 18% Xkzkeh.k <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> v©lr [kir O;; d¢ vkadM+s]<br />
1983<br />
jkT; v©lr [kir O;; ¼#½<br />
vtk@vttk vU; laiw.kZ tula[;k<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> 91.64 120.71 112.31<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k 96.94 122.08 115.57<br />
vle 108.76 114.46 113.07<br />
fcgkj 77.63 99.61 93.75<br />
xqtjkr 92.47 131.54 119.26<br />
gfj;k.kk 113.62 159.68 149.13<br />
dukZVd 91.15 126.03 118.14<br />
d¢jy 105.06 152.80 145.22<br />
e/; Áns‘k 82.06 116.11 101.75<br />
egkjk“Vª 91.58 116.59 110.98<br />
mM+hlk 78.68 111.00 97.48<br />
iatkc 132.04 182.32 170.31<br />
jktLFkku 101.33 140.76 127.48<br />
rfeyukM+q 87.84 120.32 112.21<br />
mRrj Áns‘k 88.58 108.63 104.26<br />
if‘pe caxky 92.70 110.77 104.61<br />
¼L=ksr % Mh- t;jkt o ,l- lqckze.;u] 1999] i`-l- 213½<br />
vtk@vttk dh vHkkoXkzLr ifjfLFkfr;¨a dk ,d v©j<br />
mnkgj.k ;g Hkh gS fd ns‘k Hkj <strong>esa</strong> mud¢ v©lr [kir O;; rFkk<br />
xjhch js[kk d¢ chp vkuqikfrd varj flQZ 15 Áfr‘kr gS tcfd<br />
lkekU; oxZ <strong>esa</strong> ;gh varj 51 Áfr‘kr gS-blfy, ;g <strong>fu</strong>“d“kZ <strong>fu</strong>dkyk<br />
x;k gS fd Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> vuwlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr d¢ ifjokj¨a<br />
49
dh fLFkfr fofHkUu iqLrd¨a] ys[k¨a o lekpkj¨a <strong>esa</strong> oÆ.kr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
ifjokj¨a ls vPNh ugha gS- fcgkj v©j mM+hlk <strong>esa</strong> r¨ v©lr<br />
[kir&O;; xjhch js[kk ls Hkh <strong>fu</strong>Eu Lrj gS- ;¨tuk vk;¨x }kjk<br />
1983&84 <strong>esa</strong> fcgkj d¢ fy, 97-48 #i, rFkk mM+hlk d¢ fy, 106-3<br />
#i, dh vk; ij xjhch js[kk dh lhek <strong>fu</strong>/kkZfjr dh Fkhjk“Vªh;<br />
uewuk loZs{k.k dh fji¨VZ la[;k 422 ¼ 1993&94½ <strong>esa</strong><br />
<strong>fu</strong>dkys x, Áeq[k <strong>fu</strong>“d“k¨± <strong>esa</strong> vuqlwfpr tkfr tutkfr lewg¨a dh<br />
vHkkoXkzLr fLFkfr dh iqf“V g¨rh gS bl<strong>esa</strong> crk;k x;k gS fd &<br />
& dqN d¨ N¨M+dj yxHkx lHkh jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> lkekU; ox¨±<br />
dh vis{kk vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ,e-ih-lh-Ãdh<br />
fLFkfr ,d leku :i ls det+¨j Fkh- ftl Hkh<br />
‘kgj vFkok Xkzkeh.k {ks= <strong>esa</strong> vuqlwfpr tkfr&tutkfr<br />
lewg dh tula[;k Fkh ogka mudh fLFkfr ;gh Fkh-<br />
& ftu jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> vuqlwfpr tkfr oxZ dh tula[;k dkQh<br />
vf/kd Fkh ogka ¼lkekU; ox¨± dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong>½] fo‘ks“kdj<br />
mM+hlk o e/; Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> vuqlwfpr tkfr;¨a d¢ ifjokj<br />
dkQh det+¨j Fks-<br />
& lHkh jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> vuqlwfpr tkfr d¢ ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> lcls<br />
vf/kd la[;k [ksrhgj etnwjh djus okys ifjokj¨a dh<br />
Fkh- vLFkkà :i ls dk;Zjr etnwj ifjokj¨a dh rqyuk<br />
<strong>esa</strong> Loj¨t+xkfjr vFkok <strong>fu</strong>;fer osru@etnwjh ikus okys<br />
ifjokj¨a dh fLFkfr vPNh Fkh-<br />
Li“V gS fd misf{kr ox¨± <strong>esa</strong>] vtk o vttk tSls lewg¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ÁHkko vf/kd gS- bl ckjs <strong>esa</strong> vkxs fd, tkus<br />
oys vuqla/kku¨a ,oa v/;;u¨a <strong>esa</strong> v©j iM+rky dh tk,xh-<br />
ySafxd ifjfLFkfr;ka%<br />
fdlh Hkh lekt <strong>esa</strong> efgykv¨a d¨ iq#“k¨a tSlk LFkku gkfly<br />
ugha gS-¼ l-jk-fo-dk-] ek-fo-fj- 1995]i-‘l- 2½- ekuo fodkl fji¨VZ<br />
<strong>esa</strong> dgk x;k gS fd <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk psgjk efgyk dk psgjk gS<br />
D;¨afd ,d dj¨M+ rhl yk[k <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a <strong>esa</strong> ls 70 Áfr‘kr<br />
efgyk,a gSa- <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> vk; <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk vkdyu ifjokj dh vk; d¢<br />
vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gS blfy, efgykv¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls lacfU/kr<br />
vkadM+s flQZ efgyk Á/kku ifjokj¨a d¢ ckjs <strong>esa</strong> miyC/k gSa- fyaxHksn<br />
50
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ,d Áeq[k igyw gS rFkk efgykv¨a d¢ vHkkoXkzLr jgus<br />
ls lkaf[;dh; vkadM+¨a <strong>esa</strong> ,d cM+k varjky iSnk g¨rk l~gS- fyaxHksn<br />
d¨ fyax vuqikr cky&f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj] lk{kjrk nj] LokLF; ,oa<br />
i¨“k.k lad¢rd] etnwjh <strong>esa</strong> varj rFkk t+ehu o vU; laifRr ij<br />
ekfydkuk vf/kdkj ls lacfU/kr vkadM+¨a <strong>esa</strong> Li“V ns[kk tk ldrk<br />
gS- lkFk gh ifjokj O;oLFkk <strong>esa</strong> fyaxHksn cM+s iSekus ij O;kIr jgrk<br />
gS ftls vkadM+¨a <strong>esa</strong> ,d= djuk laHko ugha gS- ifjokj¨a d¢ vanj<br />
ySafxd HksnHkko dh ifj.kfr] lalk/ku¨a d¢ vleku caVokjs] <strong>fu</strong>.kZ;<br />
ysus <strong>esa</strong> ux.; Hkwfedk] vuqfpr rFkk vleku dk;Z forj.k v©j ;gka<br />
rd fd [kku iku <strong>esa</strong> HksnHkko Dys :i <strong>esa</strong> lkeus vkrh gSfyaxHksn<br />
d¢ pyrs Hk¨tu etnwjh v©j mRRkjkf/kdkj <strong>esa</strong> HksnHkko<br />
mRiUu g¨rk gS ftldk <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ij csgn Áfrdwy ÁHkko iM+rk gS-<br />
¼ineukHkku] 1999] 22&24½ ;gka rd fd xjhch js[kk ls Åij d¢<br />
v©lr ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> Hkh efgykv¨a d¨ dà rjg ls vHkko dk lkeuk<br />
djuk iM+rk gS- mnkgj.k d¢ fy, ,sls ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> tgka ,d fo/kok<br />
eka rFkk iq= jgrs gSa v©j vk; dk eq[; lk/ku iq= dh dekà gh<br />
g¨e ,d rjQ iq= d¢ ikl ges‘kk iSlk cuk jgrk gS rFkk og<br />
csgrj ft+anxh thrk gS tcfd eka mldh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> vHkko <strong>esa</strong> jgus<br />
d¨ etcwj jgrh gS- ¼ykatw ,oa LVuZ 1991½ o`) efgykv¨a d¢<br />
vf/kdrj ekey¨a <strong>esa</strong> mudh vkÆFkd <strong>fu</strong>HkZjrk vU; y¨x¨a ij gh<br />
<strong>fu</strong>HkZj djrh gS rFkk cM+h la[;k <strong>esa</strong> o`)koLFkk <strong>esa</strong> mUgsa d¨Ã <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong><br />
chekjh vFkok fodykaxrk dk j¨x yx tkrk gS- Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
1983 <strong>esa</strong> iq#“k¨a dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> efgykv¨a d¢ <strong>fu</strong>/kZu jgus dh<br />
laHkkouk,a 12 Áfr‘kr vf/kd Fkha- gkykafd ‘kgjh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> vfr<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu iq#“k¨a d¢ vkadM+s bl vuqikr d¨ cjkcj dj jgs Fks-¼Mh<br />
gku] ,- rFkk fyIVu] ,e-] 1998%21½<br />
efgykv¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> iq#“k¨a d¢ leku gh lHkh rhu &<br />
<strong>fu</strong>jkJ;]
pyrs efgykv¨a d¨ vf/kdka‘kr% <strong>fu</strong>Eu osru Js.kh okys N¨j ij gh<br />
jguk iM+rk gS- Je ckt+kj <strong>esa</strong> mudh vleku fLFkfr mudh <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
d¨ v©j ?k¨j cukrh gS-<br />
& Ñf“k laca/kh xfrfof/k;¨a <strong>esa</strong> iq#“kk/khu dk;Z tSls tqrkÃ<br />
flapkÃ] leryhdj.k vkfn d¢ fy, vf/kd etnwjh<br />
feyrh gS tcfd efgykv¨a d¢ ijaijkxr dk;¨± tSls<br />
<strong>fu</strong>jkÃ] i©/kkj¨i.k o v¨lkà vkfn d¢ fy, de etnwjh<br />
nh tkrh gS-<br />
& ftu dk;¨± <strong>esa</strong> e‘khu¨a vFkok c¨>k k kà tkrh gS] v©j dà ckj tkfr oxZ vkfn fof‘k“Vrkv¨a<br />
d¢ vk/kkj ij mUgsa ‘kkjhfjd ‘k¨“k.k dk f‘kdkj g¨uk iM+rk gS(<br />
52
2- lk{kjrk nj de g¨us d¢ dkj.k j¨t+xkj lacU/kh lwpuk,a mu<br />
rd ugha igqap ikrha] lapkj ek/;e¨a rd mudh igqap de<br />
g¨uk v©j ckt+kj O;oLFkk <strong>esa</strong> mudh laoknghurk(<br />
3- Ñf“k dk;Z <strong>esa</strong> mudk dke vLFkkà etnwj vFkok lgk;d rd<br />
gh lhfer jguk(<br />
4- leku dke d¢ fy, iq#“k¨a dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> de etnwjh feyuk]<br />
‘kk;n bld¢ ihN ;g Hkh vo/kkj.kk dke djrh gS ¼ekfyd<br />
rFkk etnwj vDlj n¨u¨a gh bld¢ leFkZd ekus tkrs gSa½ fd<br />
efgykv¨a dh vk; ifjokj <strong>esa</strong> iwjd dk dke djrh gS] vFkok<br />
efgyk,a iq#“k¨a dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> de dk;Z dj ikrha gSa] efgyk<br />
etnwj¨a <strong>esa</strong> ,drk dk vHkko Hkh lkeus vkrk gS-<br />
5- efgykv¨a d¨ etnwjh Hkqxrku djus d¢ rjhd¢ <strong>esa</strong> Hkh fHkUurk<br />
jgrh gS- dukZVd <strong>esa</strong> Xkzkeh.k etnwj¨a ij fd, x, ,d loZs{k.k<br />
<strong>esa</strong> lkeus vk;k fd 70 Áfr‘kr iq#“k¨a d¨ osru d¢ lkFk Hk¨tu<br />
dh Hkh O;oLFkk Fkh ysfdu efgykv¨a <strong>esa</strong> bldh la[;k flQZ 20<br />
Áfr‘kr gh Fkh-<br />
6- mRiknu ck tk ldrk gS fd jk“Vªh; vk; <strong>esa</strong> efgykv¨a<br />
dk ;¨xnku bruk de D;¨a ut+j vkrk gS-¼ JEk‘kfDr]1998%30½<br />
?kj &ifjokj d¢ vfrfjDr nkf;Ro d¨ <strong>fu</strong>Hkkrs gq, efgyk,a<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls Åij mBus d¢ fy, fnu <strong>esa</strong> vf/kd le; rd dke<br />
djrha gSa- mUgsa xjhch js[kk d¢ uhps vf‘kf{kr iq#“k¨a dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong><br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls NqVdkjk ikus d¢ fy;s de volj ÁkIr g¨rs gSa- f‘k{kk<br />
<strong>esa</strong> deh d¢ dkj.k vDlj efgyk,a xkao¨a ls ckgj j¨t+xkj dh ryk‘k<br />
<strong>esa</strong> ugha tk ikrha gSa- mUgsa bldk uqdlku de vkjke] volj¨a dh<br />
deh] LokLF; o f‘k{kk dh deh o vU; dà Ádkj d¢ t+¨f[ke<br />
d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> mBkuk iM+rk gS-¼Mh- gku], ,.M fyIVu] ,e]1998%22½<br />
53
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> v©j fo“ke Áfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;¨a ls tw>rs gq,<br />
efgyk,a vius ifjokj d¢ Hkj.k&i¨“k.k v©j ml ij eaMjkrs [krj¨a<br />
dh vk‘kadk d¨ de djus dh Hkjld d¨f‘k‘k <strong>esa</strong> yxha jgrha gSa-<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls yM+us <strong>esa</strong> dh fdlh vU; LFkku dh v¨j iyk;u ,d<br />
csgrj fodYi ekuk tkrk gS- ysfdu tc iq#“k ckgj tkrs gSa r¨<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu efgyk,a vDlj ogha jg tkrha gSa] D;¨a fd mUgsa ckgj tkdj<br />
Hkh j¨t+xkj feyuh dh laHkkouk,a de gh jgrha gSa- iq#“k¨a dh rjg<br />
viuh is‘ksoj ;¨X;rk <strong>esa</strong> fofo/krk ykuk mud¢ fy, vklku ugha<br />
g¨rk- <strong>fu</strong>/kZu efgykv¨a d¢ thou Lrj] ;¨X;rk o f‘k{kk <strong>esa</strong> d¨Ã<br />
lq/kkj ugha vkus dh fLFkfr <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> vxyh ih
ukxfjd¨a dh tula[;k 1991 dh 2-40 Áfr‘kr ls c
fodykax ukxfjd<br />
;¨tuk vk;¨x d¢ vkdyu d¢ eqrkfcd 1991 <strong>esa</strong> <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong><br />
yxHkx 1-6 dj¨M+ y¨x fodykax Fks tcfd 1981 <strong>esa</strong> ;g la[;k<br />
1-37 dj¨M+ Fkh- fodykax¨a dh tula[;k dk 12-73 Áfr‘kr<br />
<strong>fu</strong>Eufyf[kr <strong>esa</strong> ls n¨ ;k blls vf/kd Ádkj dh fodykaxrk ls<br />
Xkzflr Fkk & 1-us=ghurk] 2-cgjkiu] 3- xwaxkiu] 4-pyus fQjus <strong>esa</strong><br />
fodykax- vkdyu d¢ eqrkfcd lcls vf/kd la[;k¼yxHkx 50<br />
Áfr‘kr½ pyus fQjus <strong>esa</strong> fodykax y¨x¨a dh Fkh- bld¢ ckn us=ghu<br />
rFkk mld¢ ckn lquus <strong>esa</strong> vleFkZ fodykax¨a dh la[;k Fkh- {ks=h;<br />
vk/kkj ij fodykax¨a dh tula[;k dk fo‘ys“k.k djrs gq, vkj- d¢-<br />
‘kqDyk dk vkdyu Fkk fd 1981 <strong>esa</strong> dqy fodykax¨a dh tula[;k<br />
d¢ 14-71 Áfr‘kr mRrj Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> jgrs Fks- bldk xgu fo‘ys“k.k<br />
dj mUg¨aus crk;k fd mRrj Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> fodykax¨a dh la[;k 13<br />
ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> lcls vf/kd] 38 ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> v©lr rFkk ik¡p ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> de<br />
Fkhftu<br />
13 ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> fodykax¨a dh la[;k lcls vf/kd¼n¨<br />
Áfr‘kr o vf/kd½ Fkh os igkM+h ft+ys Fks v©j bldh otg<br />
vk;¨Mhu dk de ek=k <strong>esa</strong> fy;k tkuk Fkk- blh rjg<br />
i¨fy;¨ekbfyfVl rFkk ykfFkfjT+e chekfj;¨a d¢ dkj.k Hkh fodykax¨a<br />
dh la[;k vf/kd Fkh- lkekU;r% dqi¨“k.k] <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> rFkk Xkzkeh.k<br />
{ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> LokLF; lsokv¨a dh deh fodykaxrk d¢ ÁHkko d¨ c
lkekftd v{kerk¼mis{kk o frjLdkj½ dk dkj.k curh gS rFkk<br />
‘kkjhfjd v{kerk¼ fodykaxrk½ dh v¨j ys tkrh gS- <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong><br />
chekjh rFkk fodykaxrk vYi dkyhu rFkk nh?kZdkyhu n¨u¨a gh<br />
rjg dh <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ ÁHkkfor djrh gS- mUg¨aus <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> v©j<br />
fodykaxrk d¢ chp lacU/k d¨ le>kus d¢ fy, rfeyukMq d¢<br />
rhu xko¨a d¢ vkadM+¨a dh lgk;rk yh gS- mudk dguk gS fd<br />
Hk©frd okrkoj.k d¢ cgqr ls dkj.k fodykaxrk dh v¨j ys tkrs<br />
gSe blh rjg lkekftd rFkk {ks=h; okrkoj.k Hkh bl<strong>esa</strong> Hkwfedk<br />
<strong>fu</strong>Hkkrs gSajk“Vªh;<br />
uewuk losZ{k.k }kjk 1981 <strong>esa</strong> fd, x, 36 n©j d¢<br />
losZ{k.k ls irk pyrk gS fd db jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> fodykax¨a dh la[;k<br />
dk Áfr‘kr v©lr ls dgha vf/kd Fkk- Ñf“k {ks= <strong>esa</strong> vk/kq<strong>fu</strong>d g¨<br />
pqd¢ jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> pyus fQjus <strong>esa</strong> v{ke fodykax¨a dh la[;k vf/kd<br />
feyrh gS r¨ mRrjh rFkk fgeky; ?kkVh d¢ jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ewd o<br />
cf/kj fodykax¨a dh la[;k dk Áfr‘kr vf/kd feyrk gS- blh<br />
Ádkj fcgkj] if‘pe caxky] rfey ukM+q rFkk vka/kz Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> dq“B<br />
j¨fx;¨a dh la[;k vf/kd ns[kus fd feyrh gS- fofHkUu Ádkj dh<br />
fodykaxrk d¢ bl {ks=h; fofo/krk dk dkj.k i;kZoj.k lacU/kh<br />
dkjd ¼vk;¨Mhu dh deh½] chekfj;ka¼i¨fy;¨ekbfyfVl rFkk<br />
ykfFkfjT+e½] lkekftd rFkk vkÆFkd dkjd ¼ukxfjd lqfo/kkv¨a<br />
dh deh] [kk| vlqj{kk rFkk <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong>½ gSa-<br />
vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr;¨a] o`) O;fDr;¨a] efgykv¨a rFkk<br />
fodykax¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ÁHkko fo“ke :i ls vf/kd ns[kus<br />
d¨ feyrk gS- bruk gh ugha bu ox¨± <strong>esa</strong> xjhch js[kk ls Åij jg<br />
jgs ifjokj Hkh vHkkoXkzLr thou thrs gSa- vr% bl vuqla/kku d¢<br />
nwljs Hkkx <strong>esa</strong> bu iSuy rFkk jk“Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k d¢ vkadM+¨a dk<br />
Á;¨x djrs gq, bu<strong>esa</strong> ls laosnu‘khy lewg¨a dh igpku rFkk bud¢<br />
ijLij lacU/k¨a dk v/;;u fd;k tk;sxk- <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu~ vrk d¢<br />
Áfr laosnu‘khy] [ksrhgj etnwj] vuqlwfpr tkfr&tutkfr o<br />
ikfjokfjd Lrj ij vlekurkv¨a dk v/;;u djus d¢ fy, fo‘ks“k<br />
vkys[k rS;kj fd, tk;saxs- bud¢ <strong>fu</strong>“d“kZ <strong>fu</strong>dkyus rFkk bud¢<br />
vHkkoXkzLr cus jgus dh lkekftd]jkt<strong>fu</strong>frd o vkÆFkd ÁfØ;k d¨<br />
le>us d¢ fy, fofHkUu mnkgj.k¨a rFkk mud¢ bfrgkl dk xgu<br />
v/;;u fd;k tk;sxk-<br />
57
4- nwjLFk Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> %<br />
Hkkx 2-3 <strong>esa</strong> fd, x, fo‘ys“k.k ls g<strong>esa</strong> fcgkj] mM+hlk] mRrj<br />
Áns‘k] e/; Áns‘k v©j egkjk“Vª rd QSys <strong>fu</strong>rkar <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls XkzLr<br />
lkr {ks=¨a dk irk pyrk gS- gkykafd ;s lkr {ks= <strong>Hkkjr</strong> d¢<br />
vf/kdka‘k <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifj{ks=¨a d¨ lekfgr fd, gq, gSa] ysfdu t¨<br />
jkT;@{ks= xgu <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls XkzLr Áns‘k¨a dh Js.kh <strong>esa</strong> ugha<br />
vkrs gSa ogka Hkh LFkkuh; Lrj ij <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk tky QSyk feyrk<br />
gS- egkjk“Vª d¢ vUn:uh bykd¢ bldk ,d lVhd mnkgj.k gS]<br />
blh rjg ns‘k d¢ dà vU; Hkkx¨a] fo‘ks“kdj lw[kk ÁHkkfor if‘peh<br />
rFkk nf{k.kh jkT;¨a d¢ ‘kq“d Áknsf‘kd HkwHkkx¨a <strong>esa</strong> Hkh bl rjg d¢<br />
ifj{ks= ns[kus d¨ feyrs gSa- bud¢ lkFk gh e/; o iwoÊ jkT;¨a d¢<br />
igkM+h&ou Áns‘k¨a Hkh <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ vR;kf/kd ÁHkko okys <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong><br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> y/kq {ks= feyrs gSa- bl Hkkx <strong>esa</strong> ge LFkkuh; <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vapy¨a<br />
<strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ Lo:i rFkk Álkj dh tkap djsaxslw[kk<br />
ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> ckj ckj Qly d¢ cckZn g¨us ls<br />
vkthfodk dk ladV iSnk g¨ tkrk gS- lkekftd o Hk©frd :i ls<br />
fiNM+s vkfnoklh cgqy igkM+h {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> jktuhfrd ygj dk vlj<br />
g¨rk gS- ÁkFkfed vk/kkj ij ekuk tk ldrk gS fd bu {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
Hk©x¨fyd laifRr dh deh v©j vkthfodk d¢ lk/ku¨a <strong>esa</strong> deh d¢<br />
pyrs <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh fLFkfr yxkrkj fcxM+rh pyh xÃ- ;g<br />
Áfrdwy Ñf“k&i;kZoj.k ifjfLFkfr;¨a] vi;kZIr ewyHkwr lqfo/kkv¨a]<br />
Hk©frd ,dkarrk v©j lkekftd viorZu d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> lkeus vkrha gSa-¼<br />
cMZ 2001½- ;s lHkh rF; ,d lkFk feydj eq[; vkÆFkd O;oLFkk<br />
rFkk nwjLFk Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> LFkkuh; <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> vapy cuk jgs {ks=¨a<br />
d¢ chp varj d¨ v©j c
& vkfnoklh cgqy igkM+h ou&{ks= tgka ,d rjQ r¨<br />
mud¢ ikl ÁkÑfrd lalk/ku yxkrkj de g¨rs tkrs gsa<br />
nwljh v¨j mUkd¢ ikl tkudkjh o ckt+kj O;oLFkk Hkh<br />
u ds cjkcj g¨rh gSanwjLFk<br />
Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a dk ;g oxÊdj.k mfpr gh gS D;¨afd<br />
Xkzkeh.k bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ lh/ks lh/ks de djus o xSj Ñf“k<br />
{ks=¨a ¼‘kgjh o Xkzkeh.k n¨u¨a½ <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh v¨j c
okys fdUrq vfr<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls ÁHkkfor dqN jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> Ñf“k fodkl ls<br />
lacfU/kr gky d¢ v/;;u¨a dk xgu fo‘ys“k.k t+:jh gSvkÑfr<br />
la[;k 2 <strong>esa</strong> n¨u¨a nwjLFk Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong><br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ Lo:i rFkk Álkj d¨ <strong>fu</strong>/kkZj.k djus okys rF;¨a dk<br />
oxÊdj.k djus dk Á;kl fd;k x;k gS-bu n¨u¨a {ks=¨a dh<br />
Hk©x¨fyd iwath d¢ rhu egRoiw.kZ ?kVd¨a&Ñf“k fLFkfr] Hk©frd
Hkh gS-¼rkfydk 19½- ;g] fo‘ks“kdj vkfnokfl;¨a <strong>esa</strong>] tula[;k d¢<br />
vf/kd nokc v©j] t+ehu d¢ yxkrkj caVokjs dk urht+k gS- bld¢<br />
lkFk gh ou vk/kkfjr {ks= Js.kh <strong>esa</strong> fcgkj] e/; Áns‘k o mM+hlk<br />
vkfn jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>Eu vkÆFkd fodkl rFkk etnwj¨a d¢ dke <strong>esa</strong><br />
fofo/krk dh deh Hkh bl<strong>esa</strong> vge Hkwfedk <strong>fu</strong>Hkkrha gSa- ifjokj <strong>esa</strong> Je<br />
d¢ csdkj tkus d¨] mld¢ v/khu t+ehu d¢ vkdkj] flapkà d¢<br />
lk/ku] Qly mxkus d¢ r©j rjhd¢ o vkftfodk ij LokfeRo ls<br />
t¨M+dj Hkh ns[kuk g¨xk- ;g Hkh laHko gS fd cgqr ls vkfnoklh<br />
ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> N¨Vs ifjokj¨a d¢ pyu o f‘k‘kq e`R;q nj vf/kd g¨us d¢<br />
dkj.k vfrfjDr Je ‘kfDr g¨ gh ugha- tula[;k nokc dk eqn~nk<br />
vyx vyx {ks=¨a dh fo‘ks“krk ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk dkQh tfVy<br />
gS- bl ckjs <strong>esa</strong> d¨Ã <strong>fu</strong>“d“kZ <strong>fu</strong>dkys tkus ls igys xgu iM+rky dh<br />
vko‘;drk gSvkÑfr<br />
2% nwjLFk Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ ÁHkkfor<br />
djus okys rF;<br />
rF; nwjLFk Xkzkeh.k<br />
{ks=<br />
Áeq[k jkT;@{ks= % jktLFkku¼92%½<br />
xqtjkr ¼88%½<br />
egkjk“Vª ¼81%½<br />
dukZVd ¼68%½<br />
vkE/kz Áns‘k<br />
¼65%½ rfeyuMq<br />
¼61%½+<br />
lkekftd lajpuk vuqlwfpr tkfr<br />
d¢ ifjokj¨a dh<br />
cM+h la[;k<br />
lajpukRed<br />
lw[kk ÁHkkfor ck
{ks=h; o k<br />
ifjokj¨a dk<br />
VwVuk] foLFkkiu<br />
d¢ pyrs<br />
tula[;k dk<br />
nokc de ikuh o<br />
dqN vU; d¨<br />
N¨M+dj ckdh<br />
{ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>Eu<br />
Ñf“k {kerk,a-<br />
rkyqdkukRed :i<br />
ls csgrj ,oa<br />
fofo/krk iw.kZ<br />
vFkZO;oLFkk<br />
62<br />
Hkwfeghu¨a dh<br />
la[;k dkQh<br />
vf/kd<br />
ou lalk/ku¨a dk<br />
lhfer LokfeRo]<br />
lk>k laifRr ij<br />
vf/kd <strong>fu</strong>HkZjrk ]<br />
lk>k [ksrh]<br />
lwpukv¨a dh deh<br />
rFkk mud¢<br />
mi;¨x dh Hkh<br />
deh- tula[;k<br />
dk vf/kd nokc]<br />
v©lr ls mPp<br />
Ñf“k {kerk,a] ty<br />
vkfn ÁkÑfrd<br />
lalk/ku¨a dk<br />
v©lr bLrseky<br />
tula[;k o`f)<br />
rFkk ÁkÑfrd<br />
lalk/ku¨a ,oa<br />
vk/kq<strong>fu</strong>d mRiknu<br />
rduhd dh<br />
miyC/krk<br />
rkyqdkukRed :i<br />
ls csgrj ,oa<br />
fofo/krk iw.kZ<br />
vFkZO;oLFkk]<br />
fodflr m|¨x<br />
RkFkk [knku {ks=<br />
Hkkjh ek=k <strong>esa</strong><br />
ÁkÑfrd lalk/ku<br />
g¨us d¢ ckot+wn<br />
Ñf“k <strong>esa</strong> fofo/krk<br />
dk vHkko
ckt+kj rd igqap<br />
;¨tukv¨a ls leFkZu<br />
lM+d] fctyh]<br />
lapkj v©j<br />
lwpukv¨a d¢ fy,<br />
csgrj Hk©frd<br />
fodflr
ld¢ leFkZu <strong>esa</strong> ,d v©j rF; lkeus vkrk gS fd ou<br />
vk/kkfjr jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> t+ehu dh moZjk ‘kfDr r¨ vf/kd g¨rh gS<br />
ysfdu Ñf“k <strong>esa</strong> Je mRiknu de g¨rk gS- bLdk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh<br />
g¨ ldrk gS fd bu {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> Hkwfeghu vFkok vkaf‘kd Hkwfeghu<br />
ifjokj¨a dh la[;k Hkh dkQh cM+h g¨rh gS- bu jkT;¨a d¢ vkÆFkd<br />
fodkl <strong>esa</strong> eUnh d¢ dkj.k bud¢ vfr<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong>XkzLr {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> fLFkfr;k¡<br />
v©j [kjkc g¨ tkrha gSarkfydk<br />
19% lw[kk ÁHkkfor rFkk ou vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk okys<br />
ns‘k d¢ Áeq[k jkT;¨a dh egRoiw.kZ fo‘ks“krk,a<br />
jkT; ,l-Mh-ih-<br />
fodkl<br />
nj<br />
¼Áfr‘kr½<br />
1970&71<br />
ls<br />
1995&96<br />
xSj Ñf“k<br />
j¨t+xkj<br />
¼Áeq[k<br />
etnwj¨a<br />
dk<br />
Áfr‘kr½<br />
1991<br />
Hkwfe<br />
mRikn<br />
drk<br />
¼#@gs<br />
DVs;j½<br />
Je<br />
mRiknd<br />
rk¼#@Á<br />
fr<br />
O;fDr½l<br />
kÁl<br />
93&94<br />
,d o“kZ<br />
<strong>esa</strong> [ksrh<br />
lacU/kh<br />
j¨t+xkj<br />
d¢ dqy<br />
fnu<br />
1993&9<br />
4 <strong>esa</strong><br />
Ñf“k<br />
etnwjh<br />
nj<br />
1970&7<br />
1 d¢<br />
ewY;¨a ij<br />
lw[kk<br />
ÁHkkfor<br />
vka/kz<br />
Áns‘k<br />
xqtjkr<br />
dukZVd<br />
egkjk“Vª<br />
jktLFkku<br />
rfeyukM+q<br />
ou<br />
vk/kkfjr<br />
vle<br />
fcgkj<br />
mM+hlk<br />
e/;Áns‘k<br />
mRrj<br />
Áns‘k<br />
if‘pe<br />
caxky**<br />
lkizl % Ñf“k etnwj d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> lkekU; Áeq[k Lrj<br />
i- caxky<br />
L=ksr % d¢aæh; lkaf[f;dh laxBu] jk“Vªh; ys[kk lkaf[f;dh]<br />
uà fnYyh-1991 d¢ tula[;k vkadM+s] <strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; Je C;wj¨] Xkzkeh.k<br />
Je tkap dh fji¨VZ1993&94] Je ea=ky; ] f‘keyk<br />
64
{ks=h; fo‘ys“k.k %<br />
ft+yk vFkok {ks=h; Lrj ij lw{e fo‘ys“k.k rLohj d¨ v©j<br />
vf/kd Li“V le>us <strong>esa</strong> lgk;d g¨xk- ft+yk Lrj d¢ vkadM+s lw[kk<br />
ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a d¢ fy, Á;qDr fd, x, gSa- tcfd ou vk/kkfjr {ks=¨a<br />
d¢ fo‘ys“k.k v©j mudh xfrfof/k;¨a d¨ le>us d¢ fy, jk“Vªh;<br />
uewuk loZs{k.k dk {ks= fooj.k Á;qDr fd;k x;k gS D;¨afd bu<strong>esa</strong><br />
ft+yk Lrj ij vkadM+s miyC/k ugha Fks-<br />
lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> %<br />
vkf/kdkfjd lw=¨a d¢ vuqlkj 125 ft+y¨a d¨ lw[kk<br />
ÁHkkfor {ks=¼lwÁ{ks½ d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> fpfUgr fd;k x;k gS- ;s ft+ys<br />
16 Áeq[k jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ls 12 jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> QSys gSa ftu<strong>esa</strong> vfr<strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
jkT; lSls fcgkj] mRrj Áns‘k o e/; Áns‘k Hkh ‘kkfey gSagkykafd<br />
125 lw[kk ÁHkkfor ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> ls flQZ 32 gh vf/kd<br />
vFkok vfr<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls ÁHkkfor gSa- ofga vf/kd o vfr<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
ls XkzLr ?k¨f“kr 156 ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> ls flQZ 27 gh lw[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
gSa¼rkfydk 20½bu<br />
lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> y¨x Áfrdwy Ñf“k oSKk<strong>fu</strong>d<br />
ifjfLFkfr;¨a ls tw>rs gSa] bl rkfydk 21 <strong>esa</strong> fn, dqN lwpdkad¨a ls<br />
le>k ldrk gSbl<br />
lacU/k <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>Eufyf[kr <strong>fu</strong>“d“kZ egRoiw.kZ gSa &<br />
& Hkwfe dh moZjrk de g¨us d¢ ckot+wn lw[kk ÁkHkkfor<br />
{ks=¨a d¢ ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> vukt dk Áfr O;fDr mRiknu jkT;<br />
d¢ v©lr mRiknu ls vf/kd vFkok yxHkx cjkcj gh<br />
gS- bldk ,d dkj.k bu ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> tula[;k o`f) nj<br />
dk de g¨uk Hkh gS-<br />
& vf/kdka‘k lw[kk ÁHkkfor ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> fodkl dk lwpdkad<br />
jkT; d¢ v©lr lwpdakd d¢ <strong>fu</strong>Eu Lrj ij jgrk gS-<br />
;gh fLFkfr lk{kjrk nj ¼fcgkj] mRrj Áns‘k o<br />
rfeyukM+q d¨ N¨M+dj½ v©j uxjhdj.k dh gS- ;s<br />
lwpdkad <strong>fu</strong>Eu tula[;k o`f) nj ¼10 <strong>esa</strong> ls 2 jkT;¨a<br />
<strong>esa</strong>½ rFkk laHkor% xqtjkr vkfn jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> de ySafxd<br />
65
jkT;<br />
vuqikr d¨ feykdj bu {ks=¨a ls etnwj¨a d¢ dqy<br />
iyk;u d¢ vkadM+s nsrs gSarkfydk<br />
20% <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> % lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
dqy<br />
ft+ys<br />
lw[kk ÁHkkfor ft+ys vf/kd vFkok<br />
vfr <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
dqy vf/kd<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
66<br />
vfr<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
XkzLr jkT;<br />
dqy MhMhih<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k 23 8<br />
vle 23 13<br />
fcgkj 42 8 5 2 42 7<br />
xqtjkr 19 12<br />
gfj;k.kk 16 6<br />
fgekpy Áns‘k 12<br />
dukZVd 20 15<br />
d¢jy 14<br />
e/; Áns‘k 45 11 4 23 3<br />
egkjk“Vª 30 12 4 15 4<br />
mM+hlk 13 4 2 13 3<br />
iatkc 12<br />
jktLFkku 27 17 3 3 3<br />
rfeyukMq 21 12 1 5 1<br />
mRrj Áns‘k 63 1 6 5 34 6<br />
if‘pe caxky 17 3 8<br />
dqy 397 125 19 13 156 27<br />
L=ksr % ,u-vkÃ-vkj-Mh- ¼2000½<br />
& foLFkkiu dh j.kuhfr rHkh lQy ekuh tk ldrh gS<br />
tc ;g oSdfYid v©|¨fxd :i ls fodflr g¨rs<br />
mIk{ks=¨a ls tqM+k g¨ tgka j¨t+xkj d¢ volj vf/kd g¨abld¢<br />
QyLo:i n¨ rjg dh jkT; Jsf.k;ka lkeus<br />
vk;saxh& 1 v©|¨fxd :i ls fodflr jkT; tSls
egkjk“Vª] xqtjkr] rfeyukM+q o dukZVd rFkk 2-<strong>fu</strong>Eu<br />
v©|¨fxd fodkl okys vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu jkT;-<br />
rkfydk 21% <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> lw[kk ÁHkkfor ft+ys¼1993½<br />
jkT;@ft+ys lwpukad<br />
d¢<br />
rqyukRed<br />
fodkl<br />
tUkla[;k<br />
fodkl<br />
lwpdkad<br />
uxjhdj.k<br />
Áfr‘kr<br />
lk{kjrk<br />
Áfr‘kr<br />
67<br />
Ñf“k<br />
etnwj¨a<br />
dk<br />
Áfr‘kr<br />
v©lr<br />
Hkwfe<br />
LokfeRo<br />
Áeq[k<br />
Qly¨a ls<br />
dqy<br />
mRiknu<br />
dk ewY;<br />
[kk|kUu<br />
mRiknu<br />
Áfr<br />
O;fDr<br />
Áfr fdy¨<br />
,u,lMhih<br />
<strong>fu</strong>ekZ.k <strong>esa</strong><br />
Hkkxhnkjh<br />
¼1993&94½<br />
Xkzke<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k 99 2.2 26.9 44.1 70.4 1.7 4392 150 10.5<br />
lww[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu ft++ys<br />
80.9 4.6 22.5 42.1 74.1 2.4 3376.6 106.3<br />
fcgkj 43 2.1 13.1 38.5 81.1 0.9 3017 118 15.1<br />
lww[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu ft++ys<br />
38.1 2.1 9.3 40.5 84.3 1.1 2948.8 152.4<br />
xqtjkr 114 1.9 34.5 61.3 59.3 3.3 2446 77 30.9<br />
lww[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu ft++ys<br />
99.8 1.8 30.5 58.4 62 4.2 2193.7 81.6<br />
dukZVd 117 1.9 30.9 56 66.7 2.4 3495 146 16.7<br />
lww[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu ft++ys<br />
91.5 1.8 22.7 504 75.7 2.5 3798.2 162.9<br />
e/; Áns‘k 73 2.4 23.2 44.2 76.6 2.9 2170 208 14.3<br />
lww[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu ft++ys<br />
66.5 2.6 19.6 38.3 80.5 3.8 2164.7 192.8<br />
egkjk“Vª 164 2.3 38.7 64.9 61.1 2.6 22.2 115 26.8<br />
lww[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu ft++ys<br />
83 2.4 24.8 58.6 72.8 2.8 2112.2 140.7<br />
jktLFkku 69 2.5 22.9 38.6 70.6 4.3 1559 163 10.8<br />
lww[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu ft++ys<br />
54.4 2.5 20.9 35.5 72.7 6.3 1281.3 124.8<br />
rfeyukMq 135 1.4 34.2 62.7 61.5 1 6622 124 21.7<br />
lww[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu ft++ys<br />
105.7 1.3 29.4 63.3 63.6 1 5324.7 101.7<br />
mRrj Áns‘k 72 2.3 19.8 41.6 72.9 0.9 4502 220 14.7<br />
lww[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu ft++ys<br />
58 2 14.5 43.8 76.9 1.2 3048.5 214.2<br />
L=ksr % <strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; vFkZO;oLFkk <strong>fu</strong>xjkuh d¢aæ] ft+yk<br />
ifjp;¼1993½ eqacÃ<br />
& igys ekeys <strong>esa</strong> csgrj ckt+kj dh lgk;rk rFkk <strong>fu</strong>os‘k d¢ volj<br />
feyus ls lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a d¢ y¨x¨a dh vkÆFkd fLFkfr;¨a <strong>esa</strong> lq/kkj dh<br />
laHkkouk curh gS v©j blls varjZjkT;h; iyk;u <strong>esa</strong> y¨x¨a dh vk; ¼etnwjh<br />
d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong>½ Hkh c
;gka ;g Li”V gS fd ;fn ifjokj¨a dh vkÆFkd fLFkfr etcwr djus d¢<br />
Á¸kkl ugha fd, tkrs gSa r¨ lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a ls iyk;u dk vFkZ flQZ<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ Xkzkeh.k {ks= ls ‘kgjh {ks= dh v¨j vFkok ‘kq“d Áns‘k ls csgrj<br />
Ñf“k&tyok;q okys {ks= dh v¨j ys tkuk Hkj jg tkrk gS- gkykafd csgrj<br />
v©|¨fxd fodkl rFkk bld¢ lkFk&lkFk ckt+kj d¢ fodkl ls bj Ádkj d¢<br />
iyk;u dk ykHk Hkh mBk;k tk ldrk gS- <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> van:uh foLFkkiu d¢<br />
ckjs <strong>esa</strong> miyC/k lkfgR; <strong>esa</strong> foLFkkfir¨a d¢ vkthfodk vk/kkj rFkk foLFkkfir<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifjokj¨a ij mud¢ jgu lgu d¢ nh?kZdkyhu ÁHkko¨a ij vf/kd j¨‘kuh<br />
ugha Mkyh xà gS- vkxs d¢ vuqla/kku dk;¨± dk ;gh fo“k; jgsxk- bu<strong>esa</strong> ls<br />
dqN eqn~n¨a d¨ lw[kk ÁHkkfor ft+y¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>Eu rFkk vf/kd <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong>XkzLr ft+y¨a<br />
d¢ rqyukRed v/;;u ls le>k tk ldrk gS- ft+yk Lrj d¢ vkdyu<br />
miyC/k u g¨us ls bl Ádkj d¢ fo‘ys“k.k <strong>esa</strong> eqf‘dy vkrh gS- rFkkfi lw{e<br />
Lrj ij <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ oSdfYid lwpdkad <strong>fu</strong>/kkZfjr dj bu igyqv¨a dh<br />
iM+rky dh tk ldrh gS-<br />
ou vk/kkfjr {ks= % dqN Ñf“k foKkuh fo‘kss“krk,a<br />
rkfydk 22 <strong>esa</strong> Áeq[k jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ou vk/kkfjr Js.kh <strong>esa</strong> ‘kkfey {ks=¨a<br />
dh Ñf“k foKkuh fo‘ks“krkv¨a dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS- jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> vU;<br />
{ks=¨a dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> ?kus ou vk/kkfjr {ks=¨a d¨ vyx ls fpfUgr fd;k<br />
x;k gS- Li“V gS fd vf/kdka‘k fpfUgr {ks=¨a] nf{k.k fcgkj] NRrhlx
jkT; rFkk<br />
{ks=<br />
rkfydk 22% ou vk/kkfjr {ks=¨a dh Ñf“k fo‘ks“krk,a<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
dk<br />
tula[;k<br />
vuqikr<br />
th-oh-,-<br />
ij thvkÃ-,dk<br />
Áfr‘kr<br />
Hkwfe<br />
mRikndrk<br />
¼#½<br />
69<br />
Jfed<br />
mRikndrk¼#½<br />
Áfr O;fDr<br />
[kk|kUu<br />
mRiknu¼<br />
fdy¨Xkzke½<br />
okLrfod<br />
etnwjh<br />
¼#½<br />
vle ¼45-01½<br />
ioZrh; 41.29 NA NA NA NA NA<br />
iwoÊ<br />
eSnkuh<br />
37.38 6.37 13.259 6479 169 31.16<br />
if‘peh<br />
eSnkuh<br />
fcgkj ¼58-21½<br />
41.28 17.63 10836 5965 143 28.04<br />
nf{k.k 62.44 9.84 8501 2748 106 31.16<br />
mRrj 58.68 32.26 11427 4600 236 26.49<br />
e/; 54.03 66.29 12188 5187 204 32.2<br />
e/; Áns‘k ¼40-64½<br />
e/; 50.13 15.36 7038 9524 248 21.79<br />
nf{k.k<br />
if‘pe<br />
68.2 26.23 7559 4822 297 22.47<br />
foU/; 36.71 14.76 5998 5122 246 24.02<br />
ekyok 27.39 24.59 7605 5492 237 26.2<br />
nf{k.k 46.36 15.45 7393 5159 274 18.54<br />
mRrj 17.42 29.24 9968 11250 357 32.21<br />
NRrhlx
jgus ij etcwj g¨uk iM+k Fkk- gkykr ;gka rd igqap x, Fks fd ns‘k<br />
d¢ 84 Áfr‘kr vkfnoklh fofHkUu Ádkj d¢ taxy¨a <strong>esa</strong> fcuk fdlh<br />
vf/kdkj d¢ fonsf‘k;¨a dh rjg jgus ij etcwj Fks- ¼fooj.k d¢ fy,<br />
ns[ksa ‘kkg] 1998] i`l 151½<br />
gkykafd tc vkfnoklh Ñf“k etnwj¨a dh rjg vkrs Fks r¨ mUgsa<br />
fcuk fdlh HksnHkko d¢ lkekU; etnwj dh rjg etnwjh nh tkrh<br />
Fkh- 1993&94 d¢ Xkzkeh.k etnwj ifjokj¨a d¢ vkadM+¨a ls iqf“V g¨rh<br />
gS fd [ksrhgj etnwj¨a dk dke djus okys y¨x¨a d¨ yxHkx leku<br />
etnwjh gh feyrh Fkh- bl<strong>esa</strong> mudh lkekftd fLFkfr d¢ vk/kkj ij<br />
HksnHkko ugha g¨rk Fkk- ¼<strong>Hkkjr</strong>h; Je C;wj¨] 1993&94½- ;s vkdyu<br />
bl ckr ls lger ugha gSa fd vkfnokfl;¨a d¨ j¨t+xkj nsus <strong>esa</strong><br />
fdlh rjg dk HksnHkko j[kk tkrk FkkleL;k<br />
vkfnokfl;¨a dh bu volj¨a rd igqap dh gS- bld¢<br />
n¨ dkj.k lkeus vkrs gSa 1-lhfer Ñf“k Hkwfe rFkk ou lalk/ku¨a d¢<br />
vf/kdkj¨a dh deh rFkk 2-Xkzkeh.k Je ckt+kj¨a <strong>esa</strong> viuh et+cwr<br />
idM+ cuk pqd¢ laLFkku¨a o O;fDr;¨a¼etnwj Bsd¢nkj vkfn½ d¢ lkFk<br />
lhfer laidZ- laHko gS fd ou vk/kkfjr {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
vdysiu dh Hkkouk ,oa ekuoh; ;¨X;rkv¨a d¢ mi;¨x dh deh d¢<br />
pyrs Hkh vf/kdkj dh ;g leL;k v©j xgjh g¨rh jgh g¨ifjokj¨a<br />
d¢ vkÆFkd vk/kkj rFkk lkekftd o<br />
ekuoh; ;¨X;rkv¨a d¢ chp varjlacU/k dh leL;k v©j <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a<br />
dh vkthfodk d¢ volj¨a ij budk ÁHkko l?ku vuqla/kku rFkk<br />
xgu iM+rky dk fo“k; jgsxk-<br />
4-3 ekuoh; {kerk,a rFkk lkekftd
jkT;¨a ¼jktLFkku d¢ vfrfjDr½ dh fLFkfr ou vk/kkfjr jkT;¨a<br />
¼if‘pe caxky d¢ vfrfjDr½ ls csgrj Fkh- bl lc rF;¨a d¢ dkj.k<br />
gh Þchek:Þ jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> tUkla[;k dk nokc c
dqN gn rd bu jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> tula[;k dk vf/kd nokc<br />
lkekftd gLrkarj.k ls Hkh tqM+k gS- ;g fcgkj d¨ N¨M+dj<br />
vuqlwfpr tkr¨ tutkfr {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> lkekU; ls vf/kd ifjyf{kr g¨rk<br />
gS- budk ifjokj c
tatky <strong>esa</strong> f?kjh Árhr g¨rh gS- <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh ifjorZu‘khyrk lw[kk<br />
ÁHkkfor rFkk ou vk/kkfjr n¨u¨a gh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> fn[krh gS- ;g Hkh<br />
vk‘p;Ztud gS fd lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> Ñf“k <strong>esa</strong> vlQyrk d¢<br />
vf/kd Áfr‘kr d¢ ckotwn ogka <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ÁHkko ou {ks=¨a dh<br />
rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> de g¨rk gS tcfd ou {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> y¨x¨a d¨ ÁkÑfrd<br />
lalk/ku¨a dk Hkh lgkjk g¨rk gS- oLrqr% vLlh d¢ n‘kd d¢ vkf[kjh<br />
o“k¨±a <strong>esa</strong> Hkwfexr ty laj{k.k dh fn‘kk <strong>esa</strong> rst+h ls gq, fodkl us<br />
lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a d¢ fdlku¨a d¨ u;k thou fn;k gS- tcfd e/;<br />
rFkk iwoÊ jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> ckfj‘k rFkk vPNh Ñf“k tyok;q d¢ ckotwn<br />
budk ykHk ugha mBk;k x;k- Hkwfexr ty d¢ Lrj <strong>esa</strong> deh d¨<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ÁHkkfor iwoÊ jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> vU; jkT;¨a] fo‘ks“kdj vka/kzÁns‘k<br />
v©j rfeyukMq dh rqyuk <strong>esa</strong> /kku dh Qly de g¨us dk ,d<br />
Áeq[k dkj.k crk;k tkrk gS- ¼<strong>Hkkjr</strong> ljdkj]1985½<br />
gkykafd lw[kk ÁHkkfor jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> deh vuqdwy Hkwfe<br />
lacU/k] LokfeRo <strong>esa</strong> vf/kd Hkwfe] Ñf“k dk O;kikjhdj.k]<br />
v©|¨fxd :i ls fodflr {ks=¨a dh v¨j foLFkkiu] v©j ljdkj d¢<br />
lw[kk jkgr o y¨d <strong>fu</strong>ekZ.k dk;ZØe¨a vkfn rF;¨a d¢ dkj.k gh ekuh<br />
tkrh gS bld¢ ckot+wn Ñf“k fodkl <strong>esa</strong> LFkkà Áxfr u g¨uk ;gka d¢<br />
fy, fpark dk fo“k; cuk gqvk gS- nwljh rjQ ou vk/kkfjr {ks=¨a<br />
<strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ vf/kd ÁHkko d¨ lkekftd o
jgs- D;¨afd ;gka Lkc dqN ekulwu ij <strong>fu</strong>HkZj jgk- vxj<br />
ekulwu ugha vk;k rks lcdqN vlarqfyr g¨ tkrk gS-<br />
& gkykafd lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> foLFkkiu ,d<br />
egRoiw.kZ ;qfDr gS ysfdu bldh lQyrk ogka g¨us<br />
okys leLr vkÆFkd fodkl ,oa is‘ksoj fofo/krkv¨a<br />
dh laHkkoukv¨a ij <strong>fu</strong>HkZj djrk gS- v©|¨fxd fodkl<br />
d¢ dkj.k ftl gn rd ckt+kj rFkk
fcgkj <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> % lkeUroknh uhfr;¨a dh nsu<br />
lkearoknh lkekftd&jktuhfrd O;oLFkkv¨a Á/kku Áeq[k<br />
jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> fcgkj <strong>esa</strong> Hkwfe lq/kkj ÁfØ;k dh fLFkfr lcls [kjkc jgh<br />
gS- ¼ts-ewÃt]2000½- ifj.kkeLo:i bldh uhfr;¨a <strong>esa</strong> lkearokn vc<br />
Hkh tkjh gS cfYd dgk tkuk pkfg, fd os LFkkà :i ls lkearoknh<br />
g¨ xÃa gSa- bu uhfr;¨a us vkÆFkd fodkl] fo‘ks“kdj Ñf“k fodkl]<br />
d¨ dkQh uqdlku igqapk;k gS- bld¢ lkFk gh jkT; d¢ ÁkÑfrd<br />
lalk/ku¨a & ufn;¨W [knku¨a o taxy¨a vkfn dh Hkwfedk Hkh jkT¸k d¢<br />
vkÆFkd fgr¨a d¢ Áfr nqHkkZX;tud jgh gS- bldh otg jkT; dh<br />
vnwjnÆ‘krk gh jgh gS t¨ ufn;¨a d¢ ikuh d¨ laHkkyus] [knku¨a d¨<br />
LFkkuh; fodkl ls t¨M+us rFkk ou lalk/ku¨a d¨ LFkkuh; y¨x¨a d¢<br />
fy, mi;¨xh cukus <strong>esa</strong> vlQy jgk gS- bLk rjg mRrjh rFkk<br />
nf{k.kh fcgkj n¨u¨a gh {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> y¨x jkT; <strong>esa</strong> t¨ Hkh v©|¨fxd<br />
fodkl gqvk mlls ls vNwrs gh jgs- ¼,-js]2000½<br />
fcgkj <strong>esa</strong> fodkl d¢ Bi iM+us rFkk mis{kk dh fLFkfr yxkrkj<br />
cuh jtus dk dkj.k mld¢ lkearoknh ‘kkld jgs gSa ftUg¨aus ,d<br />
rjQ r¨ Hkwfe ij dCt+k tekdj y¨x¨a ls cU/kqvk etnwj¨a dh rjg<br />
eupkgk dke fy;k rFkk nwljh rjQ lkoZt<strong>fu</strong>d {ks= d¢ m|¨x¨a ls<br />
iSlk dek;k- budh lkearoknh uhfr;¨a d¢ pyrs y¨x¨a dh enn d¢<br />
fy, vkjaHk dh xÃa ljdkjh uhfr¸kka [kqn jktusrkv¨a d¢ fy, gh<br />
nq/kk: xk¸k fl) g¨rha jgha- lekftd fodkl d¢ uke ij LokLF;]<br />
f‘k{kk] lkoZt<strong>fu</strong>d forj.k Á.kkyh rFkk fo‘ks“k xjhch mUewyu vkfn<br />
dk;ZØe¨a d¢ fy, tkjh gqvk iSlk vius y{; rd ‘kk¸kn gh igqapk<br />
g¨-¼,- ‘kekZ]1995½<br />
yxHkx iwjs fcgkj v©j fo‘ks“kdj nf{k.k Hkkx¨a] <strong>esa</strong><br />
uDlyokn dh leL;k Hkh dkQh gn rd blh O;oLFkk dh nsu<br />
gS D;¨afd bu {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x lkoZt<strong>fu</strong>d {ks= <strong>esa</strong> fd, x,<br />
<strong>fu</strong>os‘k rFkk jkT; ljdkj d¢ dY;k.k dk;ZØe¨a ls ges‘kk vNwrs<br />
jgs- ysfdu fiNys n¨ n‘kd d¢ n©jku mUg¨aus u flQZ dM+k<br />
#[k viuk;k cfYd laxfBr Hkh g¨ x,- ;g jkT; dh <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
<strong>esa</strong> ,d u;k vk;ke Fkk- ;gka rd fd >kj[kaM vkan¨yu rFkk<br />
ckn <strong>esa</strong> vyx jkT; dk cuuk Hkh dkQh gn rd ljdkj <strong>esa</strong> cSBs<br />
y¨x¨a d¢ lkearoknh #[k dh gh nsu Fkh-<br />
75
mM+hlk d¢ <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vkfnoklh% LokfeRo ,oa lkeFZ; dh<br />
vlQyrk<br />
djhc ,d p©Fkkà vkfnoklh tula[;k okyk mM+hlk jkT;<br />
d¢ fofHkUu Hkkx¨a <strong>esa</strong> vlarqfyr fodkl dk ,d ÁrhdkRed<br />
mnkgj.k gS- gkykafd jkT; d¢ yxHkx ÁR;sd ft+ys <strong>esa</strong><br />
vkfnokfl;¨a dh vkcknh gS ysfdu lqanjxj¼47-4 Áfr‘kr½ Qqycuh¼39-1 Áfr‘kRk½ dkykagkMh ¼32-6<br />
Áfr‘kr½ rFkk lacyiqj ¼ 30-4 Áfr‘kr½ dh vkcknh <strong>esa</strong><br />
vkfnokfl;¨a dk Áfr‘kr feyk tqyk gS- lacyiqj d¢ vfrfjDr<br />
bu lHkh ft++y¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ÁHkko 80 Áfr‘kr ls Åij gS-<br />
;gka rd fd e;wjHkat] dkykgkaMh o d¨jkiqV <strong>esa</strong> r¨ ;g 90<br />
Áfr‘kr d¢ vklikl gS- vkfnoklh t¨ vf/kdrj ou¨a ls tqM+s gSa]<br />
Hk©x¨y¨d :i ls mis{kk dk f‘kdkj gSa rFkk ou¨a d¢ ÁkÑfrd<br />
lalk/ku¨a ij mudk flQZ ikjaifjd miHk¨x dk vf/kdkj gS- bu<br />
ou¨a d¨ O;ofLFkr vFkok fodflr djus dk LokfeRo mud¢ ikl<br />
ugha gS- mfM+lk d¢ fy, ;g ckr blfy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS<br />
D;¨afd ;gka ou Á‘kklu dk bfrgkl Hkh jktuhfrd bfrgkl<br />
ftruk gh iqjkuk gS- ¼iVuk;d o c`ge~pkjh] 1966½<br />
taxy¨a es rst+h ls vkà deh us bu vkfnokfl;¨a<br />
d¨ ,d ,slh O;oLFkk <strong>esa</strong> [ksrhgj etnwj cuus ij etcwj dj<br />
fn;k gS tgka u r¨ dkepykÅ etnwjh feyrh gS v©j u gh dke-<br />
¼ikanh]1998] i‘-l- 50½- ifj.kkeLo:i mMh+lk <strong>esa</strong> £srhgj etnwj¨a<br />
dh etnwjh fcgkj] mRrj Áns‘k rFkk e/; Áns‘k lfgr Áeq[k<br />
jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> lcls de gS- ogka d¢ ckt+kj <strong>esa</strong> csj¨t+xkj etnwj¨a dh<br />
la[;k bruh vf/kd gS fd ,d lIrkg <strong>esa</strong> v/;;u d¢ n©jku ik;k<br />
x;k fd Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> 84 izfr‘kr y¨x¨a d¢ ikl dke ugha Fkk-<br />
lalk/ku¨a rFkk /ku dk vHkko g¨us d¢ dkj.k ;s y¨x fdlh vU;<br />
LFkku ij Hkh foLFkkfir ugha g¨ ldrs- tSls tSls ou¨a ij nokc<br />
c
vka/kz Áns‘k % turk d¢ ek/;e ls <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk <strong>fu</strong>okj.k<br />
vka/kz Áns‘k us viu rhu vyx vyx {ks=¨a & lw[kk ÁHkkfor<br />
jk;ylhek v©j rsyaxkuk ft+y¨a rFkk rVorÊ {ks= <strong>esa</strong> 70 o 80 d¢<br />
n‘kd d¢ n©jku <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ ÁHkko <strong>esa</strong> rhozrk ls deh ykdj ,d<br />
csgrjhu mnkgj.k ÁLrqr fd;k gS- gkykafd vka/kz Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> 1960 d¢<br />
n‘kd d¢ n©jku Ñf“k fodkl nj <strong>esa</strong> vkà deh p©dkus okyh gS- blh<br />
=g 1980 d¢ n‘kd d¢ vafre o“k¨± <strong>esa</strong> Ñf“k rFkk v©|¨fxd fodkl<br />
nj <strong>esa</strong> fxjkoV vkÃ- [kk|kUu mRiknu <strong>esa</strong> {ks=h; Lrj ij vlarqyu<br />
Hkh c
djus d¢ fy, dne ugha mBk, tk ldrs] dikl fdlku¨a }kjk<br />
vkRegR;k tSlh nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ?kVuk,a ?kVrh jgsaxha-<br />
xqtjkr % lhfer fodkl rFkk varj{ks=h; foLFkkiu %<br />
fodflr v©|¨fxd {ks= rFkk csgrj uxjhdj.k d¢ pyrs<br />
xqtjkr ,d ,sls jkT; d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> mHkjdj lkeus vkrk gSa tgka<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a d¢ fy, foLFkkiu lcls csgrj fodYi g¨- 1991 <strong>esa</strong><br />
egkjk“Vª d¢ ckn xqtjkr gh ,slk jkT; Fkk tgka mRrj Áns‘k] fcgkj<br />
o mM+hlk tSls vfr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu jkT;¨a ls lcls vf/kd y¨x foLFkkfir<br />
gq,- bu foLFkkfir¨a us vius fy, LoÆ.ke dk¡jhM¨j dgs tkus okys<br />
xqtjkr d¢ vgenkCkkn ls oylkM d¢ e/; fLFkr m|¨x¨a <strong>esa</strong> vius<br />
fy, j¨t+xkj dh ryk‘k dh- ¼‘kkg]2001½<br />
blh rjg jkT; d¢ lw[kk ÁHkkfor l©jk“Vª rFkk dPN {ks=¨a ls<br />
Hkh cM+h la[;k <strong>esa</strong> etnwj foLFkkfir gq,- blls l©jk“Vª o dPN <strong>esa</strong><br />
tula[;k dk nokc ?kVk v©j ySafxd vuqikr <strong>esa</strong> Hkh lq/kkj gqvkekuo<br />
foLFkkiu d¢ pyrs i‘kq/ku Hkh foLFkkfir g¨rk gS- bl rjg<br />
d¢ foLFkkiu vfHk;ku dk vlj l©jk“Vª&dPN d¢ lw[kkÁHkkfor {ks=¨a<br />
<strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk Lrj fxjdj 11-8 Áfr‘kr rd igqapkysfdu<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk lkeuk dh bl foLFkkiuoknh j.kuhfr d¨<br />
yxkrj cuk, j[kus d¢ fy, f}i{kh; leL;kv¨a d¢ ckjs <strong>esa</strong> tku<br />
ysuk vko‘;d gS &<br />
lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> Ñf“k dh rjg v©|¨fxd fodkl dh<br />
laHkkouk Hkh de gh gS- blfy, ;fn] tSlk fd HkYyk us o.kZu fd;k<br />
gS] l©jk“Vª& dPN ls vkus okys y¨x¨a d¨ LoÆ.ke dkjhM¨j <strong>esa</strong><br />
j¨t+xkj feyuk eqf‘dy g¨ tk;sxk- rFkk<br />
& cM+s iSekus ij lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a ls vkæZ {ks=¨a dh v¨j<br />
foLFkkiu vkn~Z {ks= <strong>esa</strong> i;kZoj.k vlarqyu iSnk dj ldrk gS- lkFk<br />
gh ;fn ;gka ls dekdj Hkstk gqvk iSlk ogka [ksrh tqrkà vkfn<br />
dke <strong>esa</strong> yxrk gS r¨ ogka Hkwty dk ladV v©j xgjk tk;sxk-<br />
xqtjkr <strong>esa</strong> ;s n¨u¨a gh ÁHkko fn[kus yxs gSa- blfy, tc rd<br />
lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>os‘k dj ogka foLFkkfir¨a dk iquokZl ugha<br />
fd;k tkrk] foLFkkiu d¨ ,d j.kuhfr d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> ekuus d¢ t+¨f[ke<br />
dk [krjk cuk jgsxk-<br />
78
mij¨Dr fo‘ys“k.k ls fofHkUu jkT;¨a@ {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong><br />
deh ykus d¢ lacU/k <strong>esa</strong> n¨ igyw lkeus vkrs gSa&1-lkekftd o<br />
Hk©frd
jk“Vªh; lkekftd lgk;rk dk;ZØe% jk“Vªh; o`)koLFkk<br />
isa‘ku ;¨tuk] jk“Vªh; ifjokj ykHk ;¨tuk] rFkk jk“Vªh; ekr`Ro<br />
ykHk ;¨tukv¨a d¢ rgr <strong>fu</strong>/kZu ifjokj¨a ,oa O;fDr;¨a d¨ o`)koLFkk]<br />
Áeq[k lnL; dh e`R;q vFkok ekr`Ro lqj{kk d¢ fy, lkekftd<br />
lgk;rk Ánku dh tkrh gSj¨t+xkj<br />
vk‘oklu ;¨tuk% xjhch js[kk d¢ uhps jg jgs Xkzkeh.k<br />
ifjokj¨a d¢ fy, j¨t+h j¨Vh d¢ volj vpkud [kRe g¨ tkus ;k<br />
de g¨ tkus dh fLFkfr <strong>esa</strong> Je j¨t+xkj d¢ U;wure vfrfjDr volj<br />
miyC/k djkdj mudh enn dh tkrh gS-<br />
Á/kkuea=h Xkzke¨n; ;¨tuk% LokLF;] ÁkFkfed f‘k{kk] is;ty]<br />
vkokl rFkk Xkzkeh.k lM+d¢a vkfn d¢ {ks= <strong>esa</strong> Xkzke Lrj ij y¨x¨a d¢<br />
thou Lrj <strong>esa</strong> lq/kkj vykus d¢ dk;ZØe pykuk -<br />
Lo.kZ t;arh ‘kgjh j¨t+xkj ;¨tuk% ‘kgjh {ks=¨a d¢ fy, ,d<br />
xjhch mUewyu dk;ZØe]bld¢ rgr n¨ Áeq[k ;¨tuk,a & ‘kgjh<br />
Loj¨t+xkj ;¨tuk rFkk ‘kgjh etnwjh dke dk;ZØe] pykà tk jgha<br />
gSa<br />
bafnjk efgyk ;¨tuk% fofHkUu eqn~n¨a ij efgykv¨a d¨<br />
tkx:d cukus rFkk mUgsa Áf‘kf{kr dj efgyk l‘kfDrdj.k dh<br />
fn‘kk <strong>esa</strong> dke djus d¢ mn~ns‘; d¨ ysdj ;g ;¨tuk py jgh gS-<br />
Xkzkeh.k efgyk fodkl ,oa l‘kDrhdj.k ;¨tuk% u;k uke Lo<br />
‘kfDr] efgykv¨a <strong>esa</strong> tkx:drk] Hkkxhnkjh ,oa vk; c
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> thou d¢ fy, n¨ twu dh j¨Vh vFkok [kk| lqj{kk<br />
xjhch mUewyu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS- lkoZt<strong>fu</strong>d forj.k<br />
Á.kkyh <strong>Hkkjr</strong> ljdkj d¢ [kk| lqj{kk vfHk;ku dk lcls vge<br />
fgLlk gS- bld¢ rgr] fo‘ks“kdj <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a d¨] csgn de dher<br />
ij thou d¢ fy, t+:jh Hk¨tu miyC/k djk;k tkrk gS- ljdkj]<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> [kk| <strong>fu</strong>xe d¢ t+fj;s [kk|kUu d¨ lqjf{kr j[krh gS v©j bls<br />
gj eghus ns‘k Hkj <strong>esa</strong> QSys lkoZt<strong>fu</strong>d forj.k Á.kkyh d¢ usVodZ d¢<br />
ek/;e ls xjhc¨a rd igqapk;k tkrk gS- dqN o“kZ igys rd<br />
lkoZt<strong>fu</strong>d Á.kkyh d¢ rgr lHkh miHk¨Drkv¨a d¨ [kk|kUu miyC/k<br />
djk;k tkrk Fkk- ysfdu twu 1] 1997 ls xjhch js[kk ls uhps d¢<br />
ifjokj¨a dh la[;k d¢ vk/kkj ij jkT;¨a d¨ dkQh lLrh nj¨a ij<br />
[kk|kUu miyC/k djk;k tk jgk gSbu<strong>esa</strong><br />
ls cgqr lh ;¨tukv¨a <strong>esa</strong> la‘k¨/ku fd, tk pqd¢ gSa<br />
mudk iquxZBu g¨ pqdk gS] fTklls bu<strong>esa</strong> LFkkuh; ljdkjh ra= dh<br />
Hkwfedk cuk vko‘;d gS fd Hkz“Vkpkj dh tM+ Xkzkeh.k<br />
Lrj ij gS tgka vf/kdkjh vklkuh ls Qt+Ê fcy] okÅpj] etnwjh<br />
jftLVj] gkft+jh jftLVj d¢ t+fj, gsjk Q¢jh dj ysrs gSa- O;oLFkk<br />
bruh Hkz“V g¨ pqdh gS fd v©j fdlh dh d¨Ã tokcnsgh r; ugha<br />
g¨rh gS blfy, fdlh d¨ idM+s tkus ;k lt+k dk Mj Hkh ugha gS<br />
v©j gj lky Ldwy¨a dh bekjr] fpfdRlky;¨a] is;ty] o`{kkj¨i.k]<br />
cka/k <strong>fu</strong>ekZ.k] lkeqnkf;d d¢aæ¨a dh LFkkiuk ,oa fodkl d¢ uke ij<br />
dj¨M+¨a #i;k usrkv¨a o nyky¨a dh feyh Hkxr ls Xkzkelsod¨a]<br />
iVkokfj;¨a rFkk LFkkuh; vf/kdkfj;¨a dh tsc¨a <strong>esa</strong> pyk tkrk gS-<br />
¼cadj jk;] 1996½<br />
lu~ 1990 <strong>esa</strong>] jktLFkku d¢ ikyh] vtesj rFkk jktlean ft+y¨a<br />
dh lhek ij cls vfr fiNM+s bykd¢] Hkhe rglhy bykd¢ <strong>esa</strong> etnwj<br />
fdlku ‘kfDr laxBu uked tukan¨yu us ikjnÆ‘krk o tokcnsgh<br />
dk eqn~nk mBk;k- ,e-d¢-,l-,l us ljdkj ls fcy] okmpj rFkk<br />
ekLVj j¨y dh dkih ysdj ,d tulquokà dk vk;¨tu fd;k<br />
ftl<strong>esa</strong> u©dj‘kkg¨a] jktusrkv¨a] Bsd¢nkj¨a] fdlku rFkk Hkwfeghu<br />
81
etnwj¨a] lHkh d¨ cqyk;k x;k- mu<strong>esa</strong> ls ftl fdlh d¨ Hkh dqN<br />
dguk Fkk ,e-d¢-,l-,l- us ,d eap Ánku fd;k- tulquokà dkQh<br />
lQy jgh- Hkz“V vf/kdkjh rFkk jktusrk –‘; ls xk;c g¨ x,ljdkjh<br />
dkxt+¨a <strong>esa</strong> dh xà [kkukiwÆr d¢ :i <strong>esa</strong> e`r vknfe;¨a d¨<br />
etnwjh ckaVus] Qt+Ê rjhd¢ ls lh<strong>esa</strong>V d¢ c¨js yxkus dk nko¨a]<br />
QuÊpj dk fcy] iRFkj] o vU; lkeku t¨ dHkh xko¨a <strong>esa</strong> igqapk gh<br />
ugha lc dkxt+¨a <strong>esa</strong> p
vkneh d¨ Hkh etnwjh nh xà fy[k x;k Fkk ftldk <strong>fu</strong>/ku 20<br />
lky igys g¨ pqdk Fkkml<br />
fnu ftu 23 Bsd¨a dh QkÃy i
ns‘k dh vk/kh tula[;k Ng jkT;¨a&mRrj Áns‘k] fcgkj]<br />
e/;Áns‘k egkjk“Vª if‘pe caxky v©j mM+hlk <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>okl djrh gStcfd<br />
dqy <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vkcknh dk 71-65 Áfr‘kr bu jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> jgrk gSbu<strong>esa</strong><br />
ls vf/kdrj jkT; <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ f‘kdkj jgs gSa- budh<br />
40 Áfr‘kr ls vf/kd tula[;k 20 o“kZ ls vf/kd le; ls <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
ls XkzLr gSa- vle dk uke Hkh blh lwph <strong>esa</strong> tqM+ tkrk gS D;¨afd<br />
mldh Hkh 41 Áfr‘kr tUkla[;k <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls XkzLr gS- tc rd<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> d¢ lHkh jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> xjhch mUewyu d¢ fy, rst+h ls Á;kl ugha<br />
fd, tkrs rc rd ;gka <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> deh vkuk laHko ugha gSvyx<br />
vyx jkT;¨a d¢ <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> deh ykus d¢ vkadM+s Hkh vyx<br />
vyx jgs gSa- ,d rjQ dqN jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> gky d¢ fnu¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
Hkh dkQh deh vk;h ogha cgqr ls jkT; ,sls Hkh gSa tgka fiNys<br />
rhu n‘kd <strong>esa</strong> Hkh <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> <strong>esa</strong> deh ykus d¢ Á;kl¨a d¨ de gh<br />
lQyrk feyh gS-<br />
;fn xaHkhj :i ls <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ xjhch js[kk d¢ fy, <strong>fu</strong>/kkZfjr<br />
vk; lhek ls rhu p©Fkkà ;k mlls de eku dj vkdyu fd;k<br />
tk; r¨ ns‘k d¢ 13 dj¨M+ y¨x <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> xaHkhj :i ls <strong>fu</strong>/kZu gSa-<br />
Xkzkfe.k {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> vfr xaHkhj <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ÁHkko nf{k.k if‘pe e/;<br />
Áns‘k] nf{k.k mRrj Áns‘k] nf{k.kh mM+hlk] e/; egkjk“Vª] nf{k.k<br />
fcgkj rFkk e/; mRrj Áns‘k <strong>esa</strong> vf/kd Fkk- tcfd ‘kgjh <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
ÁHkko van:uh]e/;] iwoÊ o mRrjh egkjk“Vª] nf{k.kh mRrj Áns‘k]<br />
mRrjh dukZrd d¢ van:uh Hkkx] e/;&nf{k.k o if‘pe e/; Áns‘k<br />
rFkk nf{k.kh mM+hlk <strong>esa</strong> vfr xaHkhj Fkk-<br />
Hkw[k <strong>Hkkjr</strong> dh v©j Hkh xaHkhj leL;k gS- Xkzkeh.k mM+hlk]<br />
if‘pe caxky] d¢jy] vle o fcgkj <strong>esa</strong> bldk vlj vf/kd ns[kus<br />
d¨ feyrk gS- dà jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> twu ls flracj d¢ chp d¢ n¨ oDr dh<br />
j¨Vh Hkh u tqVk ikus dh leL;k lcls fpdV g¨rh gS- if‘pe<br />
caxky o mM+hlk <strong>esa</strong> r¨ ;g ladV v©j Hkh T;knk le; rd jgrk<br />
gS- bu<strong>esa</strong> ls vf/kdrj jkT; vfr<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ÁHkkfor gSa- gkaykafd Hkw[ks<br />
jgus dh leL;k rqyukRed :i ls csgrj ly>s tkus okys jkT;¨a<br />
<strong>esa</strong> Hkh lkeus vkrh gS vr% bl ckjs <strong>esa</strong> mfpr uhfr rFkk dk;ZØe<br />
cuk, tkus dh vko‘;drk gS-<br />
gky gh <strong>esa</strong> flÆlyk <strong>esa</strong> vkÆFkd raxh d¨ u lg ik ldus okys<br />
dà cqudj¨a dh Hkq[kejh ls gqà e©r¨a dh fji¨V~Zl ehfM;k <strong>esa</strong> vkÃa<br />
Fkha] ftUg¨aus Hkw[k ls rax vkdj vkRegR;k dj yh Fkh- Vhch<br />
o ,pvkÃoh@,M~l tSlh yach chekfj;¨a d¢ dj.k Hkh y¨x <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
84
g¨rs pys tkrs gSa- ljdkjh lgk;rk cUn g¨us] rduhdh <strong>esa</strong> vk,<br />
ifjorZu¨a] ckt+kj dh <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> cnyrh ekax¨a d¢ chp ijaijkxr<br />
dkjhxj¨a d¢ csdkj iM+ tkus] fodkl lacU/kh foLFkkiu vFkok<br />
ikfjfLFkfrdh; ifjorZu¨a vkfn foinkv¨a dh otg ls ifjokj rckg<br />
g¨ tkrs gSa v©j os xjhch js[kk ls uhps pys tkrs gSa<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong><br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls XkzLr y¨x¨a <strong>esa</strong> lcls vf/kd la[;k vLFkkÃ<br />
fngkM+h ij dke djus okys etnwj¨a dh Fkh- bld¢ ckn nwljh lcls<br />
cM+h la[;k fdlku¨a dh Fkh- <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls XkzLr tula[;k<br />
dk ,d cM+k Hkkx etnwjh ij vkfJr Fkk- vFkkZr ,d <strong>fu</strong>f‘pr le;<br />
<strong>esa</strong> etnwjh d¢ vo;o¨a <strong>esa</strong> gqà c
Ñf“k ikfjfLFkfrdh rFkk lkekftd&vkÆFkd ifjfLFkfr;¨a d¢<br />
vk/kkj ij <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh pisV <strong>esa</strong> vk ldus okys n¨ Áeq[k<br />
{ks=¨a dh igpku bl Ádkj dh xà gS &<br />
& ‘kq“d&cat+j t+ehu okys os foLr`r HkwHkkx tgka Qlysa<br />
rFkk j¨t+xkj d¢ volj <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> cjckn g¨rs jgrs gSa]<br />
blls bu bykd¨a d¢ <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a d¢ le{k vkthfodk<br />
rFkk thou dh lqj{kk dh Hkh“k.k leL;k [kM+h g¨ tkrh<br />
gS<br />
& vkfnoklh cgqy ou vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk,a] fo‘ks“kdj<br />
igkM+h {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong>] tgka u r¨ vkfnokf;¨a dk ou lalk/ku¨a<br />
ij vf/kdkj g¨rk gS v©j u gh mUgsa ckt+kj dk Kku g¨<br />
ikrk gSt+ehu<br />
dh mitkÅ {kerk <strong>esa</strong> deh d¢ vykok mM+hlk] e/;<br />
Áns‘k o fcgkj vkfn jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ÁHkko vf/kd g¨us dk<br />
dkj.k Ñf“k dk;Z <strong>esa</strong> de mRiknu rFkk mldh otg ls Xkzkeh.k<br />
[ksrhgj etnwj ifjokj¨a <strong>esa</strong> de vk; rFkk de etnwjh nj dk g¨uk<br />
Hkh gS- ;g tula[;k d¢ vf/kd nokc v©j] t+ehu d¢ yxkrkj<br />
caVokjs dk urht+k gS- bld¢ lkFk gh ou vk/kkfjr {ks= Js.kh <strong>esa</strong><br />
fcgkj] e/; Áns‘k o mM+hlk vkfn jkT;¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>Eu vkÆFkd fodkl<br />
rFkk etnqj¨a d¢ dke <strong>esa</strong> fofo/krk dh deh Hkh bl<strong>esa</strong> vge Hkwfedk<br />
<strong>fu</strong>Hkkrha gSafoLFkkiu<br />
dh j.kuhfr rHkh lQy ekuh tk ldrh gS tc ;g<br />
oSdfYid v©|¨fxd :i ls fodflr g¨rs mIk{ks=¨a ls tqM+k g¨ tgka<br />
j¨t+xkj d¢ volj vf/kd g¨a- ;gka ;g ckr Hkyh Hkkafr le> ysus<br />
okyh gS fd ;fn ifjokj¨a dh vkÆFkd fLFkfr etcwr djus d¢ Á¸kkl<br />
ugha fd, tkrs gSa r¨ lw[kk ÁHkkfor {ks=¨a ls iyk;u dk vFkZ flQZ<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ Xkzkeh.k {ks= ls ‘kgjh {ks= dh v¨j vFkok ‘kq“d Áns‘k<br />
ls csgrj Ñf“k&tyok;q okys {ks= dh v¨j ys tkuk Hkj jg tkrk<br />
gS- gkykafd csgrj v©|¨fxd fodkl rFkk bld¢ lkFk lkFk ckt+kj<br />
d¢ fodkl ls bj Ádkj d¢ foLFkkiu dk ykHk Hkh mBk;k tk ldrk<br />
gS-<br />
eq[;/kkjk dh fodkl uhfr;¨a] ;¨tukv¨a rFkk j.kuhfr;¨a ls<br />
vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os lcd¨ lEkku –f“V ls ns[ksaxh ysfdu<br />
vf/kdrj uhfr;ka iq#“k drkZ /krkZv¨a d¨ /;ku <strong>esa</strong> j[kdj v©j mls<br />
gh lekt dk Áfr<strong>fu</strong>f/k ekudj cukà xà Árhr g¨rha gSa-<br />
86
ifj.kkeLo:i lHkh lewg¨a d¨ leku vf/kdkj nsus okyh uhfr;ka<br />
okLro <strong>esa</strong> tkfr] tutkfr] mez o ySafxd vk/kkj ij i{kikr djrha<br />
gSa-<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> ljdkj d¢ xjhch mUewyu dk;ZØe <strong>fu</strong>/kZu y¨x¨a d¢ fy,<br />
Loj¨t+xkj d¢ volj Ánku djus] mud¢ fy, osru&dke dh<br />
O;oLFkk djus v©j mUgsa [kk| NwV vkfn dk;ZØe¨a d¢ t+fj, lqj{kk<br />
pØ <strong>esa</strong> j[kus d¢ y{; d¨ /;ku <strong>esa</strong> j[krs gq, pyk, tk jgs gSabu<strong>esa</strong><br />
ls cgqr lh ;¨tukv¨a <strong>esa</strong> la‘k¨/ku fd, tk pqd¢ gSa mudk<br />
iquxZBu g¨ pqdk gS] fTklls bu<strong>esa</strong> LFkkuh; ljdkjh ra= dh Hkwfedk<br />
cuk vko‘;d gS fd ;fn lekt d¢ y¨x lgh<br />
le; ij rFkk vko‘;d dne mBk,a r¨ <strong>fu</strong>‘p; gh ljdkj dh<br />
ukdkeh vFkok xyfr;¨a d¨ Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gS-<br />
vkxs d¢ fy, ,tsaMk%<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ fofHkUu igyqv¨a ij ut+j Mkyus<br />
ls dà rjg d¢ loky o eqn~ns mB [kM+s g¨rs gSa- dqN Áeq[k loky<br />
t¨ lkeus vkrs gSa os gSa fd & <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ls XkzLr y¨x d©u<br />
gSa] os fdl {ks= <strong>esa</strong> <strong>fu</strong>okl djrs gSa] lkekftd vkÆFkd :i ls d©u<br />
ls lewg bld¢ t+¨f[ke ij gSa]D;k os nwjLFk Xkzkeh.k bykd¨a <strong>esa</strong><br />
d¢afær gSa] <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ gkykr iSnk djus <strong>esa</strong> foinkv¨a dh<br />
D;k Hkwfedk g¨rh gS] yacs le; ls pyha vk jgha lkekftd<br />
jktuhfr leL;k,a rFkk fookn <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ij D;k ÁHkko<br />
Mkyrs gSa] y¨x¨a d¢ fy, n¨ twu dh j¨Vh dh O;oLFkk u g¨ ikus<br />
d¢ ihNs D;k dkj.k g¨rs gSa] fofHkUu {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨<br />
de djus d¢ mik;¨a d¢ ifj.kke D;k jgs] <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dh<br />
vk‘kadk d¨ de vFkok vf/kd djus okyh lkekftd&jktuhfrd&<br />
vkÆFkd ÁfØ;k,a D;k gSa] <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¨ de djus <strong>esa</strong> fdl<br />
Ádkj dh uhfr;ka rFkk lkekftd dk;Z dke;kc g¨rs gSa] <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong><br />
<strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ fy, vfr laosnu‘khy le>s tkus okys y¨x¨a dh<br />
leL;kvksa d¢ lek/kku d¢ fy, U;wure vko‘;d mik; D;k g¨<br />
87
ldrs gSa rFkk <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ tatky ls <strong>fu</strong>dyus <strong>esa</strong> lQy<br />
jgs y¨x¨a o leqnk;¨a }kjk D;k vkthfodk o uhfr;ka viukÃa xÃa+\<br />
<strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> ij vuqla/kku d¢ fy, cgqLrjh; ny<br />
rFkk xq.koRrkRed o ek=kRed mik;¨a dk Á;¨x fd;k tk;sxkbl<strong>esa</strong><br />
ÁkFkfed rFkk mld¢ vkxs d¢ vkadM+¨a dk v©j lHkh lwpuk<br />
lz¨r¨a dk bLrseky fd;k tk;sxk- O;kid Lrj ij v/;;u d¢ fy,<br />
jk“Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k d¢ ikl miyC/k jk“Vªh vkadM+¨a] iSuy MkVk<br />
lsV~l rFkk cgqvk;keh lad¢rd¨a d¢ vkadM+¨a dk Á;¨x fd;k tk;sxkfQygky<br />
<strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ ckjs <strong>esa</strong> <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> d¨Ã rkt+k vuqla/kku<br />
vFkok vkadM+s miyC/k ughe gSa blfy, vkxs dk v/;;u bl<br />
egRoiw.kZ varj d¨ iwjk djus <strong>esa</strong> lgk;d g¨xk- <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/kZu o<br />
Hkwfeghu y¨x¨a dh vk; d¨ lhfer vFkok de djus okys egaxkÃ<br />
rFkk etnwjh nj lacU/kh vkadM+¨a dk Hkh fo‘ys“k.k fd;k tk;sxkxgu<br />
v/;;u d¢ fy, dqN {ks=¨a dh igpku dj mud¢<br />
ifjokj¨a d¢ loZs{k.k d¢ vk/kkj ij ns‘kkarjh; vkadM+s ,df=r fd,<br />
tk,axs- bls lkekftd vkÆFkd rF;¨a] y¨x¨a ls ckrphr dj]<br />
lkekftd js[kkadUk dj ] uhfr;¨a dk fo‘ys“k.kkRed v/;;u rFkk<br />
vkthfodk d¢ r©j rjhd¨a dk v/;;u dj y¨x¨a d¢ thoar<br />
mnkgj.k¨a d¢ vkadM+¨a ls laiw.kZ cuk;k tk;sxk-<br />
v/;;u <strong>esa</strong> &<br />
& <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> dk ft+yk Lrj ij fofo/k lad¢rd¨[k<br />
d¢ vk/kkj ij ekufp=.k fd;k tk;sxk-<br />
& ,d rjQ r¨ O;kid Lrj ij miyC/k iSuy MkVk lsV~l<br />
dk bLrseky dj <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong>XkzLr {ks=¨a dh<br />
ns‘kkarjh; igpku dh tk,xh ogha xgu v/;;u d¢<br />
fy, pqus x, vkB {ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> 30 ls 50 ifjokj¨a¼ <strong>fu</strong>/kZu<br />
rFkk lkekU; ifjokj¨a d¨ lfEefyr dj½ d¢ vk/kkj ij<br />
lw{ke Lrjh; iSuy MkVk rS;kj fd;k tk,xk-<br />
& <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong> d¢ ekufp=.k d¢ vk/kkj ij vkB {ks=¨a<br />
dk p;u dj ogka d¢ xgu v/;;u d¢ ckn lkeus vkus<br />
okys fo“k;¨a d¨ xgjkà ls le>us rFkk mu ij ij<br />
vuqla/kku d¢ fy, cgqLrjh; ny¨a dk Ámv¨x fd;k<br />
tk;sxk- v/;;u d¢ fy, p;<strong>fu</strong>r fd, tk jgs vkB {ks=¨a<br />
88
<strong>esa</strong> nks nwjLFk Xkzkeh.k {ks=¨a ls] nks xSj <strong>fu</strong>/kZu vFkok<br />
<strong>fu</strong>/kZUkrk dk Lrj de djus <strong>esa</strong> lQy g¨ jgs {ks=¨a ls] 2<br />
foink XkzLr {ks=¨a ls] rFkk nks lkekftd fookn ls<br />
ÁHkkfoRk {ks=¨a ls ¼,d tkfroknh@lkewfgd >xM+¨a ls<br />
ÁHkkfor rFkk nwljk u‘tkrh; fookn¨a ls ÁHkkfor½ fy,<br />
tkxs- xgu v/;;u ,d uewuk v/;;u ls vkjaHk g¨xk<br />
rkfd mld¢ vuqHko¨a d¨ vkxs d¢ v/;;u¨a <strong>esa</strong> bLrseky<br />
fd;k tk ld¢vkB¨a<br />
{ks=¨a <strong>esa</strong> ÁR;sd {ks= <strong>esa</strong> ml bykd¢ dh <strong><strong>fu</strong>jarj</strong> <strong>fu</strong>/<strong>kZurk</strong><br />
ls lEcfU/kr vuqla/kku lkfeXkzh d¢ ladyu d¢ fy, O;oLFkk LFkkfir<br />
dh tk;sxh- vuqla/kku ;¨tukv¨a rFkk mld¢ ifj.kke¨a ij dke<br />
djus d¢ fy, LFkkuh; uhfr;ka Hkh cukà tk;saxha- bldk ,d edln<br />
LFkkuh; Lrj ij <strong>fu</strong>.kkZ;d laLFkkv¨a¼jkT; ljdkj] ft+yk Á‘kklu<br />
rFkk xSj ljdkjh laxBu¨a½ d¨ vuqla/kku <strong>esa</strong> lgHkkxh cukuk g¨xk-<br />
lanHkZ % vkpk;Z] lkjFkh] 1989% <strong>Hkkjr</strong> <strong>esa</strong> Ñf“k etnwjh&,d foLr`r<br />
fo‘ys“k.k( bafM;u tuZy vkQ bdkWukfeDl] o“kZ 44] vad 2]<br />
vÁSy&twu<br />
89
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