India scientist

vrhr ds 

izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfud 

vjfoUn xqIrk 

fp=kkadu% dSju gSMkWd

fo"k;&lwph 

vjnkflj dqjlsRth -------------------------------------------- 1 

uSu flag jkor --------------------------------------------------- 6 

txnh'k panz cksl -------------------------------------------- 10 

iziQqYy panz js ------------------------------------------------- 14 

#fp jke lkguh ---------------------------------------------- 18 

Mh-,u- okfM;k ----------------------------------------------- 22 

Jhfuokl jkekuqtu ------------------------------------------- 26 

lh-ohjeu ---------------------------------------------------- 30 

f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk ------------------------------------------ 35 

chjcy lkguh ------------------------------------------------ 39 

ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu -------------------------------------------- 44 

iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl ---------------------------------- 49 

es?kukn lkgk --------------------------------------------------- 53 

lR;sUnz ukFk cksl --------------------------------------------- 57 

'kakfr Lo:i HkVukxj --------------------------------------- 61 

;sykizxnk lqCckjko ------------------------------------------- 65 

lyhe vyh ---------------------------------------------------- 69 

ds-,l- Ñ".ku ------------------------------------------------ 74 

oh-,u- f'kjksMdj -------------------------------------------- 78 

Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh ------------------------------------------------ 82 

iapkuu ekgs'ojh ---------------------------------------------- 86 

bjkorh dosZ ---------------------------------------------------- 90 

ch-ih- iky ----------------------------------------------------- 94 

Mh-Mh- dkslEch ---------------------------------------------- 98 

gkseh HkkHkk -----------------------------------------------------103 

lqczkefu;u panz'ks[kj ---------------------------------------107 

foØe lkjkHkkbZ -----------------------------------------------111 

deyk lksgksuh ------------------------------------------------115 

ykSjh csdj -----------------------------------------------------119 

vUuk ef.k -----------------------------------------------------123 

oh- jkekfyaxkLokeh -----------------------------------------127 

th-,u- jkepanzu ---------------------------------------------131 

gjh'k panz ------------------------------------------------------135 

,-,l isUVy --------------------------------------------------138 

,-ih- fe=kk ----------------------------------------------------142 

,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw ------------------------------------------146 

ih-ds- lsBh ---------------------------------------------------150 

f'kojkekÑ".ku panz'ks[kj ----------------------------------154 

vfuy vxzoky ----------------------------------------------158

ifjp; 

eSa cgqr g"kZ ds lkFk ikBdksa ls vrhr ds izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfud iqLrd 

i

izLrkouk 

bl iqLrd ds fopkj us 28 iQjojh 2008 dks tUe fy;kA ekSdk Fkk jk"Vªh; foKku fnol 

dk vkSj LFkku Fkk bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl vlksfl,'ku (bUlk) ubZ fnYyhA eq>s ogka bUlk 

ds vè;{k izks fot;u ds gkFkksa foKku izlkj ds fy, bafnjk xak/h iqjQLdkj feyuk FkkA 

ckrphr ds nkSjku izks fot;u us eq>ls bUlk ds 75 o"kZ (IySfVue tqcyh) iwjs gksus ds 

miy{k esa ^foy{k.k Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa* ds ckjs esa ,d yksdfiz; iqLrd fy[kus dk vkxzg 

fd;kA mUgksausa dgk] îqLrd vrhr ds oSKkfudksa ds ckjs esa gks vkSj iBuh; gksA iqLrd 

esa vPNs fp=k gkas ftlls cPps mls pko ls iko lfefr 

esa vkeaf=kr fd;kA eSa bl desVh ds fo}ku lnL;ksa dks csgn vkHkkjh gwaA ;s yksx u dsoy 

nqfu;k ds pksVh ds oSKkfud gSa ijarq os lHkh csgn laosnu'khy balku Hkh gSaA 

oSKkfudksa dk p;u 

dqN cSBdksa ds ckn 40 oSKkfudksa dh lwph rS;kj gqbZA oSKkfudksa dks fdl vk/kj ij 

pquk x;k\ lcls igys ukscsy izWkbTk ls lEekfur oSKkfudksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA fiQj 

mu oSKkfudksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k tks iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) ds 

lnL; pqus x, FksA uSu flag jkor dk uke ,d lkglh losZ;j ds 

:i esa mHkjkA mUgksauas oks dke fd;k ftls xksjs vaxzst [kqn djus esa 

foiQy jgsA mUgksauas fgeky; esa frCcr vkSj Ygklk tSls nqfeZy {ks=kksa 

dk losZ{k.k fd;kA bl dke ds fy, mUgsa Lo;a vaxzstksa us foDVksfj;k 

esMy ls lEekfur fd;kA bUlk us dqN uke lq>k,A buesa ls iatkc 

ds iz[;kr foKku izlkjd jQfp jke lkguh vkSj djksM+ksa yksxksa dh 

tku cpkus okys & VsVjklkbZfDyu ds vUos"kd ;sYykiznk lqCckjko

ds uke pqus x,A ns'k ds lcls iz[;kr i{kh fujh{kd vkSj la'kks/d lyhe vyh vkSj 

Hkkjrh; Lisl dk;ZØe ds laLFkkid foØe lkjkHkkbZ ds uke Hkh 'kjhd fd, x,A dqN 

de iz[;kr oSKkfudksa dss ukeksa dks Hkh lwph esa tksM+k x;kA bu foy{k.k yksxksa dk ;ksxnku 

Hkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA izks nkeksnj /ekZuan dkslEch & xf.krK ,oa bfrgkldkj] f'kjksMdj 

fLVp ds vkfo"dkjd MkDVj f'kjksMdj] t;iqj iQqV ds fMtkbuj MkDVj izeksn d.kZ lsBh] 

i;kZjoj.kfon~ vfuy vxzoky vkSj gtkjksa yksxksa ds fy, lLrs ?kjksa ds vkdhZVsDV ykWjh 

csdj dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA 1978 esa eq>s ykWjh csdj ds lkFk dqN le; dke djus 

dk ekSdk feyk FkkA blfy, lwph esa mudk uke ns[k dj eq>s vikj izlUurk gqbZA 

^blesa efgyk oSKkfud D;ksa ugha gSa\* izks xkMfxy us ,d fnu iwNkA mUgksausa iz[;kr 

ekuo'kkL=kh (,UFkzksikWyksftLV) izks bjkorh dosZ dk uke Hkh lq>k;kA lkSHkkX; ls mlh le; 

,d vuwBh iqLrd ^yhykorhl MkWVlZ* dk foekspu gqvkA blesa 100 Hkkjrh; efgyk 

oSKkfudksa us vius thou dh la?k"kZ xkFkk;ksa dks vius 'kCnksa esa 

c;ka fd;k FkkA bl iqLrd dh lgk;rk ls ge nks vU; 

iz[;kr efgyk oSKkfudksa & vUuk ef.k vkSj deyk lksgksuh 

ds ukeksa dks tksM+ ik,A enZ&iz/ku foKku ds {ks=k esa bu 

efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku okLro esa cstksM+ FkkA 

efgyk oSKkfudksa dh la[;k de D;ksa\ 

;g ,d laxhu fo"k; gS & pkyhl 'kh"kZ Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dh lwph eas dsoy 

rhu gh efgyk,a D;ksa\ chl D;ksa ugha\ dkj.k Li"V gS & iqjQ"k&iz/ku lekt esa vkxs c

vkt fLFkfr igys ls fuf'pr gh csgrj gSA ,d vuqeku 

ds vuqlkj orZeku esa nl yk[k ls vf/d Hkkjrh; 

efgyk oSKkfud gSaA ;g lpeqp ,d g"kZ dh ckr gSA 

iqLrd fy[kus dh ftEesnkjh Lohdkj djus ds ckn eSa 

mleas iwjh rjg Mwc x;k vkSj /hjs&/hjs blesa eq>s yqRiQ 

Hkh vkus yxkA lkSHkkX; ls Mk dSju gsMkSd us iqLrd ds 

fp=k vkSj mls fMtkbu djus dh ftEesnkjh dks LohdkjkA 

dSju] ckW;ksfiQftDl esa ih,pMh gaS vkSj oks fiNys 20 

lkyksa ls Hkkjr esa gSaA muds ekrk&firk nksuksa fp=kdkj Fks vkSj ;g dyk mUgsa olh;r esa 

feyh gSA mUgksausa gks'kaxkckn foKku dk;ZØe dh ^cky&oSKkfud* iqLrdksa esa vius ltho 

fp=kksa ls ,d ubZ tku iQwadhA dSju dh jtkeanh ds ckn eq>s ,d vPNh vkSj lqanj fdrkc 

rS;kj gksus dk Hkjkslk gqvkA bl iqLrd esa esjk ;ksxnku cgqr FkksM+k gSA vxj ;g iqLrd 

yksdfiz; gksxh rks bldk iwjk Js; dSju ds lqanj fp=kksa dks tk,xkA 

yksxksa ds tgu esa oSKkfudksa dh ,d f?klh&fiVh Nfo gksrh gS & ,sls yksx 

tks liQsn dksV igus fnu&jkr iz;ksx'kkyk esa 'kks/dk;Z djrs gSaA ijarq vke 

yksxksa dh rjg oSKkfudksa dh ftanxh ds Hkh reke vk;ke gksrs gSaA iqLrd 

esa oSKkfudksa dh thoup;kZ vkSj 'kks/dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk dqN jkspd 

tkudkfj;ka Hkh tksM+h xbZ gSaA mUgsa foKku dh izsj.kk dSls feyh\ D;k 

cpiu dk dksbZ [kkl vuqHko blds fy, ftEesnkj Fkk\ D;k bl izsj.kk 

ds ihNs dksbZ fo'ks"k O;fDr & mudh eka ;k dksbZ f'k{kd Fkk\ iqLrd esa oSKkfudksa ds 

thou ds dqN O;fDrxr i{kksa dks Hkh latks;k x;k gSA dqN dfork,a fy[krs FksA dqN dks 

fp=kdkjh dk 'kkSd FkkA dqN dks rst jÝrkj ls cM+h eksVjlkbfdysa pykus dk pLdk Fkk! 

thou ds ekuoh; i{kksa dks tksM+us ls oSKkfudksa ds O;fDrRo dh ,d cgq&vk;keh Nfo 

rS;kj gksrh gSA 

iqLrd dh lykgdkj lfefr bl ik.Mqfyfi dks vaxzsth vkSj fganh 

esa ,d&lkFk izdkf'kr djus dk lq>ko fn;kA lfefr us iqLrd ds 

O;kid izpkj&izlkj ds fy, mls baVjusV ij Mkyus dh fliQkfj'k 

Hkh dhA eq>s vk'kk gS fd ikBd bl iqLrd dks ilan djsaxs vkSj 

bldk reke Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gksxkA eSa viuh iRuh lquhrk 

vkSj lkFkh dk;ZdrkZ fonqyk ds lg;ksx dk rgs&fny ls 

'kqØxqtkj gwaA bu nksuksa us 'kqjQvkr ds esjs lHkh 

ys[kksa dks iko fn,A 

vjfoUn xqIrk 

02 vDVwcj 2009

vjnkflj dqjlsRth 

(1808 - 1877) 

cgqr de Hkkjrokfl;ksa us gh vjnkflj dqjlsRth dk uke lquk gksxkA cgqr de yksx bl 

ckr ls voxr gksaxs fd cEcbZ dk ;g ejhu baftfu;j 27 ebZ 1841 dks jkW;y lkslk;Vh 

dk igyk Hkkjrh; lnL; cukA jkW;y lkslkbVh dh vxyh iQsyksf'ki 75 o"kZ ckn iz[;kr 

xf.krK Jhfuokl jkekuqtu dks iznku dh xbZA 

vaxzsth 'kkld Hkkjr esa vius O;kikfjd vkSj jktuSfrd izHkqRo dks dk;e j[kuk pkgrs 

FksA blds fy, mUgksausa foKku vkSj mHkjrh ubZ rduhdksa 

dk lgkjk fy;kA mUgksausa Hkki&pfyr tgktksa }kjk 

baXySaM vkSj Hkkjr ds chp ;k=kk ds le; dks de 

fd;kA jsy vkSj VsyhxzkiQ dk rkuk&ckuk cqudj 

vaxzstksa us dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dh idM+ vkSj 

etcwr dhA lapkj ds bu ekè;eksa ls yxku 

vkSj VSDl dh olwyh Hkh T;knk gqbZA eqV~Bh Hkj 

vaxsztksa ds fy, brus cM+s fganqLrku dks fu;a=k.k 

esa j[kuk ,d vlaHko dk;Z FkkA ;g dke fganqLrkfu;ksa 

dh enn ds fcuk dj ikuk ukeqefdu FkkA 'kq# 

esa vaxzstksa us dqN fganqLrkfu;ksa dks ukSdfj;ka nh 

& mís'; lkiQ Fkk & fganqLrku vkSj 

mldh teha dks le>ukA ckn esa vaxzstksa 

us DydhZ vkSj eqa'khfxjh dh Vªsfuax 

nsus ds fy, dqN Ldwy Hkh LFkkfir 

fd,A bl ubZ f'k{kk ls dqN 

Hkkjrh;ksa esa jk"Vªh; eqfDr dh 

Hkkouk Hkh tkx`r gqbZA 

1

dqjlsRlh ds ifjokj us ,d yEcs vlsZ ls vaaxzstksa dh tgkt cukus esa enn dh 

FkhA muds ,d iqj[ks ykvksth uqljokuth (okfM;k) lwjr ds cUnjxkg esa cxkao fLFkr vius caxys vkSj cxhps dks xSl dh 

cfRr;ksa ls jks'ku fd;kA 

tYn gh mUgsa îzSfDVdy* Dyklsl ysus ds fy, ,yhiQsaLVu bafLVV~;wV esa 

cqyk;k x;kA mUgksaus ogka Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa dks ;akf=kdh vkSj jklk;fud 

foKku fl[kk;kA rhu lky ckn oks baXySaM fLFkr jkW;y ,f'k;kfVd 

lkslkbVh ds vizoklh lnL; pqus x,A 

dqjlsRth us vc ,d lky baXySaM eas xqtkjus dh lksphA ogka oks ikuh ds tgktksa esa yxus 

okys batuksa dh uohure tkudkjh gkfly djuk pkgrs FksA bl ;k=kk esa dqjlsRth vius 

ukSdjkas dks Hkh lkFk ys x, D;ksafd oks dsoy ikjfl;ksa ds gkFk dk idk [kkuk gh [kkrs 

FksA /kfeZd ekeyksa esa dqjlsRth dkiQh dV~Vjoknh FksA baXySaM esa mUgsa ,d ukStoku ikjlh 

feyk tks ikjlh Vksi ugha igus FkkA dqjlsRth dks ;g ckr vkifRrtud yxhA baXySaM esa 

dqjlsRth dks ogka dh laln & gkWml vkWiQ dkWeUl dh cSBd esa Hkh vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA 

O;Lr jgus ds ckotwn dqjlsRth yanu ls T;knk izHkkfor ugha gq,A baXySaM dh jkW;y 

Vdlky mUgsa cEcbZ dh Vdlky dh rqyuk esa dgha xbZ&xqtjh yxhA mUgsa cEcbZ dh rqyuk 

esa yanu dh lM+dsa Hkh T;knk xanh yxhaA 

O;olkfld f'k{k.k ds fygkt ls dqjlsRth dk ;g nkSjku cgqr liQy jgkA oks dbZ fczfV'k 

ukeh&fxjkeh laLFkkvksa ds lnL; Hkh cus ftuesa & bafLVV~;w'ku vkWiQ flfoy baftfu;lZ] 

lkslkbVh vkWiQ vkV~Wl ,UM lkbUl vkSj fczfV'k ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj n ,MokalesaV vkWiQ 

lkbUl 'kkfey FkhaA okil ykSVus ij dqjlsRth dh fu;qfDr vaxzstksa dh LVhe dEiuh vkSj 

iQkmaMªh esa] phiQ baftfu;j vkSj baLiSDVj ds in ij gqbZA mudh ru[okg vc 600 #i, 

eghuk Fkh] tks igys dh ru[okg ls Ng 

xquk T;knk FkhA 

1841 esa tc dqjlsRth baXySaM esa Fks rc 

mUgsa iz[;kr jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki 

ls uoktk x;kA mudk uke dbZ 

izHkko'kkyh yksxksa us izLrkfor fd;kA 

buesa ls nks yksx ckn esa bafLV~V;w'ku 

vkWiQ flfoy baftfu;lZ ds vè;{k 

cus] ,d bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dk 

ps;jeSu cuk vkSj ,d vU; 

jkW;y lkslkbVh dk vè;{k 

cukA 

2 3

jkW;y lkslkbVh dh orZeku esa Nfo] iz[;kr oSKkfudksa ds ,d laxBu ds :i esa gSA ijarq 

chloha 'krkCnh ds 'kq# esa jkW;y lkslk;Vh lEHkzakr yksxksa dk egt ,d Dyc FkkA ;g yksx 

izÑfr] xf.kr vkSj baftfu;fjax ds vykok îzk;ksfxd* foKku dh reke 'kk[kkvksa esa Hkh 

#fp j[krs FksA ml le; dh ekU;rkvksa ds vuqlkj ogka ds lekt us dqjlsRth dks ,d 

dq'ky baaftfu;j vkSj foKku ds izlkjd ds :i esa ns[kkA 

jkW;y lkslkbVh dh lnL;rk dqjlsRth ds fy, egt ,d O;fDrxr miyfC/ gh jghA bl 

f[krkc ls u rks muds ns'koklh izHkkfor gq, vkSj u gh mudh dksbZ is'ksoj mUufr gqbZZA 

tc 1 vizSy 1841 dks dqjlsRth Hkkjr ykSVs rks dbZ ;wjksih; viQlj muds v/hu FksA 

dqjlsRth igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftuds uhps xksjs yksxksa us dke fd;kA muds LVkiQ esa pkj xksjs 

iQksjeSu] 100 xksjs ckW;yj&esdj vkSj baftfu;j FksA lkFk esa 200 fgUnqLrkuh dkjhxj Hkh 

FksA mudh fu;qfDr ls dbZ xksjs ukjkt Hkh gq,A vaxztksa dh rjiQnkjh djus okys v[kckj 

ckWEcs VkbEl us viuh ukjktxh tkfgj djrs gq, fy[kk] ^pkgsa okss fdruk Hkh is lkiQ ;kn gS & oks cgqr /hjs&/hjs vkSj Li"V 'kCnksa esa cksyk tSls fd oks fdlh 

NksVs cPps ls ckr dj jgk gksA mlus gekjs iz'uksa dk mRrj cgqr l/h gqbZ vkokt 

esa fn;kA mldh vaxzsth ge yksxksa dh vaxzsth ls dgha csgrj FkhA 

le; Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ds v/hu Fkh vkSj 1863 esa mldk fo?kVu gqvkA dEiuh cUn gksus 

ds ckn dqjlsRth us mlls bLrhiQk fn;k vkSj mlds ckn oks fjpeaM] baXySaM esa tkdj cl 

x, tgka 18 uoEcj 1877 dks mudk nsgkUr gqvkA 

;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd reke miyfC/;ksa ds ckotwn dqjlsRth xqeuke gh jgsA Hkkjrh; 

oSKkfud 'kks/ dk dsUnz cEcbZ ls gV dydRrk pyk x;k FkkA dydRrs ds yksxksa dks 

dqjlsRth ds dke ds ckjs esa dqN irk ugha FkkA 'kk;n blh otg ls Hkkjr dk igyk 

vk/qfud baftfu;j dHkh Hkh gekjs ns'kokfl;ksa ds fy, ,d jksy&ekWMy ugha cu ik;kA 

Hkkjr ljdkj us ns'k ds bl egku iq=k dh Le`fr esa ,d Mkd fVdV vo'; tkjh fd;kA 

iQjojh 1851 esa dqjlsRth us ,d LVhej ykap fd;k ftldk uke ^ykvksth iQSfeyh* FkkA 

LVhej dk gjsd dy&iqtkZ nslh Fkk vkSj dqjlsRth ds ?kj esa yxs dkj[kkus esa cuk FkkA 

cEcbZ 'kgj dk ifjp; flykbZ e'khu] iQksVksxzkiQh vkSj ,yDVªks&IysfVax ls djkus okys 

dqjlsRth igys O;fDr FksA 

1861 esa mUgksaus baM~l ÝyksfVyk dEiuh esa phiQ lqifjaVsaMsUV dk in lEHkkyk vkSj bl 

dEiuh dh dksVjh] fla/ fLFkr lHkh iQSfDVª;ksa dh ckxMksj lEHkkyhA ÝyksfVyk dEiuh ml 

4 5

uSu flag jkor 

(1830 - 1895) 

Hkkjr esa viuk lkezkT; LFkkfir djus ds ckn ;g r; Fkk fd vaxzstksa dh fuxkgsa fgeky; 

{ks=k dh vikj lEink ij iM+saxhA ij ;g dke vklku u FkkA phu ds lezkV us frCcr 

dh lhek,a fonsf'k;ksa ds fy, lhy dj nh Fkha vkSj mYya?ku dh ltk ekSr FkhA losZ{k.k 

foHkkx ds dbZ lwjek bl nqxZe {ks=k dk losZ djrs gq, 

'kghn gks pqds FksA var esa FkkWel ekaVsxksejh dks ,d 

foy{k.k mik; lw>kA D;ksa u ykekvksa ds os'k esa 

Hkkjrh; ^tklwl* ogka Hkstks vkSj bu nqxZe LFkkuksa 

ds uD'ks cuokvksA pqus yksxksa ds ukd&uD'k 

frCcfr;ksa tSls gksa] os igkM+h rkSj&rjhdksa ls okfdiQ 

gksa] i

uSu flag us 1865 dh xfeZ;ka vius iqjkus fdLe ds midj.kksa ds lkFk 

Ygklk eas ?kwers gq, fcrk;haA [kkus ds fy, oks xqtjrs yksxksa ls Hkh[k 

ekaxrkA tuojh 1866 esa oks Ygklk igqapk vkSj ogka ,d iQdhj tSls 

jgus yxkA mlus ,d /eZ'kkyk esa dbZ gÝrs fcrk,A jkr ds le; 

oks /eZ'kkyk dh Nr ls rkjksa dk vè;;u djrkA ikuh mcyus ds 

rkieku ds vk/kj ij mlus leqnz rV ls Ygklk dh mQapkbZ dk 

vuqeku 3240 ehVj yxk;kA vkt uohure midj.kksa }kjk ;g 

mQapkbZ 3540 ehVj ekih xbZ gS! rkjksa dh dks.kh; mQapkbZ ukidj uSu 

flag us Ygklk ds v{kka'k dk vuqeku Hkh yxk;kA 

vizSy esa uSu flag vius lkjs midj.k cVksj dj ,d dkjoka ls lkFk okil Hkkjr ykSVkA 

dkjoka frCcr dh ,d izeq[k unh lkaxiks ds lkFk&lkFk if'pe dh vksj c

txnh'k panz cksl 

(1858 - 1937) 

1895 esa eWkjdksuh us okW;jysl ds ekè;e ls ,d lans'k Hkstk vkSj mls ,d ehy nwjh 

ij fjlhoj }kjk idM+kA ijarq blls nks lky igys izslhMsalh dkWyst ds txnh'k panz cksl 

us yxHkx blh oSKkfud iz;ksx dks turk ds chp fn[kk;k FkkA mUgksaus oWk;jysl dh enn 

ls ,d ehy nwj fLFkr ?kaVh ctkbZ FkhA cksl us jsfM;ks rjaxksa vkSj ikS/ksa ds oSKkfud {ks=kksa 

esa ekSfyd ;ksxnku fn;kA ikS/ksa dh laosnu'khyrk dk mUgsa xgjk Kku FkkA vDlj muds 

Nk=k etkd djrs vkSj vius izksiQslj ij ikS/ksa ls ckrphr djus dk vkjksi yxkrs! 

cksl dk tUe 30 uoEcj 1858 dks eSeuflag] ckaXYkkns'k esa gqvkA muds firk Hkxoku panz 

cksl ,d ljdkjh vf/dkjh FksA mUgsa viuh ekr` Hkk"kk ckaXyk vkSj xjhc yksxksa ls csgn 

yxko FkkA mUgksauas csjkstxkjksa dks dke nsus dh dksf'k'k dh ijarq bl iz;kl esa oks [kqn 

xgjs dtZ esa Mwc x,A firk ds vkn'kks± us txnh'k panz 

dks thou Hkj izsfjr fd;kA 

cpiu esa txnh'k panz ,d ckaXyk ekè;e 

ds LFkkuh; Ldwy esa i

midj.kksa ds dbZ dy&iqtksZa & osoxkWbM] ysal ,aVsuk] iksyjWkbtj] MkbZ&bysfDVªd 

ysal] fizTe vkSj fMiQjSD'ku xzsfVaXl dh >yd gesa igyh ckj muds iz;ksxksa 

esa feyrh gSA buesa ls dbZ midj.kksa ds os [kqn vkfo"dkjd Fks & blesa 

twV dk iksyjvkbZtj 'kkfey gS! cksl }kjk xyhuk ls cuk, fjlhoj dks 

1904 esa isaVsUV Hkh feykA 

V~fofLVM twV 

iksfyjkbZtj 

1977 ds ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk vkSj VªkaftLVj ds vfo"dkjd izks- fczVu 

ds vuqlkj cksl oks igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksausa lsehdaMDVj dk mi;ksx dj 

loZizFke jsfM;ks rjaxsa idM+haA 1977 ds ,d vU; ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk usfoy ekWV ds 

vuqlkj cksl vius vuqla/ku esa nqfu;k ls 60 o"kZ vkxs FksA mUgksausa ;gka rd dgk fd 

cksl dks ^,u&VkWbi vkSj ih&VkWbi lsehdaMDVj ds ekStwn gksus dk iwokZuqeku FkkA* 

cksl dh #fp ?kVukvksa ds dsoy oSKkfud i{k esa Fkh mls isVsUV dj mlls /u dekus 

esa ughaA tcfd muds ledkyhu ekWjdksuh dh utj mlds O;kolkf;d i{k ij FkhA 

ekWjdksuh us rRdky u, vkfo"dkj dh lEHkkoukvksa dks igpkuk vkSj okW;jySl midj.k 

fuekZ.k dj muls [kwc equkiQk dek;kA 

cksl ,d 'kSf{kd nkSjs ij ;wjksi x, tgka mudh HksaV ykWMZ dsfYou vkSj fÚVtsjYM ls 

gqbZA ;g yksx ml le; ds vxz.kh oSKkfud FksA 1897 ds vklikl cksl dh #fp esa 

,dne cnyko vk;kA tks fjlhoj (dksfgjj) mUgksaus fofdj.k

iziQqYy panz js 

(1861 - 1944) 

^;dhu ugha gksrk fd lkns fyckl vkSj ljy vkpj.k okyk 

;g O;fDr bruk cM+k oSKkfud vkSj izksiQslj gksxkA* 

& xak/h 

1860&69 ds n'kd esa vius ns'k esa dbZ egkjfFk;ksa us tUe fy;k & jchUnzukFk Bkdqj] 

eksrhyky usg:] enu eksgu ekyoh; vkSj Lokeh foosdkuanA bl lwph esa ,d vU; izcq¼ 

O;fDr dk uke Hkh 'kkfey gS & iziQqYy panz jsA 

iziQqYy panz js dk tUe 2 vxLr 1861 dks ,d xkao esa 

gqvkA ;g xkao vc cakXykns'k ds [kqyuk ftys esa fLFkr gSA 

'kq# ds pan lky rks iziQqYy us xkao esa gh fcrk,A mlds ckn 

muds firk gjh'k panz vius cPpksa dh vPNh f'k{kk dh 

[kkfrj dydRrs vk x,A cpiu ls gh lekt lq/ 

kjdksa dk & fo'ks"kdj cãks lekt dk iziQqYy 

ij xgjk vlj iM+kA oks izsthMsalh dkWyst esa 

i

js ds 'kks/ dk {ks=k dkiQh O;kid FkkA 'kq# esa mUgksasuas Hkkstu esa feykoV ds fo"k; ij dke 

fd;kA ihfj;kfMd Vscy ds vKkr rRoksa dks

#fp jke lkguh 

(1863 - 1948) 

#fp jke lkguh ,d izcq¼ f'k{kkfon Fks mUgksausa iatkc ds nwj&njkt bykdksa esa foKku ds 

izlkj dk egRoiw.kZ dke fd;kA mudk tUe 5 vizSy 1863 

dks Msjk bLekby [kku uke ds NksVs 'kgj esa gqvk FkkA ;g 

'kgj vc ikfdLrku esa gSA dqN le; rd ,d vukSipkfjd 

Ldwy esa is jkstejkZ dh ftanxh esa xf.kr ds 

egRo dks le>kuk FkkA igkM+sa egt jVus dh pht ugha 

FksA mudk thou ls ljksdkj Fkk vkSj dqN xyrh djus ij 

/a/s esa uqdlku gks ldrk FkkA lgh vkSj rsth ls fglkc 

yxk ikuk O;kikj dh mUufr ds fy, t:jh FkkA* 

ij tYn gh #fp jke dks ,d xgjk >Vdk yxkA dbZ tgktksa ds flU/q unh esa Mwcus ds 

dkj.k muds firk dk O;kikj rckg gks x;kA #fp jke dk nkf[kyk ppZ ds fe'ku Ldwy 

esa djk fn;k x;kA Ldwy ds rhu Nk=kksa }kjk blkbZ /eZ viukus ds ckn Ldwy can dj 

fn;k x;kA mlds ckn eaMh esa fcdh mit ds nku ls ,d lkeqnkf;d Ldwy 'kq# fd;k 

x;kA ianzg lky dh mez esa #fp jke fefMy Ldwy ijh{kk esa loZizFke mRrhZ.k gq, vkSj 

mUgksaus >ax fLFkr gkbZ Ldwy esa nkf[kyk fy;kA dqN gh fnuksa ckn firkth dh rfc;r [kjkc 

gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa okil ?kj tkuk iM+kA

1887 esa lkguh us xojesaV dkWyst ykgkSj esa vflLVsaV izksiQslj ds in ij foKku i

Mh- ,u- okfM;k 

(1883 - 1969) 

nkjk'kkg ukS'ksjoku okfM;k Hkkjr ds lcls izcq¼ Hkw&'kkL=kh FksA mUgksausa ns'k esa Hkw&foKku 

dh uhao j[khA Hkkjrh; Hkw&'kkL=k ij mudk 'kks/ vkSj n`f"Vdks.k vkt Hkh loZekU; gSA 

okfM;k dk tUe 23 vDVwcj 1883 dks lwjr esa gqvkA oks vjnkflj dqjlsRth ds ifjokj 

ds FksA vjnkflj dqjlsrth lqizfl¼ tgkt fMtkbuj Fks vkSj ,iQvkj,l ls lEekfur fd, 

tkus okys igys Hkkjrh; FksA okfM;k ds firk LVs'ku ekLVj Fks vkSj mudh iksfLVax ,d 

nwj&njkt fLFkr LVs'ku ij FkhA ogka vPNs Ldwy u gksus ds dkj.k okfM;k viuh nknh 

ds lkFk lwjr esa jg dj gh i

esa bafLV~V;wV iQkWj fgekfy;u ft;ksfyth LFkkfir djus esa liQy 

gq,A 1968 ls ,d o"kZ rd oks mlds laLFkkid funs'kd Hkh 

jgsA ckn esa mudh ;kn esa laLFkk dk uke cny dj okfM;k 

bafLV~V;wV iQkWj fgekfy;u ft;ksfyth dj fn;k x;kA mUgksausa dbZ 

vU; jk"Vªh; Lrj dh laLFkkuksa ds LFkkiu esa vge Hkwfedk 

fuHkkbZ buesa uS'kuy ft;ksfiQftdy fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV] gSnjkckn vkSj 

xksok fLFkr uS'kuy bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ vksf'kuksxzkiQh izeq[k gSaA 

1921 esa okfM;k us fizal vkWiQ osYl dkWyst NksM+ dj ft;ksykftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k 

(th,lvkbZ) esa lgk;d lqfizaVsaMsUV dk in laHkkykA ml le; mudh mez ek=k 38 lky 

dh FkhA oks igys Hkkjrh; Fks tks fcuk fdlh ;wjksih; fMxzh ds th,lvkbZ esa HkrhZ gq,A 

th,lvkbZ eas dke djus ls mUgsa mRrj&if'peh fgeky; esa 'kks/dk;Z dk Hkjiwj ekSdk 

feyk vkSj mUgksausa ;gka cgqr cqfu;knh dke fd;kA vkj-Mh- osLV us okfM;k ds dke ds 

ckjs esa fy[kk% ôkfM;k fgeky; esa tgka Hkh x, mUgksausa ogka 'kSy&foKku dh vulqy>h 

leL;kvksa ij egRoiw.kZ izdk'k MkykA* 

okfM;k us Hkw&'kkL=k lEca/h yxHkx lkS 'kks/&i=k fy[ksA 1928 esa mUgksaussa ,d thok'e 

[kksiM+h ,DVhuksMkWu [kkst fudkyhA ;g [kkst d'ehj esa igkM+ksa fuekZ.k ds ;qx dks fuf'pr 

djus esa liQy jghA oks rkacs] fufdy] lhls vkSj tLrs tSls [kfutksa ds vikj HkaMkj [kkstus 

esa Hkh liQy jgsA 

ft;ksykftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k esa dke djrs le; okfM;k us viuh NqfV~V;ka fczfV'k 

E;wft;e esa fcrk;haA ;gka mUgksausa d'ehj esa [kksts jh

Jhfuokl jkekuqtu 

(1887 - 1920) 

^gekjs ns'k esa HkkLdjkpk;Z ds vkB lkS lky ckn dsoy ,d vU; fo'o&Lrjh; 

xf.krK iSnk gqvkA mldk uke Fkk jkekuqtu vkSj oks dkWyst dk izFke o"kZ Hkh ikl 

ugha dj ik;kA Hkkjr us mls tUe] Hkq[kejh] {k;jksx vkSj vlkef;d e`R;q nhA fczfV'k 

xf.krK gkMhZ dks bl ckr dk iwjk Js; gS fd mUgksausa jkekuqtu dh foy{k.krk dks 

igpkuk vkSj mUgsa baXySaM cqykdj mudh izfrHkk dks iQyus&iQwyus fn;kA* 

& nkeksnj /ekZuan dkslach 

Hkkjrh; xf.krK jkekuqtu us ?kksj xjhch vkSj f'k{kk ds 

vHkko esa Hkh xf.kr ds {ks=k esa fo'oLrjh; dke fd;kA 

vkt mudk uke nqfu;k ds pksVh ds xf.krKksa esa fxuk tkrk 

gSA 

jkekuqtu dk tUe 22 fnlEcj 1887 dks enzkl ls 400 

fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr bjksM esa gqvkA muds firk ,d lkM+h 

dh nqdku esa ukSdjh djrs FksA ?kj esa xjhch dk cksyckyk 

FkkA jkstejkZ dh phtksa dh tqxkM+ dj ikuk Hkh cM+k 

nq'okj FkkA jkekuqtu dh eka dkseyFkkvEey vius 

fopkjksa dh iDdh Fkha vkSj vius csVs ds mRFkku 

ds fy, n`

fy, etcwj gq,A 1912 esa mUgsa 

enzkl iksVZ VªLV ds ys[kk&tks[kk 

foHkkx esa ,d DydZ dh ukSdjh 

feyhA ogka ds izeq[k vdkmUVsUV 

ukjk;.k jko ,d xf.krK FksA 

iksVZ VªLV ds ps;jeSu lj Úakfll 

fLizax vkSj jko nksuksa us jkekuqtu 

dh xf.krh; izfrHkk esa [kwc 

fnypLih yhA 

jkekuqtu us vius dk;Z dks 

ewY;kadu ds fy, baXySaM ds 

The famous Landau Ramanujan constant, 

K = 0.7642236535892206629906987... 

The equation, as shown here, is very, very slow to approach K! 

xf.krKksa dks HkstkA ij D;ksafd jkekuqtu ds ikl dksbZ vkSipkfjd fMxzh ugha Fkh blfy, 

fdlh us Hkh muds dke dks xEHkhjrk ls ugha fy;kA 1913 esa jkekuqtu us th-,p- gkMhZ 

dks ,d jkspd i=k fy[kkA gkMhZ dsfEczt fo'ofo|ky; ds fVªuVh dkWyst esa ,d iz[;kr 

xf.krK FksA i=k esa jkekuqtu us fcuk 

fdlh izek.k ds 120 xf.krh; izes; 

gkMhZ dks HksthaA êSaus ,slh izes; igys 

dHkh ugha ns[kha]* gkMhZ us fy[kk] ^,d 

>yd esa eSa le> x;k fd mUgsa dksbZ 

vOoy ntsZ dk xf.krK gh fy[k ldrk 

FkkA mudk lp gksuk vfuok;Z Fkk D;ksafd 

vxj oks lp ugha gksrha rks mUgsa egt 

dYiuk }kjk jp ikuk vlaHko Fkk*A gkMhZ 

ij jkekuqtu ds i=k dk xgjk vlj gqvk 

vkSj muds gh iz;klksa ls jkekuqtu dsfEczt 

igqapsA 

'kq# esa jkekuqtu ds /kfeZd ifjokj us 

muds lkr leUnj ikj tkus ij vkifÙk 

trkbZA dqN yksxksa ds vuqlkj jkekuqtu 

dh eka dks ,d liuk vk;k ftleas 

ukefxjh nsoh us mUgsa vius csVs ds jkLrs 

esa jksM+k ugha cuus dk vkns'k fn;kA 

mlds ckn ifjokj dk fetkt ueZ iM+k 

vkSj 1914 esa jkekuqtu dsfEczt igqapsA ogka muds vuqla/ 

ku us tksj idM+k vkSj mUgksausa uEcj F;ksjh] vuar Js.kh 

vkfn fo"k;ksa ij 'kks/i=k fy[ksA 1917 esa mUgksausa lqizfl¼ 

gkMhZ&jkekuqtu fu;e jpk tks îw.kkZ±d ds foHkfDrdj.k* 

ds ckjs esa gSA jkekuqtu ds dke dh fof'k"Vrk gS mlesa 

dqN [kkl jgL;e;h fpUgksa vkSj fu;eksa dk lekos'kA 

mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lius esa ukefxjh nsoh muds dke 

dks fn'kk vkSj izsj.kk nsrh FkhaA 

1916 esa dsfEczt fo'ofo|ky; us jkekuqtu dks cSpyj vkWiQ lkbal dh fMxzh iznku dhA 

1919 esa jkekuqtu dks iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) dk lnL; euksuhr 

fd;k x;kA fo'kq¼ 'kkdkgkjh gksus ds dkj.k jkekuqtu viuk Hkkstu [kqn idkrs FksA dke 

ds vR;f/d ncko vkSj Bhd Hkkstu u feyus ds dkj.k jkekuqtu dks baXySaM esa {k;jksx 

gks x;k vkSj mUgsa vLirky esa nkf[ky gksuk iM+kA gkMhZ tc muls feyus x, rc mUgksausa 

dgk] êq>s yxrk gS fd esjh VSDlh dk uEcj 1729 Fkk tks eq>s dksbZ [kkl fo'ks"k utj 

ugha vkrk gSA* jkekuqtu us tokc fn;k] ûgha gkMhZ] ;g ,d vR;Ur jkspd uEcj gSA ;g 

oks lcls NksVh la[;k gS ftls nks ?ku&la[;kvksa ds tksM+ }kjk nks vyx&vyx izdkj ls 

fy[kk tk ldrk gSA* vktdy bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks VSDlh&dSc iz'uksa ds uke 

ls tkuk tkrk gS ftudk gy ;g lehdj.k gS 

i 3 + j 3 = k 3 + l 3 

bu uEcjksa dks vc ^jkekuqtu uEclZ* ds uke 

ls tkuk tkrk gSA dbZ iz[;kr xf.krKksa us 

jkekuqtu dh uksV~cqDl ls muds dk;Z dks 

le>us dk iz;kl fd;k gSA 

1919 esa jkekuqtu baXySaM ls okfil ykSVs vkSj 

mlh o"kZ dqEHkdks.ke esa mudk nsgkUr gks 

x;kA muds dke dks cgqr ljkgk x;kA 1962 

esa Hkkjr ljdkj us mudh 75oha o"kZxakB ij ,d Mkd fVdV Hkh tkjh fd;kA 

fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds xf.krKksa dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, baVjus'kuy 

lsaVj iQkWj F;ksfjfVdy fiQftDl (vkbZlhVhih) us jkekuqtu ds uke 

ij ,d iq#Ldkj LFkkfir fd;k gSA iq#Ldkj baVjus'kuy eSfFkeSfVdy 

;wfu;u ds lg;ksx ls fn;k tkrk gSA ;gh laLFkk iq#Ldkj nsus okyh 

lfefr ds lnL;ksa dks euksuhr djrh gSA 

28 29

lh- oh- jeu 

(1888 - 1970) 

vkt oSKkfud iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa va/k/qa/ iwath fuos'k vkSj uohure midj.kkas dk cksyckyk 

gSA fiQj Hkh iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa lcls eagxk midj.k vkt Hkh euq"; dk fnekx gS! bl ckr 

dh lPpkbZ dk izek.k gesa lj lh- oh- jeu ds thou ls feyrk gSA oks vdsys ,sls oSKkfud 

Fks ftUgsa Hkkjr esa dke djus ds fy, ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA ftu 

midj.kksa dk mUgksausa vius 'kks/ esa mi;ksx fd;k mudh dher ek=k ikap lkS #i, vkadh 

tkrh gSA 

bl foy{k.k oSKkfud dk tUe 7 uoEcj 1888 dks rfeyukMq ds 'kgj fr#pkiYyh esa 

gqvkA muds firk HkkSfrdh vkSj xf.kr ds O;k[;krk FksA jeu dks cpiu eas fofHkUu fo"k;ksa 

dh iqLrdsa i

Hkkjr ykSVus ds ckn jeu us bl fo"k; ij xEHkhjrk ls 'kks/ 'kq# fd;kA mUgksausa izdk'k 

dh fdj.kksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu rjyksa ls xqtkjk vkSj muds izHkko dk vè;;u fd;kA 1928 

esa mUgksausa LFkkfir fd;k fd tc ,d jax dk izdk'k fdlh rjy ls xqtjrk gS rks izdk'k 

ds d.k vkSj rjy ds ijek.kq ,d nwljs ds lkFk Vdjkrs gSa vkSj izdk'k dks fc[kjkrs gSaA 

rc ckgj fudyus okyh izdk'k&fdj.k dk jax vkus okys fdj.k ls fHkUu gksrk gSA vkus 

okyh fdj.k dh vis{kk ckgj fudyus okyh fdj.k mQaps vkSj uhps Lrj dh mQtkZ dh vksj 

f'kÝV gksrh gSA ;gh oks lqizfl¼ ^jeu izHkko* gS ftlds dkj.k jeu dks ckn esa ukscsy 

iq#Ldkj feykA mudh [kkst ls fo'oLrj 

ij oSKkfud 'kks/ esa rsth vkbZA muds 'kks/ 

ls vyx&vyx oLrqvksa ds

f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk 

(1890 - 1963) 

jeu dh foKku ds izpkj&izlkj esa xgjh #fp FkhA oks ,d 

vkstLoh oDrk Fks vkSj os foKku ds fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k;ksa ij vusdksa Hkk"k.k 

fn,A foKku ,d jkspd fo"k; gksus ds lkFk&lkFk lekftd izxfr esa Hkh 

mldk ,d vge jksy FkkA vius Hkk"k.kksa esa os xw

& txnh'k panz cksl vkSj iziQqYy panz js ls gqbZA f'kf'kj us tc cksl }kjk fufeZr de&dher 

ds midj.kksa dks ns[kk rks oks mudh vksj cgqr vkdf"kZr gq, vkSj mUgksaus i

1955 esa mudh iqLrd dk :lh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn gqvkA tc Liwrfud & 1 dk ykap gqvk 

rc lksfo;r oSKkfudksa dks mixzgksa ds thoudky dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy, fe=kk dh 

iqLrd n vij ,VeksLiQh;j esa gh okrkoj.k ds lcls mi;qDr ekWMy feysA 

;wfuoflZVh ls uoEcj 1955 esa lsokfuo`fÙk ds ckn fe=kk ogka izksiQslj ,ejsVl dh gSfl;r 

ls dke djrs jgsA caxky ds eq[; ea=kh Jh fc/ku panz jkW; ds vkxzg ij mUgksausa if'pe 

caxky ds f'k{kk cksMZ dks iquxZfBr fd;k vkSj mls ,d dq'ky laxBu dk :i fn;kA f'k{kk 

cksMZ dk cksf>y dke lEHkkyrs gq, Hkh mUgksausa viuk 'kks/dk;Z tkjh j[kkA fe=kk us ,sls 

reke dq'ky oSKkfudksa dks izf'kf{kr fd;k ftUgksausa ckn esa iFkizn'kZd dke fd;kA buesa 

ls dqN izeq[k uke gSa izksiQslj ,-ih- fe=kk (,iQvkj,l)] ,e-ds- nklxqIrk (jsfM;ks 

,LVªkWueh) vkSj flxul&, uked jsfM;ks xSyDlh ds [kkstdrkZ vkSj izksiQslj ts-,u- HkkjA 

iRuh vkSj cM+s iq=k MkW- v'kksd fe=kk ds vlkef;d fu/u ds dkj.k fe=kk dk O;fDrxr 

thou nq[kh jgkA iq=k ds fu/u ls mUgsa xgjk /Ddk yxkA ij mlds rqjUr ckn mUgsa iQsyks 

vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k x;kA mUgsa ljdkj us 

uS'kuy izksiQslj Hkh cuk;kA oks viuk T;knkrj le; ?kj ij gh fy[krs&i

chjcy lkguh dk tUe 14 uoEcj 1891 dks HksM+k esa gqvk tks vc ikfdLrku esa gSA cpiu 

ls gh mUgsa lkglh dkeksa esa cM+k vkuan vkrk FkkA pkSng lky dh mez esa os ,d fnu vius 

NksVs HkkbZ vkSj cgu ds lkFk ^dsadM+s idM+us* ds vfHk;ku ij fudysA #eky vkSj dqN 

fVu ds fMCcksa ds lkFk oks xgjh ?kkfV;ksa esa mrjs vkSj mQaph pV~Vkuksa ij pnkj firk us mUgsa blds fy, fcYdqy 

MkaVk&iQVdkjk ughaA chjcy vDlj vius firk ds lkFk fgeky; dh nwj&njkt fLFkr 

igkfM+;ksa ij ?kweus tkrsA bu vfHk;kuksa esa oks vius lkFk ouLifr'kkL=k dh iqLrd gqdlZ 

Ýyksjk ys tkuk ugha HkwyrsA ,d ckj tks&ftYyk njkZ ikj djrs gq, mUgksausa dqN ^yky&Luks* 

bdV~Bh dhA ckn esa oks ,d cgqr nqyZHk fdLe dh ciQZ esa mxus okyh 'kSoky (,Yth) 

fudyhA 

chjcy dh izkjfEHkd i

oks igys Hkkjrh; ouLifr'kkL=kh Fks ftUgsa 1936 esa jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki ls 

lEekfur fd;k x;kA mUgksausa Hkkjrh; foKku dakxzsl ds dbZ l=kksa dh vè;{krk dhA mUgsa 

vejhdu ,dsMeh vkWiQ vkV~Zl ,aM lkbUlsl dh lnL;rk Hkh iznku dh xbZA 

foKku eas xgjh #fp ds lkFk&lkFk lkguh ds vU; cgqr ls 'kkSd FksA laxhr ls mUgsa vFkkg 

yxko Fkk vkSj oks flrkj vkSj okW;yu ctkrs FksA vius [kkyh le; esa oks fp=kdkjh vkSj 

feV~Vh ds ekWMy cukrs FksA 'krjat mudk lcls fiz; [ksy FkkA Ldwy vkSj dWkyst ds fnuksa 

esa oks gkWdh vkSj Vsful [ksyrs FksA jk"VªHkDr gksus ds ukrs mUgksausa fczfV'k fyckl R;kx fn;k 

Fkk vkSj oks ges'kk [kn~nj dh 'ksjokuh igurs FksA cpiu ls gh mUgsa laLÑr esa xgjh #fp 

Fkh vkSj ;g #fp thou Hkj cuh jghA 

lkguh us Hkkjrh; iSyks&ckWVuh ds yxHkx lHkh i{kksa ij dke fd;kA mUgksausa fcgkj dh 

jktegy igkfM+;ksa ls cgqr ls ikS/ksa ds thok'e ,df=kr fd,A ;gka mUgksaus thok'eksa dk 

,d u;k lewg [kkstk vkSj mls îsaVkstk;ysbZ** uke fn;kA mUgksaus gh bafM;u ckWVkfudy 

lkslkbVh dh LFkkiuk dhsA 

lkguh dh dbZ {ks=kksa eas #fp FkhA mUgksaus izkphu Hkkjrh; flDds cukus dh fof/ ij 'kks/ 

fd;k vkSj blds fy, mUgsa 1945 esa U;wfeLeSfVd lkslkbVh vWkiQ bafM;k us usYlu jkbV 

esMy ls lEekfur fd;kA flDdksa ij 'kks/dk;Z djrs gq, mUgsa Hkw&'kkL=k (ft;ksyth) dk 

Hkh xgjk Kku gks x;kA muds 'kks/ us ^MsDdu VªSi* vkSj fgeky; ds mBku ij Hkh izdk'k 

MkykA 

iSyks&ckSVsfudy lkslkbVh us y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky; 

ds ,d NksVs dejs esa gh viuk dke vkjEHk 

fd;kA 1948 esa jkT; ljdkj us bl ubZ laLFkk 

ds fy, ,d tehu vkoafVr dhA laLFkk dh uhao 

3 vizSy 1949 dks Hkkjr ds igys iz/kuea=kh 

tokgjyky usg# us j[khA chjcy lkguh us bl 

volj ij laLFkk dk igyk Hkk"k.k fn;k tks 

nqHkkZX; ls mudk vafre Hkk"k.k Hkh FkkA ,d 

lIrkg ckn 9 vizSy 1949 dh eè;jkf=k dks fny 

ds nkSjs ls mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA chjcy dh 

e`R;q ds ckn lkfo=kh lkguh us vius ifr ds liuksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, vFkd iz;kl 

fd,A mUgksausa vR;Ur la?k"kksaZ ds ckn laLFkk dks varjZk"Vªh; Lrj rd igqapk;kA lkfo=kh 

lkguh ds egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa 1969 esa i|Jh ls lEekfur 

fd;kA uoEcj 1969 esa laLFkk dk uke cny dj vxz.kh oSKkfud chjcy lkguh dh 

le`fr esa chjcy lkguh bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ iSyks&ckWVuh j[kk x;kA 

1920 esa chjcy lkguh dk 

fookg lkfo=kh ds lkFk gqvkA 

lkfo=kh muds lkFk ges'kk 

?kweha&fiQjha vkSj muds dke esa 

yxkrkj lg;ksx djrh jghaA 

ckn esa mUgksauas y[kumQ esa xkserh 

unh ds fdukjs viuk ?kj 

cuk;kA 1946 esa iSyks&ckWVuh 

fo"k; ds 'kks/ ds izksRlkgu 

ds fy, mUgksaus ,d VªLV dh 

LFkkiuk dhA lkguh vkSj mudh 

iRuh us bl izdYi ds fy, 

iwath] txg] iqLrdsa vkSj 

thok'e nku fn,A Hkkjrh; Mkd foHkkx us chjcy lkguh ds lEeku esa vusdksa Mkd fVdV 

tkjh fd,A ,d iztkfr dk uke chjcylkgfu;k fnO;n'kZuh j[kk x;kA 

42 43

ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu 

(1892 - 1964) 

^;g lp gS fd dbZ ek;uksa esa eSa ,d fo'o ukxfjd gwaA ij eSa FkkWel tSiQjlu ds 

bl er ls iwjh rjg lger gwa fd gjsd ukxfjd dk ,d izeq[k drZO; gS fd oks 

minzoh cudj vius ns'k dh ljdkj dh ,slh dh rSlh djrk jgsA* 

& ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu 

tkWu cMZu lSaMjlu (tsch,l) gSYMsu foKku txr ds egku vkSj ekSth 'k[kfl;r FksA 

oks Lora=k] izfrHkk'kkyh] etsnkj vkSj fcYdqy vuwBs FksA muds firk 

vkWDliQksMZ esa fiQft;kykWth ds izksiQslj Fks vkSj mudk foKku dk 

f'k{k.k vius firk ds lgk;d tSls 'kq# gqvkA cpiu esa fxuh&fix 

ikyrs gq, mUgsa esaMy ds tsusfVDl ds fl¼akrksa dk Kku gks x;k FkkA 

vius cpiu ds ckjs esa gSYMsu us fy[kk% êsjk cpiu /kfeZd f'k{k.k ls iwjh rjg cjh 

FkkA ?kj eas /eZ dh ctk, foKku vkSj n'kZu dk ekgkSy FkkA ?kj 

esa foKku ds lkef;d fo"k;ksa ij eqDr cgl gksrhA blhfy, u 

rks vkbaLVhu dh ckrsa esjh le> ds ckgj gSa vkSj u gh ÚkWbM 

dh ckrksa ls eSa FkjkZrk gwaA viuh tokuh esa eSaus ;q¼ eas Hkkx 

fy;k vkSj balkuksa ds oks i{k ns[ks tks vke cqf¼thoh ugha ns[k 

ikrsA ,d tho'kkL=kh dh gSfl;r ls eq>s nqfu;k dks ,d 

vuwBh n`f"V ls ns[kus dk ekSdk feyk gS & tks iwjh rjg Hkzked 

Hkh ugha gSA* 

gSYMsu us vius 'kfDr'kkyh 'kjhj ij reke rjg ds oSKkfud 

iz;ksx djds viuh ikfjokfjd ijEijk dks dk;e j[kkA ,d iz;ksx 

esa mUgksauas gkbZMªksDyksfjd vEy ihdj mlls ekalisf'k;ksa ij 

iM+s vlj dk vè;;u fd;kA nwljs iz;ksx esa 

mUgksauas dM+h oftZ'k djds vius iQsiQM+ksa 

esa iSnk gqbZ dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM dk 

nkc ekikA 

i

gSYMsu lektoknh fdl fy, cus\ muds vuqlkj esgurd'k yksxksa dks Hkh ogh 

lqfo/k,a miyC/ feyuha pkfg, tks mUgsa feyh FkhaA ckn esa lksfo;r :l dh 

?kVukvksa ls mudk eu f[kUu gqvk vkSj mUgksausa dE;qfuLV ikVhZ NksM+ nhA LVkfyu 

ds fiz; oSKkfud yk;lsUdks us tc esUMsy dh vuqoakf'kdh F;ksjh ij dqBkjk?kkr fd;k 

rks mUgsa Bhd ugha yxkA fiQj Hkh LVkfyu vkSj yk;lsUdks ds izfr mudh vkLFkk cuh jghA 

gSYMsu ds f'k{kk lEca/h fopkj vkt Hkh lkef;d gSaA muds vuqlkj ^gekjh orZeku f'k{kk 

iz.kkyh cPpksa ds fy, vU;k;iw.kZ gS D;ksafd oks mUgsa mfpr volj ugha nsrhA u gh fdlh 

Nk=k dks foKku euq"; ds n`f"Vdks.k ls i

iziQqYy panz 

egkyuksfcl 

(1893 - 1972) 

gSYMsu ds vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnkuksa ds fy, mUgsa vusdksa lEeku feysA 1932 esa mUgsa iQsyks vkWiQ 

n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) pquk x;kA 1953 esa jkW;y lkslkbVh us mUgsa Mkjfou esMy 

ls lEekfur fd;kA 1937 esa Úsap ljdkj us mu ij yhtu vkWiQ vWkulZ c['kk vkSj 

,dsMeh uS'kuSy n fyUlh us mUgsa 1961 esa iQsYVªhsusyh iq#Ldkj ls uoktkA 1932&36 rd 

oks tsusfVdy lkslkbVh ds vè;{k jgsA 

e`R;q ds dqN fnu iwoZ dSalj ls ihfM+r gSYMsu us viuh chekjh ij ,d etkfd;k dfork 

fy[kh 

dSalj Hkh D;k vtc pht gS 

dk'k esjs ikl gksrs gksej ds cksy 

ftlls eSa djrk dSalj dh Lrqfr fny [kksy 

bl chekjh ls brus T;knk yksx ejrs gSa 

fd VªkW; dh yM+kbZ esa ejs yksx de yxrs gSaaA 

bl dfork dks gSYMsu us vius reke fe=kksa dks Hkstk ftUgksauas bldk [kwc vkuan fy;kA 

gSYMsu us ,d csckd ftanxh th vkSj e`R;q esa Hkh mUgksauas fgEer ugha gkjhA 

1 fnlEcj 1964 dks gSYMsu dk nsgkUr gqvkA olh;rukes ds vuqlkj muds e`r 'kjhj dks 

dkfdukMk fLFkr jaxjk;k esfMdy dWkyst dks nku Lo:i Hkst fn;k x;kA êSusa thou Hkj 

'kjhj dk [kwc mi;ksx fd;k gS*] gSYMsu us viuh olh;r esa fy[kk] ^vkSj e`R;q ds ckn] 

pkgas eSa jgwa ;k u jgwa] bl 'kjhj dk esjs fy, vc dksbZ vU; mi;ksx ugha gS vkSj bls eSa 

nwljksa ds fgrksa ds fy, nku djrk gwaA esjs e`r 'kjhj ds j[k&j[kko ds fy, [kpZ esjs }kjk 

NksM+s /u esa ls lcls igys [kpZ djsaA* 

^lkaf[;dh dk mís'; Li"V gksuk pkfg,] mldk ,d i{k oSKkfud fodkl gks rks 

nwljk yksxksa dh [kq'kgkyh vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl gksuk pkfg,A* 

& iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl 

iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl dks vDlj îzksiQslj* ds uke ls lEcksf/r fd;k tkrk FkkA oks 

izf'k{k.k ls HkkSfrd'kkL=kh Fks] fny ls LVSfVVhf'k;u Fks vkSj fopkjksa ls vFkZ'kkL=kh FksA ;g 

ckr xkSjryc gS fd mudk lcls egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku mu {ks=kksa esa Fkk ftuesa muds ikl dksbZ 

vkSipkfjd fMxzh ugha FkhA 'kk;n cgqr ls yksx muds mnkgj.k ij vey djuk pkgsaA 

iz[;kr tho'kkL=kh ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu Bhd gh dgk Fkk% 

^;g ckr Bhd gh gS fd fdlh iq#"k ;k efgyk 

dk ekSfyd 'kks/ ml fo"k; esa gks ftlesa mlds 

ikl dksbZ vkSipkfjd fMxzh u gksA D;ksafd fMxzh 

gkfly djus ds fy, yksx csdkj ds rF;ksa dks rksrs 

tSls jVrs gaSA ftl fo"k; esa mPp vad izkIr djus 

ds fy, mUgksuasa phtsa jVh gksa mlesa dksbZ ekSfyd 

dk;Z dj ikuk muds fy, cgqr eqf'dy gksxkA* 

egkyuksfcl dk tUe 29 twu 1893 esa dydRrk esa 

gqvkA nks HkkbZ vkSj rhu cguksa esa oks lcls cM+s FksA 

mudk ifjokj /uh Fkk vkSj czgeks lekt ds mnkj 

ewY;ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa esa fo'okl j[krk FkkA mudh 

izkjfEHkd f'k{kk czgeks Ldwy dydRrk esa gqbZA 1912 

esa mUgkasus dydRrk ;wuhoflZVh ls ch,llh dh fMxzh izkIr dhA oks dydRrs esa 

HkkSfrd'kkL=kh lR;sanz ukFk cksl vkSj es?kukFk lkgk ds ledkyhu FksA 

48 49

mudh iRuh fueZykdqekjh us thou Hkj muds lHkh dkeksa esa gkFk caVk;kA fueZykdqekjh 

dk ifjokj Hkh cgqr izxfr'khy fopkj/kjk okyk FkkA 

egkyuksfcl us rhu izeq[k dk;Z fd, & cM+s iSekus ij losZ dh e'khujh xfBr dh] 

lkaf[;dh ds fl¼karksa }kjk ns'k dh Bksl leL;kvksa dks lqy>k;k vkSj fo'o&Lrjh; 

laLFkkvksa dks xfBr fd;kA dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh ls xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrd'kkL=k dk mPp 

vè;;u djus ds ckn mUgksausa dqN le; rd dSfofUM'k yScksjsVjh esa dke fd;kA 1915 

esa oks vYi vodk'k ds fy, Hkkjr vk,A mUgas Hkkjr esa reke pqukSrhiw.kZ leL;k,a utj 

vk;ha vkSj 'kk;n blhfy, mUgksaus Hkkjr esa gh jgus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA mUgksauas dydRrs ds 

izslhMsalh dkWyst esa HkkSfrdh 'kkL=k i

xaHkhjrk ls mudk gy [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;kA egkyuksfcl ds vuqlkj] ^lakf[;dh dk 

lkekftd mn~ns'; gksuk pkfg,*A 

fo'o dh dbZ vdknfe;ksa us lakf[;dh vkSj ;kstuk ds {ks=k esa mRd"kZ dk;Z djus ds fy, 

egkyuksfcl dks lEekfur fd;kA 1945 esa mUgsa iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) 

dh lnL;rk ds fy, pquk x;kA 1935 esa bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh (bUlk) dh 

LFkkiuk esa mudk ;ksxnku FkkA mUgsa dydRrk] fnYyh] LVkWdgksYe vkSj lksfiQ;k ;wfuoflZfV;ksa 

us MkWDVªsV dh info;ksa ls uoktkA Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa i|foHkw"k.k ls vyafÑr fd;kA 

izfl¼ vejhdh LVSfVfLVf'k;u MCyw-,- MsfeUx us egkyuksfcl dh iz'kalk fuEu 'kCnksa esa 

dh% 

^fdlh Hkh ns'k & pkgsa oks fodflr gks ;k vfodflr ds ikl vius yksxksa ds [kpZ] cpr] 

chekjh ls O;FkZ le;] jkstxkjh] csjkstxkjh] Ñf"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd mRiknu ij bruh 

foLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh ugha gSA* 

vkSj bl lc ds fy, ge Hkkjrh; lakf[;dh ds Hkh"efirkeg & egkyuksfcl dk ueu 

djrs gSaA egkyuksfcl dk nsgkUr 79 o"kZ dh mez esa 28 twu 1972 dks gqvkA 

es?kukn lkgk 

(1893 - 1956) 

cgqr xSj&cjkcjh okys lekt esa fupyh tkfr ds yksxksa ds lkFk vDlj ukbUlkiQh gksrh 

gS vkSj mUgsa nck;k tkrk gSA blls oks viuh {kerkvksa dks iwjh rjg fodflr djus esa 

vleFkZ jgrs gSaA ij ;gh vlekurk dh Hkkouk dbZ gksugkj yksxksa dks nklrk dh csfM+;ksa 

dks rksM+us dh izsj.kk nsrh gSA MkW- es?kukn lkgk & ,d ,sls gh iz[;kr Hkkjrh; oSKkfud 

Fks ftUgksaus vius la?k"kZ vkSj vFkd yxu }kjk lkekftd ca/uksa dks rksM+kA 

es?kukn lkgk dk tUe 6 vDVwcj 1893 dks ls;ksjkryh esa gqvkA ;g LFkku vc ckaXykns'k 

esa gSA muds firk txUukFk ljdkj ,d NksVh ijpwu dh nqdku pykrs FksA tc es?kukn 

dk tUe gqvk rc ?ku?kksj rwiQku vk;k Fkk vkSj /qavk/kj ckfj'k gqbZ 

Fkh] blhfy, uotkr f'k'kq dk uke es?kukn j[kk x;kA 

es?kukn ds ekrk&firk xjhc FksA muds HkkbZ Ldwy esa iQsy gq, Fks 

blfy, ekrk&firk us es?kukn dks Ldwy Hkstus vkSj iSls O;FkZ djus 

dh dksbZ t:jr ugha le>hA ijUrq es?kukn cgqr gksf'k;kj Fks vkSj 

mlls Hkh T;knk oks vius tUe vkSj tkfr ds ca/uksa dks rksM+uk pkgrs 

FksA D;ksafd fefMy Ldwy ?kj ls nwj Fkk blfy, Ldwy ds ikl 

gh ,d nkuh O;fDr ds lkFk jgus dks etcwj FksA ijUrq 

oks nkrk Hkh Nqvk&Nwr vkfn lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ls ijs 

ugha FkkA es?kukn dks vius crZu Lo;a eka>us iM+rs 

Fks D;ksafd ckdh yksx mUgsa Nwus ls Hkh badkj djrs 

Fks! ij es?kukn us bu lc ckrksa dks /S;ZiwoZd 

lgkA 1905 esa mUgksaus fefMy Ldwy dh 

ijh{kk ikl dh vkSj oks iwjs

^ckaVksa vkSj jkt djks* ds fu;e }kjk gh vaxzst Hkkjr ij jkt djus esa liQy gq, FksA ykMZ 

dtZu us caxky dks iwohZ vkSj if'peh nks fgLlksa esa ckaVus ds ihNs iz'kklfud ljyrk mldk 

dkj.k crk;kA ijUrq D;ksafd ,d Hkkx esa fgUnqvksa vkSj nwljs esa eqlyekuksa dk ckgqY; Fkk 

blfy, bl caVokjs ds ihNs fNih fczfV'k dwVuhfr Li"V tkfgj FkhA jk"Vªoknh caxkfy;ksa 

us bl caVokjs dk fojks/ fd;kA ;qok es?kukFk us fczfV'k fojks/h vkanksyuksa esa Hkkx fy;k 

vkSj mlds dkj.k mUgsa Ldwy ls fudky fn;k x;kA lkSHkkX; ls ,d vU; Ldwy us mUgsa 

nkf[kyk ns fn;kA 1911 esa mUgksaus foKku fo"k; esa baVjehfM;sV ikl fd;k vkSj mlds 

i'pkr dydRrs ds iz[;kr izslhMsalh dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;kA 

izsflMsalh dkWyst esa es?kukn dh HksaV vU; gksf'k;kj yksxksa ls gqbZA lR;sanz ukFk cksl muds 

lgikBh Fks] lqHkk"k panz cksl muds twfu;j vkSj iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl muds lhfu;j 

FksA muds foy{k.k f'k{kdksa eas txnh'k panz cksl vkSj iziQqYy panz js Fks ftuds ukjs & 

^foKku bartkj dj ldrk gS ysfdu LojkT; ugha** dk es?kukn ij xgjk vlj gqvkA 1913 

esa ch,llh vkSj 1915 esa mUgksausa ,e,llh [kRe dh ftlesa oks iwjh dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh 

esa nwljs LFkku ij vk,A 

lkgk dks dydRrk esa xjhch vkSj lkekftd izrkM+uk lguh iM+hA viuh vkthfodk dekus 

ds fy, oks iwjs 'kgj esa lkbfdy ij V~;w'u nsus tkrsA Lukrd gksus ds ckn es?kukn iQkbuSal 

lfoZl dh ijh{kk esa cSBuk pkgrs Fks ijUrq jktuSfrd dk;ZdrkZ gksus dh otg ls oks mlesa 

ugha cSB ldsA 1918 esa jk/kjkuh jkW; ds lkFk mudk fookg gqvkA 

mlds ckn lkgk us lR;sanz ukFk cksl ds lkFk dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh ds fiQftDl foHkkx 

eas ukSdjh dhA D;ksafd lkgk dk izf'k{k.k xf.kr esa Fkk blfy, mUgsa HkkSfrdh ds iz;ksx 

lh[kus esa dqN le; yxkA 

ml le; rsth ls mHkjrs lkis{krk ds 

fl¼akr vkSj ^DokaVe fedsfuDl* ds fo"k;ksa 

us mUgsa vkdf"kZr fd;kA 1917 esa mUgksausa 

viuk igyk 'kks/i=k ^fiQykslWkfiQdy 

eSxthu** esa fy[kkA 'kh"kZd Fkk & ^vkWu 

eSDloSYl LVªSfll dulfuZUx n bysDVªks 

eSXusfVd F;ksjh vkWiQ jsfM;s'ku*A* 1919 

esa dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh us mUgsa Mh,llh 

dh fMxzh iznku dhA 

izFke egk;q¼ ds i'pkr oSKkfudksa us 

rkjksa ds izdk'k dks lw;Z ds xq#Ro ds 

dkj.k eqM+rs ns[kk vkSj bl izdkj vkbaLVhu 

ds fl¼akr dh iqf"V dhA lkgk 

us Hkh bl {ks=k esa xgjh #fp yh 

vkSj vius 'kks/ ls bl fo"k; & 

rkjksa ds o.kZØe ij viuh vfer 

Nki NksM+hA 1814 esa ÚkWugkSiQj us 

lwjt ds o.kZØe esa cgqr lh dkyh 

js[kk,a [kksthaaA 1859 esa ÚkWugkSiQj 

us ;g fl¼ fd;k fd o.kZØe dh 

js[kk,a fuf'pr rRo (,yhesaV) n'kkZrh 

gSaA i`Foh ls igys ghfy;e xSl dh 

[kkst lw;Z esa gqbZ Fkh! csgrj LisdVªksehVlZ ls pedhyh vkSj L;kg nksuksa o.kZØe js[kk,a ns[kus 

dks feyhaA ijUrq pedhyh js[kkvksa dh la[;k Kkr rRoksa ls dgha vf/d FkhaA bldk D;k 

dkj.k gks ldrk gS bl ij cgqr yksxksa us vVdysa yxk;ha ijUrq var esa bldk gy lkgk 

us [kkstkA tc fdlh xSl dks xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rc mlds dqN bysDVªkWu fudy tkrs gS 

vkSj mlls ?kukRed dsUnz vkSj ½.kkRed bysDVªkWu cp tkrs gSaA bls vWk;ksukbts'ku dh 

izfØ;k dgrs gSaA lkgk us FkeZy vWk;ksukbts'ku dh F;ksjh fodflr dh vkSj mlds vk/ 

kj ij rkjksa ds o.kZØe dks le>k;kA lkgk }kjk bl xwkuk foKku ds 

fodkl esa ,d ehy dk iRFkj ekuk tkrk gSA 

,d vuqnku dh otg ls lkgk ;wjksi dk nkSjk dj ik,A teuhZ esa mudh HksaV iz[;kr 

oSKkfud vkbaLVhu vkSj IySUd ls gqbZA dqN gh le; ckn mUgksausa lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ ds 

vkea=k.k ij dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh esa HkkSfrdh i

1936 esa lkgk ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk ds ,d yEcs nkSjs ij x,A iQehZ] gkbftucxZ vkSj cksgj 

ds 'kks/dk;Z us nqfu;k dks ^,WVe cEc* dk rksgiQk fn;kA lkgk dk vk.kfod mQtkZ ds 

'kakfriw.kZ mi;ksxksa esa xgjk fo'okl FkkA 1940 esa VkVk }kjk 60]000 #i;ksa ds vuqnku ls 

lkgk us ,d lkbDyksVªkWu dk fuekZ.k dj Hkkjr esa U;wfDy;j 'kks/ dh uhao j[khA usg# 

ds lg;ksx ls mUgksausa bafLVV~;wV vkWiQ U;wfDy;j fiQftDl dh LFkkiuk dhA ckn esa bl laLFkk 

dk uke cny dj lkgk bafLVV~;wV vkWiQ U;wfDy;j fiQftDl iM+kA lkgk ckn esa bafM;u 

,lksfl,'ku iQkWj dfYVos'ku vkWiQ lkbUl ds funs'kd Hkh cusA mUgksaus bl laLFkk ds fy, 

vFkd ifjJe fd;kA 

1952 esa lkgk dydRrs ds mRrj&if'peh pquko {ks=k ls yksdlHkk ds lnL; pqus x,A 

mudk jktuSfrd n`f"Vdks.k okeiaFkh fopkjksa dh vksj mUeq[kh FkkA mUgsa va/fo'oklksa ls 

?kksj uiQjr FkhA Nqvk&Nwr] tkr&ikr ds nfd;kuwlh fopkjksa ls gVdj mudk euq"; dh 

rkfdZd 'kfDr esa fo'okl FkkA lkgk ,d ^jS'kusfyLV* FksA mUgksaus ^lkbal ,aM dYpj* 

uked if=kdk LFkkfir dj cgqr lkyksa rd mldk lEiknu Hkh fd;kA 

vusd cqf¼thfo;ksa dh rjg lkgk Hkh ;kstukc¼ vFkZ O;oLFkk ls ns'k dh leL;kvksa dks 

lqy>kus esa fo'okl j[krs FksA mUgksaus caxky esa ck

1916 esa cksl ;wfuoflZVh dkWyst vkWiQ lkbUl esa ysDpjj cusA HkkSfrdh foHkkx esa muds 

lkFk muds iqjkus fe=k vkSj izfr}anh es?kukn lkgk Hkh FksA nksuksa uo;qod xf.kr esa izoh.k 

Fks vkSj mUgksaus [kqn f'k{k.k dj fiQftDl esa n{krk gkfly dh FkhA 

1918 esa cksl dk igyk 'kks/i=k ^n buÝyw,al vkWiQ n iQkbukbV okY;we vkWiQ ekWyhD;wYl 

vkWu n bDostu vkWiQ LVsV* fiQykslkfiQdy eSxthu yanu esa NikA muds vxys nks 'kks/ 

i=k iw.kZr% xf.kr ls lEcaf/r FksA 

lkgk ds lkFk feydj cksl us vkWbUlVhu ds ^F;ksjh vkWiQ tujy jsysfVfoVh* okys 'kks/ 

i=k dk teZu ls vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;kA fczfV'k izdk'kd us bldk iqjtksj fojks/ fd;k 

ijUrq vkWbUlVhu ls Lo;a bl ckr dh vuqefr bu ;qok Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dks nhA 

1921 esa k;kA 

D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh oSKkfud if=kdk ml 'kks/i=k dks Nkius ds fy, rS;kj ugha Fkh blfy, 

rhl o"kZ ds cksl us f>>drs gq, mls vYcVZ vkWbUlVhu ds ikl fVIi.kh ds fy, HkstkA 

vkWbUlVhu ml 'kks/i=k ls brus izHkkfor gq, fd mUgksauas mls [kqn teZu esa vuqokn dj 

izfl¼ teZu oSKkfud tuZy thVf'kzÝV iQkWj fiQftDl esa Niok;kA D;k dksbZ ;qok 

HkkSfrd'kkL=kh blls cM+s lEeku dh vk'kk dj ldrk gS\ 

cksl vkSj vkWbUlVhu dh tksM+h us 

feydj cksl&vkWbUlVhu 

LVSfVlfVDl dh jpuk dh tks 

vkt Hkh DoakVe fedSfuDl esa 

mi;ksx gksrh gSA y?kq&vk.kfod 

d.k tks cksl&vkWbUlVhu 

LVSfVlfVDl dh vkKk ekurs gSa 

dks cksl ds uke ij ^ckslkSu* 

dgk tkrk gSA 

vU; y?kq&vk.kfod d.kksa dh 

rqyuk esa vufxur ^ckslkSu* ,d 

gh fLFkfr esa ,d le; esa jg 

ldrs gSaA lHkh ^ckslkSu* lcls 

fuEu mQtkZ dh fLFkfr esa ,df=kr 

gksdj cksl&vkWbUlVhu daMUlsV cukrs gSaA 

vDVwcj 1924 esa cksl us ;wjksi dk nkSjk fd;kA ogka mUgksaus Úakl esa ,d o"kZ eknke D;wjh 

dh izfl¼ iz;ksx'kkyk esa dke fd;kA mUgksausa ,d lky teZuh esa Hkh fcrk;k tgka 

vkWbUlVhu ds vykok mUgksaus vU; izfl¼ oSKkfudksa & fyl ekWbVuj] vkWVks gkWu] okSYoxSax 

ikSyh vkSj gkWbflucxZ ls HksaV dhA ml le; cfyZu dks oSKkfud 'kks/ esa nqfu;k dh jkt/ 

kuh ekuk tkrk FkkA cksl us cfyZu esa tks dqN lh[kk mldk mUgksausa

ml le; 'kks/ laLFkkvksa dh fjlpZ xzkaV cgqr de gksrh FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy, cksl vkSj 

vU; izksiQsljksa dks ml dky esa dsoy 2500 #i, lkykuk dh vYi fjlpZ xzkaV gh feyrh 

FkhA ijUrq blds ckotwn dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh dh [;kfr ,d ekSfyd 'kks/dsanz ds :i 

esa iwjs Hkkjr esa iQSyhA ifjJe vkSj yxu us lk/uksa ds vHkko dh iwfrZ dhA 

cksl dh iz;ksx'kkyk ,Dl&js fØLVyksxzkiQh ds {ks=k esa iz[;kr gqbZA 1945&48 ds dky esa 

cksl dks bafM;u fiQftdy lkslkbVh dk vè;{k pquk x;kA 1954 esa mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj 

us i| foHkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;k vkSj 1958 esa oks jkW;y lkslkbVh ds lnL; pqus x,A 

vius egRoiw.kZ vafre oSKkfud ;ksxnku esa cksl us ^;wfuiQkbM iQhYM F;ksjh* ij dke 

fd;k] ftlesa mUgksausa fo|qr&pqEcdh; cyksa vkSj xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds cyksa dks tksM+us dh 

dksf'k'k dhA ijUrq oSKkfud leqnk; bl vo/kj.kk ls vHkh Hkh e'kDdr dj jgk gSA 

1956 esa cksl fo'oHkkjrh ds midqyifr cusA ;g laLFkk 'akkfrfudsru ds uke ls T;knk 

iz[;kr gS vkSj mldk uke lnk ds fy, jchUnzukFk Bkdqj ds lkFk tqM+k gSA foKku vkSj 

vkè;kRe] izkphu&iwoZ vkSj vk/qfud&if'pe ds chp lsrq dk dke djus okyh bl laLFkk 

us cksl dks vkdf"kZr fd;kA cksl LokHkkfod :i ls nksLrkuk vUnkt ds Fks vkSj mUgsa ogka 

yksxksa ls fe=krk cukus esa dksbZ fnDdr ugha gqbZA ijUrq iz'kklu ds nkao&isap mUgsa ugha vkrs 

Fks vkSj muds }kjk lq>k, dk;ZØeksa dks ?kksj fojks/ gqvkA blfy, oks [kq'kh&[kq'kh 1959 

esa dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh okil ykSVsA 

cksl dk O;fDrO; tfVy Fkk vkSj mUgsa oxhZÑr djuk dfBu FkkA ,d foy{k.k xf.krK 

dh gSfl;r ls mUgksaus dsoy 25 'kks/i=k fy[ks & tks cgqr de Fks! Kku ds O;kid {ks=k 

ij mudh idM+ FkhA mUgksauas jklk;u'kkL=k] [kfut foKku] e`nk foKku] n'kZu'kkL=k] 

iqjkrRo'kkL=k] yfyr dyk,a] lkfgR; vkSj Hkk"kkvksa ij dk;Z fd;kA mUgsa ok| laxhr dk 

cgqr 'kkSd Fkk vkSj oks bljkt uked ok|;a=k dks cgqr dq'kyrk ls ctkrs FksA vDlj 

oks izfl¼ fp=kdkj tSfeuh jkW; ds lkFk fp=kdyk ij ppkZ,a djrsA jchUnzukFk Bkdqj us 

viuh iqLrd ^fo'o ifjp;* cksl dks lefiZr dhA cksl us cakXyk Hkk"kk esa foKku 

izpkj&izlkj ds fy, cakfX;k fctuku ifjp; laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj ^Kku vkSj 

fctuku* uked oSKkfud if=kdk dk izdk'ku 'kq# fd;kA muds vuqlkj mPp dksfV dk 

oSKkfud lksp dsoy ekr`Hkk"kk esa gh djuk 

laHko FkkA mUgsa ukSdj'kkgh vkSj fiQtwy ds 

rke>ke ls l[r uiQjr FkhA muls dksbZ Hkh] 

dHkh Hkh fcuk iwoZ lwpuk fn, gq, fey 

ldrk FkkA oks vius fe=kksa ls ?kaVksa ckrsa djrs 

Fks vkSj mls dHkh Hkh le; dh cjcknh ugha 

ekurs FksA 

'kakfr Lo#i 

HkVukxj 

(1894 - 1955) 

êSa MkWDVj HkVukxj ds ckjs esa ;g fuf'pr :i ls dg ldrk gwa fd vxj oks u 

gksrs rks gesa bruh vf/d jk"Vªh; iz;ksx'kkyk,a ns[kus dks Hkh ugha feyrhaA* & 

tokgjyky usg# 

'kakfr Lo#i HkVukxj us HkkHkk] egkyuksfcl vkSj lkjkHkkbZ ds lkFk] Lora=k Hkkjr esa oSKkfud 

iz;ksx'kkykvksa ds fuekZ.k dk cqfu;knh dke fd;kA ,d foy{k.k oSKkfud gksus ds 

lkFk&lkFk HkVukxj us ,slh reke laLFkkvksa dh LFkkfir fd;k 

ftuls Hkkjr esa foKku dk fodkl gqvkA mUgksausa ;g Hkh 

fn[kk;k fd foKku lekt ds fy, rHkh lkFkZd gksxk tc 

oSKkfud mldk mi;ksx yksxksa dh leL;kvksa dks gy 

djus ds fy, bLrseky djsaxsA 

HkVukxj dk tUe 21 iQjojh 1984 esa HksM+k esa gqvk] tks 

vc ikfdLrku ds 'kkgiqj ftys esa fLFkr gSA muds firk 

us iatkc fo'ofo|ky; ls Lukrd 

dh fMxzh gkfly dh FkhA oks 

cgqr izxfr'khy fopkjksa ds O;fDr 

Fks vkSj /hjs&/hjs djds LFkkuh; 

gkbZ&Ldwy ds gsMekLVj cusA 

nqHkkZZX;o'k] tc 'kakfr 

Lo#i dsoy vkB ekg 

ds Fks rHkh muds 

firk dk nsgkUr gks 

60 61

x;kA blls ifjokj dks ?kksj vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ls tw>uk iM+kA 'kakfr Lo#i dk 

ykyu&ikyu muds ukuk Jh I;kjs yky ds ;gka gqvkA Jh I;kjs yky izfl¼ #M+dh 

baftfu;fjax dkWyst ds i

Vgyus ds le; feyrs vkSj muls ,d ubZ iz;ksx'kkyk dh LFkkiuk dh vuqefr ysrs vkSj 

nÝrj [kqyus ls igys mlds lkjs dkxtkr rS;kj dj nsrs! ;g mudh nwjnf'kZrk dk |ksrd 

gS fd HkVukxj ds nsgkUr ds le; ns'k esa 12 jk"Vªh; Lrjh; iz;ksx'kkyk,a dk;Zjr FkhaaA 

bues uS'kuy dsfedy yScksjsVªh vkSj uS'kuy fiQftdy yScksjsVªh tSlh iz;ksx'kkyk,a Hkh 

'kkfey FkhaA HkVukxj us dsjy ds rVksa ij eksuktkbV jsr ds leqfpr nksgu ds fy, bafM;u 

jSj&vFkZ fyfeVsM dEiuh dh LFkkiuk dhA oks dbZ futh rsy fjiQkfuax dEifu;ka LFkkfir 

djokus esa Hkh liQy jgsA HkVukxj dbZ mPp inksa ij vklhu jgsA oks ,WVkfed ,uthZ 

deh'ku ds lfpo Fks] dkmafly vkWiQ lkbfUVfiQd ,aM baMfLVª;y fjlpZ ds funs'kd vkSj 

;wfuoflZVh xzkaV~l deh'ku ds ps;jeSu jgsA 1936 esa muds mYys[kuh; dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa 

vkMZj vkWiQ n fczfV'k ,Eik;j ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1941 esa mUgsa ukbWVgqM iznku fd;k 

x;k vkSj 1943 esa mUgsa jkW;y lkslkbVh dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k x;kA dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa 

us mUgsa ekud fMfxz;ka Hkh nhaA 

cpiu esa gh HkVukxj ij czgeks&lekt dk xgjk izHkko iM+k FkkA oks viuh iRuh yktoarh 

dks cgqr pkgrs FksA oks jksekapd izÑfr ds balku Fks vkSj fjVk;jesaV ds ckn ,d lk/kj.k 

fdlku tSls [ksrh djuk pkgrs FksA mudk liuk Fkk fd nksigj esa mudh iRuh muds fy, 

[ksr esa [kkuk vkSj ,d eVdh esa NkN ysdj vk,xh! 

1 tuojh 1955 dks fny ls nkSjs ls HkVukxj dk nsgkUr gqvkA mudh mez ml le; ek=k 

lkB o"kZ dh FkhA viuh vYivk;q esa HkVukxj us cgqr dqN gkfly fd;kA oks foKku ds 

mi;ksx ls ns'k dh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dks lqy>kuk pkgrs FksA ,d nwjn'khZ n`"Vk ds ukrs 

oks Hkkjr esa oSKkfud vuqla/ku 

laLFkkvksa dh ,d iq[rk Ükà[kyk 

[kM+k djuk pkgrs FksA muds 

}kjk dkmafly vkWiQ 

lkbafVfiQd ,aM baMfLVª;y 

fjlpZ dk cks;k ikS/k vkt 

,d fo'kky o`{k dk :i 

/kj.k dj pqdk gSA vkt 

bu oSKkfud iz;ksx'kkykvksa 

esa ,WjksLisl] cWk;ksVsDukyksth] 

dsfeLVªh ls ysdj reke vU; 

vxz.kh {ks=kksa esa vuqla/ku py 

jgk gSA 

;sykizxnk 

lqCckjko 

(1895 - 1948) 

^'kk;n vkius MkWDVj ;sykizxnk lqCckjko dk uke igys dHkh ugha lquk gksA D;ksafd 

oks tUes blfy, 'kk;n vki dqN vf/d lky th ik,aA* & MksjkWu ds varfje 

U;w;kdZ gsjYM fVªC;wu us MkWDVj ;sykizxnk lqCckjko dks] ^'krkCnh ds ,d foy{k.k 

MkWDVj]* dk f[krkc fn;kA lqCckjko us dbZ tkuysok chekfj;ksa dk bykt [kkstk vkSj vius 

'kks/dk;Z ls iwjh nqfu;k esa yk[kksa&djksM+kas yksxksa dh tku cpkbZA 

lqCckjko dk tUe 12 tuojh 1895 dks vka/z izns'k ds if'peh xksnkojh ftys ds 

Hkhekoje xkao esa gqvkA lkr HkkbZ&cguksa esa oks rhljs uEcj ds FksA muds firk txUukFke 

us [kjkc lsgr ds dkj.k lsokfuo`fÙk ls cgqr igys gh fjVk;ZesaV ys fy;k FkkA bl dkj.k 

ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,dne ttZj 

FkhA Ldwy esa lqCckjko [kks, jgrs 

vkSj mudk fcYdqy eu ugha 

yxrkA ,d ckj mUgksauas Ldwy 

NksM+dj cukjl tkdj dqN 

m|ksx djuss dh BkuhA ijUrq 

mudh n`

izslhMsalh dkWyst] enzkl esa i

vk[kjh nkSj esa oks ,d ,slh nok dh [kkst esa Fks ftlls lHkh izdkj ds cq[kkj dk bykt 

gks ldsA 1928 esa ,fyXtSUMj Ýysfeax us dhVk.kqvksa ekjus okyh isfUlfyu iQiQwan dh [kkst 

dh FkhA blh ls ,aVhckW;ksfVd ds Lo.kZ ;qx dk izkjEHk gqvkA lqCckjko us rqjUr bl jkeck.k 

vkS"k/h dh laHkkoukvksa dks igpkuk vkSj [kqn ,aVhckW;ksfVDl ij vuqla/ku 'kq# fd;kA 

blds fy, mUgksausa ,d ouLifr'kkL=kh dks nqfu;k Hkj ls yk, feV~Vh ds uewuksa esa ls iQiQwan 

dh lgh fdLesa NkaVus ds dke esa yxk;kA var esa oks iQiQwan ,&377 dks mxkus esa liQy 

jgsA bl iQiQwan dh fo'ks"krk Fkh fd oks ^?kkrd dhVk.kqvksa dks dkscjk lkai ds tgj tSls 

[kRe djrh ijUrq esgeku tho ds lkFk fcYyh tSlk nksLrkuk O;ogkj djrhA* bl 'kks/ 

dk;Z dh ifjf.kfr VsVªklkbfDyu esa gqbZA ;g 

,aVhckW;ksfVd nqfu;k esa lcls vf/d bLrseky 

gksus okyh nok gSA 

lqCckjko yxkrkj viuk vuqla/ku {ks=k 

c

lsUV tsfo;j dkWyst esa tho'kkL=k i

vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa tSfod lEink dh Bksl tkudkjh dks vius vkSifuosf'kd fgrksa ds fy, 

ladfyr djuk 'kq# fd;kA lj tkstsiQ gqdj] g;w foLyj vkSj foaVj us fHkUu {ks=kksa esa 

Hkkjrh; tSfod lEink dks ntZ dus dk foy{k.k dke fd;kA lyhe vyh fuf'pr :i 

ls igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftudk dke lko/kuh ls fd, lw{e voyksduksa ij vk/kfjr FkkA 

blhfy, Hkkjrh; foKku ds bfrgkl esa mudk dke ,dne vuwBk gSA 

lyhe vyh dh iRuh dk ,d NksVh ltZjh ds ckn 1939 esa nsgkUr gqvkA mlds ckn ipkl 

lkyksa rd mudh cgu ds ifjokj us lyhe vyh dh lHkh t:jrksa dh ns[kHkky dhA lyhe 

vyh vius iwjs thou dks lefiZr dj bruk vf/d 'kk;n blfy, dj ik, D;ksafd muds 

ifjokj us mUgsa Lohdkjk vkSj mUgsa lgkjk fn;kA dksbZ lkekU; ifjokj mUgsa fuf'pr gh 

^fljfiQjk* ;k îkxy* djkj nsrkA ts ch ,l gSYMsu us lyhe vyh ds mi;ksxh oSKkfud 

vuqla/ku dh iqjtksj iz'kalk dhA lyhe vyh bl vf}rh; 'kks/ dks egt ,d nwjchu 

dh lgk;rk ls dj ik,A 

,d ckj lyhe vyh us vkbZus 

ds lkeus ?kksM+s dh iwaN ds ckyksa }kjk 

,d xzs&oSxVsy dks idM+kA fpfM+;k 

vkbZus esa viuh ijNkabZ ij okj djrh 

jgh (,d lkekU; {ks=kh; izfrfØ;k) vkSj 

ckyksa ds tky esa iQal xbZA lyhe vyh us 

i{kh ds iSj esa ^fjax* Mky dj mls NksM+ 

fn;kA lkbZcsfj;k esa iztuu djus okyh 

;g fpfM+;k dqN eghus cEcbZ eas fcrkrh 

gSA bl ?kVuk ds dbZ lkykas ckn rd ogh fpfM+;k gj vizSy dks lyhe vyh ds ckx 

esa fn[krh vkSj fiQj flrEcj esa lkbZcsfj;k ds fy, iyk;u djrhA blesa dksbZ rkTtqc ugha 

fd bl vuqHko ds ckn lyhe vyh ges'kk ds fy, if{k;ksa ls tqM+ x,! 

lyhe vyh us vius thoudky esa Hkkjr esa gh ugha ijUrq iwjh nqfu;k ds i{kh izsfe;ksa ds 

chp vikj izfl¼h ik;hA mUgsa cgqr lkjs iq#Ldkj feys & fczfV'k vkWjukFkkSfyth ;wfu;u 

dk ;wfu;u esMy (1967)] oYMZ datjos'ku ;wfu;u dk fiQfyi vokMZ (1969)] 

i|foHkw"k.k (1976) vkSj oYMZ okbYMykbiQ iQaM dk ikWy xSVh okbYMykbiQ datjos'ku 

(1976)A mUgsa rhu MkDVªsV dh fMfxz;kas ls lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;k vkSj 1985 esa jkT; lHkk 

dh lnL;rk ds fy, euksuhr fd;k x;kA 1987 esa MkWDVj lyhe vyh dk dSUlj ls 

nsgkUr gqvkA 1990 esa dksbEcksVwj esa lyhe vyh lsUVj iQkWj vkWjukFkkSfyth ,UM uSpqjy 

fgLVªh dh LFkkiuk gqbZA 

72 73

ds-,l- Ñ".ku 

(1898 - 1961) 

dfj;kef.kDde Jhfuokl Ñ".ku (laf{kIr esa ds,l,l) dk tUe 4 fnlEcj 1898 dks 

rfeyukMq esa fr#usosYyh ftys ds okVji xako esa gqvk FkkA muds firk ,d cqf¼thoh Fks 

vkSj os rfey vkSj laLÑr fo"k;ksa esa ikjaxr FksA 

Ñ".ku dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk muds xako ,oa 

ikl ds 'kgj JhfofyiqRrwj esa gqbZA 

Ldwy esa mudh HksaV ,d izsjd f'k{kd Jh 

lqczkefu;k vÕ;j ls gqbZA Ñ".ku ds [kqn 

vius 'kCnksa esa] êq>s foKku fo"k; ls lcls 

igys izse gkbZ Ldwy esa gqvkA esjs f'k{kd dksbZ 

is'ksoj oSKkfud ugha Fks ijUrq foKku dks Li"V 

vkSj jkspd rjhds ls le>kus esa mUgsa egkjr gkfly 

FkhA muds }kjk i tkrs FksA lkFk esa foKku ds ckjs vkSj vf/ 

d tkuus dh Hkw[k Hkh txrh FkhA pkgsa dksbZ Hkh 

fo"k; gks HkkSfrdh] Hkwxksy vFkok jklk;u'kkL=k 

Jh vÕ;j ds i

jeu ds lkFk&lkFk Ñ".ku dk dke Hkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gqvkA jeu ds vkxzg ij 

Ñ".ku us fofHkUu rjy inkFkksZa ij izdk'k ds fodhj.k (LdSVfjax) dk izHkko tkapkA jeu 

ds 'kks/ esa Hkh Ñ".ku dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku FkkA blh ^jeu izHkko* ij jeu dks 1930 

esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA jeu us Lo;a Ñ".ku us ;ksxnku dk foLr`r 

mYys[k fd;k gSA gkyakfd Ñ".ku dk ^jeu izHkko* ds [kkst esa cM+k gkFk Fkk fiQj Hkh 

ckn esa mUgksauas bl fo"k; ij vkxs 'kks/ ugha fd;kA mUgksausa pqEcdRo] mQ"ek vkSj 

^Fkjfe;kSfuDl* dh {ks=k pqukA ^Fkjfe;kSfuDl* bysDVªkfuDl dh oks 'kk[kk gS ftlesa inkFkksaZ 

dks xeZ djus ij muesa ls fudyus okys bysDVªkal dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA 

fnlEcj 1928 esa Ñ".ku us

oh-,u- f'kjksMdj 

(1899 - 1971) 

MkWDVj oh-,u- f'kjksMdj dk uke iwjs fo'o esa f'kjksMdj fLVp (Vkads) ds vkfo"dkjd 

ds uke ls e'kgwj gSA ,d esfMdy ltZu dh gSfl;r ls L=kh lEca/h chekfj;ksa ds mipkj 

esa mudk ;ksxnku cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA 

foV~By ukxs'k f'kjksMdj dk tUe 1899 esa xksok ds f'kjksnk uke ds xkao esa gqvkA mudk 

ikfjokfjd uke f'kjksMdj muds xkao ds uke ij gh iM+kA izkjfEHkd f'k{kk gqcyh esa gksus 

ds ckn mUgksausa MkWDVjh dh i

1955 esa MkWDVj f'kjksMj us 

^lfoZdy ldZyst* ltZjh dk 

mYys[k fd;kA ;g oks vkijs'ku 

gS ftldh dky ds yEcs varjky 

us iqf"V dh gSA f'kjksMj us bl 

vkijs'ku ds fy, dbZ fo'ks"k 

izdkj ds midj.kksa dk 

vkfo"dkj Hkh fd;kA le; ds 

lkFk&lkFk bl ltZjh eas reke 

lq/kj gq, gSa ijUrq mudk lq>k;k 

vkijs'ku vkt Hkh ,d ekLVjihl 

gSA mUgksausa 1951 esa iSfjl esa 

loZizFke bl vkijs'ku dk ,d 

varjkZ"Vªh; lsfeukj esa ftØ fd;kA 

fiQj 1956 esa usfiYl] bVyh dh 

,d dkaÚsUl esa mUgksasus blds 

ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk;kA bVyh f'kjksMdj fLVp }kjk iwjs xHkZ dky esa daB dks cUn j[krk gSA 

dk lEca/ blfy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ 

gS D;ksafd rHkh ,d izfl¼ gkSyhoqM dh vfHkus=kh dk vkWijs'ku blh rduhd }kjk gqvk 

FkkA f'kjksMj rjhdk gj izdkj ds xHkZikr dk jkeck.k bykt ugha Fkk blls oks [kqn vPNh 

rjg okfdiQ FksA fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkWijs'ku liQy gksxk vkSj fdu esa ugha bldh Li"V 

O;k[;k f'kjksMj us [kqn djh FkhA 

bl u;s vkWijs'ku dk fopkj 'kk;n f'kjksMj dks blfy, lw>k D;ksafd oks jkstejkZ dh 

?kVukvksa ij iz'u mBkrs FksA f'kjksMj us blds ckjs esa Lo;a fy[kk gS] îqjkus fnXxtksa dks 

iz.kke djrs gq, eq>s muds vkWijs'ku ds dbZ rjhds ,dne lgh vkSj vkn'kZ ugha tapsA 

esjs fnekx esa bu dky lEekfur rjhdksa dks csgrj cukus dk fopkj dkSa/kA* 

1951 esa Úsap lkslkbVh vkWiQ xk;uksdkyksftLV~l ds jtr t;arh lekjksg ds miy{k esa 

izksiQslj f'kjksMj us vius vkijs'ku dh ,d fiQYe fn[kkbZA blesa mUgksausa ^dSVxV* dk 

mi;ksx fd;k FkkA ijUrq ?kqyu'khy gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa bldk bLrseky R;kxuk iM+kA 

mUgksaus viuh gh rduhd eas cnyko dj tka?k ls îQSfl;k ykVk* vkSj ^fyfuu* ds Vkadksa 

dk mi;ksx dj LoSfPNd vkSj vknru xHkZikrksa dk bykt fd;kA ;g vkijs'ku vkt nqfu;k 

Hkj esa f'kjksMj vkijs'ku ds uke ls izfl¼ gSA vkus okyh reke ihfko Hkh fn;kA 

7 ekpZ 1971 dks cEcbZ esa izksiQslj f'kjksMdj dk nsgkUr gqvkA mudh eka dk nsgkUr 

ljfody dSalj ls gqvk FkkA 'kk;n blh otg ls muds csVs euksgj f'kjksMj us dSalj ij 

'kks/ djus dh BkuhA 'kq# esa mUgksauas tkWu gkWifdUl Ldwy vkWiQ ifCyd gsYFk esa ^jkmt 

ljdksek* ij 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA 'kks/ ds nkSjku dSalj iQSykus okyk ;g igyk ok;jl ik;k 

x;kA mlds ckn euksgj us iq.ks fLFkr jkdsiQsyj iQkmaMs'ku ds okbjl fjlpZ lsaVj esa dk;Z 

fd;kA 

Nk=kkoLFkk esa euksgj us MkDVjh ds is'ks ls viuk eqag eksM+kA ijUrq oks vius firk ds dke 

dk fny ls cgqr vknj djrs FksA 1976 esa euksgj vkSj mudh iRuh us MkWDVj oh-,uf'kjksMdj 

eseksfj;y fjlpZ iQkmaMs'ku dh LFkkiuk dh ftlesa mUgksaus [kqnds vkSj vius firk 

ds liuksa dk latks;kA ;g laLFkk xjhc efgykvksa esa dSalj jksx dh tkap&ij[k djrh gS 

vkSj muds bykt ds fy, u, vkSj lLrs rjhds [kkstrh gSA 

,d vR;Ur O;Lr esfMdy ltZu gksus ds ckotwn izksiQslj f'kjksMdj us cgqr ls 'kks/i=k 

fy[ks vkSj MkWDVjh mipkj ds lkekftd i{kksa esa xgjh #fp yhA oks xHkZikr ds fo"k; ij 

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk xfBr 'kakfryky desVh ds lnL; Fks vkSj iQSfeyh IySfuax ,lksfl,'ku 

ds lnL; FksA 1971 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us izksiQslj f'kjksMdj dks i|foHkw"k.k ls lEekfur 

fd;kA 

80 81

Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh 

(1900 - 1975) 

^/u vkSj lk/u vPNs 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, t:jh gSa ij i;kZIr ugha] mRre 'kks/ ds 

fy, balku lcls egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA* 

& Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh 

Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh dk tUe 3 iQjojh 1900 dks dqyhrykbZ 

eas gqvk tks fr#pkiYyh ftys esa dkosjh unh ds ikl 

fLFkr ,d NksVk 'kgj gSA muds firk Vh- vk;uxj 

LFkkuh; Ldwy esa f'k{kd FksA 'ks"kknzh dh izkjfEHkd 

f'k{kk] eafnjksa ds 'kgj Jhjaxe vkSj fr#pkiYyh esa 

gqbZA muds f'k{kdksa us muesa drZO;ikyu] yksxksa ls 

izse vkSj Kku dh fiiklk HkjhA 1917 esa 'ks"kknzh 

us enzkl ds izslhMsalh dkWyst esa ch,llh (dsfeLVªh) 

ds fy, nkf[kyk fy;kA dkWyst ds nkSjku oks 

jkeÑ".k fe'ku }kjk lapkfyr 

Nk=kkokl esa jgrs FksA vkJe ds 

lU;kfl;ksa ls mUgksaus tks vkè;kfRed 

ewY; lh[ks oks thou Hkj muds 

dke vk,A izslhMsalh dkWyst esa mUgsa 

ch-ch- Ms vkSj ih- ukjk;.k vÕ;j 

tSls izsfjr f'k{kdksa us i

dh bekjr esa Msjk MkykA blds dkj.k igys rks 'ks"kknzh dks xqaVwj vkSj mlds ckn enzkl 

tkuk iM+kA ij bl nkSM+&/wi esa Hkh mUgksaus viuk 'kks/dk;Z tkjh j[kkA f}rh; egk;q¼ ds 

i'pkr okWYVs;j dh iz;ksx'kkyk dk iqu%fuek.kZ gqvk vkSj 'ks"kknzh ogka okil ykSVsA 

1949 esa 'ks"kknzh dks fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh ds midqyifr lj ekSfjl Xok;j us dsfeLVªh foHkkx 

dk lEiw.kZ dk;ZHkkj lEHkkyus dk fuea=k.k fn;kA 'ks"kknzh us bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkjk vkSj 

cgqr vYidky esa îzkÑfrd mRiknksa* ij fo'o Lrjh; dsfeLVªh foHkkx LFkkfir fd;kA ns'k 

ds dksus&dksus ls vkSj ckn esa nqfu;k Hkj ls Nk=k muds ekxZn'kZu esa 'kks/dk;Z djus ds 

fy, vkus yxsA mudh fo'kky Vhe esa baXySaM] Úkal vkSj teZuh ds 'kks/Nk=k Hkh 'kkfey 

FksA 'ks"kknzh us 160 ls vf/d ih-,p-Mh- Nk=kksa dk ekxZn'kZu fd;k vkSj dqy feykdj 

1000 ls vf/d 'kks/i=k fy[ksA muds Nk=k vkt nqfu;k Hkj esa iQSys gSa vkSj ns'k&fons'k 

dh 'kks/ laLFkkvksa esa lEekfur inksa ij vklhu gSaA 'ks"kknzh us ,d iqLrd dsfeLVªh vkWiQ 

foVkfeUl ,aM gkjeksUl Hkh fy[khA lsokfuo`fRr ds rqjUr ckn mUgsa fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh ds 

loZizFke izksiQslj besjsVl ds in ij fu;qDr fd;k x;kA 

ouLifr;ksa vkSj izkf.k;ksa ds jaxksa esa 'ks"kknzh dh fo'ks"k #fp FkhA 'kq# esa mUgksasusa 

dikl vkSj xqM+gy (fgfcLdl) ds iQwyksa ds jaxksa ij 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA 

mUgksauas dbZ u;s ;kSfxdksa ds

iapkuu ekgs'ojh 

(1904 - 1966) 

izksiQlj iapkuu ekgs'ojh ,d iz[;kr oSKkfud Fks ftUgksausa Hkkjr dks fo'o esa ouLifr'kkL=kh; 

uD'ks ij ,d izeq[k LFkku fnyk;kA mudk tUe 9 uoEcj 1904 dks t;iqj esa gqvkA 

laLÑr esa iapkuu dk vFkZ gksrk gS îapeq[kh* ;kfu ikap yksxksa ftruk cqf¼ekuA vkSj bl 

fo'ks"k uke dh efgek tYn gh mtkxj gqbZA iapkuu ds firk ,d DydZ Fks ijUrq mUgksaus 

vius csVs dh vPNh i

gksrh gSA ekgs'ojh us reke ikS/ksa dh iztkfr;ksa esa bl fodkl dh izfØ;k dk vè;;u 

fd;kA mUgksausa bl 'kks/ ds vk/kj ij ikS/ksa dks vyx&vyx lewgksa esa ckaVkA 

1936&37 esa ekgs'ojh ;wjksi vkSj baXySaM ds nkSjs ij x, tgka oks dbZ ewY;oku lEidZ 

lw=k LFkkfir djus esa liQy jgsA fons'k ls ykSVus ds i'pkr mUgksauas dqN le; fo[;kr 

thok'e oSKkfud izksiQslj chjcy lkguh ds lkFk dke fd;kA 1939 esa mUgksaus

jkorh dosZ 

(1905 - 1970) 

bjkorh dosZ Hkkjr dh igyh efgyk ekuo'kkL=kh (,UFkzksikykSftLV) FkhaA cpiu ls gh 

mudh bl fo"k; esa #fp FkhA mUgksausa bl {ks=k esa vxz.kh dke fd;kA bl fo"k; dks iq.ks 

;wfuoflZVh esa lcls i dks 

cnykA 

bjkorh dk tUe 1905 eas gqvkA muds firk x.ks'k 

gfj djejdj cekZ esa dke djrs FksA blfy, 

mudk uke cekZ dh izfl¼ unh bjkonh ds 

mQij iM+kA lkr lky dh mez esa bjkorh dks 

iq.ks ds gqtwj ikxk cksfMZUx Ldwy esa i

teZuh ls okil vkus ds ckn bjkorh us 1931&36 ds chp cEcbZ dh ,l,uMhVh 

;wfuoflZVh esa jftLVªkj in ij dke fd;kA 1939 esa mUgksauas MsDdu dkWyst esa jhMj ds 

in ij lekt'kkL=k fl[kkuk 'kq# fd;k vkSj ogha ls lsokfuo`Rr gq;haA dqN le; rd oks 

lekt'kkL=k foHkkx esa vdsys gh i ik,A ,d cgq&lkaLÑfrd] cgq&Hkk"kh;] 

cgq&/kfeZd lekt vkSj jk"Vª ds xBu dh 

dfBukvksa ls bjkorh vPNh rjg voxr FkhaA 

vkt tc yk[kksa yksx cM+s cka/ izdYiksa ds 

dkj.k cs?kj gks jgs gSa rc bjkorh dk dks;uk 

cak/ lEca/h losZ{k.k cgqr ek;us j[krk gSA 

muds ys[kksa esa ,d efgykeq[kh n`f"Vdks.k gS & 

mUgksauas egkHkkjr dh ?kVukvksa dks dqarh vkSj 

nzkSinh ds utfj, ls ns[kkA bjkorh ds iFkizn'kZd 

lkekftd losZ{k.kksa us Hkfo"; ds 'kks/ dh uhao 

j[kh & fo'ks"kdj efgyk tkx`fr ds {ks=k esaA 

92 93

ch-ih- iky 

(1906 - 1989) 

^MkW- ch-ih- iky ds dky esa Hkkjr esa xsgwa dk 'kks/ nqfu;k esa lcls pksVh ij FkkA 

lp ek;us esa oks Hkkjr dh gfjr Øakfr ds jpf;rk FksA* 

& MkW- ukeZu ckWjykSx (ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk) 

csatsfeu fi;js ikWy ,d fo'ofo[;kr tsusfVd oSKkfud rks Fks gh lkFk esa os vn~Hkqr 

ekuoh; xq.kksa ls Hkh lEiUu FksA ,d dkfcy oSKkfud dh gSfl;r ls mUgksasusa Hkkjrh; Ñf"k 

ds fiNM+siu dh leL;kvksa dks xgjkbZ ls le>kA izkÑfrd lkSan;Z ds izfr muesa ,d xgjh 

laosnuk FkhA ikWy ,d xjetks'k vkSj n;kyq balku Fks vkSj vius lglkfFk;ksa ds cgqr fiz; 

FksA oks ,d vksj xgu fpard Fks rks nwljh vksj [kwc 

etkd Hkh djrs FksA mudh vusd phtksa esa #fp FkhA 

oks ,d mPp dksfV ds fp=kdkj Fks vkSj mUgsa 

Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh nksuksa izdkj dh laxhr 

'kSfy;ksa ls izse FkkA bruh vyx&vyx phtksa 

esa xgjh #fp;ka j[kus ds dkj.k dqN yksx 

mUgsa ^Ñf"k ds gkseh HkkHkk* ekurs FksA 

ikWy dk tUe 26 ebZ 1906 dks eqdUniqj] 

iatkc esa gqvk FkkA mudh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk cekZ esa 

gqbZ tgka muds firk esfMdy MkWDVj FksA cekZ esa 

oks lsUV ekWbfdYl Ldwy esa ius ds fy, geas 1960 esa Hkkjr esa [kk|kU;ksa dh 

n;uh; fLFkfr ij utj Mkyuh pkfg,A [kk|kU;ksa dh csgn fdYyr ds dkj.k lkjh nqfu;k 

Hkkjr dks Hkq[kejksa dk ns'k ekuus yxh FkhA ml nkSjku gtkjksa&yk[kksa Hkkjrh; vejhdk 

}kjk ih,y&480 esa nku fn, [kk|kU;ksa dh otg ls gh ftUnk cp ik,A ikWy ds usr`Ro 

esa 'kq# gqbZ gfjr Øakfr ns'k esa ,d vHkwriwoZ ifjorZu ykbZ vkSj /hjs&/hjs djds Hkkjr ,d 

Hkw[ks ns'k ls ,d [kk|kU; ckgqY; ns'k cukA 

ikWy us Ñf"k ds ftu ikap {ks=kksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k os gSa & vuqla/ku] f'k{kk] 

Ñf"k&foLrkj] laLFkk fuekZ.k vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksxA bu lHkh {ks=kksa esa mUgksaus vFkd 

esgur vkSj yxu ls vf}rh; dke fd;k vkSj gjsd {ks=k esa dke;kch vkSj liQyrk gkfly 

dhA 

vuqla/ku ds {ks=k esa ikWy dk izeq[k dke cgqjksxh dhV fujks/h xsgwa dh ladj iztkfr;ksa 

dk fuekZ.k djuk FkkA Ñf"k mRiknu tSfod fofo/rk ds larqfyr fodkl }kjk gh c

Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/ku laLFkk esa mPp f'k{kk ds fy, ,d iksLV&xzStq,V Ldwy LFkkfir 

fd;kA tYn gh mls ;wfuoflZVh xzWkUVl dfe'ku us ,d ;wfuoflZVh dk ntkZ iznku fd;kA 

bl laLFkk ls fudys 4000 ls Hkh vf/d ,e,llh vkSj ih,pMh ds 'kks/drkZvksa us Hkkjr 

dh lSdM+ksa djksM+ turk dks Hkkstu miyC/ djk;k vkSj lkFk&lkFk ns'k dks [kk|kU;ksa 

esa vkRe&fuHkZj cuk;k gSA 

ikWy mi;ksxh O;kogkfjd vuqla/ku ds fy, mRre xq.koRrk ds cqfu;knh 'kks/ dks ,dne 

t:jh ekurs FksA blds fy, mUgksausa bafM;u ,xzhdYpj fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV (vkbZ,vkjvkbZ) 

esa Ldwy vkWiQ iQaMkesaVy tsusfVDl dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa ds 

funku ds fy, dbZ laLFkkvksa ds lkFk cgq&fo"k;h 'kks/dk;Z dh 

'kq#vkr dhA (vkbZ,vkjvkbZ) ds funs'kd dh gSfl;r ls mUgksausa 

vuqla/ku] f'k{kk vkSj foLrkj ds dke dks cgqr vkxs c

Mh-Mh- dkslEch 

(1907 - 1966) 

izksiQslj nkeksnj /ekZuUn dkslEch lpeqp iqutkZxj.k dh cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ls lEiUu FksA 

oks mu fxus&pqus pan Hkkjrh;ksa esa ls Fks ftUgksausa chloha lnh ds foKku ds ekuo tkfr 

ij gq, izHkko dks le>k FkkA izpkj vkSj izfl¼h ds iFk dks udkjrs gq, mUgksausa Kku&foKku 

ds dbZ {ks=kksa esa vf}rh; vuqla/ku fd;k ftuesa & xf.kr] lakf[;dh;] eqnzk'kkL=k] 

baMksyksth] bfrgkl vkSj ledkyhu lkekftd leL;k,a 'kkfey FkhaA mUgksausa vk.kfod 

gfFk;kjksa dh iqjtksj f[kykiQr dh vkSj lkjh ftUnxh fo'o 'kakfr vkanksyuksa ds fy, dke 

fd;kA 

muds 'kks/dk;Z dk dSuol cgqr fo'kky FkkA is'ks ls ,d xf.krK gksus ds ckotwn mUgksaus 

O;kolkf;d bfrgkldkjksa dks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks ns[kus dk ,d ekSfyd utfj;k 

fl[kk;kA ik"kk.k ;qx ds iRFkj ds cus vkStkjksa vkSj f'kykLrEHkksa ds muds laxzg ls 

iqjkRro&foKku dk egRoiw.kZ fodkl gqvkA mUgksausa izkphu 

dky esa vkokxeu ds vusdksa ekxZ [kkstsA mUgkasus dkjyk 

xqiQk eas [kqns czkgeh fyfi ds f'kykys[kkssa dh igyh ckj 

O;k[;k dhA dkslEch us [kqn vius vki lakf[;dh; 

lh[khA blds fy, mUgksauas ,d O;ogkfjd leL;k dks 

pqukA mUgksausa 7000 ls Hkh vf/d iap&ekdZ izkphu 

eqnzkvksa dks ,d laosnu'khy rjktw esa ckjhdh ls rksykA 

muds bl 'kks/ ls eqnzk'kkL=k dks ,d oSKkfud fo"k; dk 

ntkZ izkIr gqvkA mUgksausa nks ØksekstksEl ds chp 

dh nwjh Kkr djus dk ,d lw=k jpk tks vkt 

Dykfldy tsusfVDl dk ,d LrEHk gSA gj fo"k; 

dh ckjhdh ls tkap&iM+rky] xgu vè;;u vkSj 

fo"k; ij vkf/dkfjd idM+ ds lkFk&lkFk }U}kRed 

HkkSfrdokn iz.kkyh }kjk mUgksausa reke cqfu;kuh iz'u [kM+s djs 

vkSj dbZ lokyksa ds ekSfyd mRrj Hkh lq>k,A 

1956 esa mudh igyh iqLrd ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw n LVMh vkWiQ bafM;u fgLVªh izdkf'kr gqbZA 

Nius ds ikap lky ds vanj gh ;g iqLrd fo'o Hkj ds bfrgkl 'kks/drkZvksa ds fy, 

vfuok;Z le>h tkus yxhA mlds ckn mudh nks vU; iqLrdsa feFk ,aM fj;SYVh (1962) 

vkSj n dYpj ,aM flfoykbZts'ku vkWiQ ,as'kUV bafM;k bu fgLVkSfjdy vkmVykbu 

(1965) NihaA bu lHkh iqLrdksa dk fo'o dh reke Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gqvkA dkslEch 

us Hk`rgfj dk izkphu laLÑr xazFk lqHkkf"krjRudks"k lEikfnr fd;kA vkt Hkh ;g ,d 

cgqewY; vuqla/ku le>k tkrk gSA 

dkslEch us u dsoy Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks le>us dk ,d u;k n`f"Vdks.k fn;k ijUrq 

lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus mls le>us dk rjhdk Hkh fodflr fd;kA muds erkuqqlkj bfrgkl 

fliQZ chrs gq, vrhr ds ckjs esa ugha gksrkA bfrgkl orZeku esa Hkh thrk gSA blfy, dkslEch 

us vius bfrgkl ds 'kks/ esa reke ckrksa dk vè;;u fd;k & yksx dSls thrs gSa] oks D;k 

phtsa bLrseky djrs gSa] muds jhfr&fjokt D;k gSa] mudk Hkkstu vkSj laxhr D;k gS\ bu 

lc ckrksa dh tkap&ij[k ls dkslEch vrhr vkSj orZeku ds chp ,d fujUrjrk LFkkfir 

dj ik,A 

1990 ds 'kq#vkr esa dkslEch ds Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds n`f"Vdks.k 

ij vk/kfjr 13 Hkkx dk ,d Vsfyohtu lhfj;y cuk & 

bafM;k baosfUVMA bls tkus&ekus lekt oSKkfud vjfoUn 

ukjk;.k nkl us cuk;kA bl vf}rh; lhfj;y ds lHkh Hkkx 

vc xwxy fofM;ks ij fu'kqYd miyC/ gSaA 

nkeksnj /ekZuUn dkslEch dk tUe 31 tqykbZ 1907 dks gqvkA 

muds izkjfEHkd lky dksad.kh Hkk"kk cksyrs gq, xksok esa chrsA 

muds firk vkpk;Z /ekZuUn dkslEch cq¼ /eZ ds lqizfl¼ if.Mr Fks vkSj iq.ks ds 

iQjX;wlu dkWyst esa i

Control over history 

is not to be attained 

by the passive 

suffering that has 

perpetuated Indian 

life from 

generation to 

generation. The 

time has now come 

to make history, to a 

seriously thoughtout, 

conscious 

Hkkjr ykSVs ijUrq ckck viuh i

2007 esa dkslEch 'krkCnh lekjksg 

ds nkSjku izks ehjk dkslEch dks muds 

firk dk rSyfp=k HksaV fd;k x;kA 

1931 esa dkslEch dk fookg ufyuh eMxkaodj ls gqvkA 

mudh cM+h csVh ek;k dh 'kknh ds dqN o"kZ ckn gh 

dSalj ls e`R;q gks x;hA mudh NksVh csVh ehjk iq.ks dh 

,d fo[;kr lekt'kkL=kh gSaA 

1949 esa dkslEch dks îkWFk T;ksesVjh* fl[kkus ds fy, 

f'kdkxks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA ckn esa mUgsa fizUlVu fLFkr 

bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ ,MokaLM LVMht eas vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k 

tgka mudh vkbUlVhu ls u dsoy HksaV gqbZ oju yEch 

ppkZ Hkh gqbZA 

dkslEch dk }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn ds n'kZu esa fo'okl Fkk ij oks lkFk&lkFk ijEijkxr 

dE;wfuLV ikfVZ;ksa ds f[kykiQ Fks ftUgsa mUgksausa vkfiQf'k;y ekfDlZLV (vkse) dh mikf/ 

nh FkhA vk.kfod mQtkZ ds f[kykiQ gksus ds dkj.k HkkHkk vkSj muesa fcYdqy ugha cuhA 

tokgjyky usg# dh iqLrd fMLdojh vkWiQ bafM;k tc Nih rc dkslEch us mldh / 

fTt;ka mM+k;ha vkSj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks ysdj usg# dh fNNyh le> dk inkZiQk'k fd;kA 

vius Lora=k fopkjksa ds dkj.k ljdkj vkSj okeiaFkh ikfVZ;ksa nksuksa us dkslEch dh mis{kk 

dhA dkslEch us 1934 esa ek=k 26 o"kZ dh vYik;q esa igyk jkekuqtu eseksfj;y iq#Ldkj 

thrk vkSj 1947 esa HkkHkk iq#Ldkj thrkA ;g 

Hkkjrh; jkT; dh vlaosnuk dk |ksrd gS fd 

mlus ns'k ds loksZPp dksfV ds bl cqf¼thoh 

dh iw.kr% mis{kk dh vkSj mUgsa dksbZ Hkh jkT; 

lEeku ugha fn;kA 

2007 esa dkslEch dh tUe 'krkCnh ds miy{k 

esa iwjs lky Hkj iq.ks esa izeq[k cqf¼thfo;ksa ds 

Hkk"k.kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj 

us dkiQh foyEc ds ckn dkslEch dh ;kn esa 

Mkd fVdV tkjh fd;k vkSj lkFk esa iq.ks 

;wfuoflZVh esa ^dkslEch ps;j* dh LFkkiuk ds 

fy, ,d djksM+ #i, dk vuqnku Hkh fn;kA 

ek=k 58 lky dh vYi vk;q esa gh bl foy{k.k 

izfrHkk dk nsgkUr 29 twu 1966 dks gqvkA 

ijUrq 'krkfCn;ksa ckn Hkh yksx dkslEch ds 

cgqeq[kh ckSf¼d ;ksxnku dks ;kn djsaxsA 

dkslEch oYMZ ihl ewoesUV ds lfØ; 

lnL; FksA mUgsa iap'khy dk fpUg 

cgqr ilUn FkkA mUgksaus vkxzg dj 

bl fpUg dks viuh iqLrd 

bXtSlijsfVUx ,lst esa Niok;kA 

gkseh HkkHkk 

(1909 - 1966) 

gkseh HkkHkk us dgk] ^tks ns'k nqfu;k eas vxz.kh jksy fuHkkuk pkgrk gS oks dHkh cqfu;knh 

oSKkfud 'kks/dk;Z vkSj yEch vof/ ds vuqla/ku dks Hkwy ugha ldrkA* HkkHkk us vdsys 

Hkkjrh; vk.kfod&mQtkZ dh cqfu;kn j[kh vkSj ns'k ds varfj{k vkSj bysDVªkfuDl dk;ZØe 

dk iks"k.k fd;kA mUgksauas foy{k.k izfrHkk ds yksxksa ds bnZ&fxnZ mPp&dksfV dh laLFkk,a 

LFkkfir dhaA ,d nwjn'khZ ds ukrs mUgksaus Hkfo"; esa dke vkus okyh vusdksa laLFkk,a 

LFkkfir dha tSls & VhvkbZ,iQvkj] ch,vkjlh vkSj bljksA 

gkseh tgkaxhj HkkHkk dk tUe 30 vDVwcj 1909 dks cEcbZ esa ,d izfrf"Br ikjlh ifjokj 

esa gqvkA mudh VkVk ds ifjokj ls fj'rsnkjh FkhA ftl ?kj esa oks iSnk gq, ogha vkxs pydj 

Hkkjr ds vk.kfod dk;ZØe dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA gkseh dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk cEcbZ ds 

dSFkhMªy vkSj tkWu dkSuu Ldwyksa eas gqbZA oks i

HkkSfrd 'kkL=kh ,YcVZ vkWbUlVhu] gsMdh ;qdkok] tkWu Oghyj vkSj gkseh HkkHkk 

gkseh ds mnkj firk us mUgsa fedSfudy VªkbikSl esa mRrhZ.k gksus ds ckn eSfFkeSfVdy VªkbikSl 

djus dh vuqefr ns nhA 1932 esa HkkHkk us jkmt&ckWy VªSofyUx iQsyksf'ki thrh ftlds 

dkj.k oks T;wfj[k esa okWyiQxSax ikWyh vkSj jkse eas ,ufjdks iQehZ ds lkFk dke dj ik,A 

mlds i'pkr vkbZtSd U;wVu othiQk feyus ls dqN le; dksisugSxu fLFkr uhYl cksgj 

bafLV~V;wV esa fcrk ik,A bl chp esa HkkHkk us izksiQslj iQkmYj ds ekxZn'kZu esa viuh ih,pMh 

iwjh dhA iz[;kr [kxksy'kkL=kh vkSj ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk ,l panz'ks[kj ds xWkbM Hkh 

iQkmYj gh FksA 

HkkHkk us dsfEczt esa mRlkgiwoZd vius fnu fcrk,A ;gka mUgksaus bysDVªkWu&ikSftVªkWu LdSVfjax 

dh [kkst dh tks vkt HkkHkk&LdSVfjax ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA okYVj gkbVyj ds lkFk 

feydj mUgksasus dkLdsM F;ksjh ;kfu dkWfLed fdj.kks dh ckSNkj dh O;k[;k dhA bl 

;ksxnku ds ckn HkkHkk dh izfrHkk ,d ;qok vkSj fuiq.k HkkSfrd'kkL=kh ds :i iQSy xbZA 

1939 esa HkkHkk dqN fnuksa dh NqV~Vh ds fy, Lons'k ykSVsA mlh le; f}rh; egk;q¼ fNM+ 

x;kA ;q¼ ds dkj.k ;wjksi esa oSKkfud 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, othiQs cgqr de gks x,A 'kk;n 

blesa dqN vPNkbZ fNih Fkh D;ksafd vc HkkHkk dks Hkkjr esa gh dksbZ ukSdjh

dk vk.kfod dk;ZØe dqN gh lkyksa esa iQyus&iQwyus yxsA 

HkkHkk dh liQy miyfC/;ksa ds dkj.k mUgsa lEekfur djus okys 

iq#Ldkjkas dk rkark yx x;kA 1941 esa mUgsa jkW;y lkslkbVh dh 

iQsyksf'ki ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1948 esa mUgsa gkWifdUl iq#Ldkj 

feyk vkSj ns'k us 1954 esa mUgsa i|Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;kA mUgsa 

vusdksa ;wfuoflZVht us MkWDVjsV dh mikf/;ksa ls Hkh lq'kksfHkr fd;kA 

oSls rks HkkHkk Vsªfuax ls ,d HkkSfrd'kkL=kh Fks ijUrq mUgsa rduhdksa dk Hkh vPNk Kku FkkA 

mUgksaus gh Hkkjr ds varfj{k dk;ZØe dh uhao j[kh ftls ckn esa cgqr dq'kyrk ls foØe 

lkjkHkkbZ vkSj lrh'k /ou uss fodflr fd;kA 1962 ds ;q¼ ds ckn HkkHkk us bysDVªkfuDl 

esa Hkkjr ds fiNM+siu dks igpkukA Hkkjr bysDVªkfuDl ds {ks=k esa rsth ls izxfr djs bldh 

:ijs[kk Hkh HkkHkk us gh rS;kj dhA 

HkkHkk cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ls lEiUu FksA 

oks leku :i ls xf.kr dh tfVyrkvksa 

vkSj 'kkL=kh; laxhr dh ckjhfd;ksa 

dks le>rs FksA oks ,d fp=kdkj Fks 

vkSj mUgsa thou dh lHkh lqanj phtksa 

ls izse Fkk & fp=kdyk] laxhr] lkfgR;] 

vlEHko gS\* mUgksausa us dsoy mPp dksfV dk 

vuqla/ku fd;k ij ,slh csgrjhu laLFkk,a jpha 

ftuesa gtkjksa Hkkjrh; fo'o dksfV dk 'kks/ dj 

ik,A 

okLrqf'kYi] ckxokuh vkfnA vius cgqeq[kh O;fDrRo ds dkj.k vDlj mudh rqyuk 

fy;ksukMksZ n foUlh ls dh tkrh FkhA VhvkbZ,iQvkj esa fuekZ.k dk;Z lekIr gksus ds ckn 

HkkHkk us izfl¼ fp=kdkj edcwy fiQnk gqlSu dks ,d fHkRrhfp=k cukus ds fy, vkeaf=kr 

fd;k ftlds fy, mUgsa rc ianzg gtkj #i, dk Hkkjh ikjJfed fn;k x;kA cgqr de 

yksx bl ckr ls voxr gSa fd VhvkbZ,iQvkj dk ,d izfr'kr ctV ^dyk* [kjhnus ds 

fy, lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k FkkA HkkHkk dh [kqn ds cuk, rSyfp=k vHkh Hkh VhvkbZ,iQvkj 

vkSj ch,vkjlh dh bekjrksa dks lq'kksfHkr dj jgs gSaA HkkHkk foKku vkSj dyk nksuksa fo'oksa 

ds ckn'kkg FksA viuh vusdksa ftEesnkfj;ksa ds dkj.k mUgksaus dHkh 'kknh ugha dhA ,d 

ckj tc ,d fjiksZVj us muls bl fo"k; ds ckjs esa iwNk rks mUgsa lVhd lk tokc fn;k] 

êSaus l`tu'khyrk ds lkFk C;kg jpk;k gSA* 

tc HkkHkk vius dSfj;j ds 'kh"kZ ij Fks rc 

ekSaV CySad] Úakl esa 24 tuojh 1966 dks 

vpkud ,d gokbZ nq?kZVuk esa mudh e`R;q 

gks xbZA gokbZ tgkt ds lkjs eqlkfiQj ekjs 

x, ftlls iwjk ns'k 'kksd esa Mwc x;kA 

;qokdky esa HkkHkk us vius firk ls dgk] ^dkSu 

dgrk gS fd Hkkjr esa foKku dk mRre 'kks/ 

lqczkefu;u panz'ks[kj 

(1910 - 1995) 

chloha 'krkCnh esa ,sls vusdksa oSKkfud gq, ftuds 'kks/ ls izÑfr ds ckjs esa gekjh le> 

esa Øakfrdkjh ifjorZu vk;kA muesa ls ,d Hkkjrh; ewy ds oSKkfud Fks & lqczkefu;u 

panz'ks[kjA HkkSfrdh] [kxksy'kkL=k vkSj xf.kr ds {ks=kksa esa muds ;ksxnku csfelky gSaaA 

panz'ks[kj dk tUe 19 vDVwcj 1910 dks ykgkSj (vc ikfdLrku dk 'kgj) eas gqvkA 

muds firk Jh lh- lqczkefu;u vÕ;j] foKku ds fy, ukscsy iq#Ldkj ikus okys lj lhoh- 

jeu ds HkkbZ FksA Jh vÕ;j jsYos ds ys[kk&tks[kk foHkkx esa vdkmaVsUV tujy FksA 

laxhr esa mudh xgjh #fp FkhA X;kjg o"kZ dh vk;q rd panzk dh i

ikuh ds tgkt esa baXySaM tkrs gq, panzk us ,d [kxksy'kkL=kh; 

leL;k ds mQij xgjk euu&fparu fd;kA fdlh Hkh rkjs 

(gekjk lw;Z Hkh ,d eè;e ntsZ dk rkjk gS) dk var fdl 

izdkj gksrk gS\ lkyksa ds foLr`r 'kks/ ds ckn oks bl urhts 

ij igqaps fd tks Hkh rkjs 1 +44 lw;Z ds Hkkj ls NksVs gksrs 

gSa oks varr% OgkbV MOkkiQZ (liQsn ckSuksa) esa ifjofrZr gksrs 

gSaA ;g lhek (1 +44 xquk lw;Z dk Hkkj) vc [kxksy'kkL=k 

esa panz'ks[kj lhek (fyfeV) ds uke ls e'kgwj gSA 

1930&36 ds chp panzk dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh esa blh leL;k 

xksih fxtokuh dk jpk dkVwZu 

ij izksiQslj jWkYiQ ,p- iQkmyj ds ekxZn'kZu esa 'kks/dk;Z 

(lkHkkj% vk;qdk ykbczsjh) 

djrs jgsA 1933 esa mUgksasusa viuh ih,pMh lekIr dh vkSj 

rHkh oks fVªfuVh dkWyst ds iQsyks euksuhr gq,A 1935 esa jkW;y ,LVªkWukSfedy lkslkbVh us 

mUgsa vius 'kks/dk;Z ds ifj.kkeksa dh ppkZ ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA ;gka oks ,d cM+h 

eqlhcr esa iQal x,A fo'o fo[;kr [kxksy'kkL=kh lj vkFkZj ,fMaxVu us panzk ds 'kks/ 

dk;Z ij u dsoy rh[kh fVIi.kh dh ijUrq mldk etkd Hkh cuk;kA panzk dks bldh 

mEehn u FkhA mUgsa /Ddk rks yxk ijUrq mUgksauas vius 'kks/ dh iqf"V esa tksjnkj izek.k 

j[ksA mlds dqN lkyksa ckn u, iz;ksxksa us panzk ds ifj.kkeksa dh iqf"V dhA ,fMaxVu dh 

tM+&cqf¼ ds dkj.k [kxksy'kkL=k dk fodkl yxHkx nks n'kdksa ds fy, Fke x;k! 

tqykbZ 1936 esa panzk us viuh iM+kslh yfyrk ls 'kknh dhA ;g 'kknh muds ifjokjtuksa 

us r; ugha dh FkhA yfyrk Lukrd Fkha vkSj ,d Ldwy esa gsM&fefLVªsl FkhaA 

1937 esa panzk us ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ f'kdkxks esa vè;kiu 'kq# fd;k vkSj mUgsa ;dZl 

iz;ksx'kkyk esa Hkstk x;kA 1944 eas oks izksiQslj cusA 1950 esa panzk ds ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ 

f'kdkxks ls lkFk utnhdh ds lEcU/ cusA 1953 esa panzk vkSj mudh iRuh us vejhdh 

jk"Vªh;rk xzg.k dhA 

panzk dk vius Nk=kkas ls vn~Hkqr yxko Fkk & fcYdqy Hkkjrh; xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds 

vuq:iA 1946 esa oks viuh iz;ksx'kkyk ls f'kdkxks rd gj lIrkg 250 fdyksehVj dh 

nwjh viuh dkj ls r; djrs dsoy nks Nk=kksa dh d{kk ysus ds fy, tkrs! oks tks dj 

jgs Fks mlds urhts mUgsa 'kk;n vPNh rjg irk FksA 1957 esa bu nksuksa vejhdh&phuh 

Nk=kksa & yh vkSj ;kax dks] ukscsy iq#Ldkj feykA 

panz'ks[kj dh dk;Zi¼fr ,dne vuwBh FkhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ,d gh ladh.kZ {ks=k 

esa cgqr lky rd dk;Z djus ls fnekx xqV~By gks tkrk gSA blfy, gj vkB&nl lky 

ds ckn oks fdlh fcYdqy u, {ks=k dks pqurs] mlesa viuh laiw.kZ mQtkZ maM+syrs] mlesa 

ekLVjh gkfly dj ekSfyd ;ksxnku djrs vkSj fiQj vius 'kks/ ij vk/kfjr ,d vfr 

mRre iqLrd fy[krsA ekfoZu xksYMcxZj ds vuqlkj] ôks igys mls fo"k; ij

izfl¼ xf.krK jkekuqtu dh iRuh ,d xkao esa vR;Ur 

xjhch esa ftUnxh clj dj jgha FkhaA panzk us cgqr nkSM+&/ 

wi ds ckn mUgsa ,d 'kkldh; isa'ku fnykbZA 

panzk ds dke ds izfr laiw.kZ leiZ.k tYn gh jax yk;k 

vkSj mUgsa vusdksa iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 

1944 esa mUgsa jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki ls lEekfur 

fd;k x;kA 1966 esa mUgsa vejhdk dk uS'kuy lkbUl 

vokWMZ feykA Hkkjr ljdkj us 1966 esa mUgsa i|foHkw"k.k 

ls uoktkA 1983 esa mUgsa fo'o ds mPpre ukscsy 

iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 

foØe lkjkHkkbZ 

(1912 - 1971) 

lj vkbftd U;wVu dh 1687 esa fy[kh izfl¼ iqLrd fizfUlfi;k foKku ds {ks=k 

eas fo'o dh lcls egRoiw.kZ iqLrd ekuh tkrh gSA ij mls iuk 

vklku ugha gSA 1730 esa okYVs;j us mls le> ls ijs vkSj Hkzked djkj fn;kA panzk 

us U;wVu fizfUlfi;k ds egRoiw.kZ urhtksa dh u, fljs ls O;k[;k dhA panzk bl 

fu"d"kZ ij Hkh igqaps fd U;wVu }kjk lq>k, rjhds vf/d lqUnj FksA 

panzk dh iqLrdsa vkSj lSdM+ksa 'kks/i=k lHkh foKku ds {ks=k esa 

Dykfld cu pqds gSaA mudk 'kks/ vR;Ur iz[kj vkSj lVhd 

rks Fkk ghA lkFk&lkFk oks ,d O;fDrxr vkSj cgqr uk;kc 'kSyh 

esa fy[krs FksA 

panzk dh lkfgR; vkSj laxhr esa xgjh #fp Fkh vkSj mUgksauas egku 

:lh lkfgR;dkjksa & nksLrksfoLdh] rqxZuso] rksYlrks; vkSj psdkso 

dh lHkh Ñfr;ka i

lkjkHkkbZ ifjokj /uh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk egkRek xak/h ds Hkh cgqr djhc FkkA mUgsa viuh 

lkekftd ftEesnkfj;ksa dk xgjk cks/ FkkA foØe dh cqvk vuqlqb;k us 'kgj esa diM+k 

fey etnwjksa dh igyh VªsM&;wfu;u LFkkfir dhA mudh cgu e`nqyk] xak/hth dh fopkj/ 

kjk ls cgqr izHkkfor FkhaA e`nqyk us ns'k ds Lora=krk vaknksyu esa lfØ; Hkkx fy;k vkSj 

oks dbZ ckj tsy x;haA 

Ldwy dh iydrsA 

lh[kus ds nkSjku jVus ls mUgsa csgn fp

lkjkHkkbZ us lSVkykWbV baLVªD'kuy Vsfyfotu ,DlisfjesUV (lkbZV) dh uhao j[khA blds 

ekè;e ls nwj&lqnwj fLFkr xakoksa ds Ldwyksa esa mixzgksa }kjk 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØe igqapk, x,A 

mUgksausa dsjy esa pqEcdh; Hkw&eè; js[kk ds ikl ,d jkWdsV yakfpax LVs'ku dh LFkkiuk 

dhA ckn esa foLrkj ds ckn ;g Lisl lkbUl vkSj VsDukyksth lsUVj cuk (vkt ;g dsUnz 

foØe lkjkHkkbZ Lisl fjlpZ lsUVj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS)A mUgksausa vka/z izns'k dss 

JhgfjdksVk esa ,d vkSj jkWdsV LVs'ku LFkkfir fd;k vkSj vgenkckn esa lSVkykbV 

dE;wfuds'ku lsUVj dh LFkkiuk dhA 

HkkHkk dh vkdfLed e`R;q ds ckn lkjkHkkbZ ,WVkfed buthZ dfe'ku ds ps;jeSu cusA xak/ 

hth ls izHkkfor gksus ds dkj.k lkjkHkkbZ dk vk.kfod gfFk;kjksa ds izfr joS;k dqN vyx 

FkkA v.kq vk;ksx ds dV~~~~VjiaFkh lkjkHkkbZ ds utfj, ls vlger Fks vkSj muds dM+s fuand 

FksA lkjkHkkbZ us iqxok'k dkuÚsUl esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj vk.kfod gfFk;kjksa ij yxke vkSj 

vk.kfod mQtkZ ds 'kakfriw.k mi;ksx dh is'kd'k dhA 

vxj Hkkjr de&ykxr ds mixzg cukus vkSj panzek ij panz;ku Hkstus esa liQy gqvk gS 

rks bldk cgqr dqN Js; foØe lkjkHkkbZ dh nwjnf'kZrk vkSj muds }kjk jph laLFkkvksa 

dks tkrk gSA mUgksaus bl dk;ZØe ds fy, ns'k ds lcls vPNs oSKkfudksa dks pquk vkSj 

mUgsa izsfjr fd;kA buesa pksVh ds oSKkfud ,-ih-ts- dyke] bZ-oh- fpVful] olar xksokfjdj] 

izeksn dkys] ;w-vkj- jko vkSj dLrwjhjaxu 'kkfey gSaA 

de le; esa gh lkjkHkkbZ us ns'k ds fy, vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd,A blds fy, mUgsa 

dbZ iq#Ldkjksa ls vyaÑr fd;k x;kA 1962 esa mUgsa fiQftDl ds fy, 'kakfrLo#i HkVukxj 

iq#Ldkj feyk] 1966 esa i|Hkw"k.k vkSj 1972 esa ej.kksijkar mUgsa i|foHkw"k.k ls lEekfur 

fd;k x;kA 

foØe lkjkHkkbZ us dke dh yxu esa fnu&jkr ,d fd;kA ,d ckj mUgksaus ,-ih-ts- dyke 

dks jkr lk

deyk ds lR;kxzg ds ckn mUgsa nkf[kyk rks feyk & ij ,d 'krZ ij & fd mudh 

mifLFkfr ls enZ 'kks/drkZvksa dks dksbZ fo?u u igqaps! deyk mlls cgqr nq[kh gq;haA ijUrq 

bl 'krZ dks Lohdkj djus ds vykok muds ikl vkSj dksbZ pkjk Hkh ugha FkkA 

deyk us ckn es dgk% ôSls jeu ,d egku oSKkfud Fks ijUrq oks cgqr ladh.kZ fopkjksa 

ds FksA mUgksaus efgyk gksus ds ukrs esjs lkFk tks lywd fd;k mls eSa dHkh Hkwy ugha ldrhA 

mlds ckn Hkh jeu us eq>s ,d fu;fer Nk=k tSls nkf[kyk ugha fn;kA esjs fy, ;g xgjs 

vieku dh ckr FkhA ml le; efgykvksa ds izfr yksxksa dk job;k cgqr xyr FkkA vxj 

,d ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk bl izdkj dk crkZo djs rks fiQj vU; yksxksa ls vkSj D;k 

mEehn dh tk ldrh gS\* 

,d lky ds ckn jeu deyk dh fu"Bk ls izlUu gq, vkSj fiQj mUgksauas deyk dks 

fu;fer Nk=k tSlss ck;ksdseLVªh foHkkx esa 'kks/ djus dh vuqefr nhA mlds ckn ls jeu 

us laLFkk esa efgyk Nk=kksa dks nkf[kyk nsuk 'kq# dj fn;kA ;g deyk ds fy, ,d cM+h 

thr FkhA deyk ds la?k"kksZa dh otg ls cgqr&lh vU; efgyk Nk=kkvksa ds fy, oSKkfud 

'kks/ dk jkLrk iz'kLr gqvkA 

vkbZvkbZ,llh esa deyk us vius Vhpj Jh JhfuokL;k ds ekxZn'kZu esa cgqr ifjJe fd;kA 

vius mRlkgh f'k{kd dh izsj.kk oks dHkh ugha HkwyhaaA mUgksauas deyk dks ckW;ksdsfeLVªh dh 

Js"B iqLrdsa i

igqapkA Hkkjr ds igys jk"Vªifr MkW- jktsUnz izlkn ds lq>ko ij deyk us uhjk ds mQij 

'kks/dk;Z izkjEHk fd;kA 

deyk us cEcbZ dh vkjs nqX/ laLFkk dks muds mRiknksa dh xq.koRrk cko 

fn,A uhjk] rkM+ ds isM+ ls feyus okyk ,d is; gSA uhjk ihus esa ehBk] Lokfn"V vkSj cgqr 

ikSf"Vd gksrk gSA dqiksf"kr vkfnoklh efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa dks tc fu;fer :i ls uhjk 

fiyk;k x;k rks mudk LokLF; csgrj gqvkA uhjk ds ikSf"Vd xq.kksa ij 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, 

deyk lksgksuh dks jk"Vªifr us lEekfur fd;kA 

deyk dUt;wej lkslkbVh vkWiQ bafM;k (lhth,lvkbZ) 

dh lfØ; lnL; Fkha vkSj ogka mUgksauas cgqr yxu ls 

dke fd;kA 1982&83 esa oks lhth,lvkbZ dh vè;{k 

cuhaA mUgksaus bl laLFkk ds eq[;i=k dher ds fy, 

vusdksa ys[k fy[ksA 

,d vksj deyk vius 'kks/dk;Z ls [kq'k Fkha ijUrq nwljh vksj bafLV~V;wV dh jktuhfr vkSj 

yksxksa ds jkx&}s"k ls f[kUu Hkh FkhaA ofj"Brk ds ekin.Mksa dks rkd ij j[kdj mUgsa 

bafLV~V;wV dk funs'kd in ls yEcs vlsZ rd oafpr j[kk x;kA viuh liQyrk dk Js; 

mUgksausa vius f'k{kd JhfuokL;k vkSj ifr dks fn;kA 

var esa tc oks jkW;y bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl dh funs'kd cuha rc dsfEczt esa muds igys 

xWkbM MkW- Msfjd fjDVj us fVIi.kh dh] ^bruh cM+h oSKkfud laLFkk dh igyh efgyk 

funs'kd cu dj deyk us nqfu;k esa u;k bfrgkl jpk gSA* 

deyk lksgksuh dk thou gesa Hkkjrh; efgyk oSKkfudksa ds izkjfEHkd la?k"kksZa dh ;kn 

fnykrk gSA rst cqf¼ vkSj ikfjokfjd leFkZu ds ckotwn efgykvksa }kjk iq#"k&iz/ku 

oSKkfud {ks=k esa izos'k ikuk eqf'dy FkkA tc MkW- lR;orh & bafM;u dkmafly vkWiQ 

esfMdy fjlpZ dh igyh Mk;jsDVj tujy us deyk lksgksuh dh la?kZ"ke; thouxkFkk 

ds ckjs esa lquk rks mUgksausa dqN djus dh BkuhA mUgksauas 84 o"khZ; deyk dks ubZ fnYyh 

vkeaf=kr fd;k vkSj muds lEeku esa ,d cM+k lekjksg vk;ksftr fd;kA 1998 esa] 86 

o"kZ dh vk;q esa deyk lksgksuh dk nsgkUr gqvkA 

ykSjh csdj 

(1917 - 2007) 

êSa dHkh lkekftd oxksZ± & mPp&vk;] eè;e&vk; ;k de&vk;] vkfnoklh ;k 

eNqvkjksa ds fy, ?kj ugha cukrk gwaA eSa dsoy eSF;w] HkkLdju] equhj ;k 'kadju tSls 

O;fDr;ksa ds fy, ?kj cukrk gwaA* 

& ykSjh csdj 

ykSjh csdj ,d foy{k.k okLrqf'kYih (vkfdZVsDV) Fks ftUgksauas gtkjksa xjhcksa dh ftUnxh 

dks NqvkA 

mudk tUe baXySaM ds diM+k&fey okys 'kgj cfeZU?ke esa gqvkA Dosdj leqnk; ds gksus 

ds ukrs mUgsa tax ls uiQjr FkhA f}rh; 

egk;q¼ eas oks phu x, vkSj ogka dbZ 

lkyksa rd ,d ,acqysUl ds lkFk t[eh 

lSfudksa dh lsok djrs jgsA baXySaM 

okil tkrs oDr mUgsa dqN eghus 

cEcbZ esa fcrkus iM+s tgka dqN Dosdj 

fe=k mUgksaus ,d fnu xak/hth ls 

feykus ys x,A xak/hth us tc csdj 

dh gkFk ls cukbZ lSfUMy ns[kha rks 

mUgsa cgqr vpjt gqvkA ns'k dks csdj 

dh lsokvksa dh l[r t:jr FkhA blfy, 

xak/hth us csdj ls LFkkbZ :i ls Hkkjr 

okil ykSVus dk vkxzg fd;kA 

118 119

iSlksa ds vlyh ewY; dk lcd csdj us cpiu esa 

gh lh[k fy;k FkkA NqViu esa oks vius tsc[kpZ ls 

LFkkuh; csdjh ls fcfLdV [kjhnrs FksA csdjh VwVs 

fcfLdV lLrs esa csaprhA blfy, csdj mrus gh iSlksa 

esa lkcqr fcfLdVksa dh ctk, nqxuh ek=kk esa VwVs 

fcfLdV [kjhnrsA VwVs fcfLdV [kkus esa lkcqr fcfLdV 

ftrus gh Lokfn"V gksrs! de iSlksa esa vf/d ewY; dk lcd csdj thou Hkj ugha Hkwys! 

xak/hth dh izsj.kk ls csdj dqN eghuksa ckn Hkkjr ykSVs vkSj fiQj dq"B&jksfx;ksa ds mipkj 

ds fy, vLirky fMtkbu djus yxsA 1948 esa mudh 'kknh MkWDVj ,fytkcsFk tsdc ls 

gqbZ tks osYyksj ds izfl¼ fØfLV;u esfMdy dkWyst esa i 

esa vk;haA ;gka gtkjksa lkyksa ds O;kogkfjd 'kks/ ds 

ckn yksxksa us de&mQtkZ ds edku cukus ds rjhdksa 

esa n{krk gkfly dh FkhA igkM+ ij yksx LFkkuh; 

iRFkjksa vkSj ydM+h ls edku cukrsA lc lkeku 

?kj ls lkS&nks lkS xt dh nwjh ij gh fey tkrsA 

xak/hth ds vuqlkj ?kj cukus dk lkjk lkeku 

fuekZ.k&LFky ds iakp ehy nk;js ls gh vkuk 

pkfg,A csdj dks xak/hth ;g nyhy ,dne 

mfpr yxhA 

vDlj csdj viuh gh fl¼karksa dk iwjh rjg ikyu ugha dj ikrs Fks ijUrq oks bl fn'kk 

eas fujUrj iz;kl djrs jgrs FksA oks lhesUV vkSj dkap nksuksa ds mi;ksx ds f[kykiQ Fks & 

D;ksafd buds cukus esa cgqr mQtkZ O;; gksrh gSA ijUrq oks vDlj vius cuk, ?kjksa esa dkap 

dh jaxhu cksryksa dks nhokjksa esa /alk nsrsA blls de&[kpZ esa jax&fcjaxh jks'kuh ?kj esa 

vkrhA b±Vksa ls csdj dks fo'ks"k izse FkkA oks b±Vksa ds jSV&VªSi cU/u ls ,d vksj lhyu 

vkSj mQ"ek fujks/h nhokj cka/rs vkSj nwljh vksj 25 izfr'kr bZaVkas dh cpr Hkh djrsA b±Vksa 

dh cuh tkfy;ka ?kj esa BaMh c;kj ykrha rks Nr esa cus >jks[ks vanj dh xeZ gok dks 

ckgj

dpjk (jfc'k) vkSj feV~Vh tSlh iqLrdksa ds fy, mUgksausa 

[kqn fp=k cuk,A mudh dbZ iqLrdksa dk dbZ Hkkjrh; 

Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gks pqdk gSA mudh nks iqLrdsa :jy 

dE;wfuVh fcfYMUxt vkSj dkWLV fjMD'ku iQkWj izkbejh 

Ldwy fcfYMUxt dk izdk'ku csdj dh 80oha o"kZxkaB ij 

gqvkA csdj }kjk fMtkbu dh xbZ nks mYys[kuh; bekjrsa 

gSa & lsUVj iQkWj MsoyiesUV LVMht vkSj f=koSUnze ds cl 

LVs'ku ds ikl fLFkr cgqr I;kjk ,d dkiQh gkmlA 

phtksa dk nqckjk bLrseky djuk csdj dh izÑfr dk ,d 

ykSjh viuh iRuh ,fytkcsFk ds lkFkA vax FkkA oks xqly[kkus cukrs le; dkap vkSj VkbYl ds 

VwVs VqdM+ksa dk mi;ksx djrsA oks Nr dh

vUuk dk oSls rks bjknk MkWDVj cuus dk Fkk ijUrq D;ksafd oks fiQftDl esa cgqr rst Fkha 

blfy, mUgksaus blh fo"k; dks pqukA mUgksausa enzkl ds izslhMsUlh dkWyst ls fiQftDl gkulZ 

dh fMxzh izkIr dhA dkWyst esa lektokn ds izfr mudk #>ku c

fdj.kksa ls dSls lqjf{kr j[krh gS ;g ckr nks n'kdksa ckn gh irk pyh! ef.k us vkstksu 

ekius dk ,d midj.k & vkstksulksUMs fodflr fd;kA bl 

midj.k dh otg ls Hkkjr vkstksu lEcfU/r rF;kRed 

vakdM+s bdV~Bs dj ik;kA ef.k ds egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ds 

dkj.k mUgsa baVjuS'kuy vkstksu dfe'ku dk lnL; euksuhr 

fd;k x;kA 

1963 esa foØe lkjkHkkbZ ds vkxzg ij ef.k us FkqEck jkWdsV 

yakfpUx iSM ds ikl ekSle dh tkudkjh ,df=kr djus ds 

fy, ,d iz;ksx'kkyk LFkkfir dhA 1976 esa vUuk ef.k 

Hkkjrh; ekSle foHkkx esa fMIVh Mk;jsDVj tujy ds in ls 

lsokfuo`Rr gq;haA mlds ckn mUgksaus cSaxyksj ds ikl uUnh 

fgYl ij ,d fefyehVj rjax yEckbZ dh nwjchu LFkkfir 

dhA muds }kjk fy[kh nks iqLrdsa & gSUMcqd vkWiQ lksyj jsfM;s'ku MSVk iQkWj bafM;k 

(1980) vkSj lksyj jsfM;s'ku vksoj bafM;k (1981) vc lkSj&mQtkZ ij dke dj jgs 

baftfu;jksa ds fy, ekud iqLrdsa cu x;ha gSaaA ,d nwjn'khZ oSKkfud dh gSfl;r ls mUgksauas 

Hkkjr esa iou mQtkZ dh lEHkkoukvksa dks igpkuk vkSj 700 fHkUu LFkkuksa ls iou lEcU/ 

h vakdM+s ,df=kr fd,A vxj vkt Hkkjr iou&mQtkZ ds {ks=k esa Nykax yxk jgk gS rks 

bldk dkiQh {ks; vUuk ef.k dks tkrk gSA 

dbZ lkyksa rd vUuk ef.k cSaxyksj esa gok dh xfr vkSj lkSj&mQtkZ ukius ds midj.k 

cukus okyh ,d dEiuh dh izeq[k jghaA mUgksausa dHkh fookg ugha fd;kA mUgsa izÑfr ls 

cgqr yxko FkkA igkM+ksa ij ?kweuk vkSj i{kh fujh{k.k muds 'kkSd FksA oks dbZ vdknsfe;ksa 

dh & bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dSMeh] vesfjdu ehVhj;ksykSftdy lkslkbVh] vkSj 

baVjuS'kuy lksyj buthZ lkslkbVh dh lnL; FkhaA 1987 esa mUgsa bUlk }kjk ds-vkjjkeukFku 

ind ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1994 esa mUgsa LVªksd vk;k ftlds ckn oks iyax 

ls mB ugha ik;haA 16 vxLr 2001 esa fr#ouUriqje esa mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA 

oh- jkekfyaxkLokeh 

(1921 - 2001) 

izksiQslj fofyfejh jkekfyaxkLokeh dks izfl¼ yhvksu cukZM iQkmaMs'ku vokMZ ds iq#Ldkj 

ls lEekfur djrs gq, 1976 esa oYMZ gSYFk ,lsEcyh ds vè;{k lj gSjYM okYVj us iz'kalk 

esa dgk fd jkekfyaxkLokeh ^,d MkWDVj] 'kks/&oSKkfud] 

f'k{kd vkSj ekuooknh O;fDr FksA* 

fofyfejh jkekfyaxkLokeh ftUgsa fe=k jkek ds uke ls 

cqykrs Fks dk tUe 8 vxLr 1921 dks vak/z izns'k ds 

Jhdkdqye esa gqvkA mudk iwjk ifjokj f'k{kk ls tqM+k Fkk 

vkSj oks vius nknkth ls cgqr izHkkfor FksA nknkth LFkkuh; 

Ldwy ds fizafliy Fks vkSj mudh 'ksDlih;j esa xgjh #fp FkhA 

jkek [kqn ,d vPNs vfHkusrk Fks vkSj mUgksausa dkWyst 

esa 'ksDlih;j ds dbZ ik=kksa dk jksy fuHkk;kA 

vius vPNs xk;u ls mUgksausa dbZ egfiQyksa esa jax 

tek;kA mudk vaxzsth dk mPpkj.k vHkwriwoZ 

Fkk vkSj muds Hkk"k.k Li"Vrk ds fy, lquus 

dkfcy gksrs FksA 

1944 esa jkek us vak/z izns'k ls viuh igyh 

esfMdy fMxzh gkfly dh vkSj 1946 esa 

mUgksausa mlh ;wfuoflZVh ls 

,eMh dh fMxzh izkIr dhA 

fiQj oks vkDliQksMZ baXySUM 

126 127

x, tgka 1951 esa MhfiQy vkSj 1967 esa Mh,llh gkfly dhA mUgksausa 1947 eas U;wfVª'ku 

fjlpZ yScksjsVªh] dqUuwj (vc uS'kuy bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ U;wfVª'ku] gSnjkckn) esa viuk 'kks/ 

dk;Z vkjEHk fd;k tks vxys Ng n'kdksa rd tkjh jgkA 

jkek xjhc ns'kksa esa chekfj;ksa ds dkj.kksa dks le>uk vkSj 'kks/ }kjk muds mipkj [kkstuk 

pkgrs FksA muds bl ekuoh; rjhds esa iz;ksx'kkyk] vLirky vkSj leqnk; rhuksa dk leUo; 

FkkA ftu fHkUu {ks=kksa esa mUgksauas ekSfyd 'kks/dk;Z fd;k oks gSa & izksVhu&mQtkZ vkSj dqiks"k.k 

dk lEcU/] vk;ksMhu dk vHkko] dqiks"k.k }kjk [kwu dh deh] vkSj xeZ ns'kksa esa ;Ñr 

dh chekjh vkfnA ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, izkFkfed LokLF;&lsok] laØked jksxksa vkSj 

LokLF; vuqla/ku eas jkek dh xgjh #fp FkhA mudh O;fDrxr fu"Bk vkSj usr`Ro ds dkj.k 

gh 1967 ds fcgkj vdky] vkSj 1971 ds cakXykns'k ;q¼ esa gtkjksa&yk[kksa yksx dqiks"k.k 

ds vfHk'kki ls cp ik,A 

?ks?kk jksx (FkkbjkWbM ls xyk iQwyuk) ds vR;f/ 

d izpyu ds dkj.k jkek us lkeqnkf;d LokLF; 

ds {ks=k esa ,d Dykfld iz;ksx fd;kA blesa 

dakxM+k igkfM+;ksa esa jgus okys ,d yk[k ls vf/ 

d yksxksa dk losZ{k.k 'kkfey FkkA vk;ksMhu ;qDr 

ued [kkus ls bl chekjh esa Hkkjh deh vk;hA blh 

'kks/dk;Z us gh jk"Vªh; vk;ksMhu vHkko fu;U=k.k 

dk;ZØe dh uhao j[kh ftlls 30 djksM+ ls T;knk 

yksxksa dks bl jksx ls lqj{kk feyh! 

jkekfyaxkLokeh us xHkZorh ekrkvksa esa yksgs dh deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, liQyrkiwoZd 

ykSg&iwjd 'kq# fd,A bl dk;Zokgh ls efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds LokLF; esa egRoiw.kZ lq/ 

kj vk;kA 

jkekfyaxkLokeh us ,d ubZ vkSj egRoiw.kZ [kkst dh & ;Ñr dh ,d chekjh tks fd bafM;u 

pkbYMgqM fljkSfll ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA 

foVkfeu&, dh deh ls va/kiu gksrk gS] ;g rF; rks cgqr igys ls ekywe FkkA 

jkekfyaxkLokeh igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksauas bl fo"k; ij xEHkhj vè;;u fd;k vkSj mldh 

iqf"V dhA mUgksauas cUnj ekrkvksa esa foVkfeu&, dh deh ls muds cPpksa ds jSfVuk ds jkWM~l 

vkSj dksUl dks gq, uqdlku dk vè;;u fd;kA 

vkWy bafM;k bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ esfMdy lkbUlsl (,sEl) dh LFkkiuk ds le; vPNs 

f'k{kdksa dh tksjnkj ryk'k gqbZA rHkh jkekfyaxkLokeh iSFkkyksth foHkkx esa izksiQslj ds in 

ij fu;qDr gq,A tYn gh oks foHkkx izeq[k cus vkSj mUgksauas ,d mPp ntsZ dk iSFkkyksth 

Ldwy LFkkfir fd;kA mUgksauas vusd tghu Nk=kksa dks izsfjr fd;k vkSj bu Nk=kksa us muds 

uke vkSj 'kksgjr dks nqfu;k ds dksus&dksus esa iQSyk;kA 

,sEl ds dk;Zdky ds nkSjku jkekfyaxkLokeh us Hkkjrh; vkSj 

if'pe ds izeq[k iSFkkWyksftLV ds chp lEokn LFkkfir djus dk 

egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA bl lwph eas fo'o ds tkus&ekus iSFkkWyksftLV 

'kkfey Fks & gkjoMZ ds MkW- csUtkfeu dSflyeSu vkSj okYVj 

iq'kpj] ekSUVhiQsjs vLirky ds- gSUl ikWij] jkW;y Úh vLirky 

dh Mse 'khyk 'kykZd vkSj vU; fnXxt MkWDVjksa us ikSFkkWyksth 

ds fofHkUu i{kksa ij Hkk"k.k fn,A ckn esa jkekfyaxkLokeh ,sEl ds funs'kd cus vkSj bl 

dke dks Hkh mUgksausa c[kwch vatke fn;kA 

bafM;u dkmafly vkWiQ esfMdy fjlpZ (vkbZlh,evkj) dks LFkkfir djus esa jkekfyaxkLokeh 

us vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vkSj 1979 oks mlds Mk;jsDVj&tujy cusA bl laLFkk esa mUgksaus 

lkr lky dke fd;k vkSj bl nkSjku mUgksausa vkbZlh,evkj dh xfrfof/;ksa dks dbZ 

fn'kkvksa esa cgqr vkxs c

esa vkbZlh,evkj esa ,d Lora=k 

lakf[;dh foHkkx LFkkfir gqvkA 

ns'k esa vkink dh fLFkfr esa 

viuh lsok,a lefiZr djus 

dks jkekfyaxkLokeh lnSo rRij 

jgrs FksA Hkksiky xSl dakM 

bldh ,d thrh&tkxrh 

felky gSA bl vkink ls fucVus 

vkSj xSl dakM ihfM+rksa ij 

oSKkfud tkudkjh ,df=kr 

djus ds fy, jkekfyaxkLokeh 

us reke laLFkkxr vkSj 

O;fDrxr lk/u tqVk,A lwjr 

'kgj esa gSts ds nkSjku Hkh 

mUgksauas lfØ; lgk;rk dhA 

jkekfyaxkLokeh us fo'o dh lcls cM+h vkS|ksfxd nq?kZVuk & 

Hkksiky xSl dk.M dh tkap&iM+rky dhA ;wfu;u dkckZbM (vc 

MkWo dsfedYl) dh mis{kk ls gtkjksa yksxksa dh tkusa x;haA 

lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn Hkh varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk,a izksiQslj jkekfyaxkLokeh dh lsokvksa ls 

ykHkkfUor gksrh jghaA mUgsa gkjoMZ fo'ofo|ky; us igys iQksxVhZ izksiQslj vkSj ckn esa ,d 

fof'k"V fo"k&oSKkfud (VkWfDldkWyksftLV) ds :i esa vkeaf=kr fd;kA mlds ckn mUgksausa 

iakp o"kZ rd ;wfulsiQ ds lkFk dke fd;kA oks jk"Vªh; Lrj dh dbZ laLFkkvksa ds lkFk 

yxkrkj tqM+s jgs ftuesa jktho xak/h iQkmaMs'ku] dSUlj fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV] lsUVj iQkWj lkbUl 

,aM buok;juesUV vkSj juc['kh iQkmaMs'ku mYys[kuh; gSaA vius thou ds vafre fnu rd 

oks ubZ fnYyh fLFkr ,sEl esa uS'kuy izksiQslj dh gSfl;r ls dke djrs jgsA 

izksiQslj jkekfyaxkLokeh Hkkjrh; esfMdy MkWDVjksa esa 'kk;n lcls vf/d lEekfur O;fDr 

FksA oks HkVukxj vkSj i|Hkw"k.k nksuksa iq#Ldkj ls vyaÑr FksA jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki 

(,iQvkj,l) vkSj rhuksa Hkkjrh; foKku vdknsfe;ksa ds oks lnL; FksA 1979&80 esa oks 

bUlk ds vè;{k FksA oks uS'kuy ,dsMeh vkWiQ esfMdy lkbUlst] vejhdh vkSj :lh 

lkbUl ,dsfMeht ds lnL; rks Fks gh lkFk esa oks jkW;y dkWyst vkWiQ fiQftf'k;Ul vkSj 

ltZUl ds iQsyks Hkh FksA LohfMu dh dkjksfyUldk ;wfuoflZVh us mUgsa MkWDVªsV dh fMxzh 

ls lq'kksfHkr fd;kA jkekfyaxkLokeh] oYMZ gsYFk vkWjfxukbts'ku dh Xykscy ,Mokbtjh 

desVh vkWu esfMdy fjlpZ ds ps;jeSu FksA 

izksiQslj jkekfyaxkLokeh us lq[kh ikfjokfjd thou fcrk;kA mudh iRuh lw;kZ izHkk ubZ 

fnYyhs fLFkr tokgjyky usg# fo'ofo|ky; ds lsUVj iQWkj lks'ky esfMflu ,aM dE;wfuVh 

gsYFk esa izksiQslj ds in ls lsokfuo`Rr gq;haA mudk csVk MkWDVj oh- txnh'k vejhdk ds 

esjhySUM esa ,d Loa;lsoh laLFkk lkmFk ,f'k;k ,xsUlV ,WMl ds ps;jeSu gSa vkSj mudh 

csVh MkW- y{eh U;w;kdZ ds ekmaV lkbuk; vLirky esa dke djrh gSaaA 

th-,u- 

jkepanzu 

(1922 - 2001) 

^vxj vkidks yxrk gS fd vki tkurs gSa rks vki lpeqp esa ughsa tkurs gSaA vxj 

vki ekurs gSa fd vki fdlh pht dks ugha tku ldrs] rc vki mls tkurs gSaA* 

& th-,u- jkepanzu 

th-,u- jkepanzu (;gka ^th* xksikyleqnze muds iSr`d 'kgj vkSj ^,u* ukjk;.k vÕ;j 

muds firk dk uke gS) chloha 'krkCnh ds ,d foy{k.k Hkkjrh; oSKkfud FksA mUgksausa 

vius 'kks/dk;Z ls iwjh nqfu;k esa Hkkjr dk uke jkS'ku 

fd;kA jkepanzu us viuk vf/dka'k 'kks/dk;Z Hkkjr esa 

gh fd;k vkSj blesa muds jksy&ekWMy izfl¼ oSKkfud 

lj lh-ohjeu FksA jkepanzu us ekWyhD;wyj 

cWk;ksfiQftDl] fo'ks"kdj izksVhu ds

djrsA oks xf.kr dh lehdj.ksa fy[krs vkSj jke ls mUgksauas gy djus dks dgrsA blfy, 

jke cpiu ls gh mPp xf.kr esa ikjaxr gks x, FksA vxj gjsd ijh{kk esa oks xf.kr esa 

100 izfr'kr vad ikrs rks blesa dqN vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha FkhA 1942 esa jkepanzu us enzkl 

;wfuoflZVh ls ch,llh ds dkslZ esa iwjs fo'ofo|ky; esa VkWi fd;kA lsUV tkslsiQ dkWyst 

esa ftu nks f'k{kdksa us jkepanzu dh #fp fiQftDl esa tkx`r dh oks Fks Jh ih-bZ- lqczkefu;e 

vkSj tslqvkbV iknjh iQknj jkteA 

jkepanzu ds firk pkgrs Fks fd oks bafM;u flfoy lfoZl esa tk,a ij ;g ckr jkepanzu 

dks fcYdqy ukxokj FkhA ckn esa jsyos baftfu;fjax cksMZ dh ijh{kk ds fy, jkepanzu dks 

fnYyh Hkstk x;kA jkepanzu us tkucw> dj bl ijh{kk esa xfYr;ka dh vkSj iQsy gq,! 1942 

esa jkepanzu us cSaxyksj dh izfl¼ bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl ds bysfDVªdy baftfu;fjax 

foHkkx esa mPp f'k{kk ds fy, nkf[kyk fy;kA ijUrq dqN gh le; ckn mUgsa lj lh-ohjeu 

fiQftDl foHkkx esa ys vk,A ,d lIrkg ckn jeu us jkepanzu dks ykMZ jSys }kjk 

lq>kbZ ,d tfVy leL;k dk gy [kkstus dks dgkA ,d gh fnu esa jkepanzu us bl leL;k 

dh lehdj.ksa fy[kha vkSj mudk gy

1970 esa enzkl ;wfuoflZVh ls bLrhiQk nsus ds i'pkr jkepanzu us nks o"kZ ;wfuoflZVh vWkiQ 

f'kdkxks ds ckW;ks&fiQftDl foHkkx esa fcrk,A bl nks lky ds izokl esa mUgksaus nks&vk;keh 

vakdM+ksa ls rhu&vk;keh fp=k jpus dh ubZ fof/ dk vkfo"dkj fd;k tks ckn esa dEi;wVj 

VkseksxzkiQh dk vk/kj cuhA f'kdkxks ls ykSVus ds ckn jkepanzu us bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ 

lkbUl esa eWkfyD;wyj cWk;ksfiQftDl ;wfuV (,ech;w) LFkkfir fd;kA 1977 esa mUgksauas 

iQksxZVh izksiQslj dh gSfl;r ls uS'kuy bafLV~V;wV iQWkj gsYFk] csFksLMk] esjhySUM vejhdk 

esa dke fd;kA mlh o"kZ mUgsa yanu dh jWk;y lkslkbVh dk iQsyks euksuhr fd;k x;kA 1978 

esa oks ,ech;w ls lsokfuo`Rr gq,A mlds ckn Hkh oks vkbZvkbZ,llh eas 1989 rd 

eSfFkeSfVdy fiQykLiQh ds izksiQslj tSls dke djrs jgsA 

1980 ds izkjEHk ls oks ikjfdUlu chekjh ls ihfM+r jgus yxsA 1945 esa mudh 'kknh jkte 

ls gqbZA chekjh ds nkSjku mudh iRuh us mudh leqfpr lsok dhA 1998 esa fny ds nkSjs 

ls jkte dh vkdfLed e`R;q gks xbZA ;g jkepanzu ds fy, ,d xgjk lnek Fkk ftlls 

oks dHkh ugha mcjsA 1999 esa baVjuS'kuy ;wfu;u vWkiQ fØLVyksxzkiQlZ us jkepanzu ds 

mRÑ"V ;ksxnku ds fy, mUgsa iakpos bokYM iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;kA 1999 esa mUgsa 

,d fny dk nkSjk iM+k ftlds ckn ls viuh e`R;q & 7 vizSy 2001 rd oks vLirky 

esa gh jgsA muds nks iq=k gSa & jes'k uk;kj.k (gkjoMZ ;wfuoflZVh esa [kxksy'kkL=k ds 

izksiQslj) vkSj gfj (bafLV~V;wV iQWkj Iyktek fjlpZ] vgenkckn) vkSj mudh csVh fot;k 

VsDll ;wfuoflZVh esa dEi;wVj lkbUl dh izksiQslj 

gSaA 

jkepanzu reke dq'kyrkvkas vkSj #fp;ksa ls lEiUu 

FksA mudh Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh 'kkL=kh; laxhr 

vkSj n'kZu'kkL=k esa xgjh #fp FkhA vius laiw.kZ 

o;Ld thou esa oks ekufld chekfj;ksa ls xzLr 

jgsA ijUrq mlls mudh oSKkfud l`tukRedrk 

ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+kA jkepanzu vlyh ek;uksa 

esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj dksfV ds oSKkfud Fks vkSj ;g 

cgqr nq[k dh ckr gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa 

fdlh 'kkldh; iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur ugha fd;kA 

D;ksafd dksysftu peM+s dk ,d vfHkUu vax gS 

blfy, psUubZ dh lsUVªy ySnj fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV 

us vius cM+s lHkkxzg dk uke jkepanzu }kjk 

1954 esa [kkst dksystu ds aklh dh jkuh mUgsa viuh 

ryokj HksaV dj x;haA bl HksaV dks muds 

ifjokj us cgqr vknj&lEeku ds lkFk 

134 135

latks dj j[kk! gjh'k us vius cpiu dk T;knkrj le; vius ukuk ds ?kj ij gh fcrk;kA 

oks irs Fks 'kk;n blfy, D;ksafd mUgksauas bl fo"k; 

dks dkiQh ckn esa pquk FkkA oks nks vU; ckgjh O;fDr;ksa ds cM+s iz'kald Fks & oSu&xWkx 

vkSj lstku dssA 'kk;n bu nksuksa fp=kdkjksa esa oks viuh Nfo ns[krs FksA oSls panzk Lo;a ,d 

dq'ky isUVj FksA 

Hkkjr vkSj baXySUM ds vafre lkyksa esa panzk jsysfVfofLVd iQhYM F;ksjh esa O;Lr jgsA muds 

dk;Z dk mYys[k dbZ 'kks/ if=kdkvksa us fd;kA ,d xf.krK dh gSfl;r ls gjh'k panz 

us mQaph cqyafn;ksa dks NqvkA mudh x

,-,l- isUVy 

(1925 - 2004) 

vkSrkj flag isUVy 'kk;n Hkkjr ds lcls izfl¼ 'kjhj&oSKkfud (fiQft;kyksftLV) FksA 

oks ,d esgurh 'kks/drkZ Fks vkSj vius fopkjksa ds izfr n`

isUVy vius 'kks/ ds {ks=k esa nqfu;k Hkj essa vxz.kh FksA izfl¼ oSKkfud izksiQslj lh- gSeUl 

us isUVy ds dke dh nkn nsrs gq, iQkbcj ,WD'ku iksVsuf'k;y ds nks Li"V dky lq>k, 

& ,d isUVy ls igys dk vkSj nwljs isUVy ds ckn dkA isUVy ts&fjlsIVlZ ds fHkUu i{kksa 

ij 'kks/ djrs jgs ftlesa mQaps igkM+ksa ij 'kjhj&foKku ,oa cgqr Je ds ckn lakl iQwyus 

tSlh fLFkfr;ka 'kkfey FkhaA bl 'kks/ us mQaph igkfM+;ksa ij dk;Zjr Hkkjrh; iQkSth dSls ogka 

dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vH;Lr gksrs gSa bl ckr ij izdk'k MkykA 

mQaps iz'kkldh; inksa dh ped&/ed dh vksj isUVy dHkh Hkh vkdf"kZr ugha gq,A oks 

viuh NksVh iz;ksx'kkyk esa [kq'k Fks tgka oks xgjkbZ ls viuh [kkstchu tkjh j[k ldrs FksA 

isUVy egt ,d vPNs 'kks/drkZ ugha FksA foKku ds uSfrd ewY;ksa eas mudh xgjh #fp 

Fkh ftlds fy, mUgksausa lkslkbVh iQWkj lkbfUVfiQd oSY;wt (,l,l,) uke dh laLFkk 

LFkkfir dh FkhA cgqr ls ofj"B vkSj ;qok oSKkfud bl laLFkk ls tqM+s FksA ;g Vhe oSKkfud 

/ks[kk/M+h ds dslksa dh vius iSlksa ls takp iM+rky dj lPpkbZ rd igqapus dk Hkjld 

iz;kl djrhA vkt cgqr ls yksx vkSj tkuh&ekuh laLFkk,a bl Vhe dh lgk;rk ysrh gSaA 

isUVy ds mQaps uSfrd ekin.M vDlj muds lgdfeZ;ksa dks v[kjrs FksA oks fdlh gksVy 

esa vk;ksftr cSBd ;k dakÚsUl esa dHkh Hkkx ugha ysrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd 'kSf{kd 

;k oSKkfud cSBdsa ;wfuoflZVh ds izakxM+ esa gh vk;ksftr gksuh pkfg, u fd iakp&flrkjk 

gksVyksa esaA oks dHkh fdlh dyafdr laLFkk esa iSj Hkh ugha j[krs Fks & pkgsa oks laLFkk mUgsa 

lEekfur gh D;ksa u dj jgh gks! muds mQaps uSfrd xq.kkas ds dkj.k cgqr ls yksx mUgsa 

ludh djkj djds muls vyx Hkh gq,A 

isUVy ds Nk=k mUgsa iz;ksx'kkyk esa vDlj fdlh midj.k dh ejEer djr gq, ikrsA ,slk 

djuk fdlh Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ds fy, ,d nqyZHk ckr Fkh! muds uSfrdrk ds mPp ekudksa 

ij vey djuk vke yksxksa ds fy, eqf'dy FkkA oks pkgrs Fks fd yksx udy djuk NksM+ 

dqN ekSfyd 'kks/ djsa ftlls ekStwnk Kku dk HkaMkj 

c

,-ih- fe=kk 

(1927 - 2007) 

izksiQslj v'ks"k izlkn fe=kk us vk;uksLiQh;j vkSj ekSle&cnyko ds {ks=k eas vf}rh; dk;Z 

fd;kA mUgksauas vius xq# izksiQslj f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk (,iQvkj,l) ds {ks=k esa 'kks/dk;Z 

dks n{krk ls vkxs c

Temperature ( o C) 

Year 

Global warming is shown in this graph of global yearly temperature. 

fn[kk;k fd Hkkjrh; /ku ds [ksrksa ls dsoy 4 fefy;u Vu gh ehFksu fudyrh gS! vkSj 

lPpkbZ ;g gS fd if'pe ds ns'k izfr O;fDr Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa ukS xquk T;knk xzhugkml 

xSlsa iSnk djrs gSaA mUgksauas Hkkjr dks Hkh dks;yk tyus vkSj nqdkuksa] ?kjksa esa yxs tsujsVjksa 

vkSj Ñf"k mRiknu esa yxs Mhty batuksa }kjk iSnk iznw"k.k ls vkxkg fd;kA 

oks i;kZoj.k ls tqM+h jktuhfr dks vPNs oSKkfud 'kks/ ls pqukSrh nsuk pkgrs FksA muds 

vuqlkj fons'kh /u ds dke djus okyh cgqr lh laLFkk,a oSKkfud 'kks/ dks vius ladh.kZ 

jk"Vªh; fgrksa ds fy, rksM+rh&ejksM+rh FkhaA mudh izcy bPNk Fkh fd lkmFk ,f'k;u 

,lksfl,'ku iQWkj jhtuy dksvkijs'ku (lkdZ) ds rRok/ku esa ,d ,slk usVodZ [kM+k 

gks tks bu ns'kksa esa gksus okys iznw"k.k vkSj ekSllh cny dh izkekf.kd tkudkjh ,df=kr 

djs vkSj Hkkjr bldh LFkkiuk dh vxqokbZ djsA fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa esa ekSle lEcU/ 

h tkudkjh ,df=kr djus ds fy, iz;ksx'kkyk,a LFkkfir djus dk mUgksausa lq>ko fn;kA bl 

'kks/dk;Z esa fe=kk Hkkjrh; lsuk dks Hkh 'kkfey djuk pkgrs Fks D;ksafd lsuk iwohZ fgeky; 

ds mQapkbZ ij fLFkr mu {ks=kkasa esa dke djrh Fkh tgka oSKkfud ugha tkrs FksA mudk iDdk 

fo'okl Fkk fd vPNh uhfr;ksa ds fy, lgh vkSj mPp dksfV dh tkudkjh vfuok;Z FkhA 

muds vuqlkj baVj&xojesUVy isuy vWku DykesV psUt (vkbZihlhlh) vius 'kks/ esa cgqr 

ihNs FkkA oks pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr iznw"k.k vkSj xSl fudklh ij [kqn Bksl 'kks/dk;Z djs 

vkSj ekSle&cnyko ds eqn~ns ij mi;qDr uhfr;ka cuk,A 

1999 esa fe=kk us Hkkjr] ;wjksi] ekYMho vkSj vejhdk ds 200 ls Hkh vf/d oSKkfudksa 

ds lkFk feydj Ng gÝrs dk ,d vHkwriwoZ oSKkfud vè;;u fd;kA blesa mUgksausa gok 

esa ,jkslksy ds cgqr lw{e d.kksa dk ekSle ij iM+s izHkko dks le>kA fe=kk nqfu;k ds mu 

rhu vxz.kh oSKkfudksa esa ls Fks ftUgksauas bafM;u vks'ku bDlisfjesUV (baMks,Dl) esa Hkkx 

fy;kA bl iz;ksx dks Hkkjrh; egklkxj esa fd;k x;k tgka ij vaVkdZfVd ls vkbZ 'kq¼ 

gok Hkkjrh; egk}hi ls vkbZ iznwf"kr gok ls feyrh FkhA Hkkjrh; egklkxj bl vuwBs iz;ksx 

ds vè;;u dh ,d fo'kky iz;ksx'kkyk cuhA oSKkfudksa dks Hkkjr ds {ks=kiQy ls lkr 

xquk cM+h ,d xgjh /qU/ mRrjh Hkkjrh; egklkxj esa fn[kkbZ iM+hA bl /qU/ lss cknyksa 

ds cuus vkSj o"kkZ dh ek=kk ij xEHkhj ifj.kke gks ldrs FksA fe=kk us psrkouh nh Fkh fd 

,sjkslksy ds lw{e d.kksa ls o"kkZ vkSj Ñf"k mit ij izHkko iM+ ldrk gS vkSj nek c

,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw 

(1927 - 1982) 

Hkkjr esa [kxksy'kkL=k ds 'kks/ dk rkuk&ckuk cquus dk vf/dka'k Js; ok;uw cIiw dks 

tkrk gSA muds vFkd ifjJe dh otg ls gh Hkkjr esa [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/dk;Z dh 

ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA 

ok;uw cIiw dk tUe vxLr 10] 1927 dks gqvkA oSlk mudk ifjokj dSukuksj dk jgus 

okyk Fkk ijUrq muds firk gSnjkckn esa futkfe;k vkWCtjosVjh esa dk;Zjr FksA blfy, ok;uw 

dh Ldwy vkSj dWkyst dh f'k{kk gSnjkckn esa gh gqbZA oks ,d vPNs oDrk Fks vkSj bl 

dkj.k Ldwy esa mudh cgqr iz'kalk gksrh FkhA vius dWkyst esa mUgksausa foKku&Dyc 

vk;ksftr fd;k vkSj dWkyst if=kdk dk lEiknu Hkh fd;kA dWkyst dh fiQftDl 

,lksfl,'ku ds lfpo dh gSfl;r ls mUgksaus foKku ds fo"k;ksa ij dbZ yksdfiz; Hkk"k.k 

vk;ksftr fd,A 1943 esa tc lj lh oh jeu us gSnjkckn esa dbZ ysDpj fn, rks ok;uw 

us gj jkst viuh lkbfdy ij 16 fdyksehVj dh ;k=kk dh ftlls fd dksbZ Hkh ysDpj 

u NwVsA 

oks 'kkSfd;k isUVj Hkh Fks vkSj 

lkFk es mUgsa mRÑ"V lkfgR; 

esa xgjh #fp FkhA mUgsa vaxzsth 

dforkvksa ls izse Fkk vkSj mnwZ 

ds 'kk;j fetkZ xkfyc muds 

lcls fiz; dfo FksA dWkyst esa 

oks ,d 'kkunku fØdsV vkSj 

Vsful f[kykM+h FksA ,d lkglh 

;qok tSls 'kk;n muds fny esa 

iWk;yV cuus dh meax FkhA 

mudh lcls fiz; iqLrd Fkh n fLifjV vWkiQ lsUV ywbZ tks izfl¼ gokckt pkYlZ fyUMcxZ 

dh vej xkFkk gSA foKku vkSj dyk nksuksa {ks=kksa esa ok;uw ds jksy&ekWMy fo[;kr oSKkfud 

gkseh HkkHkk FksA ok;uw dh dykÑfr;ksa dks vkt Hkh muds }kjk LFkkfir fofHkUu os/ 

'kkykvksa esa ns[kk vkSj fugkjk tk ldrk gSA 

cpiu ls gh ok;uw us futkfe;k vkWCtjosVjh (os/'kkyk) esa nwjchus ns[kh FkhaA jkf=k&vkdk'k 

ds lkSUn;Z vkSj foLe; ls oks cpiu ls gh voxr FksA dWkyst esa mUgksausa ,d LisDVªksxzkiQ 

dk fuekZ.k fd;kA blds fy, mUgksaus vius 'k;ud{k dh f[kM+dh ls yxkrkj Ng jkrksa 

rd ,d ^laosnu'khy* IysV ij izdk'k iM+us fn;kA 1946 esa bl fo"k; ij mUgksausa viuk 

igyk 'kks/i=k fy[kkA 

1948 esa ,e,llh dh i

1951 esa ih,pMh lekIr djus ds ckn cIiw igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftUgsa [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/ 

dk;Z djus ds fy, izfrf"Br dkjusxh esyu iQsyksf'ki feyhA bl otg ls mUgsa ekmaV 

ikSyksekj fLFkr nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s 200&bap VsfyLdksi ij dke djus dk lqvolj feykA 

cIiw us okSYiQ&js;r rkjksa ij xgu 'kks/ fd;k vkSj bl {ks=k esa mUgksausa iwjs fo'o esa cgqr 

'kksgjr gkfly dhA 

1953 esa cIiw Hkkjr ykSVsA ml le; Hkkjr esa [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/ djus dh lqfo/k,a 

,dne izkphu Fkha vkSj ns'k esa miyC/ lcls cM+k VsfyLdksi ek=k 15&bap dk fjÝjSDVj 

Fkk! 1954 esa ok;uw cIiw us okjk.klh fLFkr mRrj izns'k os/'kkyk esa izeq[k [kxksy foKkuh 

ds :i esa dke 'kq# fd;kA mRrj izns'k ds rRdkyhu eq[;ea=kh dks os/'kkyk csgrj LFkku 

ij ys tkus ds fy, mUgksaus jkth fd;kA cIiw us blds fy, uSuhrky ds ikl ,d mi;qDr 

igkM+h pquhA dqN gh lkyksa esa mUgksausa ogka ij dbZ ;qok vkSj izsfjr oSKkfud dks izf'kf{kr 

fd;k ftUgksauas ckn esa ns'k esa [kxksy'kkL=k ds fodkl esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA 

1960 esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds vkxzg ij cIiw 170&lky iqjkuh dksMkbZdWuky os/'kkyk ds 

lcls ;qok funs'kd cusA fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us 1792 esa bls enzkl esa LFkkfir fd;k 

FkkA fiQj mls 1899 esa dksMkbZdWuky esa LFkkukrafjr fd;kA blls igys izfrf"Br [kxksy'kkL=kh 

tSls ,u-vkj- iksxlu vkSj ,oj'ksM izHkko ds tWku ,oj'ksM bl laLFkk ds funs'kd jg 

pqds FksA cIiw us ;gka ij ,d midj.k fuekZ.k vkSj nwljh vkfIVDl dh odZ'kki LFkkfir 

dhaA buesa dbZ NksVh nwjchuksa vkSj LisDVªksLdksIl dk fuekZ.k gqvkA mUgksauas iqjkus lksyj nwjchuksa 

esa tfVy bysDVªkfuDl dk lekos'k dj lw;Z dh takp&iM+rky djus ds fy, mudh {kerk 

dks c

ih-ds- lsBh 

(1927 - 2008) 

êSaus vDlj ;qok MkWDVjksa dks ;g lykg nh gS fd oks

eqM+us okyk tksM+ cuk;k x;kA ,d ejht ds HkkbZ us ckgjh jcj dks fcYdqy peM+h tSlk 

jax fn;kA rks bl izdkj cuk igyk t;iqj&iQqVA 

t;iqj&iQqV dh tedj tkap vktekbZ'k gqbZ ftlls mlds fVdkmQiu] mi;qDr dher vkSj 

vkjkens;rk dh iqf"V gqbZA pyrs le; tc pkSM+k iSj tehu dks Li'kZ djrk rks mlls iguus 

okys dks lqj{kk dk vuqHkwfr gksrhA ckgjh jcj ds [kksy ds dkj.k ;g Ñf=ke iSj VwV&iQwV 

ls eqDr FkkA vxj mldh lrg [kqjp tkrh rks mldh ejEer lkbfdy ds iUpj tSls 

iScUn yxkdj dh tk ldrh FkhA 

1970 esa MkWDVj lsBh us t;iqj&iQqV ij igyk 'kks/i=k fy[kkA 1974 esa mUgsa fLoVjtySUM 

esa Ñf=ke vaxks ij gks jgh iQLVZ oYMZ dkUÚsUl esa eq[; oDrk ds :i esa vkeaf=kr fd;k 

x;kA 

1975 esa fcgkj ds ,d /uh ejht Jh vtqZu vxzoky us ,d cM+k vuqnku fn;k ftlls 

fd vLirky eas gh ,d iakp&eaftyk iquokZlu dsUnz dk fuekZ.k lEHko gks ik;kA mlds 

ckn jkT; ljdkj vkSj futh nkrkvksa us Hkh vuqnku fn,A fdl izdkj ejht iquokZlu dsUnz 

eas vkrs gSa vkSj mudk Lokxr gksrk gS ;g o.kZu i

f'kojkekÑ".ku 

panz'ks[kj 

(1930 - 2004) 

vktdy fyfDoM fØLVy lHkh txg mi;ksx esa yk, tk jgs gSa & eksckby iQksUl ls ysdj 

cM+s Vsyhfotu LØhu esa HkhA igys okys Hkkjh Hkjde dSFkksM&js V~;wc vc yqIr gks x, 

gSa vkSj mudk LFkku vc fyfDoM fØLVy fMlIys us ys fy;k gSA fyfDoM fØLVy ds 

{ks=k esa fodkl dk vf/dka'k Js; f'kojkekÑ".ku panz'ks[kj ds foy{k.k 'kks/dk;Z dks 

tkrk gSA yksx I;kj ls mUgsa panzk cqykrs FksA 

panzk dk tUe 6 vxLr 1930 dks dydRrs esa gqvkA muds firk fczfV'k ljdkj ds fy, 

dke djrs FksA ckn esa inksUufr ds ckn oks Lora=k Hkkjr ds ,dkmaVsUV tujy cusA firk 

dss rcknyksa ds dkj.k ifjokj dks vyx&vyx 'kgjksa 

esa tkuk iM+rk Fkk ftlls panzk dh Ldwyh i

fd vR;k/qfud 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, u, inkFkZ dh fuekZ.k {kerk vR;ko'd gksxhA blfy, 

mUgksauas lkFk esa u, inkFkZ cukus ds fy, ,d vkSjxSfud iz;ksx'kkyk Hkh LFkkfir dhA tYn 

gh panzk dh iz;ksx'kkyk vius ekSfyd 'kks/dk;Z ds dkj.k iwjs fo'o esa fyfDoM fØLVy 

ij vuqla/ku dk ,d vxz.kh dsUnz cu xbZA 1977 esa panz'ks[kj tc vius oSKkfud dSfj;j 

ds f'k[kj ij Fks rc mUgksausa vius lgdfeZ;ksa ds lkFk fey ,d u, izdkj ds fyfDoM 

fØLVy dh [kkst dh tks u, rjg ds ijek.kqvksa dk cuk FkkA bu ijek.kqvksa dk vkdkj 

pdfr;ksa tSlk FkkA ;s ijek.kq igys vè;;u fd, csyukdkj ijek.kqvksa ls fcYdqy fHkUu 

FksA bl [kkst ls panzk dks varjkZ"Vªh; [;kfr feyhA bl [kkst dk lekpkj izek.k uked 

oSKkfud 'kks/xzaFk esa igyh ckj NikA fyfDoM 

fØLVy ds {ks=k esa bl fucU/ dk vkt Hkh 

lcls vf/d mYys[k gksrk gSA 

vc rd pdrh vkdkj okys yxHkx 1500 

ijek.kqvksa dks iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa Ñf=ke rjhdksa 

ls cuk;k tk pqdk gS vkSj muds HkkSfrd vkSj 

jklk;fud xq.k/eksZa ij 2000 ls vf/d 

'kks/i=k fy[ks tk pqds gSaA bu u, inkFkksZa dks 

ubZ pqukSfr;ksa vkSj rduhdksa ds vu:i us esa enn djrs gSaA vkSj ;g Kku 

tSfod esEczsUl dks le>us ds fy, vko';d gSA blfy, tho'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj esfMdy 'kks/ 

drkZvksa dh Hkh fyfDoM fØLVyl esa xgjh #fp j[krs gaSA oks lc panzk ds dke ds vkHkkjh 

gSaA 

1977 esa dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl us panz'ks[kj dh iqLrd fyfDoM fØLVy izdkf'kr dhA 

;g bl fo"k; ij vuqla/ku djus okys fdlh Hkh Nk=k ds fy, ckbfcy ds leku gSA bl 

iqLrd dk :lh ,oa tkikuh Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gks pqdk gSA bl iqLrd dk la'kksf/r vkSj 

foLr`r laLdj.k 1992 esa NikA 

panz'ks[kj us dbZ varjkZ"Vªh; lekjksgksa dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k ftuesa ls ,d 1973 esa 

vkjvkjvkbZ dh jtr t;Urh ds miy{k esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA 1990 esa vkjvkjvkbZ 

ls lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn esa panz'ks[kj us Hkkjr bysDVªkfuDl fyfeVsM }kjk miyC/ djk;h 

,d fcfYMax esa lsUVj iQWkj fyfDoM fØLVy fjlpZ dh 'kq#vkr dhA 

panz'ks[kj dh oSKkfud miyfC/;ksa ds dkj.k mUgsa cgqr ls iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k 

x;kA Hkkjr dh rhuksa oSKkfud vdknfe;ksa us mUgsa viuk lnL; cuk;kA 1983 esa mUgsa jWk;y 

lkslkbVh] bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ fiQftDl (yanu) vkSj FkMZ oYMZ ,dsMeh vWkiQ lkbUlst dh 

iQsyksf'ki iznku dh xbZA 1990&92 esa oks baVjuS'kuy fyfDoM fØLVy lkslkbVh ds vè;{k 

cus vkSj bl laLFkk dh if=kdk eWkfyD;wyj fØLVy vkSj fyfDoM fØLVy dks oks nks n'kdksa 

ls T;knk rd lEikfnr djrs jgsA mUgsa dbZ iq#Ldkj feys & 'kakfrLo:i HkVukxj iq#Ldkj 

(1972)] gkseh HkkHkk (1987)] bUlk dk es?kukn lkgk esMy (1992)] jWk;y esMy 

(1994)] ;wusLdks dk uhYl cksgj Lo.kZ ind (1998) vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj dk i|Hkw"k.k 

lEeku (1998)A 

chekjh dh otg ls mUgsa FkksM+k dke gYdk djus dh fgnk;r nh xbZ FkhA blfy, oks ?kj 

ij gh vkjke djrs vkSj vkxUrqdksa ls feydj [kq'k gksrs FksA tSls&tSls mudh lsgr esa 

lq/kj vk;k oks fiQj mRlkg ls lekjksg vkSj cSBdksa esa Hkkx ysus dh rS;kjh dj jgs FksA 

nqHkkZX; ls 7 ekpZ 2004 dks mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA vius ihNs oks viuh iRuh byk] csVs 

vthr vkSj csVh bafnjk dks NksM+ x,A 

vc fyfDoM fØLVYl dk mi;ksx ?kfM+;ksa] ekWfuVj vkSj Vhoh LØhu esa gksrk gSA 

156 157

vfuy vxzoky 

(1947 - 2002) 

^vxj vki xjhcksa ds fy, lksprs gSa rks vki xzkWl uS'kuy izkWMDV (thMhih) }kjk 

xzkWl uspj izkWMDV dks [kRe ugha gksus ns ldrsA* & vfuy vxzoky% oYMZ 

okbYMykbiQ iQaM] yanu (vDVwcj 8 1985) 

vfuy vxzoky ,d izeq[k Hkkjrh; i;kZoj.kfon~ FksA mUgksausa igyh ckj i;kZoj.k dh 

leL;k dks xjhcksa ds utfj, ls ns[kkA xjhcksa dh la[;k rsth ls cyd n LVsV vWkiQ bafM;kt ,Uok;juesUV% , flfVtUl 

fjiksVZ ds Nius ij ekywe iM+hA bl fjiksVZ dks fy[kus 

esa mudh lgk;rk i;kZoj.k vkanksyukas ls tqM+s reke 

lfØ; dk;ZdrkZvksa us dhA bl iqLrd esa Hkkjrh; 

i;kZoj.k ds mi;ksx vkSj nq#i;ksx dk igyh ckj 

xEHkhjrk ls vakdyu fd;k x;k FkkA iqLrd esa bZekunkjh 

vkSj vkd"kZd rjhds ls Hkkjr ds

,d tekuk Fkk tc fnYyh dh gok cgqr iznwf"kr Fkh vkSj yksxksa dk ne ?kqV jgk FkkA ml 

le; vxzoky us Lyks&eMZj ds izdk'ku ds lkFk&lkFk ,d cqyUn vfHk;ku dk lw=kikr 

fd;kA bl jiV esa fcuk ykx&yisV ds mUgksausa rsy dEifu;ksa] vkWVks fuekZrkvksa vkSj fu;ked 

vf/dkfj;ksa dks nks"kh Bgjkdj dV?kjs esa [kM+k fd;kA bl fo'ys{k.k ds ckn ,d tksjnkj 

ehfM;k vfHk;ku Hkh NsM+k ftlls ifj.kke Lo:i lqizhe dksVZ us iznw"k.k iQSykus okyh 

xkfM+;ksa ij vadq'k yxk;kA vxzoky us Bksl lcwrksa vkSj vakdM+ksa ds vk/kj ij ns'k ds 

vxz.kh iwaftifr;kas vkSj dEifu;ksa dks i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds fy, ftEesnkj Bgjk;kA mlds 

ckn fnYyh dk iwjk lkoZtfud ifjogu dEizSLM uSpqjy xSl (lh,uth) esa ifjofrZr gqvkA 

vxj vkt fnYyh ds yksx dqN jkgr dh lakl ys jgs gSa rks bldk dqN Js; vfuy vxzoky 

dks vo'; tkrk gSA 

vxzoky us i;kZoj.k ds eqn~ns ij ,d ikf{kd if=kdk Mkmu Vw 

vFkZ dh 'kq#vkr Hkh dhA blesa xkscj VkbEl uke dk vfr lqUnj 

cPpksa dh y?kq if=kdk Hkh gksrh gSA lh,lbZ us vDlj cM+s&cM+s 

dkWjiksjs'kUl ds f[kykiQ mQaph vkokt mBkbZ gS vkSj ljdkj dks 

lgh fu;e&dkuwu cukus vkSj mUgsa ykxw djus ds fy, ckè; 

fd;k gSA vfuy vxzoky }kjk LFkkfir lh,lbZ us ,d Lora=k 

i;kZoj.k izgjh dh gSfl;r ls lkoZtfud fgrksa ds fy, cgqr 

iz'kaluh; dk;Z fd;k gSA 

1989 esa vxzoky us Xykscy okfeZUx bu ,u vubZDoy oYMZ ij ,d ys[k fy[kkA mlesa 

mUgksausa fn[kk;k fd xjhckas ds vkthfodk ls tqM+s mRltZu 

(,eh'kUl) /uh ns'kksa dh foyklrk & fefyVjh&vkS|ksfxd 

dkEiysDl ls fudyh tgjhyh xSlksa ls fcYdqy fHkUu gSaA 

if'pe ds eqYdksa us ges'kk iznw"k.k drkZvksa dks iq#Ldkj fn;k 

gS vkSj mlds eqDrHkksfx;ksa dks ltk nh gSA if'peh ns'k ges'kk 

Hkkjr vkSj phu tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks Xykscy okfeZUx ds 

fy, nks"kh Bgjkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa viuk ?kj lkiQ djus dh 

fgnk;r nsrs gSaA vxzoky us bls i;kZo.khZ; vkSifuosf'kdokn 

djkj fn;k vkSj if'peh ns'kksa ls xzhugkml xSlksa dh ,frgkfld 

ftEesnkjh dks Lohdkj djus dk vkxzg fd;kA egklkxjksa vkSj 

ok;qeaMy }kjk lks[kh xbZ xzhugkml xSlksa dks dkcZu&flad 

dgrs gSaA dkcZu&flad dks orZeku esa ns'kksa }kjk NksM+h 

xzhugkml xSlksa ds vuqikr esa ckaVuk ,d ?kksj vU;k; gksxkA 

vxzoky ds vuqlkj U;k;iw.kZ i¼fr esa nqfu;k ds gj balku 

dks dkcZu&flad esa cjkcjh dk fgLlk feyuk pkfg,A 

vxzoky dks vius foy{k.k dke ds fy, vusdksa iq#Ldkj feysA vkbZvkbZVh dkuiqj us mUgsa 

fMfLVaX;qf'kM ,Yequl vokMZ ls lEekfur fd;kA 1987 eas la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds i;kZoj.k 

dk;ZØe us mUgsa Xykscy 500 jksy vWkiQ gkWuj esa lfEefyr fd;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us 

i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl ds muds mRÑ"V dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa i|Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;kA 

chl lkyksa ls Hkh T;knk vlsZ rd vfuy vxzoky cqyUnh ds lkFk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh 

vkokt mBkrs jgsA muesa tfVy oSKkfud 'kks/i=kksa vkSj fo'ks"k vè;;uksa dks i

ôSKkfud* 'kCn ls yksxksa ds tgu esa ,d ,sls O;fDr dh Nfo mHkjrh gS tks ges'kk 

fdrkcksa] eagxs midj.kksa] ij[kufy;ksa vkSj /qavk mxyrs dkap ds chdj ls f?kjk gksA 

ijUrq oSKkfudksa dh ftanxh ds Hkh reke vk;ke gksrs gSaA bl iqLrd ds dqN oSKkfud 

dgkfu;ka vkSj dfork,a fy[krs Fks] dqN dyk ds nhokus Fks vkSj dqN dks rst jÝrkj 

ls cM+h eksVjlkbfdysa pykus dk 'kkSd Fkk! dbZ oSKkfudksa dk ckgjh lekt ds lkFk 

varjax lEca/ Fkk vkSj mUgksausa nqfu;k dks csgrj cukus dk Hkjdl iz;kl Hkh fd;kA 

iqLrd esa oSKkfudksa ds thou pfj=kksa ds lkFk&lkFk mudh ftanxh ds dqN jkspd 

i{kksa dks Hkh latks;k x;k gSA mUgsa foKku dh izsj.kk dSls feyh\ D;k muds cpiu 

ds dksbZ vuqHko blds fy, ftEesnkj Fkk\ D;k bl izsj.kk ds ihNs dksbZ fo'ks"k O;fDr 

& mudh eka ;k dksbZ f'k{kd FkkA oSKkfudksa us fo'ks"kdj muesa efgykvksa us D;k&D;k 

la?k"kZ >sys\ muds thou ds la?k"kksZa ls ;qok ih

India scientist

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?