GT_7th_part3

nghJj;jkpo; 

(gj;jhk; tFg;Gj; juk;) 

7Mk; tFg;G 3 - ,ay; - 1 (nra;As; - nghq;fy; topghL> cotpd; 

rpwg;G> ciueil – ,aw;if Ntshz;ik> Jizg;ghlk; - J}uj;J 

xsp> ,yf;fzk; - Ntw;Wik> milnkhop> %tifg;Nghypfs;) 

nra;As; - nghq;fy; topghL 

nrhw;nghUs;: 

jpU - nry;tk; 

epNtjdk; - gilayKJ 

fdfk; - nghd; 

Gutp - Fjpiu 

Nfh - murd; 

fLfp - tpiue;J 

nghJj;jkpo; (Vohk; tFg;G – %d;whk; gUtk;) Page 1

Mrpupau; Fwpg;G: 

E}y; Fwpg;G 

• ,tUila ftpij E}y;fs; 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaj; 

Jiwf;Fg; Gjpa rpwg;Gfisr; Nru;j;jpUf;fpd;wd. 

• ,tuJ gilg;Gfs; ghujpf;Fg;gpd; ftpij kugpy; jpUg;gk; tpistpj;jit. 

gpupj;njOJf : 

new;fjpu; - ney; + fjpu; 

kz;Zz;Nlh - kz; + cz;Nlh 

epyTKz;Nlh - epyTk; + cz;Nlh 

epd;db - epd; + mb 

nra;As; - cotpd; rpwg;G. 

nrhw;nghUs;: 

Nkop - fyg;ig 

Vu;> Nte;ju; - kd;du; 

Mop - Nkhjpuk; 

#o;tpid - cz;lhFk; tWikj; Jd;gk; 

fhuhsu; - Nkfj;ij MSfpd;wtu;fshfpa cotu;. 



ciueil 

– ,aw;if Ntshz;ik (Neu;fhzy;). 

• Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,Ug;gplk; - Nfhak;Gj;J}u;. 

• tUKd; fhg;Nghk; vd;gJ KJnkhop. 

• ,aw;if Ntshz;ikf; $Wfs; - cOjy;> tpijj;jy;> njhO cukpLjy;> ePu; 

gha;r;Rjy;> fis vLj;jy;> fhj;jy;. 

• tpijf;Fk;Kd; epyj;ijg; gz;gl cOjy; Ntz;Lk;. 

• epyj;ij cOjy; vd;gJ – xUgyk; vilAs;s kz;izf; fhy;gyk; vil 

mstpw;F cyUk;tiu cOjpLjy;. 

• epyj;ij cOtJ gw;wp ts;Stu; $Wk; Fws; - 

• cOtjpdhy; tpisAk; gad;fs; - fPopUf;Fk; kz; NkYk;> NkypUf;Fk; kz; 

fPOk; GuSk;. kz;zpYs;s fis tpijfs; Kisf;Fk;. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; coT 

nra;Ak;NghJ fisfs; ePq;fp> kz; GOjpahFk;. 

• ePu;tskpf;fg; gFjp – ed;nra; epyk;. 

• ed;nra; epyj;jpy; tpisAk; gapu;fs; - ney;< fUk;G> thio. 

• ePu;tsk; Fiwe;j gFjp – Gd;nra; epyk;. 

• ek; Ntshz; kf;fs; Gd;nra; epyj;Jf;F itj;j NtW ngau; - thdk; ghu;j;j 

G+kp. 

• gUtkioia ek;gpNa ,Uf;Fk; tpis gapu;fs; (Gd;nra;) – fk;G> Nfo;tuF> 

jpid> tuF> rhik> Jtiu> nfhs;S> fhuhkzp. 

• kioia ek;gp vOe;j gonkhopfs; - ‘gUtj;Nj gapu; nra;”> ‘Mbg;gl;lk; Njb 

tpij”. 


• tpij ney;iy Kjypy; ehw;whq;fhypy; tpijj;J tsu;f;Fk; ehs;fs; - 21 

ehs;Kjy; 25 ehs;tiu. 

• fUk;ig ntl;bf; fZf;fshfTk;> thioapd; fd;Wfisf; fpoq;FlDk; ntl;b 

vLj;J elT nra;aNtz;Lk;. 

• ve;nje;jg; gapu;f;F vt;tsT ,ilntsp Ntz;Lnkd;gij> ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; 

nrhd;dJ – ‘ney;Yf;F ez;Nlhl; fUk;Gf;F VNuhl; thiof;F 

tz;bNahl; njd;idf;Fj; NjNuhl”. 

• jukhd tpisr;riyf; fhd ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa cuq;fs; - njhO 

cuq;fs;. 

• njhO cuq;fs; vd;gJ - ,iy jiofs;> Ml;L vU> khl;L vU> fliyg; 

gpz;zhf;F> Ntg;gk; gpz;zhf;F> ,Yg;gk; gpz;zhf;F Nghd;wit Nru;e;jJ. 

• ,aw;if Ntshz;ik (m) mq;ff Ntshz;ik vd;gJ – nraw;if cuk;> 

G+r;rp – G+Q;rhzf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfisg; gapu;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jhky; 

czT cw;gj;jpr; nra;tJ. 

• gQ;rft;tpak; - gRtplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk; 5 nghUs;fs; (Nfhkak;> rhzk;> ghy;> 

japu;> nea;). 

• gQ;rft;tpaj;ij gapupy; njspg;gjdhy;> GO> G+r;rpfs; gapu;fis neUq;fhJ. 

• gapupLKd; rzg;ig> mTup> nfhSQ;rp> jf;ifg;G+z;L Kjypatw;iw tsu;j;J> 

mtw;iw mg;gbNa cOJ jioAukhfg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. 

• gapupy; Ntz;lhj Gy; G+z;Lfs; tsu;e;jij fistjw;F ngau; - 

fisnaLj;jy;. 

• fisnaLj;jy; vd;gjid thd;Gfo; ts;Stu;> 

• gapu;fisg; G+r;rpfs; jhf;fhj tifapYk;> MLkhLfs; Nkahj tifapYk; 

jtpuhky; ghJfhj;J tUjy; - fhg;G (fhj;jy; vd;W nghUs;). 

• ‘Nfl;fhj flDk; ghu;f;fhj gapUk; gho;” – vd;gJ Kd;Ndhu; thf;F. 

• ,aw;if Ntshz;ikapd; gadfs; - 1) Kf;fpakhf epyk;> ePu;> fhw;W> 

thd;ntsp ,it rpijtilahky; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd 2) kf;fSf;F 

cly;eyj;jpw;Nfw;w czT fpilf;fpwJ. 

• ‘Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;> czNt kUe;J; kUe;Nj czT” – 

vd;gJ KJnkhop. 

Jizg;ghlk; – J}uj;J xsp. 

• mf;gu; gPu;ghy; eifr;Ritf; fijfs; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpatu; - 

f.nfs.Kj;jofu;. 

,yf;fzk; - Ntw;Wik> milnkhop> %tifg; Nghypfs;. 

Ntw;Wik 

• Ntw;Wik – ngau;r;nrhy;ypd; nghUis NtWgLj;JtJ. 


• Ntw;Wik cUGfs; - ngau;r;nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; mike;J nghUs; 

NtWghl;ilr; nra;Ak; cUGfs;. (ngaiu NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; cUG – 

Ntw;Wik cUG) 

• Ntw;Wik vz; tifg;gLk;. – 1) Kjy; Ntw;Wik 2) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik 3) 

%d;whk; Ntw;Wik 4) ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik 5) Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik 6) Mwhk; 

Ntw;Wik 7) Vohk; Ntw;Wik 8) vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik. 

• Kjy; Ntw;Wik: 

• ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik (cUG - I): 

• ngau;r;nrhy;ypdJ nghUisr; nrag;gLnghUshf NtWgLj;JtJ. 

• vfh. : tstd; nra;Aisg; gbj;jhd;. (I) 

• %d;whk; Ntw;Wik : 

• ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik (cUG – F): 

• v.fh. : jiytu; ee;jpdpf;Fg; gupR toq;fpdhu;. (F) 

• Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik (cUGfs; - ,y;> ,d;): 

• v.fh. : nfhilapy; rpwe;jtu; ghup. (,y;) 

,e;jpahtpd; njw;F vy;iy Fkup. (,d;) 

• Mwhk; Ntw;Wik (cUG – mJ): 

• v.fh. : ,uhkdJ tPL. (mJ) 

vdJ Gj;jfk;. (mJ) 


• Vohk; Ntw;Wik: 

• vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik (cUG ,y;iy): 

• ,jid ‘tpsp Ntw;Wik” vd miog;gu;. 

milnkhop 

• milnkhop – gy tifg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk; xU nghUisg; nghJthfr; 

Rl;Lk;nghOJ> mjd; tif Fwpj;J Iak; Vw;gl;lhy;> mtw;iw ,dk; 

gpupj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jdpr;nrhy;. 

• v.fh. : ghlE}y; (ghlE}y; vdr; nrhy;Yk;nghOJ> mjd; tif Fwpj;J Iak; 

Njhd;Wk;). Mjid Nghf;f mil nfhLj;Jf; $Wjy; (jkpo;g; ghlE}y;> 

Mq;fpyg; ghlE}y;> fzf;Fg; ghlE}y;). 

• ,dKs;s milnkhop – nghUs;fis ,dk;g;gpupj;jwpa cjTk; 

milnkhopfs;. 

• v.fh. : jkpo;g; ghlE}y;> Mq;fpyg; ghlE}y;> fzf;Fg; ghlE}y;> nre;jhkiu> 

ghw;Flk;> G+kuk;> nts;isg;G+id. 

• ,dkpy;yh milnkhop - ,dkhf $w milnkhop ,y;yhj xd;W. 

• v.fh. : ntz;zpyT> fUq;fhf;if> nrq;fjpNuhd;> cg;gsk;> Cu;kd;wk;> 

Njha;japu;> nrQ;QhapW. nre;jkpo;. 

%tifg; Nghypfs; 

• Nghyp – xU nrhy;ypd; vOj;J NtWgl;lhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gJ. 

(mfk; - mfd;> Kfk; - Kfd;) 

• Nghyp – xU nrhy;ypy;> KjypYs;s vOj;Njh ,ilapy; cs;s vOj;Njh> 

,WjpapYs;s vOj;Njh khWgl;lhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gJ. 

• Nghyp %tifg;gLk; - 1) Kjw;Nghyp 2) ,ilg;Nghyp 3) ,Wjpg;Nghyp (m) 

filg;Nghyp. 

• v.fh. : 


• Kw;Wg;Nghyp – v.fh. : mQ;R &gha; nfhL. (Ie;J &gha; nfhL vd khWk;) 

eyd; - filg;Nghyp 

Mid - Kjw;Nghyp 

miuau; - ,ilg;Nghyp 

tFg;giwj;jpwd;fs; 

- jl;L> japu;> jhkiu> jpz;zd;> jpz;iz> jpus;> jP> jPdp> Jzp> J}z;> J}s;> 

njd;id> Njd;> ij> njhl;b> njhL> Njhl;lk;> Njhzp. 

• cjTk; kdg;ghd;ik $Wk; Fws;. 


• vj;njhopiyr; nra;NthuhapDk;> NtW vg;nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;NthuhapDk; 

coTj; njhopyhy; fpilf;Fk; czTg;nghUisj; Njb te;Jjhd; Mf 

Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fUj;ijf; nfhz;lJjhd; ts;Stupd;> ‘Rod;Wk; Vu;g; gpd;dJ 

cyfk;” vd;Dk; Fwl;gh mb. 

• ,dpa fhyk;; fhy; cyhTk; thdKk;> ePu; cyhTk; VupAk; fUiz fhl;Lk; 

fhyk;; ,aw;ifad;id gRikahd Gilit cLj;Jg; gd;dpwg; G+f;fisr; 

#b> ,dpa fhAk; fdpAk; fUk;Gk; mzpe;J ,d;gf;fhl;rp jUq;fhyk; - 

nghq;fy;tpoh. 

• nghq;fYf;Fj; jiyehs; - Nghfp. 

• Nghfpia mLj;J tUtJ – nghq;fy; GJehs;. 

• ‘gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;” epfOk; ehs; - nghq;fy; GJehs;. 

• tPl;bYs;s gok;ghidfs; tpilngWk; ehs; - nghq;fy; GJehs;. 

• ‘nghq;fNyh nghq;fy;” vd;Dk; kq;fy xyp vq;Fk; fpsk;Gk;. ngz;fs; Fuit 

MLtu;; gpwF> ‘G+Tk; GifAk; nghq;fYk;” nfhz;L ,y;Yiw nja;tj;ij 

tzq;FtJ – nghq;fy; GJehspy;. 

• jkpopd;gk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; - uh.gp.NrJgps;is. 

• fhtpup Mw;wpd; ,U fiufspYk; tho;e;jtu;fs;; fhtpup Mw;wpy; GJnts;sk; 

tUk;nghOJ Gdy;tpohf; nfhz;lhb kfpo;Nthu;fs; - Nrhoehl;L kf;fs;. 

• Gdy;tpoh eilngWk; ,lq;fspy; xd;W – fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpw;F 

mz;ikapy; cs;s fohu;g; ngUe;Jiw. 

• Mw;wNyhL fiufis Nkhjp mopf;Fk; fhtup MW cs;s ,lk; - fohu;g; 

ngUe;Jiw. 

• mopTwhky; thDw tsu;e;j kUj kuq;fs; epiwe;j ,lk; - fohu;g; ngUe;Jiw. 

• fohu;g; ngUe;Jiwf;F Gdy; Mb Gfo; Nru;j;j kd;dd; - Nruehl;Lj; jiytd; 

Ml;ldj;jp. 

• rq;fj;jkpo;g; Gytu;tupir vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; - Gytu; fh.Nfhtpe;jd;. 


7Mk; tFg;G 3 - ,ay; - 2 (nra;As; - jpUf;Fws;> Kf;$lw;gs;S> 

ciueil – jkpof tpisahl;Lfs;> Jizg;ghlk; - ez;gd;> 

,yf;fzk; - nrhy;) 

nra;As; - jpUf;Fws; 


nrhw;nghUs;: 

frL - Fw;wk; 

epw;f - fw;wthW elf;f 

vz; - vz;fs;> fzf;F 

vOj;J - ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs; (tup tbtk;) 

ctg;g - kfpo 

jiyf;$b - xd;WNru;e;J 

cilahu; - nry;tu; 

,y;yhu; - Vio 

Vf;fw;W - ftiyg;gl;L 

filau; - jho;e;jtu; 

njhl;lidj;J - Njhz;Lk; msT 

khe;ju; - kf;fs; 

rhe;JizAk; - rhFk;tiuapYk; 

Vkhg;G - ghJfhg;G 

fhKWtu; - tpUk;Gtu; 

tpOr;nry;tk; - rpwe;j nry;tk; khL - nry;tk; 


gpupj;njOJf: 

frlw - frL + mw 

vOj;njd;g - vOj;J + vd;g 

kzw;Nfzp - kzy; + Nfzp 

fw;wwpe;jhu; - fw;W + mwpe;jhu; 

vz;ndd;g - vz; + vd;g 

fz;Zilahu; - fz; + cilahu; 

nra;As; - Kf;$lw;gs;S. 

nrhw;nghUs; jUf: 

jj;Jk; Gdy; - jj;jpr;nry;Yk; ePu; 

Kj;jk; milf;Fk; - Kj;Jfs; kpf;Fg; ngUfp ,ilNa 

milj;Jf;nfhz;L fplf;Fk;. 

fypg;GNtiy - fUkhu;> nfhy;yu;> jl;lhu; KjypNahu; nra;Ak; 

njhopy;fs;. 

rpj;uk; - rpwg;ghd fhl;rpfs; 

kNjhd;kj;ju; - ngUk;gpj;jdhfpa rptngUkhd;. 


• ,e;E}ypd; Mrpupau; ahnudj; njupatpy;iy. 

• MapDk;> ehlfg; ghq;fpy; ,e;E}y; mike;Js;sjhy; ,jid ,aw;wpatu; - 

vd;dhapdhg; Gytu;. 


E}w;Fwpg;G: 

• re;jeak; mike;j ghf;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lg; 

Ngr;R tof;if Mq;fhq;Nf fhzyhk;. 

• ePu; epiwe;j gs;skhd Nrw;Wepyj;jpy; coTj;njhopy; nra;J thOk; ghku 

kf;fshfpa gs;su;fspd; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jupj;Jf; $Wtjhf mike;j E}y; 

gs;S. 

• Ckj;jk; G+it tpUk;gpr; #Lk; ngUk;gpj;jd; - rptngUkhd; (kUJ}u;) 

• jpUney;Ntypf;Fr; rw;W tlfpof;fpy; XLk; %d;W MWfs; - jz;nghUie> 

rpw;whW> Nfhjz;luhk MW. 

• jz;nghUie> rpw;whW> Nfhjz;luhk MW Mfpa 3 MWfs; $Lk; ,lj;jpw;F 

tlf;Nf cs;s rpw;W}u; - Kf;$ly; (NtW ngau; - M#u; tlfiu ehL). 

• jz;nghUie> rpw;whW> Nfhjz;luhk MW Mfpa 3 MWfs; $Lk; ,lj;jpw;F 

njd;ghy; cs;s gFjp – rPtykq;ifj; njd;fiu ehL. 

• njd;fiu ehl;by; kUjPru; tPw;wpUf;Fk; Cu; - kUJ}u;. 

• Kf;$lypy; thOk; gs;sp %j;j kidtp> kUJ}upy; thOk; gs;sp ,isa 

kidtp. ,UtiuAk; kze;J thOk; xUtdpd;> tho;f;if tsj;ij 

tbj;Jiug;gJNghyg; ghlg;gl;l ,e;E}y;> Kf;$lw;gs;S vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ. 

• Kf;$lw;gs;S fw;gjdhy;> mf;fhy kf;fspd; coTj;njhopy; gw;wpAk; 

mr;rKjhaj;ijg; gw;wpAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;. fhisfspd; gy;NtW ngau;fs;> 

tpijfspd; ngau;fs;> kPd;tiffs; vd kUj epytsk; gw;wpAk; mwpayhk;. 

ciueil – jkpof tpisahl;Lfs;. 

• Xupdj;jpd; tPuj;ijAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtd – tpisahl;Lfs;. 

• tpisahl;Lfs; JizGuptJ – 1) cly;jpwd; tsu;f;f 2) cs;sj;jpy; 

Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;j 3) kdk; kfpo;r;rpapy; jpisf;f. 

• tpisahl;bd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; - Nghl;bapLjy;. 

• gl;lwpTk;> Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F tpil fhZk; jpwDk; ngw topahf ,Ug;gJ – 

tpisahl;L. 

• 


• ghy; mbg;gilapYk;> jd;ik mbg;gilapYk; gy;NtW tifapdthf miktJ 

– tpisahl;Lfs;. 

• ngUk;ghYk; kfspu; tpisahl;Lfs; vdg;gLtJ – mf tpisahl;Lfs;. 

• ngUk;ghYk; Mltu; tpisahl;Lfs; vdg;gLtJ – Gw tpisahl;Lfs;. 

• rpw;W}u;r; rpWtu; tpisahLk; tpisahl;Lfs; - gk;guk;> fpspj;jl;L> cg;G 

tpisahl;L> fs;sd; fhtyd;> Nfhyp> fpl;bg;Gs;> fhw;whb> ge;Jtpisahl;L> 

xw;iwah ,ul;ilah> ePr;ry;. 

• rpw;W}u;r; rpWkpau; tpisahLk; tpisahl;Lfs; - G+g;gwpj;jy;> fufutz;b> 

jl;lhq;fy;> gy;yhq;Fop> CQ;ry;> jhak;. 

• Nghl;b Ml;lq;fs; - rLFL (fgb)> kl;ilg;ge;J> fhy;ge;J> ifg;ge;J> 

vwpg;ge;J> ,wFg;ge;J> Xl;lk;> jiljhz;b Xl;lk;. 

• tPu tpisahl;Lfspy; vd;Wk; ngUtpUg;gKilatu; - jkpou;. (kw;Nghu;) 

• gioik tha;e;j Mltu; tpisahl;Lfs; - kw;Nghuply;> VWjOTjy;> 

Ntl;ilahLjy;> ePupy; %o;fp kzy; vLj;jy;. 

• Kw;fhyj;jpy; kw;Nghupy; ty;y ky;yu;> kd;duhy; kjpf;fg; ngw;wdu;. 

• fsj;jpy; gy;yhaputu; #o;e;J epw;f> jUf;Fk; nrUf;Fk; epuk;gpa M%u; 

ky;yDf;Fk; tPuKk; jPuKk; tha;e;j ew;fps;spf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w tPu 

tpisahl;il tUzpf;Fk; rq;f ,yf;fpa E}y; - GwehD}W. 

• Ky;iy epyj;jpy; eilngw;w tPutpisahl;L – VWjOTjy;. 

• KuR mjpu> gk;ig Koq;f> njhOtj;jpypUe;J nfhOikkpf;f fhisfs; 

xt;nthd;whf ntspNa XbtUk; tpisahl;L – VwjOTjy;. 

• ‘nfhk;gpNy cs;sJ fhisapd; njk;G” vd;wwpe;j tPuu;fs; fhisapd; 

nfhk;igg; gpbj;J> mjd; nfhl;lj;ij mlf;Fk; tpisahl;L – VWjOTjy;. 

• ‘thiyg; gpbj;jy; jho;T” vd;gJ jkpou; nfhs;if. 

• gz;ila ehspy; ngz;fs; ,dpNj nghOJ Nghf;fpa tpisahl;Lfs; - 

tl;lhLjy;> foq;F> mk;khid> ge;jhLjy;> CQ;ry;> XiuahLjy;. 

• tl;lhLjy; - muq;F ,ioj;J (fl;lk; tiue;J) ney;ypf;fha;fis itj;J 

efu;j;jp MLk; Ml;lk;. 

• mf;fhy kfspu; ez;L> Mik Mfpatw;iwf; Nfhy;nfhz;L miyj;J MLk; 

Ml;lk; - Xiuahl;lk;. 

• rpWtu; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L – rpWNju; cUl;b tpisahLtJ. 

• rpWkpau; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L – Kj;Jf;fisf; fpspQ;ry;fspd; cs;Ns 

,l;L Ml;bf; fspg;GWjy;. 

• tpyq;Fg;Nghu; fhz;gjpYk; Ntl;ifAw;W tpsq;fpatu;fs; - jkpou;fs;. 

• muru; thOk; jiyefuq;fspy; ahidg;Nghu; eilngWtjw;Fk;> mjidf; 

fhz;gjw;Fk; jdpaplq;fs; ,Ue;jd. 

• kJiuapy; ahidg;Nghu; fhz;gjw;fhd jply; - jKf;fk; ikjhdk;. 


;; 

• jkpou; fz;L kfpo;e;j tpyq;Fg;Nghu;fs; - ahidg;Nghu;> Ml;Lf;fplha;g; Nghu;> 

Nrtw;Nghu;> fLikahd fhilg;Nghu;. 

• Nrhoehl;bd; gioa jiyefu; - cwe;ijA+u;. 

• cwe;ijA+upy; tPuf;Nfhopfs; rpwe;jpUe;jikahy; mt;t+Uf;F ,d;W 

miof;fg;gLk; ngau; - NfhopA+u;. 

• gz;ila VWjOTjy; tpisahl;Lf;F ,d;Ws;s ngau; - ry;ypf;fl;L kw;Wk; 

kQ;Rtpul;L. 

• md;W VWjOtpatiuNa kfspu; tpUk;gp kze;jdu;. ,d;W gzKbg;G> 

gupRg;nghUs;fs; ngWjy;> gyu; Nru;e;J khL tpul;ly; vd;W khwptpl;lJ. 

• jkpou;fspd; jw;fhg;Gf;fiy tpisahl;Lfspy; xd;W – rpyk;ghl;lk;. 

• epyj;jpypUe;J Xu; Mspd; new;wp cauk;tiu ,Uf;Fk; jbiar; Row;wp MLk; 

Ml;lk; - rpyk;ghl;lk;. 

• Fr;rp tpisahl;L> fk;G tpisahl;L vdr; rpw;W}u;fspy; mwpag;gLk; 

tpisahl;L kw;Wk; Cu; tpohf;fspy; eilngWk; tpisahl;L – rpyk;ghl;lk;. 

• cyf muq;fpy; jdpaplk; fpilj;Js;s jkpoupd; tPutpisahl;L – fgb 

(rLFL). 

• fgb tpisahLk;NghJ ghbf;nfhz;Nl tpisahLtJ ek; %jhijau; tof;fk;. 

• Cu;j;jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; ,d;iwf;Fk; rpw;W}u;fspy; fhzg;gLk; 

tpisahl;Lfs; - tOf;Fk;kuk; VWjy;> cwpabj;jy;> kQ;rs;ePu; Cw;Wjy;. 

• Foe;ijfspd; cly; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; cs;s kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; top tFg;gJ – 

tpisahl;L. 

• ek; rKjhaj;jpd; ehfupfj;ijAk; kuigAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;fty;yJ – 

tpisahl;L. 

• tpisahl;bd; ngUikAk; gaDk; kf;fisr; nrd;wila> jkpof muR 

Vw;gLj;jpa mikg;G – jkpo;ehL clw;gapw;rp fy;tp kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lg; 

gy;fiyf;fofk;. 

• tpisahl;L tPuu;fSf;Fg; gupRfSk; rhd;wpjo;fSk; jUtjNdhL fy;tpapYk;> 

Ntiytha;g;gpYk; jkpof muR Kd;Dupik mspf;fpd;wJ. 

Jizg;ghlk; - ez;gd;. 

• kupahijuhkd; fijfs; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpatu; - Xtpau; ,uhk;fp. 

,yf;fzk; 

- nrhy; 

; (gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk;). 

• gjk; vd;gjd; NtW ngau;fs; - nrhy;> nkhop> fpstp. 

• XnuOj;jhdJ jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; je;jhy;> m‡J - XnuOj;J xU nkhop. 

• XnuOj;J xU nkhop nkhj;jk; - 42. 

• XunOj;J xU nkhop v.fh. – ij> ig> if> G+> jP> it> jh> fh ... Kjypad. 

• vOj;Jfs; gy njhlu;e;J epd;W nghUs; je;jhy;> m‡J - vOj;Jj; njhlu; 

nkhop. 


• vOj;Jj; njhlu; nkhop v.fh. – E}y;> vOJNfhy;> tPL> kfd;> re;ij> khL ... 

Kjypad. 

• gFj;jy; vd;gjd; nghUs; - gpupj;jy;; gfh vd;gjd; nghUs; - gpupf;f ,ayhjJ. 

• gpupf;ftpayhj nrhy; - gfhg;gjk;. 

• gfhg;gjk; (ngau;g;gfhg;gjq;fs;) v.fh. – kz;> fy;> nghd;> kzp> epyk;> kyu;> 

fz;> jiy> kuk;. 

• gfhg;gjk; (tpidg;gfhg;gjq;fs;) v.fh. – el> th> Ngh> nra;> epy;> nfhL> NgR> 

XL> jL> ghL. 

• gfhg;gjq;fs; (v.fh1.) – ghujp kyu; J}tp ,iwtid topgl;lhs;. (tpil – 

ghujp> kyu;). 

• gfhg;gjq;fs; (v.fh2.) – kzp> mzp> ML> Mz;L> ez;L> kz;> gdp> cil> 

cyh> Mzp> ril> gL> gb> vL> eL> tL> jL> nrtp> fdp> ghF. 

• gFf;f ,aYk; nrhw;fs; - gFgjk;. 

• gFgjj;ij gFf;Fk;NghJ 2 Kjy; 6 cWg;Gfshf mr;nrhy;iyg; gpupf;fyhk;. 

mt;TWg;Gfspd; ngau;fs; : 1) gFjp 2) tpFjp 3) ,ilepiy 4) re;jp 5) rhupia 

6) tpfhuk;. 

• gFgjq;fs; (v.fh.) – md;gurp ghl;Lg; ghbg; gupR ngw;whs;. (tpil – ghb> 

ngw;whs;) 

1) muz; - Nrh 

2) murd; - Nfh 

3) mk;G - V 

4) jiytd; - I 

5) neUg;G - jP 

6) kyu; - G+ 

1) fh - Nrhiy 

2) jh - nfhL 

3) ij - jpq;fspd; ngau; 

4) gh - ghly; 

5) th - tUf 

6) M - gR 

nfhr;irr; nrhw;fs; 

jpUj;jg;gl;l nrhw;fs; 

1) Mj;jq;fiuf;F Mw;wq;fiuf;F 

2) Ntu;it tpau;it 

3) Gl;L tpj;J gpl;L tpw;W 


4) tapj;Jg;gpiog;ig tapw;Wg;gpiog;ig 

5) ntq;fyk; ntz;fyk; 

6) NtZk; Ntz;Lk; 

7) fz; Kopj;J fz; tpopj;J 

nrhw;fSf;F cupa vjpu;ghy; nrhw;fis mwpf. 

1) MZk; ngz;Zk; rkk;. 

2) NrtYk; NgLk; gwitfs;. 

3) MaDk; Mapr;rpAk; Ky;iy epy kf;fs;. 

4) vapdDk; vapw;wpAk; ghiy epy kf;fs;. 

5) ghzDk; ghbdpAk; rq;ffhyj;Jg; Gytu;fs;. 

6) je;ij jhia> Iad; Iia vd;gu;. 

tFg;giwj;jpwd; 

vjpu;r;nrhy; jUf : ,isNahu; X KjpNahu;. 

• kdpjd; ehfupfk; miltjw;F Kjw; fUtpahf tpsq;FtJ – nkhop. 


khw;Wj;jpwdhspaiu kjp. 

ciog;gpw;F Cjpak; cz;L. 

gbj;jhah?. 

Foe;ij fPNo tpOe;Jtpl;lJ. 

M!cd; ifnaOj;J kpfTk; mofha; cs;sNj! . 

- 

- 

- eP jpUf;Fwisg; 

- 

- 

- gl;L> gid> ghl;L> ghy;> ghid> gpl;L> gpd;dy;> gPlk;> gPu;f;fk;> Gsp> g+l;L> G+id> 

ngl;b> ngz;> Ngud;> igad;> nghd;> Nghu;> ngstk;. 

• 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo;nkhop tsu;r;rpf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa 

ngUe;jifahsUs; xUtu; - K.tujuhrdhu;. 

• ‘tyf;if jUtJ ,lf;iff;Fj; njupaf;$lhJ” vd;gJ KJnkhop. mjw;F 

v.fh.l;lha; jpfo;e;jtu; - K.tujuhrdhu;. 



7Mk; tFg;G 3 - ,ay; - 3 (nra;As; - vq;fs; jkpo;> 

rPtfrpe;jhkzp> ciueil – Xtpaf;fiy> Jizg;ghlk; - 

nfhilf;Fzk;> ,yf;fzk; - mzpapyf;fzk;) 

nra;As; - vq;fs; jkpo;. 

nrhw;nghUs;: 

fjp - Jiz edp - kpFjp (kpf;f) 

NgW - nry;tk; juk; - jFjp 

Gtp - cyfk; 


nra;As; - rPtfrpe;jhkzp. 

nrhw;nghUs;: 

tpz; - thdk; tiu - kiy 

KoT - kj;jsk; 

kJfuk; - Njd; cz;Zk; tz;L 

Mrpupau; pau; Fwpg;G 

• Nrhou; mur Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;. 

• rkzrkaj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu;. 

• fhyk; - fp.gp.10Mk; E}w;whz;L. 

• ghba E}y;fs; - rPtfrpe;jhkzp (5k; ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W) > euptpUj;jk;. 


E}y; Fwpg;G (rPtfrpe;jhkzp 

rPtfrpe;jhkzp) 

• ,e;E}y;> Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W. 

• ,e;E}ypd; fijj; jiytd; - rPtfd;. 

• rPtfd; ngaiu ,izj;J ,e;E}y; rPtfrpe;jhkzp vd ngau; ngw;wJ. 

• rpwg;Gg; ngau; - kzE}y;. 

ciueil – Xtpaf;fiy. 

• vy;iyfisnay;yhk; fle;J vq;Fk; gue;J thOk; kf;fs; kdq;fisf; 

nfhs;isnfhz;L tpaf;fitf;Fk; tpe;ij nkhop – Xtpak;. 

• fhz;gtiuf; ftu;e;jpOj;J cs;sq;fisj; jd;tag;gLj;Jk; cau;e;jfiy – 

Xtpaf;fiy. 

• jkpou; tsu;j;j Ez;fiyfspd; tupirapy; Kd;dpiyapy; epw;gJ – 

Xtpaf;fiy. 

• fp.K.2000 Mz;Lfl;F Kw;gl;l kf;fs; jhk; jq;fpa kiyf;FiffspYk; 

ghiwfspYk; tiue;j Xtpaq;fs; - Nfhl;Nlhtpaq;fs;. 

• jkpofj;jpy; 25f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fspy; (khd;> Nghu; nra;jy;> tpyq;F Ntl;il 

Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;) FifXtpaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 

• jkpo;ehl;by; rq;f fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu tiue;j Xtpaq;fSf;F kf;fs; Kjypy; 

toq;fpa ngau; - fz;nzOj;J. 

• jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; vOj;J vd;gjw;F nghUs; - Xtpak;. 

• jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; vOj;J vd;gjw;F Xtpak; vdg; nghUs; ,Ue;jjid 

njspTgLj;Jfpd;w nra;As; mbfs; ,lk; ngw;w E}y;fs; - gupghly;> 

FWe;njhif. 

• vOj;Jfs; cUtq;fshf cs;s gpw nkhop – rPdnkhop. 

• goq;fhy kf;fs; jq;fs; fUj;Jfis Gyg;gLj;jpa vOj;Jfs;; ehsiltpy; 

nkhopf;FwpaPLfshf tsu;e;Js;s vOj;Jfs; - rpj;jpu vOj;Jfs;. 

• Xtpak; tiutjw;F mbg;gilfs; - Neu;NfhL> Nfhzf;NfhL> tisNfhL. 

• Neu;NfhL> Nfhzf;NfhL> tisNfhL Kjypad mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 

tiuag;gLgit – Nfhl;Nlhtpaq;fs;. 

• ‘eLfy; tzf;fk;” gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y; - njhy;fhg;gpak;. 

• eLfy;ypy; Nghupy; tPukuzk; va;jpa tPudJ cUtk;> ngau;> ngUikf;Fupa 

nray; Kjypadtw;iwg; nghwpf;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. 

• rpw;gp> jhd; nrJf;ftpUf;Fk; cUtj;ij Kjypy; tiue;J ghu;j;j gpd;dNu> 

mt;Nthtpaj;ijf;nfhz;L fy;ypy; cUtk; mikj;jy; kuG. 

• Xtpaf;fiyf;F toq;fg;gLk; gy ngau;fs; - XT> Xtk;> Xtpak;> rpj;jpuk;> glk;> 

glhk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp. 

• Xtpaf; fiyQUf;F toq;fg;gLk; gy ngau;fs; - Xtpau;> Xtpag; Gytd;> 

fz;Zs; tpidQd;> rpj;jpuf;fhuu;> tpj;jf tpidQd;> tpj;jfu;> fpstp 

ty;Nyhd;. 


• Xtpau; vz;zq;fspd; vOr;rpiag; gy tz;zq;fspd; Jiznfhz;L 

vOJNthuhjypd; ‘fz;Zs; tpidQu;” vdg; Gfog;ngw;whu;. 

• er;rpdhu;fpdpau; jk; ciuapy; XtpaUf;F tFj;j ,yf;fzk; - ‘Nehf;fpdhu; 

fz;zplj;Nj jk; njhopy; epWj;JNthu;”. 

• Xtpa E}ypd; EZf;fj;ij ed;F fw;Wg; Gyikngw;w Mrpupau; - Xtpag; Gytd;. 

• Xtpaf; fiyQu; FOtpd; ngau; - Xtpa khf;fs;. 

• Mz; Xtpau; ngau; - ‘rpj;jpuhq;fjd;”. 

• ngz; Xtpau; ngau; - ‘rpj;jpuNrdh”. 

• ahiu> ‘Xtpar; nre;E}y; ciu E}w;fplf;ifAk; fw;Wj;Jiw Nghfg; nghw;nwhb 

kle;ijahf ,Ue;jds;” vdr; rpyk;G gfpu;tJ – Mly; kfs; khjtp. 

• tz;ze;jPl;Lk; Nfhy; vd;gjw;F ngau; - J}upif> Jfpypif> tl;bif. 

• tz;zq;fs; Fog;Gk; gyiff;F ngau; - tl;bifg; gyif. 

• Xtpak; tiuag;gl;l ,lq;fspd; gy ngau;fs; - rpj;jpuf;$lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;> 

vOJepiy kz;lgk;> vOnjopy; mk;gyk;. 

• ,iw eldk; GupAk; ,lk; - rpj;jpu rig. 

• Xtpaq;fis tiue;j gy ,lq;fs; - muru; thOk; muz;kid me;jg;Guq;fs;> 

nry;tu; thOk; tskidfs;> khspiffs;> Mlyuq;Ffs;> Nfhtpy; 

kz;lgq;fs;> nghJkd;wq;fs; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; fl;llr; Rtu;fs;> 

Nkw;$iufs;> J}z;fspy;. 

• Xtj;jida ,lDil tdg;G vd tPl;bd; moif Xtpaj;jpw;F xg;g itj;Jf; 

ftpQu; xUtu; ghba E}y; - GwehD}W. 

• Xtpaq;fs; jPl;Lk; Kiw – RLkz; Rtu;kPJ ntz;Rij (Rz;zhk;G) G+rpr; 

nrQ;rhe;Jnfhz;L Xtpaq;fs; jPl;bdu;. 

• Xtpak; vOjpa nghUs;fs; - kug;gyif> Jzpr;rPiy> jpiur;rPiy. 

• ehlfNkilfspy; gy tz;zq;fspy; ftpd;kpF fhl;rpfs; jPl;lg;gl;l 

jpiur;rPiyfs; njhq;fpdtw;iw --- nfhz;L mwpfpNwhk; - ‘Xtpa vopdp”. 

• ‘Rtu; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; rpj;jpuk; tiuaKbAk;” vd;gJ gonkhop. 

• tz;zq;fythky; fupj;Jz;Lfshy; tbtk; kl;Lk; tiutJ – Gidah 

Xtpak; (nkd;Nfhl;L Xtpak;). 

• Xtpaj;jpw;Fupa fUg;nghUs;fs; - ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;> fw;gidf; fhl;rpfs;> 

rKjha tho;f;if Kiwik> ,jpfhr Guhzf;fijfs;. 

• Xtpau;fs; nrt;tNd rpj;jpuk; jPl;l fw;Wzu;e;jitfs; - Nrhjplf;fiy> 

thdE}y;> fijfs;. 

• ML Kjyhd 12 ,uhrpfisAk;> tpz;kPd;fisAk; tiue;j mupa nra;jp jUk; 

rq;f E}y; - neLey;thil. 

• jkpoUf;Nf cupa Xtpa kuGfshf tpsq;Ftd – Xtpaq;fspy; kdpj 

,ay;Gfs;> nka;g;ghLfs;> msTfs;. 

• Xtpaq;fspy; kdpj ,ay;Gfs; - epw;wy;> ,Uj;jy;> fplj;jy;. 


• Xtpaq;fspy; nka;g;ghLfs; - tPuk;> mikjp> rpdk;> tpag;G> ctif. 

• Xtpaq;fspy; msTfs; - cj;jkk;> kj;jpkk;> mjkk; kw;Wk; jrjhsk;> etjhsk;> 

gQ;rjhsk;. 

• kiwe;J nfhz;bUe;j Xtpaf;fiyf;F kPz;Lk; Gj;Japu; Cl;batu;fs; - 

gy;ytg; Nguuru;fs;. 

• fiyahu;tk; kpf;f gy;yt kd;dd; - Kjyhk; kNfe;jputu;k gy;ytd; (fp.gp. 

7Mk; E}w;whz;L). 

• Xtpaf;fiy vOr;rpAw;W cau;epiyia vl;ba fhyk; - fp.gp. 7Mk; E}w;whz;L 

(Kjyhk; kNfe;jputu;k gy;ytd; fhyk;) 

• Kjyhk; kNfe;jputu;k gy;ytdpd; rpwg;Gg; ngau; - ‘rpj;jpuf;fhug;Gyp”. 

• Kjyhk; kNfe;jputu;k gy;ytd; ciu vOjpa Xtpa E}y; - jl;rpzrpj;jpuk;. 

• rpije;j Njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; gy;ytu; fhy Xtpaq;fs; - gdkiy> 

jpUkiy> khky;yGuf; Fiff;Nfhtpy;> khkz;^u;> fhQ;rpf; ifyhrehju; 

Nfhtpy;. 

• fhz;Nghiu kaf;Fk; Xtpaq;fs; - ghu;tjp cUtk;> fpd;duu;> fpd;dup> fe;ju;tu; 

Xtpaq;fs;. 

• Nruu; fhy Xtpaq;fs; fpilj;Js;s ,lk; - jpUee;jpf;fiu. 

• Xtpaf; fUT+yq;fshf itj;Jg; Nghw;wj;jFe;jit – GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F 

mUNf rpj;jd;dthry; vd;Dk; Fiff;Nfhtpy; Xtpaq;fs;. 

• rpj;jd;dthry; vd;Dk; Fiff;Nfhtpy; Xtpaq;fis tiue;jtu; - fp.gp 9 Mk; 

E}w;whz;by; mtdpg Nrfu =ty;ygd; vd;w ghz;ba kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;> 

kJiu Mrpupau; ,sk;nfsjkd; vd;gtu;. 

• rpj;jd;dthry; Xtpaq;fspy; ek; fz;izf; ftu;td – jhkiuj;jhlfk;> 

Mly; mzq;Ffs;> murd; murp Xtpaq;fs;. 

• jQ;ir ngupaf;Nfhtpypy; fz;L kfpof;$ba tdg;Gkpf;f Xtpaq;fs; 

tiuag;gl;l fhyk; - Nrhou;fhyk;. 

• jQ;ir ngupaf;Nfhtpypy; fz;fSf;F tpUe;jspg;gd kw;Wk; tuyhw;W rpwg;ig 

czu;j;Jk; Xtpaq;fs; - ftpd;kpF fapiyf;fhl;rp> Nrukhd;> Re;juu; 

fapiynry;Yk; fhl;rp> rptngUkhd; Kg;Guk; vupj;j fhl;rp> Re;juiu 

jLj;jhSk; Nfhyk;> ehl;ba kfspu;> khkd;dd; ,uhruhrd;> fUT+u;j;Njtu;. 

• tpraefu ehaf;f kd;du;fspd; Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs; - jpUtuq;fk;> 

jpUg;gjp> jpy;iy> jpUth&u;> Fle;ij. kJiu> fhQ;rp. 

• fp.gp. 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; jQ;iria Mz;l kuhl;ba 

kd;du;fs; fhyj;jpy; ed;F tsu;r;rpAw;w fiy – Xtpaf;fiy (Xiyfs;> 

fz;zhbfs;> je;jq;fspy; Xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;ld) 

• tz;zq;fspd; tdg;Gf;Nfw;g ,uj;jpdq;fs; gjpf;fg;ngw;w Xtpaq;fs; 

tiuag;gl;l fhyk; - jQ;ir kuhl;bau;fs; fhyk; (fp.gp. 18Mk; E}w;whz;L). 

• 2000 Mz;Lfshfg; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L> tsu;e;JtUk; fiy – 

Xtpaf;fiy. 


Jizg;ghlk; – nfhilf;Fzk;. 

• fu;z kfhuhrh xU rpw;wurd;. 

• fu;zDf;F mq;fNjrk; vd;w rpwpa ehl;ilf; nfhilahff; nfhLj;jtd; - 

JupNahjdd;. 

• jkpOf;Fj; jiynfhLj;jtd; - Fkzd;. 

• jhj;jh ghl;b nrhd;d fijfs; vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; - fodpA+ud;. 

,yf;fzk; - mzpapyf;fzk;. 

• mzp vd;gjd; nghUs; - moF. 

• Gytu;fs; nra;Ais moFgLj;JtJ – mzp. 

• mzpfs; 2> mitfs; 1) ,ay;G etpw;rp 2) cau;T etpw;rp. 

• ,ay;G etpw;rpazp – xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig cs;sJ cs;sthW $WtJ. 

• ,ay;G etpw;rpazp v.fh. - 

• cau;T etpw;rpazp – xU nghUspd; jd;ikia kpifg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ. 

• cau;T etpw;rpazp v.fh.1 – caukhd kiyia ‘tpz;izj; njhLk; kiy” 

vd tUzpj;jy;. 

• v.fh.2 – caukhd itf;Nfhy; Nghiu ‘thid Kl;Lk; itf;Nfhy;Nghu;” vd 

cau;j;jpf; $Wjy;. 

jkpo;nkhop ,dpikahdJ – ,ay;G etpw;rpazp. 

thd;Gfo;nfhz;l jkpo;ehL – cau;T etpw;rpazp. 

njd;id kuk; caukhdJ – ,ay;G etpw;rpazp. 


- kz;> khd;> kpsF> kPd;> Kd;> %b> nky;y> NkL> ikay;> nkhl;L> Nkhu;> nksty;. 

Mq;fpyr;nrhy;Yf;F epfuhd jkpo;r;nrhw;fis jUf. 

lhb - mg;gh ny]d; - ghlk; 

Gf; - Gj;jfk; fd;];A+ku; - Efu;Nthu; 

mNtu;d]; - tpopg;Gzu;T Br;ru; - Mrpupau; 

yPT - tpLg;G nl];l; - Nju;T 

jpq;]; - nghUs;fs; \hg; - fil 

ghu; vf;]hk;gps; - cjhuzj;Jf;F kk;kp - mk;kh 

gpnul; ghf;nfl; - nuhl;b fl;L Ug;gP]; - gzk; 

,l;]; uhq; - mJ jtW nef;];l; - mLj;J 

kp];Nlf; - jtW fk;ngdp - epWtdk; 

ntapl; - vil Nfu;Gy; - ftdk; 


NkDghf;rupq; Nll; - 

jahu; nra;ag;gl;l ehs; 

vf;];gaup Nll; - ve;ehs;tiu mijg; gad;gLj;jyhk; 

vk;.Mu;.gp. Nul; - cau;e;j msT tpw;gid tpiy 

• nghUe;jh vz;zk;> nray;> rpe;jid Mfpatw;why; Vw;gLk; kdepiy – kd 

mOj;jk;. 

• ahuplKk; el;Gf; nfhs;tjw;FKd; ve;j jpUf;Fws; mjpfhuq;fisf; fw;W 

el;Gf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk; - el;ghuha;jy;> jP el;G> $lh el;G> el;G. 

• $bg; gpupNay; vd;gJ Md;Nwhu; thf;F. 

• nrhw;nghopT Mw;Wtjpy; ty;ytu; - ghz;bj;Jiu. 

• 14.09.1901 Mk; ehs; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik gpw;gfypy; kJiuapYs;s NrJgjp 

cau;epiyg;gs;spapy; 4Mk; jkpo;r;rq;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; - ghz;bj;Jiu. 

• ‘jkpOf;Fj; njhz;L nra;Nthd; rhtjpy;iy” – ghujpjhrd;. 

• Ky;iyf;nfhbapd; nfhOnfhk;G ngwhj jpifg;igf; fz;zhy; fz;lgpd;> 

jd; nry;tepiyAk;> tho;Tk; kwe;J> mjw;F cjTjNy czu;tha;j; jhd; 

Cu;e;J te;j Njiu mq;F mjw;F cupajhf epWj;jp te;jhd; - ghup. (Ky;iyj; 

Nju;) 

• ,utyu;f;Ff; Fjpiufis toq;fp ehl;ilAk; ey;fpatd; - fhup. (,utyu;f;Ff; 

Fjpiu) 

• ePyepwg; gl;lhilia Myku; nry;tDf;Ff; nfhLj;J Ntz;ba 

nghUs;fisAk; Cu;fisAk; te;jtu;f;F vy;yhk; toq;fp> vy;yhk; ,oe;jtd; - 

Ma;. (te;jtu;f;F Cu;fs;) 

• ngWjw;F mupjha; tho;ehs; tsu;r;rpf;F cupajha; ngw;w ney;ypf;fdpiaAk; 

jhd; cz;zf; fUjhky;> Gytu; nebJ tho tpioe;J nfhLj;J kfpo;e;jtd; - 

mjpakhd;. (Gytu;f;F ney;ypf;fdp) 


• ez;gu;jk; ,y;ywk; elj;jw;F Ntz;Ltd ey;fpg; Gfo;ngw;wtd; - es;sp. 

(,y;ywj;jpw;F nghUs;) 

• $j;ju;jk; fiytho mtu;f;F ehL nfhLj;Jf; fspj;jtd; - Xup. ($j;ju;f;F 

ehL) 

• kapy; Mb mftpaijf; Nfl;L Fspuhy; eLq;fpf; $tpajhf czu;e;J jd; 

Nghu;itia mjw;Ff; nfhLj;jtd; - Ngfd;. (kapYf;Fg; Nghu;it) 

• filVO ts;syfs; - ghup> fhup> Ma;> mjpakhd;> es;sp> Xup> Ngfd;. 

• jkpo;neQ;rk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; - lhf;lu; K.tujuhrd;. 

1) mOifAk; rpupg;Gk; tho;tpy; ,ay;G. 

2) ,sikAk; KJikAk; ahtu;f;Fk; cz;L. 

3) Vw;wKk; ,wf;fKk; kiyf;F moF. 

4) cau;T jho;tpd;wp midtuplKk; goFjy; ed;W. 

5) xw;Wik fz;lhy; Ntw;Wik ePq;Fk;. 

tpil : jpUj;jf;fj;Njtu; - FwpQ;rpj;jpl;L

GT_7th_part3

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