วารสารเมืองโบราณปีที่ 3 ฉบับที่ 2
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Kieti akdi Chanon-nart<br />
The Principality of Wa t Phu 14<br />
Dr . W. J. Van Liere<br />
Khmer Art in fan 22<br />
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COVER PICTURE<br />
Pra at Ku ida built in brick the lintel of which<br />
wa decorated ' ith tucco f1gure of dancing deitie ,<br />
Lopbur1 tyle. Thee f1gure have completely<br />
been de troyed and plundered. The picture above<br />
i al o the lintel of Ku 1da which wa taken,<br />
when the dancing f1gure till remained, by Mr.<br />
Manit Valllbhotama during hi archaeological<br />
urvey about 16 year ago.
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.
Mural Painting of wat Wang<br />
Patalung<br />
Kietisakdi Chanon-nart<br />
W t Wang i ituated in Amphur time when the war wa re tored by background to enhance the main<br />
Lam Pam. Patalung It wa formerly Phraya Patalung (Tab) . It i aid image. Th1 decorative frame wa<br />
the important war of the town, where that thi go ernor had brought a surrounded by figure of the demon<br />
the ceremony of taking the Water of painter who u ed to paint the wall of on the lower part of the herm1t on<br />
Allegiance wa performed. That it Wat Phra Kae9 in Bangkok to do the the upper and of the rows of deiti<br />
ha been called Wat Wang i be au e jop here; the painting wa fini hed in on the middle. Row of deities or<br />
it wa built in the heart of the old 1860. However another rumor put tep-clwm- pum continued above the<br />
town of Pataluog clo e to the re i- it that the painter wa in fact, a na- scence on the lif hi tory of the Buddence<br />
of the governor Ph ray a Pa ta I u ng. ti ve of Pa ta lung who learnt how to dha to the north and the ou th wall .<br />
According to the chronicle, it wa<br />
fir t built by Phraya Patalung( Tbongkhao)<br />
in the Fir t reign and completed<br />
later in 1816 during the reign<br />
of King Rama II. At the pre ent time<br />
paint in Bangkok and u ed to paint The pace on the panels between the<br />
the wall of Wat Phra Kae .<br />
What door and window were painted with<br />
ever it may be, the painting of Wat some epi ode in the Jataka Stone .<br />
Wang re emble mo t mural painting Unfortunat ly, at pre ent the e J taka<br />
in Bangkok. In P talung it i con- ccne have already peeled off due to<br />
Wat Wang remain a quiet war about temporary to mural painting in Wat the damageou condition of the wall.<br />
5 km . from the provincial city, ac- Viharn Burg located on the oppo ite What till in go d condition were<br />
ce sible by a road which pa e it to side of the road. Probably it was cene of the life of the Buddha which<br />
the Lake Lam Pam to the ea t. It is painted by the arne arti t. were painted on the upper level of<br />
characterized by a bod whic~ i ur- The painting in the bod of Wat the ioten r wall. Some ep1 ode were<br />
rounded by a rectangular cloi ter Wang wa typical of the ourth reign beautifully painted and well arranged<br />
hou ing a row of itting Buddha. The u ing multi color of red, black, 1n the proportion of form and pace,<br />
bod it elf i pierced by 2 door from white yellow cerulean blue, Indian uch a a cene when the Buddha wa<br />
the front and 6 window on each ide red, Pru ian blue and ap green. The being tempted by the three bewitching<br />
of the wall. All door and window per pective method a applied in daughters of the Mara and the ceoe<br />
were framed ith tucco decoration . painting land cape; and the mountain on the Great Renunciation. The mo t<br />
On top of rhe building. newly carved the tree and water w re p inted in important and maje tic of all i the<br />
gable end have replaced the old one a realistic way. The major pace cene on the descending from the<br />
which were removed to the nation l above the window wa de oted to heaven of the Lord Buddha. Apart<br />
mu eum in ongkla. At the front depict the life hi tory of the Lord from the cene on the life of the<br />
of the bod there i an image of a Buddha. It tarted from the outhern Buddha, there were al o orne cene<br />
sitting Buddha- Phra Pa Lei - Lai,<br />
back wall, with and epi ode on the on the daily life of the local people<br />
attended by a monkey and an birth of the Buddha and progre ed wh1ch were in many way reflecting<br />
elephant. Around the bod are row to the ea t wall where a cene on orne a pact of the ociety during<br />
of mall pagoda . The main image ubduing the Mara wa painted. The the ourth reign. For example, the<br />
of the bod i made of tucco erected story continued to the northern wall cene that depicted a hunter hunting<br />
in the middle of the building. On , nd ended with the cene on the death a wild boar a caravan "'f ox cart<br />
the interior wall of the bod i deco- of the Buddha. The western wall a and the hine e with his hair tyle<br />
rated with beautiful painting . the back of the main Buddha wa ect. All of them seemed to add more<br />
The mural painting of Wat Wang painted 10 the form of a decorated value to the mural painting of Wat<br />
wa done in the ourth reign at the frame .. ruan- kaeo, erving a a Wang.
The main tower of W t Phu h mpa c Lao.
An i olated and tone rna if named Phu Kao<br />
ri ing I 500 m. above the pla1n in outhern Lao<br />
induce a favourable micro nvironment<br />
that ha been t. k n advantage of by early farmer ince pre-hi toric time<br />
the principality of Wat Phu ( ig 1) , or mod rn hampa ac.<br />
Tl1e Principalit.y<br />
of<br />
Wat PllU<br />
D~ W.J. VanLiere<br />
Prominent topographic feature uch<br />
That thi wa indeed done i between the . Houei Kham uan, th<br />
a the Phu Kao have one e pecially<br />
hown by a regular grid of mall Mekong and the Houei Ta ng in the<br />
important effect on local climate:<br />
channel , still clearly vi ible on aerial north. Ancient rainfed land can b<br />
they stimulate rainfall. Becau Phu<br />
photograph although they are not located by mean of remant of scatu<br />
ed any more. On Fig. 1 orne of tered pond , still vi 1ble on a nal<br />
Kao cau e precipitation from<br />
the fir t moi lure-lad n air rna e<br />
thee channel are indicated. A mor photographs and on topographiC map<br />
of the outhwe t mon oon farmer<br />
detailed analy i would be po ible if although the fi ld p tt rn may ha<br />
in Champa ac can plant rainfed pad<br />
photograph of larg r cale were a ai- di appeared. The pond ar at o<br />
dy a full month earlier th, n in other<br />
table. indicated in fig. I. ield work ~ ould<br />
part of the ou thern Lao plain . But<br />
In any ca e it clear that the no doubt I ate m ny mor . All the<br />
early rain are probably not the main civilization of Wat Phu had it econo- urrounding country, on the a t bank<br />
factor for the Wat Phu civilization. mic foundation on small- cale irriga-<br />
of the Mekong, a well a we t of the<br />
On theca t ide of Phu Kao mount in tion, even though the irrigated area i Hou i Khamouan wa and llll 1<br />
a number of mall permanent pring rather limited not mor than 200 km2 fore t, with hifting cull! au n.<br />
occur, who e water could ea ily be in all. Rainfed agriculture wa prac- Th refore the prin ip lily of Wat Phu<br />
led off to be directed and d1 tributed ticed overanadjacentarea about three wa a fu lly independent, If- u-<br />
over the gently loping plain. times as large a the irrigated area tained economy.
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Ufl1\flAfl THE PRINCIPALITY OF WAT PHU<br />
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Phu ha a rich hi tory inde d, but for -pura wealth, apart from permanent the trace i vi ible on the aerial phorea<br />
on that e cape comprehen ion no agriculture, wa no doubt the ab nee tograph ov r a di tance of about four<br />
fi ldwork ha ever been carried out of flood damage from th Mekong: km. inally, m ntion hould b made<br />
by archeaologi t . the topography of the plain i such of a tempi pond of th arne<br />
A may be e pected, the land that it is ju tout. iz a th Wat Phu pond at B n That<br />
supported a temple city. Thi i th To the north of the large temple in th ' rainfed ' part of the hr tadouble-moated<br />
city of Shre ta-pura, pond, there is a maller one which pura principality. ( ig I).<br />
about 2x2 km in ize, clearly vi ible till the ene of the annual ritual The tting of hre ta-pura re emon<br />
the a rial photograph · It i of the Buffalo acrifice and i therefore ble omewhat the tting of Angkor<br />
worthwhile to note that th ea tern thought to b of great antiquity. Thorn, with Phu Kao fulfilling the<br />
moat of the city i built near and pa- The aerial photograph reveal role of the Phnom Kulen. Th difrallel<br />
to the pre ent bank of the Me- orne more intere ting detail. There f renee i that the temple city fAngkong.<br />
It i likely that the medieval wa a econd temple pond outh of kor Thorn wa very much larg r and<br />
cour e of th Mekong wa situated the exi ting on and imilar in ize. almo t th ntire run-off fr m Phnom<br />
more to the ea t. Thi ob ervation Furthermore, there wa rectan- ulen wa u ed for acral purpo e<br />
under- core one more the fact that gular earth tructure, po ibly a dik wh rea at hre ta-pura mo t of the<br />
the medieval temple city wa not a mea uring 1.5x0.75 km. Thi true- flow of th mall, widely cattered<br />
commercial centred pending on traf- tur i certainly older than th two prings wa , a<br />
fie in the modern· sense. temple pond . A traigh t road led agricu I tu re.<br />
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Isar1<br />
Nor Na Paknam<br />
At pre ent most scholar believe that Surin. The building i characterized<br />
the Chenla people were ancestor of by a square brick tower without any<br />
the Khmer in Cambodia. The original redented corner , the round haped<br />
homeland of the Chenla was in the tone pillar and tone lintel and pediment<br />
the decorative de ign of<br />
upper valley of t.he Mekbong River<br />
near the basin of the river Mun and which were cia ified a the Pri<br />
such a Pra at Phnom Wan in Nakhon<br />
Raj ima and Pra at Ban Pluang<br />
In urin. The con truction of the Prasat<br />
in brick eemed tc be a tradition<br />
until late in the 12th entury A.D.<br />
which coincided with the re1gn of<br />
Chi, with the capital city at what is Kmeng tyle. After the decline of the King uriya arman II who initiated<br />
now Bas ak in Lao. The Chenla em- Chenla kingdom, the Khmer moved the c n truction f Angkor Wat.<br />
braced Hindui m and held Siva a to ettle down around the Great Lake Tbi evident from ·orne brick buildlike<br />
Pra at i Khoraphum in their highe t god. In the reign of King to the we t of the Mekhong River and ing<br />
u.<br />
lsanvarman I the Chenla conquered<br />
the lower Mekhong ba in and f~unded<br />
a new capital I anpura in what is now<br />
the di trict of Kampong Thorn in<br />
establi hed Angkor a their capital rin which wa decorated with lintel<br />
city. Here came the Angkorian pe<br />
bearing the de ign and motif of the<br />
riod when they could develop art<br />
tyle and architecture of their own .<br />
Cambodia. Here the art of the an- In the ortheast of Thailand the ear.<br />
.<br />
style of Angkor Wat.<br />
The later group of the Khmer<br />
type temple in the Northea l were of<br />
cient Khmer, the school of which i ly architecture of the Angkorian pcriod<br />
the 13th Century A. ., influenced<br />
known a Sombor developed. Judging<br />
i Pra at Ban Beng, urin a from the art tyle in the reign of<br />
from the lyles and motifs, the art of brick tower with redented corner . King Jayavarman VII. They were<br />
Sombor wa a continuation of the old Next to it i Pra at Yai Nghao, al o built in larger number than the period<br />
Funan art which wa influenced by a redented quare tower but 11 pedithe<br />
before : mo t of them were of<br />
art of India. In the Northeast of ment wa carved in brick into a de the arne plan and lyle i.e. on i t·<br />
Thailand the Chenla art wa contem- corative frame terminallng with five ing of a main laterite tower erected<br />
porary to the Ovaravati art and both headed naga at the end .<br />
in the middle of a compound which<br />
shared orne common tyles and motifs,<br />
wa urr unded by a rectangular la<br />
notably the croll de igns derived From the lOth Century A. D., more terite wall. pierced with one gatev ay<br />
from the upta chool in Jndia. Khmer type temple appeared in the in the ea t AI o included in the com<br />
Architecturally both Ovaravati Northeast and mo t of them were pound of the temple was a mall Iaterite<br />
and Chenla chools u ed brick and built in brick uch a Pra at Muang<br />
vihara . Thee laterite prasat<br />
clay mortar as building material . The Tam, Prasat Mee hai Pra at Ban were pre umably Buddhi t anctuarie<br />
olde l architecture of the Chenla that Plai in Surin and Pra at Prang Ku they were for example, Pra at Kampaeng-<br />
still remained in the Northea tis Pra- 1n ri aket. Th re were only few<br />
noi, Pra at Ban Samor in ri<br />
sat Phum Phon in Amphur Sangkha, tone temple of contemporary date aket and Pra at Ku Rusi in Bur1rum .
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flflr!lJtl'n.,:mlll1.,tl1.,lJU't1 I. OUHIIYI'H<br />
• t J
The Northeast of Thailand during<br />
the Lopburi Period ( 10-13 Century A.D.)<br />
th<br />
t h<br />
Sr i s a kara Vallibho tama<br />
By the end of the lOth entury A.D., Angkor Wat tyled monument \ ere Mekhong Riv r to th north, the<br />
due to heavy influx of Khmer civtli- reeled in the orthea t and in the Khmer temple with in crtptlon m ntioned<br />
th name Jayavarman VII wa<br />
zation from Cambodia into the ba in meantime the architectural tyle of<br />
of the river Mun and Mekhong, the the roof of the tower in Angkor Wat found in the ancient town of ai<br />
Northea t of Thailand entered a new wa in many way , influen ed by that Phong in L o and at a mall hrine<br />
period of socio-cultural change which of the temple of Phimai. urther in Wat Dhat Lu ng Vientian a<br />
wa called by many scholar as the more, Khmer cultural influence al o tone tatue of Jayavarm n VII wa<br />
Lopburi period. It differed in many f und it way from Phimai and haire<br />
peel from the previous period and yaphum pa ing the Petchabun Range Like the reign f uriyavarman If<br />
housed.<br />
this wa evident from the change in- to Muang rt 0 p in the Pa ak River Khmer civilization of the 13th Century<br />
A. . pread from the North ea t<br />
to new type and pattern of variou va !ley and whence to the Chao Phraancient<br />
monument namely the regu- ya delta in C ntr 1 Thailand. The to entral Thailand ia Muang rt<br />
larly oriented tr_?ctures and plan of Khmer styled brick tower found tn Dcp in the Pa ak alley. It popularity<br />
brou ht about a ult of tab<br />
the ancient town , the Hindu and the Muang ri Oep, Muang Lava ( Lop<br />
Mahayana Buddhi t sanctuarie which buri) , and ukhothai. all indicated li hing Khm r typ templ dedtcated<br />
were built in Khmer style, the digg- art influen e from th reign of uriing<br />
of baray and acred temple pond ya arman 11.<br />
of many tmportant citie uch a La<br />
to Mahayana Buddhi m in the middle<br />
the con tructions of road and irrigation<br />
dyke and the establishment of<br />
After uriyavarman Ll, the Northea<br />
t wa brought more clo cr to Cam and ukhothai. AI o 111 ny cult obva,<br />
Rajburi Petchaburi Muang ingh<br />
ceramic kiln to produce Khm'er type<br />
bodia again tn the 13th entury A.D. ject u h a tmag of the Buddh<br />
pottery used all over the Northeast. during the retgn of Ktng Jayavarman and Bodht atta a were al o imported<br />
Historically peaking, the presence VJI. More temples wer built and from Cambodta. To many cholar,<br />
of the Khmer type monuments toget- re tared all dedicat~d 10 Mahayana the pre ence of Khmer cultural eleher<br />
with many tone stelas mention- Buddht m. Accordtng to the tn crip- men; ha created a mi under tanding<br />
ing the name of the Khmer kings tion of Pra at Phra Khan in ambo- tha{ the Central Plain wa brought<br />
hinted that the regions along the dia, Jayavarman Vll had roads cut under the Khmer rule and that many<br />
Mun and the Mekhong River had from Angkor to variou citie and citie were identified a orne citie<br />
once accepted the Khmer political town in hi empire. On the way he mentioned in the in cription tone of<br />
hegemony from at lea t the reign of al o had many h pital and dharma- Pra at Phra Khan in arnb dia.<br />
King uriyavarman I. Further, the sa/a or mall temple buill for the After Jayavarman VJl Khmer<br />
tone in cripti ns from the temple of traveller to stop and pray. And to cultural influence in the Northea t<br />
Phnom Rung and Phimai al o up- many princtpal town , he had the declined and gradually cam to an<br />
ported that the Mun River ba in wa tatues of Phra Jayabuddhamahanat end. It eem d t ive way t a new<br />
ruled by a local monarch King Hi- ent a the main cult object. A the wave of civilization from the kingranyavarman<br />
who wa a clo e kin to city of Phtmai wa mentioned among dom of LanNa and ukhothai tn the<br />
King Oharanindravarman I and king the principal town in th tn ription north and northwe t which pread in<br />
Suriyavarman II. lo e connection 1t wa likely that there were many to the kingdom of Lan hang in the<br />
between the Northea t and Cambodta town in the ba ins of the Mun and ba in of the Mekhong nd the hi<br />
eemed to accentuated durtng the re- Mekhong Rtvers that were tntegrated River·<br />
ign of King uriyavarman II a many into the Khmer empire. Along the
Figure of apa.wra in dec?rativc frame carved on the side wall ncar the gate<br />
of the main tower of Prasat Wat Phu• on the shoulder of the mountain.<br />
Bass.tk, l.:to.<br />
I<br />
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n .. u..,ft'~ua::'t1u"lu.,ut.lnnnn.,M •'un1~<br />
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Lintel and pediment of a building<br />
in the compound of Prasat Wat Phu.<br />
n.,tma.,~flal t.lnn1n~n1:: lt~u<br />
... .. , .. • • ~ c.<br />
11. IO'Wflnnu '· 111tlUlfl i111~1111Ulr.J1fl<br />
depicting an episode in the Ramayanu story,<br />
Prasat Ku Kradaun •• Amphur Kasctwisai, Roi Ed.
Figu~ of apusara ut the gate<br />
of the main tower<br />
of Pmsat Si Khoraphum, Surin.<br />
Part of stone lintel of a small 1·iharn<br />
in the compound of Prasat Kampaeng-yui,<br />
showing deities attending the sleeping Vishnu.<br />
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•o~nu·tnl nm1 Lnn o~fl•lvll o~e~t1.,1nl'I'I01LUH,lfl\l<br />
Stone lintel of u small l'ihurn<br />
in the compounJ of Prasat Kampaeng Yui,<br />
showing Vishnu reclining on the back of naga-ruja.
I<br />
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~ft1'UUII~ u11ft1"n8111t11J &U'U 11ft1"ft1UHM&1tl~n'U<br />
The brick towcn of Prasat Ku Suan Tacna, Bu~irum.
.I ~ .. ~<br />
v11G1Ynt\nnW1\I t. \lft111'WGII1<br />
Prasat Phnom Wan, Nalthon Raj Sima.
Prasat Plaibat on top or the Plaibat Mountain,<br />
Amphur Pakonchai, Burirum .<br />
. .<br />
... 1 .. ' ., • , .... 41 .... • ,<br />
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Prasat Kampaena Noi, consiructed in laterite, Sri Saket.<br />
Probably bclonaed to the period or Jayavarman VII.
f .. ., ' .... • "<br />
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Pra\at Ku Phra Santar.ll, con\tructed m laterite in the same style and plan as those of Ku Rusi and Prasat Kampacng Noi
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P1yaporn<br />
Originally thi tory i a Jataka tory<br />
but the people conceive it a a local<br />
tale of Mu ng Phim i in the province<br />
of Nakhon Raj ima. It i about a<br />
young prince named Pr jit leaving<br />
hi home town in earch for hi mate.<br />
The a trologer told h1m that hi mate<br />
wa<br />
till an unborn child whom he<br />
would meet on the way. He went<br />
along the direction<br />
dvi ed by th<br />
With the help of the god lndra both her tot hu band, Orabhim di gui ed<br />
of them could escape from the palace her elf a a man travelling from<br />
into the fore t. On the way, while place to place until h reach d the<br />
they were re ling under a big tree, city of Cbampak Nakhon. verybody<br />
Prajit wa hot to death by a hunter in th city wa in grief becau e of a<br />
who wa attracted by Orabh im' udden death of the dau ht r of the<br />
beauty.<br />
He took Orabhim away on<br />
the back of the buffalo.<br />
To free<br />
her elf from the wicked fellow Orabhlm<br />
a ked to ride behin
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13. Pra at Bay n.<br />
ngkor Thorn 119 1-12 19).<br />
Th late t effort of the Khmer<br />
in buildmg gre
" ....
Angkor<br />
The Architectural Analysis<br />
Anuvit Charerr1supkul<br />
an effort on part of the author.<br />
So far, the hi tory of Angkor<br />
tarted<br />
from the reign of Jayavarman 11<br />
around the 9 1 h Century A. D. and<br />
came to an end<br />
ometime after the<br />
reign of Jayavarman VII in the 13th<br />
Century A.D.<br />
of four hundred year<br />
built their citie<br />
E>uring the period<br />
the Khmer<br />
around the great<br />
lake in the hinterland of the<br />
Mekhong ba in . Thi area of<br />
great advantage in term<br />
of social,<br />
economic, political and strategic<br />
viewpoints. The main urban complexes<br />
developed in many localities,<br />
starting from Kulen to Rolous and<br />
Angkor respectively.<br />
The Khmer unified their ociety by<br />
the Indian culture which had created<br />
a kind of 'organic structure' to its<br />
kingdom. In thi<br />
structure, various<br />
kinds of component namely politics,<br />
religion economics technology art<br />
and architecture were depending on<br />
each other a<br />
an organi m. Jayavarman<br />
ll invented for the kingdom,<br />
a cult of god king which gave the<br />
king, the supreme power of the god<br />
on earth.<br />
From this concept, the<br />
Khmer envi aged the town and city<br />
as a replica of the universe. In<br />
the middle of the city, an architecture<br />
was erected as the dwelling of god<br />
artificial sumeru mountain or on a<br />
natural hill. There are 14 noted<br />
building complexe which repre ented<br />
the temple mountain of the king.<br />
They are as follow :-<br />
I. Preah-ko<br />
2. Bakong<br />
3. Phnom Bakheng<br />
4. Bak ee Chamkrong<br />
5. Mebon Oriental<br />
6. Pre Rup<br />
7. Banteay Srei<br />
8. Phimanaka<br />
9. Takeo<br />
10. Baphuan<br />
II . Angkor Wat<br />
!2. Ta Prohm<br />
13. Preah Khan<br />
14. Bayon<br />
Thee building developed within 3<br />
linkage<br />
circle , the fir t being from<br />
The general history and ymbolic a microco m of the macro-structure. ko, Bakong, Mebon Oriental, Pre<br />
interpretation of thi article are In the hi tory of Angkor the architecture<br />
in the middle of the city and Takeo.<br />
Rup, Banteay Srei, Phimanakas<br />
ba ed on the writing of Profe or<br />
Coede and Gro lier but however appeared in the from of complex of 2. Diagrametic Layout, a very trong<br />
the architectural analysi purely buildings built either on top of an tatement of forming an architectural<br />
complex. It i likely to<br />
emerge directly from conceptual<br />
diagrame. Thi re ulted in the<br />
pure form of Phnom Bakheng<br />
and Bak ee Chamkrong.<br />
3. Organic Layout a building complex<br />
of interconnected and interlocking<br />
both in physical form and<br />
patial<br />
tructure. Thi is the mo t<br />
creative of all the Khmer architectural<br />
de ign.<br />
There are only<br />
two; the Baphuan and the Angkor<br />
Wat.<br />
4. Patterned Layout, it is eemingly<br />
that the design i repeated one<br />
element to another without<br />
concerning with compo ition and<br />
patial quality, alwa ys aim at the<br />
emphatically compo nent a Ta<br />
Prohm, Preah Khan and Bayon.<br />
Preah- ko to Bak ei Chamkrong, the The Khmer con truction technique<br />
econd from Mebon Oriental to limited to corbelled arch, hort<br />
Takeo; and the third from Baphuan<br />
pan po t and lintel and rna ive<br />
to Bayon. Neverthele s their layout load bearing wall, by u ing the<br />
pattern are interdependently differed;<br />
principal materials of brick, laterite<br />
they could be clas ified into four and and tone. As Gro lier has<br />
typical model<br />
as follow:-<br />
! . Compo itional Layout a model<br />
of arranging an architectural<br />
elements within physical and<br />
patial<br />
structure framework, by<br />
the rule of compo ilion theory.<br />
The noted example are ; Preahpointed<br />
out, the Khmer architect<br />
had alway counted on three architectural<br />
element ; terrace<br />
vaulted gallery<br />
in<br />
mo t<br />
tower and<br />
and by their talent<br />
ophi ticated de ig n, one of the<br />
ignificant architecture of the<br />
world ba been created.<br />
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Where was<br />
Suvanabhum<br />
Manit Vallibhotama<br />
• To the ea t of<br />
wa<br />
uvana Kaum Kam<br />
the ba in of the Tack River.<br />
Thi ri er con i ted of to main tributarie<br />
the Tack Luang or the Red<br />
River and the Tack Noi; both originated<br />
from the mountain and high<br />
land in Yunan of<br />
outhern China.<br />
The Red R'iver drained the region<br />
around Hanoi while the Tack<br />
pa ed through<br />
oi<br />
ib Song Ch u Thai to<br />
join the Red River 1n Hang Hua and<br />
then flowed down into the Bay of<br />
To integrate Nam Yueh to the<br />
Chine e empire,<br />
hine e ch ol w re<br />
founded in the area around the Red<br />
and the Black River<br />
to teach Chine<br />
c culture to the native.<br />
o the<br />
culture and the way of life of the<br />
Nam Yueh people changed and were<br />
heavily influenced by tho e of the<br />
Chine e. In the later period the<br />
people<br />
.<br />
preferred to call their country<br />
Vietnam instead ot Nam Yueh a<br />
called by the Chine e.<br />
However, the<br />
Tonkin. According to the hine e de tiny of the nation wa fluctuated<br />
note , about 400 year ago thi region<br />
wa included 1n the country called<br />
am Yuch inhabited by the Ai - lao<br />
people \ ho wa<br />
div1ded into numerou<br />
ubgroup uch a the Nung,<br />
the hong the Chung, the Chuang,<br />
the Chong- ren and the Muang.<br />
between the Chine e domination and<br />
declaring independence.<br />
It was until<br />
the 16th Century A.D. that Vietnam<br />
became fully independent and wa<br />
able to annex the kingdom of<br />
hampa<br />
to the south to it own territory. Later<br />
in the middle of the 17 th<br />
en tu ry<br />
During the reign of mperor Wuti A.D. Vietnam wa o trong and po-<br />
( 140-87 B.C.) Nam ueh wa 1n- werful that it could e tend it · domivaded<br />
by the<br />
hine e troop and e entually<br />
conquered in Ill B. .<br />
The<br />
country fell under the Chine e rule,<br />
and wa divided into 4 principalitie ,<br />
each of which wa<br />
hine e go ernor.<br />
upervi ed by a<br />
nation to the lower Mekhong basin<br />
which wa<br />
once in the territory of<br />
the Khmer in Cambodia. Thi reulled<br />
in the foundation of the city of<br />
Saigon a the main port city of the<br />
Kingdom.<br />
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