วารสารเมืองโบราณปีที่ 3 ฉบับที่ 2

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over Picture 4
Mural Painting of Wat Wang 5
Kieti akdi Chanon-nart
The Principality of Wa t Phu 14
Dr . W. J. Van Liere
Khmer Art in fan 22
NorNa Paknam
The orthea t of Thailand 41
during the Lopburi
Sri akara
al/lbhotama
Orabhim- Prajit 65 .
'Piyaporn
The Khmer • mpire 70
M .C. Subhadradts Diskul
er iod
Augkor : An ArchitecturaL Analy
Anuvit Charernsupkul
Lo hing ha 110
Kanchanagabhun
Where Wa uvanabhum 128
Manit V allibhotama
90

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COVER PICTURE
Pra at Ku ida built in brick the lintel of which
wa decorated ' ith tucco f1gure of dancing deitie ,
Lopbur1 tyle. Thee f1gure have completely
been de troyed and plundered. The picture above
i al o the lintel of Ku 1da which wa taken,
when the dancing f1gure till remained, by Mr.
Manit Valllbhotama during hi archaeological
urvey about 16 year ago.

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Mural Painting of wat Wang
Patalung
Kietisakdi Chanon-nart
W t Wang i ituated in Amphur time when the war wa re tored by background to enhance the main
Lam Pam. Patalung It wa formerly Phraya Patalung (Tab) . It i aid image. Th1 decorative frame wa
the important war of the town, where that thi go ernor had brought a surrounded by figure of the demon
the ceremony of taking the Water of painter who u ed to paint the wall of on the lower part of the herm1t on
Allegiance wa performed. That it Wat Phra Kae9 in Bangkok to do the the upper and of the rows of deiti
ha been called Wat Wang i be au e jop here; the painting wa fini hed in on the middle. Row of deities or
it wa built in the heart of the old 1860. However another rumor put tep-clwm- pum continued above the
town of Pataluog clo e to the re i- it that the painter wa in fact, a na- scence on the lif hi tory of the Buddence
of the governor Ph ray a Pa ta I u ng. ti ve of Pa ta lung who learnt how to dha to the north and the ou th wall .
According to the chronicle, it wa
fir t built by Phraya Patalung( Tbongkhao)
in the Fir t reign and completed
later in 1816 during the reign
of King Rama II. At the pre ent time
paint in Bangkok and u ed to paint The pace on the panels between the
the wall of Wat Phra Kae .
What door and window were painted with
ever it may be, the painting of Wat some epi ode in the Jataka Stone .
Wang re emble mo t mural painting Unfortunat ly, at pre ent the e J taka
in Bangkok. In P talung it i con- ccne have already peeled off due to
Wat Wang remain a quiet war about temporary to mural painting in Wat the damageou condition of the wall.
5 km . from the provincial city, ac- Viharn Burg located on the oppo ite What till in go d condition were
ce sible by a road which pa e it to side of the road. Probably it was cene of the life of the Buddha which
the Lake Lam Pam to the ea t. It is painted by the arne arti t. were painted on the upper level of
characterized by a bod whic~ i ur- The painting in the bod of Wat the ioten r wall. Some ep1 ode were
rounded by a rectangular cloi ter Wang wa typical of the ourth reign beautifully painted and well arranged
hou ing a row of itting Buddha. The u ing multi color of red, black, 1n the proportion of form and pace,
bod it elf i pierced by 2 door from white yellow cerulean blue, Indian uch a a cene when the Buddha wa
the front and 6 window on each ide red, Pru ian blue and ap green. The being tempted by the three bewitching
of the wall. All door and window per pective method a applied in daughters of the Mara and the ceoe
were framed ith tucco decoration . painting land cape; and the mountain on the Great Renunciation. The mo t
On top of rhe building. newly carved the tree and water w re p inted in important and maje tic of all i the
gable end have replaced the old one a realistic way. The major pace cene on the descending from the
which were removed to the nation l above the window wa de oted to heaven of the Lord Buddha. Apart
mu eum in ongkla. At the front depict the life hi tory of the Lord from the cene on the life of the
of the bod there i an image of a Buddha. It tarted from the outhern Buddha, there were al o orne cene
sitting Buddha- Phra Pa Lei - Lai,
back wall, with and epi ode on the on the daily life of the local people
attended by a monkey and an birth of the Buddha and progre ed wh1ch were in many way reflecting
elephant. Around the bod are row to the ea t wall where a cene on orne a pact of the ociety during
of mall pagoda . The main image ubduing the Mara wa painted. The the ourth reign. For example, the
of the bod i made of tucco erected story continued to the northern wall cene that depicted a hunter hunting
in the middle of the building. On , nd ended with the cene on the death a wild boar a caravan "'f ox cart
the interior wall of the bod i deco- of the Buddha. The western wall a and the hine e with his hair tyle
rated with beautiful painting . the back of the main Buddha wa ect. All of them seemed to add more
The mural painting of Wat Wang painted 10 the form of a decorated value to the mural painting of Wat
wa done in the ourth reign at the frame .. ruan- kaeo, erving a a Wang.

The main tower of W t Phu h mpa c Lao.

An i olated and tone rna if named Phu Kao
ri ing I 500 m. above the pla1n in outhern Lao
induce a favourable micro nvironment
that ha been t. k n advantage of by early farmer ince pre-hi toric time
the principality of Wat Phu ( ig 1) , or mod rn hampa ac.
Tl1e Principalit.y
of
Wat PllU
D~ W.J. VanLiere
Prominent topographic feature uch
That thi wa indeed done i between the . Houei Kham uan, th
a the Phu Kao have one e pecially
hown by a regular grid of mall Mekong and the Houei Ta ng in the
important effect on local climate:
channel , still clearly vi ible on aerial north. Ancient rainfed land can b
they stimulate rainfall. Becau Phu
photograph although they are not located by mean of remant of scatu
ed any more. On Fig. 1 orne of tered pond , still vi 1ble on a nal
Kao cau e precipitation from
the fir t moi lure-lad n air rna e
thee channel are indicated. A mor photographs and on topographiC map
of the outhwe t mon oon farmer
detailed analy i would be po ible if although the fi ld p tt rn may ha
in Champa ac can plant rainfed pad
photograph of larg r cale were a ai- di appeared. The pond ar at o
dy a full month earlier th, n in other
table. indicated in fig. I. ield work ~ ould
part of the ou thern Lao plain . But
In any ca e it clear that the no doubt I ate m ny mor . All the
early rain are probably not the main civilization of Wat Phu had it econo- urrounding country, on the a t bank
factor for the Wat Phu civilization. mic foundation on small- cale irriga-
of the Mekong, a well a we t of the
On theca t ide of Phu Kao mount in tion, even though the irrigated area i Hou i Khamouan wa and llll 1
a number of mall permanent pring rather limited not mor than 200 km2 fore t, with hifting cull! au n.
occur, who e water could ea ily be in all. Rainfed agriculture wa prac- Th refore the prin ip lily of Wat Phu
led off to be directed and d1 tributed ticed overanadjacentarea about three wa a fu lly independent, If- u-
over the gently loping plain. times as large a the irrigated area tained economy.

, ..,
Ufl1\flAfl THE PRINCIPALITY OF WAT PHU
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- RAINFED AGRICULTURE
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The cultivat d enclave of Wat A major factor u taining Shr ta to the outh from the anctuary and
Phu ha a rich hi tory inde d, but for -pura wealth, apart from permanent the trace i vi ible on the aerial phorea
on that e cape comprehen ion no agriculture, wa no doubt the ab nee tograph ov r a di tance of about four
fi ldwork ha ever been carried out of flood damage from th Mekong: km. inally, m ntion hould b made
by archeaologi t . the topography of the plain i such of a tempi pond of th arne
A may be e pected, the land that it is ju tout. iz a th Wat Phu pond at B n That
supported a temple city. Thi i th To the north of the large temple in th ' rainfed ' part of the hr tadouble-moated
city of Shre ta-pura, pond, there is a maller one which pura principality. ( ig I).
about 2x2 km in ize, clearly vi ible till the ene of the annual ritual The tting of hre ta-pura re emon
the a rial photograph · It i of the Buffalo acrifice and i therefore ble omewhat the tting of Angkor
worthwhile to note that th ea tern thought to b of great antiquity. Thorn, with Phu Kao fulfilling the
moat of the city i built near and pa- The aerial photograph reveal role of the Phnom Kulen. Th difrallel
to the pre ent bank of the Me- orne more intere ting detail. There f renee i that the temple city fAngkong.
It i likely that the medieval wa a econd temple pond outh of kor Thorn wa very much larg r and
cour e of th Mekong wa situated the exi ting on and imilar in ize. almo t th ntire run-off fr m Phnom
more to the ea t. Thi ob ervation Furthermore, there wa rectan- ulen wa u ed for acral purpo e
under- core one more the fact that gular earth tructure, po ibly a dik wh rea at hre ta-pura mo t of the
the medieval temple city wa not a mea uring 1.5x0.75 km. Thi true- flow of th mall, widely cattered
commercial centred pending on traf- tur i certainly older than th two prings wa , a
fie in the modern· sense. temple pond . A traigh t road led agricu I tu re.
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Khmer Art
•
111
Isar1
Nor Na Paknam
At pre ent most scholar believe that Surin. The building i characterized
the Chenla people were ancestor of by a square brick tower without any
the Khmer in Cambodia. The original redented corner , the round haped
homeland of the Chenla was in the tone pillar and tone lintel and pediment
the decorative de ign of
upper valley of t.he Mekbong River
near the basin of the river Mun and which were cia ified a the Pri
such a Pra at Phnom Wan in Nakhon
Raj ima and Pra at Ban Pluang
In urin. The con truction of the Prasat
in brick eemed tc be a tradition
until late in the 12th entury A.D.
which coincided with the re1gn of
Chi, with the capital city at what is Kmeng tyle. After the decline of the King uriya arman II who initiated
now Bas ak in Lao. The Chenla em- Chenla kingdom, the Khmer moved the c n truction f Angkor Wat.
braced Hindui m and held Siva a to ettle down around the Great Lake Tbi evident from ·orne brick buildlike
Pra at i Khoraphum in their highe t god. In the reign of King to the we t of the Mekhong River and ing
u.
lsanvarman I the Chenla conquered
the lower Mekhong ba in and f~unded
a new capital I anpura in what is now
the di trict of Kampong Thorn in
establi hed Angkor a their capital rin which wa decorated with lintel
city. Here came the Angkorian pe­
bearing the de ign and motif of the
riod when they could develop art
tyle and architecture of their own .
Cambodia. Here the art of the an- In the ortheast of Thailand the ear.
.
style of Angkor Wat.
The later group of the Khmer
type temple in the Northea l were of
cient Khmer, the school of which i ly architecture of the Angkorian pcriod
the 13th Century A. ., influenced
known a Sombor developed. Judging
i Pra at Ban Beng, urin a from the art tyle in the reign of
from the lyles and motifs, the art of brick tower with redented corner . King Jayavarman VII. They were
Sombor wa a continuation of the old Next to it i Pra at Yai Nghao, al o built in larger number than the period
Funan art which wa influenced by a redented quare tower but 11 pedithe
before : mo t of them were of
art of India. In the Northeast of ment wa carved in brick into a de­ the arne plan and lyle i.e. on i t·
Thailand the Chenla art wa contem- corative frame terminallng with five ing of a main laterite tower erected
porary to the Ovaravati art and both headed naga at the end .
in the middle of a compound which
shared orne common tyles and motifs,
wa urr unded by a rectangular la­
notably the croll de igns derived From the lOth Century A. D., more terite wall. pierced with one gatev ay
from the upta chool in Jndia. Khmer type temple appeared in the in the ea t AI o included in the com
Architecturally both Ovaravati Northeast and mo t of them were pound of the temple was a mall Iaterite
and Chenla chools u ed brick and built in brick uch a Pra at Muang
vihara . Thee laterite prasat
clay mortar as building material . The Tam, Prasat Mee hai Pra at Ban were pre umably Buddhi t anctuarie
olde l architecture of the Chenla that Plai in Surin and Pra at Prang Ku they were for example, Pra at Kampaeng-
still remained in the Northea tis Pra- 1n ri aket. Th re were only few
noi, Pra at Ban Samor in ri
sat Phum Phon in Amphur Sangkha, tone temple of contemporary date aket and Pra at Ku Rusi in Bur1rum .

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A n neri I photog ph of M uang Tam, mphu r Pn Kon h;ll, B uri rum howrng a n ncient mmun11y
in th Lopburi pe riod - the n tun ry, ~c r d pond , ray, road a nd cultivatr n rea.
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in Amphur Ban
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nd the I y II u cd
in
wl
rom the erami kiln
mphur B n Kruat, Bunrum.

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tone im ge of Phro J ynbuddhamahanata in
nmbod1
By courte y of Khun m kdi Rntnonkul, Ch1ef of rch colo y d1vi ion ine rt partment.

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1 un1 ::: ln1 tt fl 1 t111 tJti 'I'I1J1 nun 1110~ lnn 'U111UOI 11'111J1
. . .
nd tone image or Sodhi lla a round in M uang Ko in rni Rajburi. Lopburi penod.

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• t J

The Northeast of Thailand during
the Lopburi Period ( 10-13 Century A.D.)
th
t h
Sr i s a kara Vallibho tama
By the end of the lOth entury A.D., Angkor Wat tyled monument \ ere Mekhong Riv r to th north, the
due to heavy influx of Khmer civtli- reeled in the orthea t and in the Khmer temple with in crtptlon m ntioned
th name Jayavarman VII wa
zation from Cambodia into the ba in meantime the architectural tyle of
of the river Mun and Mekhong, the the roof of the tower in Angkor Wat found in the ancient town of ai
Northea t of Thailand entered a new wa in many way , influen ed by that Phong in L o and at a mall hrine
period of socio-cultural change which of the temple of Phimai. urther in Wat Dhat Lu ng Vientian a
wa called by many scholar as the more, Khmer cultural influence al o tone tatue of Jayavarm n VII wa
Lopburi period. It differed in many f und it way from Phimai and haire
peel from the previous period and yaphum pa ing the Petchabun Range Like the reign f uriyavarman If
housed.
this wa evident from the change in- to Muang rt 0 p in the Pa ak River Khmer civilization of the 13th Century
A. . pread from the North ea t
to new type and pattern of variou va !ley and whence to the Chao Phraancient
monument namely the regu- ya delta in C ntr 1 Thailand. The to entral Thailand ia Muang rt
larly oriented tr_?ctures and plan of Khmer styled brick tower found tn Dcp in the Pa ak alley. It popularity
brou ht about a ult of tab­
the ancient town , the Hindu and the Muang ri Oep, Muang Lava ( Lop­
Mahayana Buddhi t sanctuarie which buri) , and ukhothai. all indicated li hing Khm r typ templ dedtcated
were built in Khmer style, the digg- art influen e from th reign of uriing
of baray and acred temple pond ya arman 11.
of many tmportant citie uch a La­
to Mahayana Buddhi m in the middle
the con tructions of road and irrigation
dyke and the establishment of
After uriyavarman Ll, the Northea
t wa brought more clo cr to Cam and ukhothai. AI o 111 ny cult obva,
Rajburi Petchaburi Muang ingh
ceramic kiln to produce Khm'er type
bodia again tn the 13th entury A.D. ject u h a tmag of the Buddh
pottery used all over the Northeast. during the retgn of Ktng Jayavarman and Bodht atta a were al o imported
Historically peaking, the presence VJI. More temples wer built and from Cambodta. To many cholar,
of the Khmer type monuments toget- re tared all dedicat~d 10 Mahayana the pre ence of Khmer cultural eleher
with many tone stelas mention- Buddht m. Accordtng to the tn crip- men; ha created a mi under tanding
ing the name of the Khmer kings tion of Pra at Phra Khan in ambo- tha{ the Central Plain wa brought
hinted that the regions along the dia, Jayavarman Vll had roads cut under the Khmer rule and that many
Mun and the Mekhong River had from Angkor to variou citie and citie were identified a orne citie
once accepted the Khmer political town in hi empire. On the way he mentioned in the in cription tone of
hegemony from at lea t the reign of al o had many h pital and dharma- Pra at Phra Khan in arnb dia.
King uriyavarman I. Further, the sa/a or mall temple buill for the After Jayavarman VJl Khmer
tone in cripti ns from the temple of traveller to stop and pray. And to cultural influence in the Northea t
Phnom Rung and Phimai al o up- many princtpal town , he had the declined and gradually cam to an
ported that the Mun River ba in wa tatues of Phra Jayabuddhamahanat end. It eem d t ive way t a new
ruled by a local monarch King Hi- ent a the main cult object. A the wave of civilization from the kingranyavarman
who wa a clo e kin to city of Phtmai wa mentioned among dom of LanNa and ukhothai tn the
King Oharanindravarman I and king the principal town in th tn ription north and northwe t which pread in
Suriyavarman II. lo e connection 1t wa likely that there were many to the kingdom of Lan hang in the
between the Northea t and Cambodta town in the ba ins of the Mun and ba in of the Mekhong nd the hi
eemed to accentuated durtng the re- Mekhong Rtvers that were tntegrated River·
ign of King uriyavarman II a many into the Khmer empire. Along the

Figure of apa.wra in dec?rativc frame carved on the side wall ncar the gate
of the main tower of Prasat Wat Phu• on the shoulder of the mountain.
Bass.tk, l.:to.
I
tl1tJ1l1l'f

n .. u..,ft'~ua::'t1u"lu.,ut.lnnnn.,M •'un1~
.
Lintel and pediment of a building
in the compound of Prasat Wat Phu.
n.,tma.,~flal t.lnn1n~n1:: lt~u
... .. , .. • • ~ c.
11. IO'Wflnnu '· 111tlUlfl i111~1111Ulr.J1fl
depicting an episode in the Ramayanu story,
Prasat Ku Kradaun •• Amphur Kasctwisai, Roi Ed.

Figu~ of apusara ut the gate
of the main tower
of Pmsat Si Khoraphum, Surin.
Part of stone lintel of a small 1·iharn
in the compound of Prasat Kampaeng-yui,
showing deities attending the sleeping Vishnu.
. .
J ... J I
1 tl~llltltll llllYnHI~11 ~tJltJLQYil::ft'l~lfH~lfl
., ., .... " J " "' • ' ...
'· "' n::mw
•o~nu·tnl nm1 Lnn o~fl•lvll o~e~t1.,1nl'I'I01LUH,lfl\l
Stone lintel of u small l'ihurn
in the compounJ of Prasat Kampaeng Yui,
showing Vishnu reclining on the back of naga-ruja.

I
t .I I II '"' ~ t.l • ~ •
~ft1'UUII~ u11ft1"n8111t11J &U'U 11ft1"ft1UHM&1tl~n'U
The brick towcn of Prasat Ku Suan Tacna, Bu~irum.

.I ~ .. ~
v11G1Ynt\nnW1\I t. \lft111'WGII1
Prasat Phnom Wan, Nalthon Raj Sima.

Prasat Plaibat on top or the Plaibat Mountain,
Amphur Pakonchai, Burirum .
. .
... 1 .. ' ., • , .... 41 .... • ,
111UI1YIM\&1 UMa-1dfiYI1fi1UfUI1UD~ L1 antl11Cf1YIH'Un1U "~'U flU
" ., " ., ., "
a11~asaa,.,:at,.a1nluYI ..
Prasat Kampaena Noi, consiructed in laterite, Sri Saket.
Probably bclonaed to the period or Jayavarman VII.

f .. ., ' .... • "
1 ULtltnn1Jnq1" ua:alnn1Tifl1LL ft~u nv
. .
Pra\at Ku Phra Santar.ll, con\tructed m laterite in the same style and plan as those of Ku Rusi and Prasat Kampacng Noi

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" q ,..

Orbhirn-Prajit
" . "
P1yaporn
Originally thi tory i a Jataka tory
but the people conceive it a a local
tale of Mu ng Phim i in the province
of Nakhon Raj ima. It i about a
young prince named Pr jit leaving
hi home town in earch for hi mate.
The a trologer told h1m that hi mate
wa
till an unborn child whom he
would meet on the way. He went
along the direction
dvi ed by th
With the help of the god lndra both her tot hu band, Orabhim di gui ed
of them could escape from the palace her elf a a man travelling from
into the fore t. On the way, while place to place until h reach d the
they were re ling under a big tree, city of Cbampak Nakhon. verybody
Prajit wa hot to death by a hunter in th city wa in grief becau e of a
who wa attracted by Orabh im' udden death of the dau ht r of the
beauty.
He took Orabhim away on
the back of the buffalo.
To free
her elf from the wicked fellow Orabhlm
a ked to ride behin

tJtl Ul1 1Vl U1 UU finu ~ tl lJ 1.i'UU1U U 111 l~ . fl . ... ~oo-•~clo
r:in1al of a Bayon tower Khmer art of Bayon tylc Late 12 th-carly I th cntur .D
-4
l.h1rt1VlVl UfllUJ
Pra at at
ngk r Thorn

Rell f figure of pa ra at n k r \i at
... .. .., ~ ..
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Head of D dha · 11 va at a mall pra t an ngkor Th m
~

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I mal deitic ngkor

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but it le i mod tly rcdu ed. Mebon riental
Th total h hl 1 only 24 metre
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wi th
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tone engraving
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13. Pra at Bay n.
ngkor Thorn 119 1-12 19).
Th late t effort of the Khmer
in buildmg gre

" ....

Angkor
The Architectural Analysis
Anuvit Charerr1supkul
an effort on part of the author.
So far, the hi tory of Angkor
tarted
from the reign of Jayavarman 11
around the 9 1 h Century A. D. and
came to an end
ometime after the
reign of Jayavarman VII in the 13th
Century A.D.
of four hundred year
built their citie
E>uring the period
the Khmer
around the great
lake in the hinterland of the
Mekhong ba in . Thi area of
great advantage in term
of social,
economic, political and strategic
viewpoints. The main urban complexes
developed in many localities,
starting from Kulen to Rolous and
Angkor respectively.
The Khmer unified their ociety by
the Indian culture which had created
a kind of 'organic structure' to its
kingdom. In thi
structure, various
kinds of component namely politics,
religion economics technology art
and architecture were depending on
each other a
an organi m. Jayavarman
ll invented for the kingdom,
a cult of god king which gave the
king, the supreme power of the god
on earth.
From this concept, the
Khmer envi aged the town and city
as a replica of the universe. In
the middle of the city, an architecture
was erected as the dwelling of god
artificial sumeru mountain or on a
natural hill. There are 14 noted
building complexe which repre ented
the temple mountain of the king.
They are as follow :-
I. Preah-ko
2. Bakong
3. Phnom Bakheng
4. Bak ee Chamkrong
5. Mebon Oriental
6. Pre Rup
7. Banteay Srei
8. Phimanaka
9. Takeo
10. Baphuan
II . Angkor Wat
!2. Ta Prohm
13. Preah Khan
14. Bayon
Thee building developed within 3
linkage
circle , the fir t being from
The general history and ymbolic a microco m of the macro-structure. ko, Bakong, Mebon Oriental, Pre
interpretation of thi article are In the hi tory of Angkor the architecture
in the middle of the city and Takeo.
Rup, Banteay Srei, Phimanakas
ba ed on the writing of Profe or
Coede and Gro lier but however appeared in the from of complex of 2. Diagrametic Layout, a very trong
the architectural analysi purely buildings built either on top of an tatement of forming an architectural
complex. It i likely to
emerge directly from conceptual
diagrame. Thi re ulted in the
pure form of Phnom Bakheng
and Bak ee Chamkrong.
3. Organic Layout a building complex
of interconnected and interlocking
both in physical form and
patial
tructure. Thi is the mo t
creative of all the Khmer architectural
de ign.
There are only
two; the Baphuan and the Angkor
Wat.
4. Patterned Layout, it is eemingly
that the design i repeated one
element to another without
concerning with compo ition and
patial quality, alwa ys aim at the
emphatically compo nent a Ta
Prohm, Preah Khan and Bayon.
Preah- ko to Bak ei Chamkrong, the The Khmer con truction technique
econd from Mebon Oriental to limited to corbelled arch, hort
Takeo; and the third from Baphuan
pan po t and lintel and rna ive
to Bayon. Neverthele s their layout load bearing wall, by u ing the
pattern are interdependently differed;
principal materials of brick, laterite
they could be clas ified into four and and tone. As Gro lier has
typical model
as follow:-
! . Compo itional Layout a model
of arranging an architectural
elements within physical and
patial
structure framework, by
the rule of compo ilion theory.
The noted example are ; Preahpointed
out, the Khmer architect
had alway counted on three architectural
element ; terrace
vaulted gallery
in
mo t
tower and
and by their talent
ophi ticated de ig n, one of the
ignificant architecture of the
world ba been created.
eotf

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Where was
Suvanabhum
Manit Vallibhotama
• To the ea t of
wa
uvana Kaum Kam
the ba in of the Tack River.
Thi ri er con i ted of to main tributarie
the Tack Luang or the Red
River and the Tack Noi; both originated
from the mountain and high
land in Yunan of
outhern China.
The Red R'iver drained the region
around Hanoi while the Tack
pa ed through
oi
ib Song Ch u Thai to
join the Red River 1n Hang Hua and
then flowed down into the Bay of
To integrate Nam Yueh to the
Chine e empire,
hine e ch ol w re
founded in the area around the Red
and the Black River
to teach Chine
c culture to the native.
o the
culture and the way of life of the
Nam Yueh people changed and were
heavily influenced by tho e of the
Chine e. In the later period the
people
.
preferred to call their country
Vietnam instead ot Nam Yueh a
called by the Chine e.
However, the
Tonkin. According to the hine e de tiny of the nation wa fluctuated
note , about 400 year ago thi region
wa included 1n the country called
am Yuch inhabited by the Ai - lao
people \ ho wa
div1ded into numerou
ubgroup uch a the Nung,
the hong the Chung, the Chuang,
the Chong- ren and the Muang.
between the Chine e domination and
declaring independence.
It was until
the 16th Century A.D. that Vietnam
became fully independent and wa
able to annex the kingdom of
hampa
to the south to it own territory. Later
in the middle of the 17 th
en tu ry
During the reign of mperor Wuti A.D. Vietnam wa o trong and po-
( 140-87 B.C.) Nam ueh wa 1n- werful that it could e tend it · domivaded
by the
hine e troop and e entually
conquered in Ill B. .
The
country fell under the Chine e rule,
and wa divided into 4 principalitie ,
each of which wa
hine e go ernor.
upervi ed by a
nation to the lower Mekhong basin
which wa
once in the territory of
the Khmer in Cambodia. Thi reulled
in the foundation of the city of
Saigon a the main port city of the
Kingdom.
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The sure way to better motori~.