Title : Royal Commission on Agriculture in India - Reserve Bank of ...

ROYAL COMMISSION
ON
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
Volume XI
EVIDENCE
TAKEN IN
SIND
CALCUTTA: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
CENTRAl, PUBLICATION RRANCH
192e

iii
TERMS OF REFERENCE
Generally,
Tb examine and report on the present conditions of agriculture and
rural economy in British India. and to make recommendations for the
improvement of agrioult.ure and the promotion of the welfare and
prosperitJ of the rura.l popula.tion ;
In pa.rticular to investigate-
(a) the measures now being taken for the promotion of agricultural
and veterinary research, experiment, demonstration and education,
for the compilation of agricultural statistics, for the introduction
of new and better crops and for improvement in agricultural
practice, dairy farming and the breeding of stock;
(b) the existing methods of transport and marketing of agricultural
produce and stock ;
(c) the methods by which agricultural operations are financed and
credit afforded to agriculturists;
(d) the main factors affecting rura.l prosperity and the welfare of the
agricultural population;
and to make recommendations.
It will not be within the scope of the <strong>Commission</strong>'s duties to ma.ke
recommendations rega.rding the existing system of landownership and
tena.ncy or of the assessment of la.nd revenue and irrigation charges, or
the existing division of functions between the Government of India and
the local Governments. But the Commjssion shall be at liberty to suggest
means whereby the activities of the Governments in India may best be
co-ordinated and to indicate directions in which the Government of
India may usefully supplement the activities of local Governments.
MO Y 315-a

VI
(xii) How can adult education in rural tracts be popularised 1
(xiii) In suggesting any scheme for better educational facilities in
rural areas, please give your views for (a) its administration
and (b) its finance.
3. Demonstration and Propaganda.
(a) What are the measures which in your view have been successful in
influencing and improving the practice of oultivators 1
(b) Can you make suggestions for increasing the effectiveness of field
demonstrations 1
(c) Can you suggest methods whereby cultivators may be induced to
adopt expert ad vice 1
(d) If you are aware of any striking instances of the success or the
failure of demonstration and propaganda work, please give particulars
and indicate the reasons for success or for failure.
4. Administration.
(a) Do you wish to suggest mean!i towards the better co-ordination
of the activit.ies of the Government!i in India or to indicate directions
in which the Government of India may usefully supplement the activities
of the local Governments 1
(b) Is it your opinion that the expert scientific knowledge required
in the development of 8.griculture in the different Provinces could be
supplied to 0. greater extent than is the case at present by increasing
the scientific staff of the Government of India 1 If so, indicate the types
of work which would b£'nefit by pooling the services of experts, and
suggest how that work should be controlled.
(c) AIe you satisfied from the agricultural standpoint with the services
afforded by-
(i) The Agricultural and Veterinary Services,
(ii) Railways and steamers,
(iii) Roads,
(iv) Meteorological Department,
(v) Posts, and
(vi) Telegraphs, including wireless 1
If not, please indicate directions in which you think these Services
might be improved or extended.
5. Finance.
(a) What are your views as to the steps that should be taken for the
better financing of agricultural operations and for the provision of short
and long-term credit to cultivators 1
(b) Do you wish to suggest means whereby cultivators may be induced
to make fuller use of the Government system of taccavi 1
6. Agricultural Indebtedness.
(a) What in your opinion are :-
(i) the main causes 1)£ borrowing,
(ii) the sources of credit, and
(i·ii) the reasons preventing repayment.

Vlll
(e) What mea.'lures should Government take to encourage the reclamation
of areas of cultivable land which have gone out of cultivation 1
10. Fertilisers.
(a) In your opinion, could greater use be rrofitably made of natural
manures or artificial fertilisers 1 If so, please indicate the. directions
in which you think improvement possible.
(b) Can you suggest measures to prevent the fraudulent adulteration
of fertilisers 1
(e) What methods would you employ to popularise new and improved
fertilisers 1
(d) Mention any localities known to you in which a considerable
increase in the use of manures has recently taken place.
(e) Has effect of manuring with phosphates, nitrates, sulphate of
ammonia, and potash manures been sufficiently investigatt:d 1 If so,
what is the result of such investigation 1
(f) What methods would you employ to discourage the practice of
using cowdung as fuel 1
11. Cropl.
(a) Please give your views on--
(i) the improvement of existing crops,
(ii) the introduction of new crops including fodder crops,
(iii) the distribution of secds,
(itl) the prevention of damage by wild animals.
(b) Can you suggest any heavy yielding food crops in replacement of
the present crops 1
(e) Any successful efforts in improving crops or substituting more
profitable ('''ops which have come under your own observation should be
mentioned.
12. Cultivation.
Can you suggest improvements in­
(i) the existing system of tillage, or
(ii) the customary rotations or mixtures of the more important crops 1
13. Crop Protection, Internal and External.
Please give your views on-
(i) The efficacy and sufficiency of existing measures for protection
of crops from external infection, pests and diseases.
(ii) The desirability of adopting internal measures against infection.
'14. Implements.
(a) Have you any suggestion for the improvement of existing. or the
introduction of new, agricultural implements and machinery 1
(b) What steps do you think may usefully be taken to huten the
adoption by the cultivator of improved implements 1

II
18. Agricultural Labour.
(a) ,,,at measures, if any, should he taken to attract agricultural
labour from areas in which there is a surplus to-
(i) areas under cultivation \n which there is a shortage of such labour 1
and
(ii) areas in which large tracts of cultivable land remain uncultivated 1
Please distinguish between suggestions designed to relieve seasonal
unemployment and proposals for the permanent migration of agricultural
population.
(b) If there is any shortage of agricultural laboll1" in your Province,
what are the causes thereof and how could they be removed 1
(c) Can you suggest measures designed to facilitate the occupation
and development, by surplus agricultural labour, of areas not at present
under cultivation 1
19. Forests.
(a) Do you consider that forest lands as such are at present being put
to their fullest use for agricultural purposes 1 For instance, are grazing
facilities granted to the extent compatible with the proper preservation
of forest areas 1 If not, state the changes or developments in current
practice which you consider advisable.
(b) Can you suggest means whereby the supply of firewood and fodder
in rural areas may be increased 1
(c) Has deterioration of forests led to soil erosion 1 What remedies
would you suggest for erosion and damage from floods 1
(d) Can you indicate any methods by which supply of moisture in the
soil, the rainfall and supply of canal water can be increased and regulated
by afforestation or by thtl increased protection of forests so as to benefit
agriculture 1 Would the same methods be useful in preventing the
destruction by erosion of agricultural land 1
(e) Is there an opening for schemes of afforestation in the neighbourhood
of villages 1
(j) Are forests suffering deterioration from excessive grazing 1 Is
soil erosion being thereby facilitated 1· Suggest remedies.
20. Marketing.
(a) Do you consider existing market facilities to be satisfactory 1
Please specify and criticise the markets to which you refer, and make
suggestions for their improvement.
(b) Are you satisfied with the existing system of marketing and distribution
1 If not, please indicate the produce to which you refer and describe
and criticise in detail the channels of marketing and distribution from
the producer to the consumer in India (or exporter in the case of produce
exported overseas). State the services rendered by each intermediary
and whether such intermediary acts in the capacity of merchant or
commission agent, and comment upon the efficiency of these services and
the margins upon which such intermediaries operate. Please describe

xiv
IFTRODUCTION
PnJ!:e
1. General Features xv
2. Provincial Income and Expenditure xviii
3. Revenue Administrat.ion and Land Records xx
4-. The Cultivator xxi
5. The Agricultural Department. XXlIJ
6. The Veterinary Department XXVI
7. Irrigation xxvi
8. Forestry in relat.ion 1 () Agriculture XXVlll
9. Genrral Education xxix
10. Co-operation xxx
11. Communications and MRl'keting xnii
12. Local Self-Govemment xxxiii
13. Public Health and Sanitation XXXIV
lIO Y 300-a

xvi
(4) rao or raewari, soil enriched by the detritus of hill torrents, and
(5) dasar, a term widely used for soft or light coloured but
productive soil. Besides these, there is also the kalla1' or salt-affected
land.
Owing to the absence of monsoon rainfall, the climate of Sind ranks
amongst the hottest in India. On the coast, sea-breezes. render it
equable but, in northern Sind, variations of temperatures are extreme.
For the whole province, the average mean temperature of the summer
months is 95° and that of the winter months 60°. In the north, the
summer maximum frequently rises to 114.0 and occasionally to 125 0 ;
while in the winter, frost occurs at night and, even in the day time,
the temperature falls to 40°. Nowhere in India is the hot weather
so prolonged.
The rainfall of Sind is very scanty and irregular; in some years,
there may be no rain, and in others cyclonic storms may bring
16 inches in a day. The average is about 8 inches. Exceptin the
two areas noted below, cultivation depends not upon the rainfall,
but upon the river· Indus. These areas are the hilly tract of
Kohistan on the west, and the tract to the south-east of the
province known as the Thar deRert. These tracts are above the
ri ver valley and cannot be reached by canals; rainfall is uncertain
and the cultivation is most precarious. The inhabitants are chiefly
nomadic cattle and camel breeders, and, t.o them, agriculture is only a
subsidiary industry.
The height and duration of the inundation of the river is
dependent on the melting vf the snows in the Himalayas and
on the rainfall in the Punjab, and varies greatly. If the river
remains high from May to September, a bumper harvest may be
reaped over an area of 4')) million acres. If the river fails, as it
did in 1918-19, the area falls to 2'75 million acres and the outturn is
very poor.
The most important crop in Sind is rice (1,000,000 acres). The next
in importance is bajri, which covers almost the same area. The other
important food crops are jua1" (600,000 acres), wheat (500,000 acres),
and gram (200,000 acres). Amongst non-food crops, cotton was cultivated
last year in 326,000 acres and oil-seeds in about the same area.
During the decade, 1911-21, the minimum annual value of the crops in
the whole of Sind was, according to an estimate made by the Agricultural
Department. Rs. 11 crores in 1918-19 and the maximum Rs. 24'5
crores in 1916-17. The relative importance of the chief ('ropR of Sind is
shown by the diagram which precedes page xiv.
Rotation of crops is little pntctised in Sind. Large areas are kept
fallow every year. The area privately owned but not cultivated
exceeds the net cropped area. Government waste land including
forest forms two-thirds of the entire arf':t of thr province and of th:s
ahout a thircl iR cultnrable \\"llste.

xxxi
During the same period the memberRhip and working cap:tal
incr86sed from 3,000 and Rs. 1,63,000 to 19,000 and Rs. 38 laklu;
respectively. At the end of l\Iurch 1927, the corre pondil 1g figures were
863, 39,247, and Rs. 137Ial

xxxv
due t.o faulty registration. Infantile deMit ratfl is "ery high. 18TJ for
J..,OOO·registered birthfl.
Every district except the Upper Sind Frontier haR It Civil Surgeon.
For sanitation and vaccination there is an Assistant Director of Public
Health for the provU:ce ,vho has his own staff of inspectors and
vaccina.tors. There are Reveral hospitals in the district townR and
numerous charitable dispensaries in the smaller townR. Vaccination
has made satisfnctory progress.
110 Y :I\lQ-;

33
58008. Yes, and in the Province generally?'-Yes, I think I am, on the
whole. I have made a point in my note which I do not know whether you
have noticed, and that is as to the question of the personality of officers.
58900. Yes, I noticed that?-To that I attach -ilie greatest importance. I
hlLve known officers who have been most erudite in research and keen on their
profession who have been no use at all in going out and instilliqg these ideas
into the minds of the people. I have in mind one officer \Vh. used to be
Director of Agriculture in the Bombay Presidency who was a bbrn agriculturist,
a farmer by profession and a fanner by birth; that officer used to get into the
closest touch with the cultivators, which I do not think is the case when we
attlLch too much importance to the aClLdemic side of an officer's qualifications.
58910. Do you think that full use is being made of the silt in the Indus
from tbe agricultural point oJ view?-Yes; but so far as the old blLd canals
are concerned a grelLt deal of it has beell dropped on the ",ay.
58911. Will your canals can'y it strlLight on to the fields ?-Yes, we want
nothing to drop in the canals other than silt in the berms; after that, everything
is to go on the land, and we have to calcullLte our velocity of W:lter to
give that effect; the silt must l!0 on the land.
58912. That should be IL very valuable contribution to the fertility of the
Province?-Yes, extremely.
Mr. C. B. C. Harrison.
(The witness withdrew.)

14
(c) I have conducted DO enquiry nor seen· the results of any enquiry conducted
in places which I have visited in other parts of IneUa.
QUESTION 26.-STATIBTIcs.-(a) The steps taken at present by the Local
Government to collect st"tistics are sufficient.
(b) I have no suggestion to make except that care should be taken to
collect 'only accurate information. Persons employed to collect informatiotl
.,ery often, owing to pressure of work, invent it.
Khan Bahadur Shah Nawaz Khan Bhutto ..

135
59845. So far as agricultural matters are concerned do you administer in
.any case?-Xo.
59846. Agricultural problems as such do not come before you at all ?-Xo;
they do not.
59847. What has been yonr experience of the Agricultural DepaI'tment?­
I have been an officer in the Re"enue Depal·tment, and as a Revenue Department
officer I have cOllle into contact with the Agricultural Department, and
I think it is a very good department .
. 59848. How long have you come into contact with the Agricultural Departmcnt?-For
the last eighteen years.
59849. I do not know how long you have been in charge of the Encumbered
Estates ?-For four years.
59850. You still come into contact with the work of the Agricultural Department?-Yes.
59851. Has it improved since you first came into contact with it?-It is
gradually improving.
59852. In what has it failed in the main ?-In the main, on the demonstration
side. The demonstrations do not arouse any enthusiasm in the public
at large. It is only after the taluka development associations came into
being that the public have come to realise the value of the researches of the
Agricultural Department. The demonstrations are not carried out on economic
lines. The Agricultural Department do not know what they spend and
what they realise. The agriculturist finds that he will have to spend a good
deal more than he actually gets; he is never able to make the initial outlay
on the scale Government are able to make, nor can he afford to employ the
1itaff that Government employ.
59853. One more question about your own particular responsibility. Do
'you as a department lend money?-Never.
59854. Sir ThomalJ Middleton: I am not quite clear as to what you do for
the landowner; is any landowner at liberty to apply to you?-One who pays
more than three hundred rupees as annual assessment .•
598;")5. And :rou, on the other hand, are able to refuse to take up his affairs
()r to accept the charge of his affairsP-I have to make a recommendation,
and it is for the <strong>Commission</strong>er to decide.
59856. Your management is exclusively financial; you look after his accounts
?-More or less, exclusively financial.
59857. I do not quite see, if the technical management is bad, how ;your
financial management can assist him?-Jt is generally indebtedness that drives
these people into debt, and not any defect in the technical management;
technical management has nothing to do with it.
59858. Then, their difficulties arise from improvident borrowing and such
things?-Yes.
59859. You endeavour to reduce the rate of interest that he has to pay p­
I think we have reduced it very much. I have got a statement prepared of
't\'hat the department has done ever since it was formed, and I can show it.
In the first year, interest was reduced from ten lakhs to four lakhs.
59860. What percentage of landholders has come under your department?
-So far, there have been twelve hundred estates from the beginning of the
uepartment .
. 59861. What percentage do they form of the landholders of Sind?-It
means that alrq.ost all the big landholders have been through it once or more.
;)9862. You are looking after the financial affairs of nearly all the zamindars
of Sind ?-l\Iost of them have been through it.
59863. Dr. Hyder: What is the total amount of assessments paid of over
three hundred rupees ?-I cannot say exactly; about one thousand I think.
59864. You have had more than tweh'e hundred estates?-Yes; from the
beginning, in serial order, up to date there have been twelve hundred estates.
Khan Bahadur Xahi Baksh lIuhammad Hussain.

147
(b) (iii) The large percentage of cereal crops culti\'ated presupposes a sufficiency
of dry foddel' throughout the Province, but a large quantity is sold
off, The cultivator, as a rule, feeds the cattle properly during the busy
season only, turning them out to graze in the recently han'ested fields and
waste lands for the remaining part of the year, l;'ith the result that the
animals are almost stan'ed out, The pPc,uniary liabilities of the farmer are
the main incentive to the sale of fodder.
(iv) In the dry season, December to July, green feed is not available and
its absence tells much on the yield of milch cattle.
(c) April to June is the period of fodder shortage in the Province.
Scarcity of fodder exists for twelve weeks throughout April, May and June.
Preliminary flooding takes place in July. After this, young growing cattle
begin to thrive on cultivated fodders and grasses which last till Octoberljovember
.
• (d) Better facilities for irrigation water will improve fodder supply.
(e) 1. For the benefit of village cattle Government should make hun
grants for the growth of babul trees and natural grasses to each village, to
be managed by the villagers themselves on the basis of co-operation. Each
hun may be about ten acres or more, depending upon the size of the village.
2. Breeding bulls from Government cattle stations should be issued gratis
in the first instance to important ,'illages.
3. Annual cattle exhibitions on a small scale may be held in each taluka,
prizes being awarded on the basis of actual performance and constitution.
QUESTION 17.-AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIEs.-(a) In places where both rabi
and khari/ cultivation is possible, the cultivator has work all the year round i
but where there is khan/ cultivation only he has only six months' work.
In the slack season he--
(1) takes a h'oliday to attend fairs, of which there is a good number in
Sind;
(2) attends religious or social functions in or out of his village;
(3) does carting and camel driving on wages;
(4) is engaged in canal clearance work;
(5) tends his livestock;
(6) works for daily w!lges on construction works, especially near tOWI1S.
(c) Extremes of climatic conditions do not favour bee-keeping and sericulture.
Poultry rearing is already done on a limited scale,. Fruit growing
will not be undertaken by the cultivator as he has no permanent interest in
the holding, nor are the conditions of water supply favourable. For lac
culture and rope making there is some scope and they are practised ,wherever
the necessary material is available. There is no scope for pis(,iculture as
there is already a large quantity of fish available naturally.
(e) Wherever there is raw produce, concerns such as ginning factories and
rice hulling mills have already established themselves near rural areas and
these absorb some of the spare labour. Similarly small flour mills may with
advantage be opened in wheat growing tracts.
(g) In view of the anticipated agricultural development of Sind due to
the Lloyd Barrage, rur,al population will have sufficient employment in agricultural
operations all the year round.
(h) Travelling health officers should be appointed whose duty it should be
to tour rural arei's periodically and lecture on the elements of hygiene.
QUESTION 18.-AGBlCULTUIlAL LADouR.-(a) (i) This Province being sparsely
populated, there is no need'to attract agricultural labour from one area to
another.
(ii) Large tracts of cultivable land remain uncultivated at present for
want of water. When the Barrage is in working order people from congested
areas outside Sind will have to be attracted by giving them grants of land,
•
Khan Bahadur Gulmahomed Abdur Rahman.

201
80 that there may be no unnecessary duplication; ILnd the research institutes
may in the conduct of their work carefully note, and then indicate to
one another, the local or central nature and char'\cter of the various collateral
problems that appear to them to be pressing for solution.
(b) It is my opinion that by increasing the scientific staff of the Government
of India, and Indianising it as far and as early as possible, the varied
expert scientific knowledge required in the development of agriculture in
the different Provinces could be supplied to a greater extent than is the
case at present.
The types of work which would benefit by pooling the services of experts
are various, e.g., sericulture, production of lac and other resins, tanning
materinls, growth of useful trees, etc. The control here should be central.
Decentralisation would promote development of different Provinces while not
preventing their participation in the life of the Central GovernmeIit.
(c) I am fairly satisfied from the agricultural standpoint with the services
afforded in the whole of India by the Agricultural Service, railways
and steamers, posts and telegraphs excluding wireless, but not at all by the
Veterinary Service, Meteorological Department, roads or wireless telegraphy.
The fairly satisfactory services should be made more satisfactory.
The Agricultural Service should be better organised in its personnel, demonstrations
and propaganda, as has been 'in substance indicated above.
Railways and steamers should so regulate their freights as to help in the
cheapening of the cost of agricultural produce, and in the industrialisation
of agriculture, as should posts and telegraphs by reducing their charges. The
Veterinary Service at any rate in Sind, the Meteorological Department,
roads and wireless telegraphy are yet in their incipient stages of existence
and need considerable development. Trunk roads in Sind must soon be
metalled. The agriculturist must know whether or not he is to expect rain
in any season. A metalled road within two miles of every village and a
railway within eight miles of it can and should soon be secured for the
success of agriculture in every Province.
QUESTION 5.-FINANCE.-My 'dews as to the steps that should be taken
for the better financing of agricultural operations and for the provision
of short and long term credit to cultivators are as follows:-
(1) So de"elop the co-operative credit societi'es that the provision of
short-term credit for the cultivators for all their operations
may he found sufficient, so that the cultivators may not need
to apply to the sowcar (moneylender) for any help; and so
organise agricultural education that the cultivators may view
the co-operative credit societies as living institutions well able
to finance all their operations.
(2) Establish land mortgage banks, also called land banks or agricultural
banks, at least one in each district, which should give
cultivators long-term credit, wherever necessary and deserved,
information regarding which should be made available for them
by the co-operative credit societies.
The moneylender lUa:y thus be made to disappear or he may then
find it to his benefit to invest some of his money in the co-operati"e
credit societies and the land mortgage banks.
(3) Government tacea ui, which should supplement the work done by
the co-operative credit societies and the land mortgage banks,
should be worked less rigidly, nay, more easily, in the matter
of its distribution and collection. Not the revenue officers but
the village panchayats, and much easier instalments fixed by the
panchayats themselves, may make this source of financial help
to cultivators really useful.
QUESTION 6.-AGRICULTURAL lNDEBTEDSB9S.-(i) In my opinion, borrowings
are to be distinguished between those needed for ordinary operations and
those needed for improvements. Borrowings for improvements may reasonably
have' to be made by the cultivator, who as a rule, finds it difficult
Mr. S. C. Shahani.

213
We might go in for necessary modifi('ations in them now, having regard to
the conditions under which they have to be made to work.
60616. The Chairman: They were spontaneously arganised in the village;
they were not imposed by any authority outside the village, were tQey?-:­
But the organisation has disappeared under the stress of the democratIc
ideas which come to the East from the West, so· that now a kind of compromise
is required.
60617. You do not think the increased communications have had something
to do with it ?-No, I do not think so; the villages are in a bad condition
from other causes.
60618. Sir Jame& MacKenna: What is the Acala type of cotton to which
you referred ?-It is longer stapled, silkier and less amenable to pests.
60619. Is it Egyptian or American ?-American.
60620. Where does it come from ?-The seed WItS directly imported from
America.
60621. By Mr. Henderson probably?-By Dr. Mann.
60622. So that it is quite recapt, is it?-Quite recent.
60623. What sort of staple is it?-It is about one inch and 1IIore, and
silky and white, and the proportion of lint in it is also greater.
60624. Do you think it is a good type for Sind, or worth following up,
anyway?-Of course, some little further experiment must be made but it
seems to me to be a good one.
60625. Professor Gangulee: Am I to understand that the entire area of
4,000 acres under you is cultivated by haris?-No, less than one-tenth;
although I own that much land, I am not able to put more than 600 or 700
acres under any crop.
60626. But the area you do cultivate, you cultivate through the haris?­
And by myself too.
60627. What portion of the total area do you cultivate as your home
farm ?-In the existing conditions I have cultivated about 150 acres myself.
60628. And that by the employment of labour?-Yes.
60629. Paying them cash for their work?-I have two methods; I pay
them a certain IImount per month and I also give them a share,. such as
labourers receive usually from the lIIujeris.
60630. Who are the mujeris?-I shall explain. There is the zamindar,
then, underneath him, the mujeri (managing cultivator); then the hari
(labouring cultivator), and then the labourer. It is wrong to think that
anyone who holds about twenty-five or thirty acres does the cultivation himself;
he too will employ labourers. So that the smallest unit is the labourer;
then the next unit is the hari, the next unit the mujeris, and the next the
zamindar. I do away with lIL11jeri and the hari; I employ the labourer and
that is doing cultivation on my own account.
60631. Do you grow wheat on your land?-I am not able to grow wheat
because water is not available in the month of October. Wheat has to be
sown between the 25th October and the 15th November.
60632. But you did grow wheat: you had Pusa wheat, did you notP-1
grew Pusa 12 and two Punjab varieties, a beautiful variety of Larkana
a white variety from Delhi and the Sindhi Kahno (a long bearded variety)'
from which preferably the Italian macaroni is made. '
60633. These varieties you have obtained from the Agricultural Department,
have you not?-No, I got them myself.
60634. Have you appointed any supervisor to supervise the work on your
farm?-I have fourteen or fifteen supervisors.
60635. Are they salaried men ?-They are salaried men.
60636. What sort of training have they?-My college provides no agricul­
-tural training. I am the head cultivator. I am the trainer.
Mr. S. C. Shahani.

233
·effort will avail them except what God has destined for them,
(f) want of capital "'hich they cannot raise even for their
barest wants without heavy interest, and (u) patroniainl policy
.towards the so-called hereditary class lif cultivators.
·Rao Sahib l\lharam ShE'wnkrsm