10.05.2013 Views

Digestibilidad de nutrimentos en lechones alimentados con dietas ...

Digestibilidad de nutrimentos en lechones alimentados con dietas ...

Digestibilidad de nutrimentos en lechones alimentados con dietas ...

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

DIGESTIBILIDAD DE NUTRIMENTOS EN LECHONES ALIMENTADOS Téc CON Pecu SOYA Méx 2006;44(3):301-311<br />

<strong>Digestibilidad</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>lechones</strong> alim<strong>en</strong>tados <strong>con</strong><br />

<strong>dietas</strong> <strong>con</strong> aislado o <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya<br />

RESUMEN<br />

Digestibility of nutri<strong>en</strong>ts in piglets fed diets with isolated or<br />

<strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate soy protein<br />

Maria <strong>de</strong> los Angeles Aguilera Barreiro a, Tércia Cesária Reis <strong>de</strong> Souza a, Gerardo Mariscal<br />

Landín b, Arturo Germán Borbolla Sosa c, Araceli Aguilera Barreyro a<br />

Se utilizaron 15 <strong>lechones</strong> <strong>de</strong>stetados a los 17 días <strong>con</strong> 6.1 ± 1.8 kg para medir el efecto <strong>de</strong> la fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> proteína sobre la digestibilidad<br />

<strong>de</strong> tres <strong>dietas</strong>, una <strong>con</strong> <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya (CPS) y las otras dos <strong>con</strong> aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya solo (APS) o <strong>con</strong> suero<br />

<strong>de</strong> leche (APSSL). Se <strong>de</strong>terminó la digestibilidad ileal y total apar<strong>en</strong>te (DIA y DTA) <strong>de</strong> materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC) y<br />

<strong>en</strong>ergía (En) <strong>en</strong> tres periodos (P): P1= 26-29; P2= 33-36 y P3= 40-43 días. La DIA-MS fue mayor (P


María <strong>de</strong> los Ängeles Aguilera Barreiro, et al. / Téc Pecu Méx 2006;44(3):301-311<br />

a las <strong>dietas</strong> <strong>de</strong> iniciación ingredi<strong>en</strong>tes digestibles<br />

para facilitar los procesos <strong>de</strong> digestión y absorción<br />

<strong>de</strong> los <strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> (1) . En este s<strong>en</strong>tido las proteínas <strong>de</strong><br />

orig<strong>en</strong> animal, como los subproductos lácteos, son<br />

bastante recom<strong>en</strong>dadas. El suero <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>de</strong>shidratado<br />

es una fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> proteínas <strong>de</strong> bu<strong>en</strong> valor nutritivo<br />

(11 a 13 % <strong>de</strong> proteína cruda) (2) y <strong>de</strong> lactosa (63 a<br />

70 %) (2) , a<strong>de</strong>más, por estimular la actividad <strong>en</strong>zimática<br />

(3,4,5) , mejora la función digestiva. Por otro<br />

lado, para que se <strong>de</strong> el proceso <strong>de</strong> adaptación digestiva<br />

es necesario que los <strong>lechones</strong> recién <strong>de</strong>stetados<br />

<strong>con</strong>suman proteínas <strong>de</strong> orig<strong>en</strong> vegetal (6,7) .<br />

La soya es la fu<strong>en</strong>te proteica <strong>de</strong> mayor elección <strong>en</strong><br />

la alim<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> cerdos, <strong>de</strong>bido a su alto <strong>con</strong>t<strong>en</strong>ido<br />

<strong>de</strong> proteína cruda; sin embargo, la pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong><br />

algunos factores antinutricionales (FAN) limita su<br />

uso <strong>en</strong> la alim<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> <strong>lechones</strong>, por los efectos<br />

negativos que estos ejerc<strong>en</strong> sobre las vellosida<strong>de</strong>s<br />

intestinales (8,9) ; la actividad <strong>de</strong> las <strong>en</strong>zimas<br />

digestivas (10) , y <strong>con</strong>secu<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te sobre la ganancia<br />

<strong>de</strong> peso <strong>en</strong> las primeras semanas pos<strong>de</strong>stete (11) . El<br />

procesami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> la soya por medio <strong>de</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes<br />

tratami<strong>en</strong>tos tecnológicos (térmicos, físicos o<br />

químicos) produce una mejora <strong>de</strong>l aprovechami<strong>en</strong>to<br />

digestivo por la disminución <strong>de</strong> los FAN (6) .<br />

Los subproductos <strong>de</strong> la soya <strong>con</strong> un elevado<br />

porc<strong>en</strong>taje <strong>de</strong> proteína cruda son obt<strong>en</strong>idos por<br />

medio <strong>de</strong> procesos <strong>de</strong> precipitación <strong>de</strong> las proteínas<br />

(aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya <strong>con</strong> 92 % <strong>de</strong> PC) (12)<br />

o a través <strong>de</strong> la extracción <strong>de</strong> los carbohidratos<br />

solubles y <strong>de</strong> la grasa, resultando un producto<br />

altam<strong>en</strong>te soluble y rico <strong>en</strong> proteína (<strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong><br />

proteína <strong>de</strong> soya <strong>con</strong> 65 a 70 % <strong>de</strong> PC) (12) . Estos<br />

subproductos especiales pue<strong>de</strong>n reemplazar o<br />

complem<strong>en</strong>tar los subproductos <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>en</strong> las <strong>dietas</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong> iniciación (12-15) , por lo tanto, <strong>en</strong> el pres<strong>en</strong>te<br />

trabajo se midió a nivel <strong>de</strong>l intestino <strong>de</strong>lgado y <strong>en</strong><br />

la totalidad <strong>de</strong>l tracto digestivo, la digestibilidad <strong>de</strong><br />

los <strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>dietas</strong>, cuyas fu<strong>en</strong>tes proteicas<br />

fueron el <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado o el aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong><br />

soya solo, o asociado a suero <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>de</strong>shidratado.<br />

MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS<br />

En el experim<strong>en</strong>to se utilizaron 15 <strong>lechones</strong> hembras<br />

(Landrace x Duroc), <strong>de</strong>stetadas <strong>en</strong> promedio a los<br />

302<br />

digestible ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts to starter diets to <strong>en</strong>hance<br />

both the digestion process and nutri<strong>en</strong>t absorption (1) .<br />

Animal proteins and milk byproducts are<br />

recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d for this. Dehydrated milk whey is<br />

an acceptable source of protein with good nutritional<br />

value (11-13 % cru<strong>de</strong> protein) (2) and also of lactose<br />

(63-70%) (2) . Besi<strong>de</strong>s, improves digestion through<br />

stimulating <strong>en</strong>zymatic activity (3,4,5) . On the other<br />

hand, for a good <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t of the digestive<br />

process adaptation, intake of vegetable proteins by<br />

piglets becomes necessary (6,7) .<br />

Soybeans are the more common source of protein<br />

in pig feeding, owing to its high cru<strong>de</strong> protein<br />

<strong>con</strong>t<strong>en</strong>t. However, pres<strong>en</strong>ce of some anti-nutritional<br />

factors (ANF) places some restraints on its use in<br />

piglet feeding, due to negative effects on intestinal<br />

villi (8,9) ; digestive <strong>en</strong>zyme activity (10) and therefore<br />

on daily weight gain in the first weeks<br />

postweaning (11) . Soybeans processing through<br />

diverse methods (heat, physical, chemical) results<br />

in a better digestive use due to ANF diminution (6) .<br />

Soy byproducts <strong>con</strong>taining a high perc<strong>en</strong>tage of<br />

cru<strong>de</strong> protein are obtained through either protein<br />

precipitation processes (soy protein isolate with 92 %<br />

CP) (12) or fat and soluble carbohydrate extraction<br />

which provi<strong>de</strong>s a highly soluble and protein rich<br />

product (soy protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate with 65-70 %<br />

CP) (12) . These special byproducts can replace or<br />

supplem<strong>en</strong>t milk byproducts in starter diets (12-15) .<br />

Owing to this, in the pres<strong>en</strong>t study, diets’ nutri<strong>en</strong>t<br />

digestibility whose protein source was either soy<br />

protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate or isolated, alone or associated<br />

to <strong>de</strong>hydrated milk whey, was measured at both<br />

small intestine and total digestive tract levels.<br />

MATERIALS AND METHODS<br />

Fifte<strong>en</strong> female piglets (Landrace x Duroc) with 17 d<br />

of age and weighing 6.1 ± 1.8 kg were used in<br />

this trial. They were distributed in three treatm<strong>en</strong>ts<br />

in a completely randomized <strong>de</strong>sign in accordance<br />

with repeated measures (16) (three periods to estimate<br />

digestibility). Experim<strong>en</strong>tal treatm<strong>en</strong>ts <strong>con</strong>sisted in<br />

three diets with two protein ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts, i) soy<br />

protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate (SPC), ii) soy protein isolated<br />

(SPI) as the only protein source and iii) SPI plus


DIGESTIBILIDAD DE NUTRIMENTOS EN LECHONES ALIMENTADOS CON SOYA<br />

17 días <strong>de</strong> edad, <strong>con</strong> 6.1 ± 1.8 kg <strong>de</strong> peso distribuidas<br />

<strong>en</strong>tre tres tratami<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>en</strong> un diseño experim<strong>en</strong>tal<br />

completam<strong>en</strong>te al azar, <strong>con</strong> un arreglo <strong>de</strong> medidas<br />

repetidas <strong>en</strong> el tiempo (16) (tres periodos para la<br />

estimación <strong>de</strong> la digestibilidad). Los tratami<strong>en</strong>tos<br />

experim<strong>en</strong>tales fueron tres <strong>dietas</strong>, cuyos ingredi<strong>en</strong>tes<br />

proteínicos <strong>con</strong>sistieron <strong>de</strong> <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong> proteína<br />

soya (CPS), aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya como fu<strong>en</strong>te<br />

única <strong>de</strong> proteína (APS) o combinado <strong>con</strong> suero <strong>de</strong><br />

leche <strong>de</strong>shidratado (APSSL). Las <strong>dietas</strong> fueron<br />

isoproteicas e iso<strong>en</strong>ergéticas (17) y se les adicionaron<br />

3 g/kg <strong>de</strong> óxido <strong>de</strong> cromo como marcador <strong>de</strong><br />

digestibilidad (Cuadro 1).<br />

Al día <strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>stete los <strong>lechones</strong> se colocaron <strong>en</strong><br />

jaulas individuales <strong>de</strong> digestibilidad que permit<strong>en</strong><br />

la recolección <strong>de</strong>l <strong>con</strong>t<strong>en</strong>ido ileal y <strong>de</strong> heces,<br />

provistas <strong>de</strong> un bebe<strong>de</strong>ro <strong>de</strong> chupón y un come<strong>de</strong>ro,<br />

<strong>en</strong> los cuales se les proporcionó agua y alim<strong>en</strong>to a<br />

libertad. Entre los días 17 y 20 <strong>de</strong> edad los <strong>lechones</strong><br />

apr<strong>en</strong>dieron a <strong>con</strong>sumir alim<strong>en</strong>to sólido y agua. El<br />

día 21 <strong>de</strong> vida se sometieron a una cirugía para la<br />

colocación <strong>de</strong> una cánula simple <strong>en</strong> “T” (18) . A<br />

partir <strong>de</strong>l día sigui<strong>en</strong>te a la cirugía, los animales<br />

<strong>con</strong>sumieron las <strong>dietas</strong> experim<strong>en</strong>tales.<br />

Después <strong>de</strong> cuatro días <strong>de</strong> recuperación y <strong>de</strong><br />

adaptación, se iniciaron los tres periodos <strong>de</strong><br />

recolección <strong>de</strong> heces (P1= días 26 a 28; P2 =<br />

días 33 a 35 y P3 = días 40 a 42) y <strong>de</strong>l <strong>con</strong>t<strong>en</strong>ido<br />

ileal (P1= días 28 y 29; P2= días 35 y 36 y P3<br />

= días 42 y 43) a través <strong>de</strong> la cánula. Las muestras<br />

<strong>de</strong> heces <strong>de</strong> 24 h se recolectaron una vez al día a<br />

las 1600. Al final <strong>de</strong> cada periodo <strong>de</strong> colecta, las<br />

heces <strong>de</strong> cada animal se homog<strong>en</strong>eizaron, se secaron<br />

<strong>en</strong> estufa <strong>de</strong> aire forzado a 60 ºC durante 48 h y<br />

se molieron utilizando una criba <strong>de</strong> 1 mm. La<br />

digesta ileal se recolectó seis veces al día, <strong>de</strong> las<br />

0800 a las 2100 <strong>de</strong>l día 1 <strong>de</strong> cada periodo, y <strong>de</strong><br />

las 0900 a las 2200 <strong>de</strong>l día 2. Las cánulas<br />

permanecieron abiertas las dos primeras horas <strong>de</strong><br />

cada día, y <strong>en</strong> las sigui<strong>en</strong>tes se alternaba una hora<br />

cerrada y una hora abierta, haci<strong>en</strong>do un total <strong>de</strong><br />

siete horas diarias <strong>de</strong> recolección. La digesta se<br />

recibió <strong>en</strong> bolsas plásticas <strong>con</strong> 2 ml <strong>de</strong> HCl 0.2 N<br />

para evitar la ferm<strong>en</strong>tación y parar toda actividad<br />

<strong>en</strong>zimática. El <strong>con</strong>t<strong>en</strong>ido ileal recolectado por animal<br />

<strong>en</strong> cada periodo se <strong>con</strong>geló, se liofilizó y se molió<br />

303<br />

dried whey (SPIDW). Diets were isoproteic and<br />

iso<strong>en</strong>ergetic (17) and were ad<strong>de</strong>d with 3 g kg -1 of<br />

chromic oxi<strong>de</strong> as a digestibility marker (Table 1).<br />

At weaning piglets were placed in individual<br />

digestibility cages provi<strong>de</strong>d with a nipple watering<br />

<strong>de</strong>vice. The cages allow the collection of ileal<br />

digesta and feces. Water and feed were provi<strong>de</strong>d<br />

ad libitum. Piglets started to eat solid and liquid<br />

feed betwe<strong>en</strong> d 17 and 20. On d 21 a simple “T”<br />

Cuadro 1. Composición c<strong>en</strong>tesimal <strong>de</strong> las <strong>dietas</strong><br />

experim<strong>en</strong>tales<br />

Table 1. Experim<strong>en</strong>tal diet’s composition (%)<br />

Soybean<br />

Soybean Soybean protein isolate<br />

protein protein + <strong>de</strong>hydrated<br />

Ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate isolate milk whey<br />

Corn starch 32.69 35.33 32.03<br />

Lactose 31.52 31.52<br />

Soybean protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate 25.34<br />

Soybean protein isolate 19.43 13.23<br />

Dehydrated milk whey 42.85<br />

Vegetable oil 5.00 5.00 5.00<br />

Orthophosphate 2.90 2.90 2.90<br />

Calcium Carbonate 0.58 0.79 0.75<br />

Minerals1 0.40 0.40 0.40<br />

Zn oxi<strong>de</strong> 0.40 0.40 0.40<br />

NaCl 0.35 0.35 0.35<br />

Dinamotilin 0.30 0.30 0.30<br />

Vitamins2 0.20 0.20 0.20<br />

Antioxidants 0.02 0.02 0.02<br />

Chromium oxi<strong>de</strong> 0.30 0.30 0.30<br />

DL- Methionine 1.93 0.14<br />

L-Lysine HCl<br />

Chemical composition:<br />

1.13 1.13<br />

Dry matter (%) 3 95.3 94.4 94.8<br />

Cru<strong>de</strong> protein (%) 3,4 18.0 18.3 17.8<br />

Metabolic <strong>en</strong>ergy (Kcal/kg) 5 3.6 3.6 3.6<br />

1 Mineral complex providing: Zn 114 mg, Fe 102 mg, Se 0.3 mg, Mn<br />

22.8 mg, Cu 8.8 mg and I 0.41 mg per kg of diet.<br />

2 Vitamin complex providing vitamins : A 3.63 µg, D 165 µg, B12 37µG, Riboflavin 2.2 mg, Pantoth<strong>en</strong>ic acid 13.2 mg, Niacin 54 mg and<br />

Choline 351 mg per kg of diet.<br />

3 Analyzed values.<br />

4 As % of dry matter.<br />

5 Estimated value.


María <strong>de</strong> los Ängeles Aguilera Barreiro, et al. / Téc Pecu Méx 2006;44(3):301-311<br />

utilizando una criba <strong>de</strong> 1 mm. Posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te se<br />

<strong>de</strong>terminó el <strong>con</strong>t<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>de</strong> materia seca y proteína<br />

cruda (19) , <strong>en</strong>ergía bruta por calorimetría (20) y<br />

cromo (21) . A las <strong>dietas</strong> y a las heces se les realizaron<br />

los mismos análisis químicos. Se calcularon los<br />

coefici<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> digestibilidad ileal y total apar<strong>en</strong>te<br />

<strong>de</strong> la materia seca, proteína cruda y <strong>en</strong>ergía (22) .<br />

Los resultados <strong>de</strong> las variables <strong>de</strong> respuesta <strong>de</strong>l<br />

experim<strong>en</strong>to se analizaron <strong>con</strong> la ayuda <strong>de</strong>l paquete<br />

estadístico SAS (23) , por medio <strong>de</strong>l procedimi<strong>en</strong>to<br />

Proc Mixed. La comparación <strong>de</strong> las medias se<br />

realizó <strong>con</strong> la prueba <strong>de</strong> Stu<strong>de</strong>nt-Newman-Keuls (24) .<br />

RESULTADOS<br />

<strong>Digestibilidad</strong> ileal apar<strong>en</strong>te<br />

A nivel ileal (Cuadro 2) la materia seca fue más<br />

digestible (P


DIGESTIBILIDAD DE NUTRIMENTOS EN LECHONES ALIMENTADOS CON SOYA<br />

<strong>dietas</strong> CPS y APSSL no se observaron difer<strong>en</strong>cias.<br />

Los animales expresaron su máxima capacidad<br />

digestiva <strong>de</strong> la materia seca y <strong>en</strong>ergía <strong>en</strong> P3<br />

(P


María <strong>de</strong> los Ängeles Aguilera Barreiro, et al. / Téc Pecu Méx 2006;44(3):301-311<br />

(digestibilidad total apar<strong>en</strong>te) fueron superiores a<br />

los observados a nivel ileal (digestibilidad ileal<br />

apar<strong>en</strong>te), lo que coinci<strong>de</strong> <strong>con</strong> los resultados<br />

pres<strong>en</strong>tados <strong>en</strong> la literatura (15,25) . La <strong>de</strong>saparición<br />

<strong>de</strong> nitróg<strong>en</strong>o a nivel <strong>de</strong>l intestino grueso se <strong>de</strong>be al<br />

proceso metabólico <strong>de</strong> los microorganismos<br />

nativos (26) , los cuales ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> la capacidad <strong>de</strong><br />

ferm<strong>en</strong>tar los <strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> que no fueron digeridos<br />

y absorbidos a nivel <strong>de</strong>l intestino <strong>de</strong>lgado (27) . Los<br />

aminoácidos prov<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong>l alim<strong>en</strong>to, que no<br />

fueron absorbidos hasta el final <strong>de</strong>l íleon, son<br />

utilizados para la síntesis <strong>de</strong> proteína microbiana o<br />

se aprovechan sus ca<strong>de</strong>nas carbonadas como fu<strong>en</strong>te<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>ergía, y el grupo amino es transformado <strong>en</strong><br />

amoniaco, el cual es absorbido por el intestino<br />

grueso y excretado vía urinaria (26) . Todo este<br />

proceso ferm<strong>en</strong>tativo disminuye la cantidad <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> excretados <strong>en</strong> las heces, sobrestimando<br />

la digestibilidad <strong>de</strong> los mismos (27) .<br />

Efecto <strong>de</strong> la fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> proteínas<br />

Los coefici<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> digestibilidad total apar<strong>en</strong>te<br />

(DTA) <strong>de</strong> los <strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> muestran que las fu<strong>en</strong>tes<br />

<strong>de</strong> proteína estudiadas son muy digestibles, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong><br />

la primera semana pos<strong>de</strong>stete. Los valores <strong>de</strong> la<br />

DTA <strong>de</strong> la materia seca y <strong>de</strong> la proteína cruda <strong>de</strong><br />

las <strong>dietas</strong> complem<strong>en</strong>tadas <strong>con</strong> aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína<br />

<strong>de</strong> soya fueron similares a los reportados <strong>en</strong> la<br />

literatura (14,15) . Los <strong>lechones</strong> que <strong>con</strong>sumieron la<br />

dieta <strong>con</strong> <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya tuvieron<br />

la digestibilidad total <strong>de</strong> la materia seca similar a<br />

los resultados <strong>de</strong>scritos por Fries<strong>en</strong> et al (6) ; sin<br />

embargo, <strong>en</strong> relación a otros autores (14,15) los<br />

pres<strong>en</strong>tes valores fueron inferiores. La DTA <strong>de</strong> los<br />

<strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> <strong>de</strong> la dieta <strong>con</strong> suero <strong>de</strong> leche (APSSL)<br />

estimada <strong>en</strong> el pres<strong>en</strong>te trabajo, <strong>con</strong>firma algunas<br />

observaciones anteriores (28) , don<strong>de</strong> se reportan<br />

valores elevados para la digestibilidad <strong>de</strong> la materia<br />

seca (87 %) y <strong>de</strong>l nitróg<strong>en</strong>o (83 %) <strong>en</strong> <strong>dietas</strong><br />

complem<strong>en</strong>tadas <strong>con</strong> suero <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>de</strong>shidratado.<br />

Son escasos los trabajos sobre la digestibilidad ileal<br />

<strong>de</strong> fu<strong>en</strong>tes proteicas <strong>en</strong> <strong>lechones</strong> recién <strong>de</strong>stetados;<br />

sin embargo, la comparación <strong>de</strong> los pres<strong>en</strong>tes<br />

resultados <strong>con</strong> los <strong>de</strong>terminados por Shon et al (15)<br />

muestran que estos autores obtuvieron valores<br />

ligeram<strong>en</strong>te inferiores a la digestibilidad <strong>de</strong> la<br />

materia seca <strong>de</strong> la dieta a base <strong>de</strong> aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína<br />

306<br />

greater digestive capacity for <strong>en</strong>ergy and dry matter<br />

in P3 (P


DIGESTIBILIDAD DE NUTRIMENTOS EN LECHONES ALIMENTADOS CON SOYA<br />

<strong>de</strong> soya (APS) (84.2 vs 83.6 %); para la proteína<br />

cruda (nitróg<strong>en</strong>o) la digestibilidad ileal apar<strong>en</strong>te<br />

(DIA) fue más baja <strong>en</strong> el pres<strong>en</strong>te trabajo (80.1 vs<br />

88.3 %). En el caso <strong>de</strong> la dieta <strong>con</strong> <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado<br />

<strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya (CPS) los resultados obt<strong>en</strong>idos<br />

fueron inferiores tanto para la materia seca (79.3<br />

vs 82.7 %) como para la proteína cruda (76.4 vs<br />

82.7 %). En relación al trabajo <strong>de</strong> Cho et al (25) se<br />

observa que los pres<strong>en</strong>tes valores <strong>de</strong> DIA fueron<br />

mayores para la materia seca (84.2 vs 80.1 %) y<br />

m<strong>en</strong>ores para la proteína cruda (80.1 vs 85.1 %). Por<br />

otro lado, Chae et al (29) obtuvieron valores inferiores<br />

a los <strong>de</strong>l pres<strong>en</strong>te trabajo para la digestibilidad <strong>de</strong> la<br />

materia seca (78.7 vs 84.2 %) y ligeram<strong>en</strong>te<br />

superiores para la proteína cruda (83 vs 80.1 %)<br />

<strong>en</strong> <strong>dietas</strong> complem<strong>en</strong>tadas <strong>con</strong> APS. Los resultados<br />

<strong>de</strong> DIA pres<strong>en</strong>tados <strong>en</strong> este trabajo y <strong>en</strong> la literatura<br />

<strong>con</strong>sultada muestran el bu<strong>en</strong> valor nutricional <strong>de</strong> las<br />

fu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> proteína utilizadas; sin embargo, también<br />

se reportan (26) valores más bajos que los anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te<br />

m<strong>en</strong>cionados, cuando se utilizaron <strong>dietas</strong> a base <strong>de</strong><br />

maíz–CPS (72.3 y 65.4 % para DIA-MS y DIA-PC,<br />

respectivam<strong>en</strong>te) o maíz-APS (73 y 67.1 % para<br />

DIA-MS y DIA-PC, respectivam<strong>en</strong>te).<br />

La DTA y DIA <strong>de</strong> la <strong>en</strong>ergía <strong>de</strong> las tres <strong>dietas</strong><br />

experim<strong>en</strong>tales muy probablem<strong>en</strong>te está relacionada<br />

<strong>con</strong> la gran cantidad <strong>de</strong> almidón <strong>con</strong>t<strong>en</strong>ida <strong>en</strong> éstas,<br />

el cual ti<strong>en</strong>e una digestibilidad cercana al 100<br />

% (9,30) . En un trabajo (31) <strong>en</strong> don<strong>de</strong> se emplearon<br />

<strong>dietas</strong> a base <strong>de</strong> suero <strong>de</strong> leche y <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong><br />

proteína <strong>de</strong> soya sin la adición <strong>de</strong> almidón, se<br />

reportan valores inferiores <strong>de</strong> digestibilidad <strong>de</strong> la<br />

<strong>en</strong>ergía <strong>en</strong> relación a la dieta CPS a nivel ileal (68<br />

vs 81.6 %) y fecal (81 vs 87.8 %). La pres<strong>en</strong>cia<br />

<strong>de</strong> lactosa <strong>en</strong> la dieta APS pudo haber sido un<br />

factor que <strong>con</strong>tribuyó a la mayor DIA-En <strong>en</strong><br />

relación a las <strong>dietas</strong> APSSL, pues se reporta que<br />

<strong>en</strong> animales alim<strong>en</strong>tados <strong>con</strong> <strong>dietas</strong> complem<strong>en</strong>tadas<br />

<strong>con</strong> lactosa <strong>en</strong> su forma cristalina, <strong>en</strong> comparación<br />

<strong>con</strong> una dieta <strong>con</strong> suero <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>de</strong>shidratado,<br />

estimula la actividad <strong>de</strong> la lactasa, mejorando el<br />

proceso <strong>de</strong> digestión <strong>de</strong> la <strong>en</strong>ergía (4) .<br />

Una probable explicación a la mejor digestibilidad<br />

<strong>de</strong> la dieta <strong>con</strong> APS como fu<strong>en</strong>te única <strong>de</strong> proteína<br />

durante los dos primeros periodos <strong>de</strong>l estudio, se<br />

basa <strong>en</strong> la observación <strong>de</strong> algunos autores (32,33) ,<br />

307<br />

synthesis or their carbon chains as an <strong>en</strong>ergy source<br />

and the amino group is <strong>con</strong>verted into ammonia<br />

which is absorbed at the large intestine and excreted<br />

as urine (26) . This ferm<strong>en</strong>tation process reduces the<br />

amount of nutri<strong>en</strong>ts excreted in feces, thus<br />

overestimating their digestibility (27) .<br />

Effect of protein source<br />

Appar<strong>en</strong>t total digestibility (ATD) coeffici<strong>en</strong>ts of<br />

nutri<strong>en</strong>ts show that the protein sources being studied<br />

are highly digestible, from the first week post weaning<br />

onwards. ATD values for dry matter and cru<strong>de</strong> protein<br />

of diets ad<strong>de</strong>d with soy protein isolated were similar<br />

to those reported in literature (14,15) . Piglets fed with<br />

diets <strong>con</strong>taining soy protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate showed dry<br />

matter total digestibility similar to those reported by<br />

Fries<strong>en</strong> et al (6) . However, these results were lower<br />

than those reported by other authors (14,15) . ATD of<br />

nutri<strong>en</strong>ts in diets <strong>con</strong>taining dried whey (SPIDW)<br />

observed in the pres<strong>en</strong>t study <strong>con</strong>firms some previous<br />

reports (28) showing high dry matter (87 %) and<br />

nitrog<strong>en</strong> (88 %) digestibility in diets ad<strong>de</strong>d with dried<br />

whey. Studies on ileal digestibility of diverse protein<br />

sources in rec<strong>en</strong>tly weaned piglets are few, however,<br />

wh<strong>en</strong> results obtained in the pres<strong>en</strong>t study are<br />

compared to those reported by Shon et al (15) , these<br />

last authors obtained slightly lower values for dry<br />

matter digestibility in diets based on soy protein isolated<br />

(SPI) (84.2 vs 83.6 %), while cru<strong>de</strong> protein (nitrog<strong>en</strong>)<br />

appar<strong>en</strong>t ileal digestibility (AID) values were lower in<br />

the pres<strong>en</strong>t study (80.1 vs 88.3 %). In diets <strong>con</strong>taining<br />

soy protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate (SPC), results obtained were<br />

lower both for dry matter (79.3 vs 82.7 %) and cru<strong>de</strong><br />

protein (76.4 vs 82.7 %). Results obtained in the<br />

study carried out by Cho et al (25) for AID are lower<br />

than those obtained in this study for dry matter (80.1<br />

vs 84.2 %) and higher for cru<strong>de</strong> protein (85.1 vs<br />

80.1 %). On the other hand, Chae et al (29) obtained<br />

lower values than those obtained in the pres<strong>en</strong>t study<br />

for dry matter digestibility (78.7 vs 84.2 %) and<br />

slightly higher values for cru<strong>de</strong> protein (83.0 vs<br />

80.1 %) in diets ad<strong>de</strong>d with SPI. Results for AID<br />

shown in the pres<strong>en</strong>t study and in the cited literature<br />

show the good nutritional value of the protein sources<br />

used, however lower values were reported (26) wh<strong>en</strong><br />

using diets based on maize-SPC (72.3 and 65.4 %<br />

for DM AID and CP AID, respectively) and maize-


María <strong>de</strong> los Ängeles Aguilera Barreiro, et al. / Téc Pecu Méx 2006;44(3):301-311<br />

los cuales reportan que la adición <strong>de</strong> subproductos<br />

lácteos, tales como el suero <strong>de</strong> leche o la lactosa<br />

cristalina, <strong>en</strong> <strong>dietas</strong> <strong>de</strong> iniciación, aum<strong>en</strong>ta su<br />

digestibilidad y <strong>con</strong>secu<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> los<br />

<strong>lechones</strong> (26) . En el pres<strong>en</strong>te trabajo, la asociación <strong>de</strong><br />

las proteínas <strong>de</strong>l suero <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>con</strong> las <strong>de</strong>l aislado <strong>de</strong><br />

proteína <strong>de</strong> soya tuvo una respuesta positiva <strong>en</strong> P3,<br />

mostrando un efecto aditivo <strong>de</strong> la digestibilidad <strong>de</strong><br />

estos dos ingredi<strong>en</strong>tes, lo que sugiere que por<br />

periodos <strong>de</strong> <strong>con</strong>sumo más prolongados, una fu<strong>en</strong>te<br />

única <strong>de</strong> proteína a partir <strong>de</strong> un ingredi<strong>en</strong>te tan<br />

digestible como el APS no es recom<strong>en</strong>dable.<br />

Aguilera (34) observó que al final <strong>de</strong>l P3 los <strong>lechones</strong><br />

que <strong>con</strong>sumieron aislado <strong>de</strong> soya pres<strong>en</strong>taron un<br />

m<strong>en</strong>or <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> las vellosida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>con</strong> una mayor<br />

frecu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> atrofia y las criptas fueron m<strong>en</strong>os<br />

profundas, <strong>en</strong> relación a los animales <strong>de</strong> CPS; lo<br />

que pue<strong>de</strong> explicar la m<strong>en</strong>or digestibilidad ileal <strong>en</strong><br />

P3. Al adicionarle suero <strong>de</strong> leche (APSSL) se<br />

estimuló el crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> las vellosida<strong>de</strong>s y<br />

aum<strong>en</strong>tó la profundidad <strong>de</strong> las criptas.<br />

Efecto <strong>de</strong>l periodo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminación <strong>de</strong> la<br />

digestibilidad<br />

En <strong>lechones</strong> recién <strong>de</strong>stetados la etapa <strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>sarrollo<br />

<strong>en</strong> que se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra los animales (edad), es muy<br />

importante, <strong>de</strong>bido al rápido crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l aparato<br />

digestivo <strong>en</strong> la fase pos<strong>de</strong>stete, por lo que<br />

g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te existe un efecto “periodo” <strong>en</strong> las<br />

<strong>de</strong>terminaciones <strong>de</strong> digestibilidad (4) . Sohn et al (13)<br />

observaron que <strong>en</strong> <strong>dietas</strong> a base <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>en</strong> polvo,<br />

aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya, <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong> proteína<br />

<strong>de</strong> soya y pasta <strong>de</strong> soya, la digestibilidad ileal y<br />

total <strong>de</strong>l nitróg<strong>en</strong>o y <strong>de</strong> todos los aminoácidos,<br />

excepto <strong>de</strong>l ácido glutámico, aum<strong>en</strong>tó <strong>de</strong> los 25 a<br />

los 53 días <strong>de</strong> edad. En <strong>dietas</strong> <strong>con</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> soya<br />

tratada o no <strong>con</strong> <strong>en</strong>zimas, se observó un aum<strong>en</strong>to<br />

<strong>en</strong> la digestibilidad ileal apar<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> la proteína<br />

cruda y <strong>de</strong> los aminoácidos <strong>de</strong> 5 a 16 % <strong>en</strong>tre los<br />

días 7 y 16 pos<strong>de</strong>stete, lo que repres<strong>en</strong>tó un proceso<br />

<strong>de</strong> adaptación digestiva bastante acelerado (7) . En<br />

el pres<strong>en</strong>te estudio el increm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> la digestibilidad<br />

ileal <strong>en</strong>tre P1 y P3 (3.5, 4.1 y 3.3 puntos para la<br />

MS, PC y En, respectivam<strong>en</strong>te) indica una<br />

maduración <strong>de</strong>l aparato digestivo <strong>en</strong> términos<br />

morfofisiológicos, proporcionando una mayor<br />

capacidad <strong>de</strong> digestión y absorción <strong>de</strong> los<br />

308<br />

SPI (73.0 and 67.1 % for DM AID and CP AID,<br />

respectively).<br />

Energy AID and ATD in the three experim<strong>en</strong>tal<br />

diets most probably were related to the high amount<br />

of corn starch, whose digestibility is close to<br />

100 % (9,30) . In a study (31) in which diets based on<br />

dried whey and soy protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate to which no<br />

starch was ad<strong>de</strong>d, lower <strong>en</strong>ergy digestibility values<br />

relative to SPC diets at the ileal (68.0 vs 80.6 %) and<br />

fecal (81.0 vs 87.8 %) levels are reported. Lactose<br />

pres<strong>en</strong>ce in SPI diets could have be<strong>en</strong> a factor which<br />

<strong>con</strong>tributed to a higher <strong>en</strong>ergy AID than in SPIDW<br />

diets, because it has be<strong>en</strong> reported (4) that in animals<br />

fed with diets ad<strong>de</strong>d with crystalline lactose wh<strong>en</strong><br />

compared to animals fed with diets <strong>con</strong>taining dried<br />

whey, lactase activity was stimulated in a higher<br />

gra<strong>de</strong>, thus increasing <strong>en</strong>ergy digestion.<br />

A possible explanation to the better digestibility of<br />

SPI diets as the only protein source in the first two<br />

periods, is based on reports of some authors (32,33)<br />

who state that the addition of milk byproducts, as<br />

dried whey or crystalline lactose, to starter diets<br />

increases digestibility and therefore growth of<br />

weaned pigs (26) . In the pres<strong>en</strong>t study, association<br />

of whey proteins to soy protein isolated showed a<br />

positive response in P3, showing an additive effect<br />

on digestibility of both ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts, which suggests<br />

that in longer feeding periods, a single protein<br />

source coming from a highly digestible ingredi<strong>en</strong>t<br />

as SPI is not recomm<strong>en</strong>dable. Aguilera (34) reports<br />

that at the <strong>en</strong>d of P3 piglets fed with soy protein<br />

isolated showed poorer villi <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t with higher<br />

atrophy frequ<strong>en</strong>cy and less <strong>de</strong>eper crypts than<br />

animals fed diets with SPC, which could help<br />

explain the lower ileal digestibility in P3. Wh<strong>en</strong><br />

dried whey was ad<strong>de</strong>d (SPIDW) villi <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

was stimulated and crypt <strong>de</strong>epness increased.<br />

Effect of age in digestibility analysis<br />

In rec<strong>en</strong>tly weaned pigs, the <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t stage of<br />

animals (age) is very important, owing to the fast<br />

growth of the digestive tract in the post weaning<br />

phase, and therefore there is a “stage” effect in<br />

digestibility analyses (4) . Sohn et al (13) observed that<br />

in diets based on pow<strong>de</strong>red milk, soybean protein<br />

isolated, soybean protein <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate and soybean


DIGESTIBILIDAD DE NUTRIMENTOS EN LECHONES ALIMENTADOS CON SOYA<br />

<strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> <strong>en</strong> el tracto digestivo anterior, como<br />

lo observaron difer<strong>en</strong>tes autores (35-39) .<br />

También el aum<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> la digestibilidad total <strong>en</strong>tre<br />

P1 y P3 (2.4, 5.8 y 3.4 puntos para la MS, PC y<br />

En, respectivam<strong>en</strong>te) probablem<strong>en</strong>te se <strong>de</strong>be al<br />

<strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong>l intestino grueso <strong>en</strong> la fase<br />

pos<strong>de</strong>stete (40), y <strong>de</strong> la actividad microbiana<br />

resultante <strong>de</strong> su colonización progresiva (26,27,41) ,<br />

disminuy<strong>en</strong>do así la cantidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong><br />

excretados <strong>en</strong> las heces, sobreestimando la<br />

digestibilidad total <strong>de</strong> los mismos.<br />

CONCLUSIONES E IMPLICACIONES<br />

El aislado <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>de</strong> soya y el <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong><br />

proteína <strong>de</strong> soya son materias primas bastante<br />

digestibles, por lo tanto se les pue<strong>de</strong> recom<strong>en</strong>dar<br />

como complem<strong>en</strong>tos proteínicos <strong>de</strong> las <strong>dietas</strong> para<br />

<strong>lechones</strong> <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> una temprana edad. La asociación<br />

<strong>en</strong> la dieta <strong>de</strong>l suero <strong>de</strong> leche <strong>con</strong> el aislado <strong>de</strong><br />

soya, por un periodo <strong>de</strong> tres semanas, favoreció la<br />

digestibilidad <strong>de</strong> los <strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong>. La capacidad<br />

digestiva <strong>de</strong> los <strong>lechones</strong> mejoró <strong>en</strong>tre el primero<br />

y tercero periodo <strong>de</strong> medición <strong>de</strong> la digestibilidad<br />

ileal y total, indicando un proceso <strong>de</strong> adaptación<br />

digestiva al alim<strong>en</strong>to y un increm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> la actividad<br />

ferm<strong>en</strong>tativa a nivel <strong>de</strong>l intestino grueso.<br />

AGRADECIMIENTOS<br />

Los autores agra<strong>de</strong>c<strong>en</strong> a las sigui<strong>en</strong>tes instituciones<br />

por su apoyo al proyecto <strong>de</strong> investigación que<br />

g<strong>en</strong>eró esta publicación: CONACYT por medio<br />

<strong>de</strong>l Sistema Regional Miguel Hidalgo (SIHGO);<br />

Universidad Autónoma <strong>de</strong> Querétaro y al Instituto<br />

Nacional <strong>de</strong> Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y<br />

Pecuarias.<br />

LITERATURA CITADA<br />

1. Reis <strong>de</strong> Souza TC, Mariscal-Landín G. El <strong>de</strong>stete, la función<br />

digestiva y la digestibilidad <strong>de</strong> los alim<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>en</strong> cerdos jóv<strong>en</strong>es.<br />

Téc Pecu Méx 1997;35:145–159.<br />

2. Cole M, Spr<strong>en</strong>t M. Protein and amino acid requirem<strong>en</strong>ts of<br />

weaner pigs. In: Varley MA, Wiseman J editors. The weaner<br />

309<br />

meal, nitrog<strong>en</strong> ileal and total digestibility of all amino<br />

acids, excepting glutamic acid, increased from 25 to<br />

53 d of age. In diets <strong>con</strong>taining soybean paste treated<br />

with <strong>en</strong>zymes, cru<strong>de</strong> protein and amino acid appar<strong>en</strong>t<br />

ileal digestibility increased 5 to 16 % betwe<strong>en</strong> d 7<br />

and d 16 post weaning, which shows a quite fast<br />

digestive adaptation process (7) . In the pres<strong>en</strong>t study<br />

the increase of ileal digestibility betwe<strong>en</strong> P1 and P3<br />

(3.5, 4.1 and 3.3 points for dry matter, cru<strong>de</strong><br />

protein and <strong>en</strong>ergy, respectively) indicates maturity<br />

of the digestive tract in morphophysiological<br />

<strong>con</strong>ditions, providing a higher nutri<strong>en</strong>t digestion<br />

and absorption capacity of small intestine, as<br />

reported by several authors (34-39) .<br />

The increase of total digestibility betwe<strong>en</strong> P1 and<br />

P3 (2.4, 5.8 and 3.4 points for dry matter, cru<strong>de</strong><br />

protein and <strong>en</strong>ergy, respectively) most probably is<br />

due to large intestine growth in the post weaning<br />

phase (40) and microflora activity as a result of<br />

progressive colonization (26,27,41) , thus diminishing<br />

the amount of nutri<strong>en</strong>ts excreted in feces and<br />

therefore overestimating their total digestibility.<br />

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS<br />

Soybean protein isolated and soybean protein<br />

<strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trate are very digestible byproducts and<br />

therefore can be suggested as protein complem<strong>en</strong>ts in<br />

piglet diets from an early age. Association in diets of<br />

whey and soybean isolated for a three week period<br />

improves nutri<strong>en</strong>t digestibility. Piglet digestive capacity<br />

increased betwe<strong>en</strong> the first and the third period of<br />

total and ileal digestibility assessm<strong>en</strong>t, indicating a<br />

digestive adaptation to feeds and an increase of<br />

ferm<strong>en</strong>tation activity at the large intestine.<br />

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />

The authors wish to thank to CONACYT through<br />

the Sistema Regional Miguel Hidalgo (SIHGO),<br />

Universidad Autónoma <strong>de</strong> Querétaro and INIFAP<br />

for their grant to pres<strong>en</strong>t study.<br />

End of <strong>en</strong>glish version


María <strong>de</strong> los Ängeles Aguilera Barreiro, et al. / Téc Pecu Méx 2006;44(3):301-311<br />

pig: nutrition and managem<strong>en</strong>t. New York: CABI Publishing;<br />

2001.<br />

3. Lin<strong>de</strong>mann MD, Cornelius SG, El Kan<strong>de</strong>lgy SM, Moset RL,<br />

Pettigrew JE. Effect of age, weaning and diet on digestive<br />

<strong>en</strong>zyme levels in the piglet. J Anim Sci 1986; 62:1298-1307.<br />

4. Reis <strong>de</strong> Souza TC, Mariscal-Landín G, Aguilera BA. Empleo<br />

<strong>de</strong> dos fu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> lactosa <strong>en</strong> la dieta <strong>de</strong> <strong>lechones</strong> y sus efectos<br />

<strong>en</strong> el aparato digestivo. Téc Pecu Méx 2002;40:299-308.<br />

5. Owsley WF, Orr DE, Tribble LF. Effects of age and diet on<br />

the <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t of the pancreas and synthesis and secretion of<br />

pancreatic <strong>en</strong>zymes in the young pig. J Anim Sci 1986;63:492-<br />

504.<br />

6. Fries<strong>en</strong> KG, Nelss<strong>en</strong> JL, Goodband RD, Behnke KC, Kats LJ.<br />

The effect of moist extrusion of soy products on growth<br />

performance and nutri<strong>en</strong>t utilization in the early-weaned pig. J<br />

Anim Sci 1993;71:2099-2109.<br />

7. Caine WR, Sauer WC, Tamminga S, Versteg<strong>en</strong> MWA, Schultze<br />

H. Appar<strong>en</strong>t ileal digestibilities of aminoacids in newly weaned<br />

pigs fed diets with protease-treated soybean meal. J Anim Sci<br />

1997;75:2962-2969.<br />

8. Li DF, Nelss<strong>en</strong> JL, Reddy PG, Blecha F, Hancock JD, Allee<br />

GL, Goodband RD, Klemm RD. Transi<strong>en</strong>t hypers<strong>en</strong>sitivity to<br />

soybean meal in the early-weaned pig. J Anim Sci 1990;68:1790-<br />

1799.<br />

9. Salgado P, Freire JPB, Mourato M, Cabral F, Toullec R,<br />

Lallès JP. Comparative effects of differ<strong>en</strong>t legume protein<br />

sources in weaned piglets: nutri<strong>en</strong>t digestibility, intestinal<br />

morphology and digestive <strong>en</strong>zymes. Livest Prod Sci 2002;74:191-<br />

202.<br />

10. Li<strong>en</strong>er IE. Factors affecting the nutritional quality of soya<br />

products. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1981;58:406-415.<br />

11. Fries<strong>en</strong> KG, Nelss<strong>en</strong> JL, Goodband RD, Behnke KC, Kats LJ.<br />

The effect of pre and postweaning exposure to soybean meal on<br />

growth performance and on the immune response in the earlyweaned<br />

pig. J Anim Sci 1993;71:2089-2098.<br />

12. Dritz SS, Goodband RD, Nelss<strong>en</strong> JL, Tokach MD. Swine<br />

nutrition gui<strong>de</strong>. Kansas State University. 1997.<br />

13. Li DF, Nelss<strong>en</strong> JL, Reddy P, Blecha F, Klemm RD, Giesting<br />

DW, et al. Measuring suitability of soybean products for earlyweaned<br />

pigs with inmunolological criteria. J Anim Sci<br />

1991;69:3299-3307.<br />

14. Sohn KS, Maxwell CV, Buchanan DS, Southern LL. Improved<br />

soybean protein sources for early-weaned pigs I. Effects on<br />

performance and total tract amino acid digestibility. J Anim Sci<br />

1994;72:622-630.<br />

15. Sohn KS, Maxwell CV, Southern LL, Buchanan DS. Improved<br />

soybean protein sources for early-weaned pigs: II. Effects on<br />

ileal amino acid digestibility. J Anim Sci 1994;72:631–637.<br />

16. Krist<strong>en</strong>s<strong>en</strong> M, Hans<strong>en</strong> T. Statistical analyses of repeated<br />

measures in physiological research: a tutorial. Adv Physiol<br />

Educ 2004;28:2-14.<br />

17. National Research Council. Nutri<strong>en</strong>t Requirem<strong>en</strong>t of Swine.<br />

10th ed. Washington (DC). National Aca<strong>de</strong>my Press; 1998.<br />

18. Reis <strong>de</strong> Souza TC, Mar BB, Mariscal GL. <strong>Digestibilidad</strong> ileal<br />

<strong>en</strong> cerdos canulados: <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> una metodología. Téc Pecu<br />

Méx 2000;32:143-150.<br />

19. AOAC. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. Arlington, VA,<br />

US: Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990.<br />

20. Bateman JV. Nutrición animal. Manual <strong>de</strong> métodos analíticos.<br />

México. Herrero Hnos. y Sucesores; 1970.<br />

310<br />

21. F<strong>en</strong>ton TW, F<strong>en</strong>ton M. An improved procedure for the<br />

<strong>de</strong>termination of chromic oxi<strong>de</strong> in feed and feces. Can J Anim<br />

Sci 1979;59:631-634.<br />

22. Reis <strong>de</strong> Souza TC, Mariscal-Landín G, Uribe LL. Efecto <strong>de</strong> la<br />

fu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> grasa <strong>en</strong> el comportami<strong>en</strong>to zootécnico y la<br />

digestibilidad total e ileal <strong>de</strong> los <strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>lechones</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>stetados. Téc Pecu Méx 2001;39:193-206.<br />

23. SAS. User’s Gui<strong>de</strong>: Statistics. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary, NC; 1982.<br />

24. Steel RGD, Torrie JH. Principles and procedures of statistics:<br />

A biometrical approach. 2nd ed. New York, US: McGraw-Hill<br />

Book Co.,1985.<br />

25. Cho SB, Kim JH, Moon HK, Chae BJ, Cho WT. Appar<strong>en</strong>t<br />

digestibility of amino acids, <strong>en</strong>ergy and proximate nutri<strong>en</strong>ts in<br />

dietary protein sources for young pigs. AJAS 1997;10:63-651.<br />

26. Giesting DW, Easter A. 1991. Effect of protein source and<br />

fumaric acid supplem<strong>en</strong>tation on appar<strong>en</strong>t ileal digestibility of<br />

nutri<strong>en</strong>ts by young pigs. J Anim Sci 1991;69:2497-2503.<br />

27. Lizardo R. Exploration <strong>de</strong> l´adaptation <strong>de</strong> la capacité digestive<br />

du porcelet après le sevrage: effet <strong>de</strong>s facteurs antinutrionnels<br />

et <strong>de</strong>s polysacchari<strong>de</strong>s non amylacés sur l´activité <strong>de</strong>s <strong>en</strong>zymes,<br />

la digestibilité et les performances zootechniques. [thèse <strong>de</strong><br />

doctorat]. R<strong>en</strong>nes, France: L´Ecole Nationale Supérieure<br />

Agronomique <strong>de</strong> R<strong>en</strong>nes; 1997.<br />

28. Hans<strong>en</strong> JA, Nelss<strong>en</strong> JL, Godband RD, Wee<strong>de</strong>n TL. Evaluation<br />

of animal protein supplem<strong>en</strong>ts in diets of early-weaned pigs. J<br />

Anim Sci 1993;71:1853-1862.<br />

29. Chae BJ, Han IK, Kim JH, Yang CJ, Hamcock JD, Kim IH,<br />

An<strong>de</strong>rson DA. Effects of dietary protein sources on ileal<br />

digestibility and growth performance for early-weaned pigs.<br />

Livest Prod Sci 1999;58:45-54.<br />

30. Sus<strong>en</strong>beth A, Dickel T, Diek<strong>en</strong>horst AM, Höhler D. The effect<br />

of <strong>en</strong>ergy intake, g<strong>en</strong>otype, and body weigth on protein ret<strong>en</strong>tion<br />

in pigs wh<strong>en</strong> dietary lysine is the first-limiting factor. J Anim<br />

Sci 1999;77:2985-2989.<br />

31. Souza RTC, Aguilera AB, Mariscal LG. <strong>Digestibilidad</strong> <strong>de</strong> los<br />

<strong>nutrim<strong>en</strong>tos</strong> y peso <strong>de</strong> órganos digestivos <strong>de</strong> <strong>lechones</strong> alim<strong>en</strong>tados<br />

<strong>con</strong> <strong>dietas</strong> complem<strong>en</strong>tadas <strong>con</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes tipos <strong>de</strong> suero <strong>de</strong><br />

leche. XXXVII Congreso Nacional AMVEC. Puerto Vallarta,<br />

México. 2002.<br />

32. Turlington WH, Allee GL, Nelss<strong>en</strong> JL. Effects of protein and<br />

carbohydrate sources on digestibility and digesta flow rate in<br />

weaned pigs fed a high-fat, dry diet. J Anim Sci 1989;67:2333-<br />

2340.<br />

33. Gi<strong>en</strong>sting DW, Easter RA, Roe BA. A comparison of protein<br />

and carbohydrate source of milk and plant origin for starter<br />

pigs [abstract]. J Anim Sci 1985;61(Suppl 1):299.<br />

34. Aguilera MAB. Utilización <strong>de</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes fu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>en</strong><br />

la alim<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> <strong>lechones</strong> al <strong>de</strong>stete [tesis maestría]. México,<br />

DF: Universidad Nacional Autónoma <strong>de</strong> México; 2001.<br />

35. Cera KR, Mahan DC, Cross RF, Reinhart GA, Whitmoyer RE.<br />

Effect of age, weaning and post-weaning diet on small intestinal<br />

growth and jejunal morphology in young swine. J Anim Sci<br />

1988;66:574-584.<br />

36. Makkink CA, Bernts<strong>en</strong> PJM, op <strong>de</strong>n Kamp BML, Kemp B,<br />

Versteg<strong>en</strong> WA. Gastric protein breakdown and pancreatic<br />

<strong>en</strong>zyme activities in response to two differ<strong>en</strong>t dietary protein<br />

sources in newly weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 1994;72:2843-2850.<br />

37. Cranwell PD. Developm<strong>en</strong>t of the neonatal gut and <strong>en</strong>zyme<br />

systems. In: Varley MA editor. The neonatal pig: <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t<br />

and survival. UK Cab Internacional, 1995:99-145.


DIGESTIBILIDAD DE NUTRIMENTOS EN LECHONES ALIMENTADOS CON SOYA<br />

38. Van Beers-Schreus HMG, Nabuurs MJA, Vell<strong>en</strong>ga L, Kalsbeekvan<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Valk HJ, W<strong>en</strong>sing T, Breukink HJ. Weaning and the weanling<br />

diet influ<strong>en</strong>ce the villous height and cript <strong>de</strong>pth in the small intestine<br />

of pigs and alter the <strong>con</strong>c<strong>en</strong>trations of short-chain fatty acids in the<br />

large intestine and blood. J Nutr 1998;128:947-953.<br />

39. J<strong>en</strong>s<strong>en</strong> MS, J<strong>en</strong>s<strong>en</strong> SK, Jakobs<strong>en</strong> K. Developm<strong>en</strong>t of digestive<br />

<strong>en</strong>zymes in pigs with emphasis on lipolytic activity in the stomach<br />

and pancreas. J Anim Sci 1997;75:437-445.<br />

311<br />

40. Aguilera BA, Souza RTC, Mariscal LG, Juárez GY. Desarrollo<br />

<strong>de</strong> los órganos digestivos hasta la cuarta semana pos<strong>de</strong>stete <strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>lechones</strong> alim<strong>en</strong>tados <strong>con</strong> subproductos lácteos. Memorias <strong>de</strong>l<br />

XI Congreso <strong>de</strong> la AMENA y I <strong>de</strong>l CLANA. Cancún, México.<br />

2003.<br />

41. Mathew AG, Franklin MA, Upchurch WG, Chattin SE. Influ<strong>en</strong>ce<br />

of weaning age on ileal microflora and ferm<strong>en</strong>tation acids in<br />

young pigs. Nutrition Res 1996;16:817-827.


María <strong>de</strong> los Ängeles Aguilera Barreiro, et al. / Téc Pecu Méx 2006;44(3):301-311<br />

312

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!