Opsamling, opbevaring og udnyttelse af urin fra ... - Miljøstyrelsen

The microbiological analyses show that no Salmonella or Camphylobactor
have been found. After 2½ months' storage, the content of Enterococci in the
urine mixture from the "Museumsgården" was less than 100/g. In this respect
the urine mixture meets the current hygienic performance criteria, laid down
in the sludge regulation (regulation no. 49 of January 20 th 2000 concerning
waste generation for agricultural purposes). The treatment of the urine
mixture, however, does not quite correspond to the definition of controlled
sanitizing laid down in the regulation. These demands must be met before
spreading.
Dalsgaard & Tarnov (2001) conclude that after 4 months' storage of
separately stored urine mixture a considerable reduction in bacterial infectious
matter is obtained. "Utilization of stored urine as a fertilizer seems to
constitute an insignificant risk of bacteria-based gastrointestinal infection with
animals and human beings in the handling of urine, and in the consumption
of urine-fertilized crops".
The presence of the parasite Chryptosporidium parvum (Dalsgaard &
Tarnow, 2001) was demonstrated, whereas the parasite Giardia duodenalis
was not found in the urine mixture from the "Museumsgården". The Danish
Environmental Protection Agency has, among other things for this reason,
started an analysis of risks of the collected urine (Linda Bagge, personal
information).
Chapter 9: Source-diverting toilet systems and the application of collected urine in
Sweden
In this chapter, a number of examples and experience from installations of
source-diverting toilet systems in various types of housing in Sweden is
introduced in order to be able to compare with the Danish experience. The
application of urine in Sweden, as well as the recommended regulations
concerning the utilization given by the Smittskyddsinstitutet (epidemiological
institute) in Stockholm and the Swedish Agricultural University, SLU), are
discussed.
Chapter 10: Discussion
Here, some of the important questions related to the recycling of urine are
discussed, i.e. the reliability and efficiency of the waste water systems in
relation to the collection of urine, the concentration of nutrients in the urine
mixture, as well as the problems concerning cross-contamination. An
important subject is the quality of the nutrients collected in the urine mixture
concerning both the content of nutrients, xenobiotic substances, and micro
organisms.
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