09.07.2017 Views

Business of Fresh water

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

Ls[i0ffu08sLsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg] j}slNks cjwf/0ff .<br />

8f=s'n/fh rfln;]<br />

zÎr'8 / t'n;L tyf hfnGw/ / j[Gbfsf] syfx¿df kfqx¿ cnu ePklg k|s[lt ;dfg 5,<br />

k|jfx ug{ vf]lhPsf] ;Gb]z ;dfg 5 . sfj{g / clS;hgsf] cfO{;f]6K; txdf k'u]/ hn z'l4s/0fdf<br />

dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] zflnu|fd, s'z, kLkn / t'n;Lsf] dxTTj :yflkt ug{ /rgf ul/Psf]<br />

lj1fg ;Ddt syfnfO{ kfq s]lGb|t agfpg' tfTsflng cfj:ostf ly<strong>of</strong>] . hLjgsf] dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/<br />

tfhfkfgLsf] rqmk4lQ lgoldt ug{ clgjfo{ x'g] rng Jojxf/df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ To:tf<br />

syfsf] dxTTj klg x'G5 . t/ cg';Gwfgdf ;s[o ljåt\ ju{n] k/f]IfjfbfTds cy{ af]s]sf To:tf<br />

syfx¿sf] ufF7f] nlIft ;d'bfosf] a'e\mg] Ifdtf cg';f/ ;do cGt/fndf k'msfpb} hfg' kg{]df x'g<br />

;s]sf] 5}g . zf:qjrg a'e\mg ;dfh t<strong>of</strong>/ gePsf] xf] jf zf:qjrg a'emfpg] ljåfgx¿ t<strong>of</strong>/ gx'g'<br />

ePsf] xf] < eGg] lgS<strong>of</strong>}{n ug{ 5'6\6} cg';Gwfg ug'{k5{ . kltj|tfwd{nfO{ pRr d"N<strong>of</strong>Íg ug{] k'/f0fx¿df<br />

wd{sf] s]Gb|fwf/ eujfg lzj / lji0f' :jo+ g} t'n;L tyf j[Gbfsf] kltj|tfwd{ gi6 u/fpg] sfo{df ;+nUg<br />

x'g'ePsf] syfnfO{ eujb\lnnf eg]/ ;fdfGo agfpbf wd{sf] ckJ<strong>of</strong>V<strong>of</strong> x'g ;S5 . g<strong>of</strong>k':tfn] wd{sf]<br />

dfu{ cg'z/0f ug{ o:tf ;txL J<strong>of</strong>V<strong>of</strong>n] an k|bfg ub{}gg\ . :yfgLo ljsf;sf] vfsf sf]g{] lhDd]jf/L ltg}<br />

g<strong>of</strong> k':tfsf pTs[i6 dWon] ug{] xf] . ljsf; gLlt to ug{] <strong>of</strong>]hgfsf/n] zf:qsf] ulx/fO{df k|j]z gu/L<br />

:yfgLo k'/]tsf] jf0fLnfO{ zAb k|df0f dfg]/ uxg cy{ / dxTTj af]s]sf ;f:s[lts k|df0fnfO{ gi6 ug{]<br />

k|lts'n k|s[ltsf <strong>of</strong>]hgfnfO{ sf<strong>of</strong>{Gjog ug{ ldNb}gly<strong>of</strong>] . t/ g]kfndf To:t} ePsf] 5, ck"0f{ k'/f]lxtsf]<br />

zAb k|df0fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ ;Gb]z af]s]sf >Ls[i0ffu08sL / zflnu|fdsf] ;DjGw<br />

ljR5]b ug{] ;Dj]bglzn cjwf/0ffdf g]kfnL df}lns ;:s[ltsf] cGt u/fpg] v]nsf] /rgf ug{ vf]lhb} 5,<br />

b]j3f6 ;+u bfdf]b/s'08sf] ;DjGw ljR5]b u/fpg vf]lhb} 5 .<br />

k'/f]lxtn] ug{ g;s]sf] gL/hn / IfL/hnsf] leGgtf k|i6 kfb{} hnz'l4s/0fdf zflnu|fd, s'z,<br />

kLkn tyf t'n;Lsf] e"ldsf J<strong>of</strong>V<strong>of</strong> ug'{ cg';Gwftfsf] klg lhDd]jf/L xf] . k'Nxf>d If]qaf6 k'nT:o<br />

Clifsf] xTs]nfdf sfzLsf] <strong>of</strong>qfdf lgl:sPsf uf]j4{g kj{tnfO{ j|hd08ndf pRr wfld{s tyf ;f:s[lts<br />

dxTTj :yflkt ePsf] 5 . t/klg ztz[ËL uf]jw{gdfnfsf] b]zn] cfk\mgf kj{tnfO{ jfo'd08nsf] prfO{df<br />

z'4 kfl/Psf] hnnfO{ k'g/rqmdf :yflkt u/]sf] dxTTj j[GbfjgLo uf]j4{gdf ;d]t k|zf/0f ug{ g;Sg'df<br />

cg';Gwftfsf] ;fydf <strong>of</strong>]hgfsf/sf] sdhf]/L klg k|bz{g x'G5 . cg';Gwftf tyf ;/sf/L ;GoGq g}<br />

lg:s[o x'Fbf j:q, ltns / zJb cf8Dj/Ln] wd{ ;:s[ltnfO{ J<strong>of</strong>kf/Ls cj;/df kl/jt{g ug'{ ;fdfGo<br />

kl/0ffd x'G5 . To:tf cf8Dj/Lsf] zAb k|df0fnfO{ e'm6\6f k|dfl0ft u/]/, ef}ltsjfbL dxfe'm6nfO{ :yfkgf<br />

ug{ ldNb}gly<strong>of</strong>] . t/klg e'm6 dfly dxfe'm6sf] v]tL g]kfndf ePsf] 5 . <strong>of</strong>xfsf] k|d'v ;d:<strong>of</strong><br />

k<strong>of</strong>{j/0fLo / dfgjLo wd{ pk/ dgf]j}1flgs wd{sf] k|b'if0f / ef}ltsjfbL cg';Gwftf / gLltsf/sf]<br />

sd{sf08L ;+u x'g] k|ltZkwf{sf] pkh ePsf] 5 . lxhf] ;Dd lxGb'sf] e]ifdf wd{sf] J<strong>of</strong>kf/ ug{] /f]u clxn]<br />

cGo wd{sf] cfj/0fdf cem} ljs/fn ePsf] 5 . cGowd{sf J<strong>of</strong>kf/Ln] ef}ltsjfbL ;f]rdf lblIft ePsf<br />

cg';Gwftf, /fhgLlt1 / ;/sf/L ;+GoGqsf pRr kb:y sd{rf/LnfO{ k|<strong>of</strong>]u u/]/ ;f:s[lts dxTTjsf<br />

w/f]x/ gi6 ug{] sfo{ klg u/]sf kfO{Psf] 5 . kljq gbLdf gu/sf] 9n ld;fpg], kf]v/L k'g{], rf}tf/L<br />

sf6\g], kf}jf eTsfpg] cfbL sfo{df ;/sf/L tyf /fhg}lts ;+GoGqsf] ;fydf :yfgLo pkef]Qmf ;d'x<br />

klg kl/rfng x'g'sf] k5f8L o:t} /0fgLltn] sfd u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] <strong>of</strong>] sfo{kq >Ls[i0ffu08sL k|;|j0f<br />

If]qdf b]Vg, ;'Gg / cg'e"lt ug{ kfO{g] o:t} k|df0fx¿ Pst[t u/]/ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;s[o ;dfhnfO{<br />

;"lrt ug{ nlIft 5 . jt{dfg ;dfhdf kfRo x'g] hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg / hnjfo' cg's'ngsf Jojxfl/s


1fg ;+u d]n vfg] u/]/ ztz[ËL uf]jw{gdfnfsf] ;DjGw kfgLsf] rqmdf ufF;L J<strong>of</strong>V<strong>of</strong> ug{ s]lGb|t 5 . <strong>of</strong>]<br />

sfo{kq JolQm s]lGb|t k|ZgfjnL / cGtjf{tf eGbf :yfg ljz]ifsf] ef}lts tyf ef}uf]lns k|df0f cjnf]sg<br />

/ kl/jlt{t\ ;fdflhs dfGotfnfO{ cWoog u/] kZrft Plsgtfsf] lgldQ cE<strong>of</strong>; ul/Psf] s[<strong>of</strong>Tds<br />

cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t\ 5 .<br />

hnd\ e"jgd\ hLjgd\, u?8k'/f0fdf hnnfO{ eujfg\ gf/fo0fsf] k|ltd"lt{ elgPsf] dfq geP/<br />

hndf g} ;Dk"0f{ b]jtfsf] jf; x'g] ePsf]n] hf] ;'s}n] kfgLn] kfgLnfO{ k"Hbf, k"hf k"0f{ x'G5 elgPsf] 5<br />

[cGtZr/l; e"t]if' u'xf<strong>of</strong>+ ljZjtf]d'v . Tj+ o`:Tj+ jif6\sf/ cfkf] H<strong>of</strong>]tL /;f]˜d[td\ .. -v]Dsf, @))),<br />

%)M$%_] . jgZkltsf] sf08dfu{df 5flgP/ cGgdf hDdf ePsf] kljq hnn] k"hf ubf{ pRr u'0f:t/sf]<br />

k"hf ;DkGg x'G5 . o:sf] Jojxfl/s pbfx/0f gl/jnjnL xf] . cTolws nj0f 3f]lnPsf] kfgLnfO{ z'4<br />

hn dfGg g;lsPsf] sf/0fn] gL/;fu/sf] lsgf/df a;f]af; ug{] lxGb'n] hnz'l4s/0fdf gl/jnj[IfnfO{<br />

/f]h] . gl/jnsf] nfdf] sf08df 5flgP/ kmn leq hDdf ePsf] kfgLn] eujfg\sf] k"hf ug'{ plgx¿sf]<br />

afWotf ly<strong>of</strong>] . gl/jnj[Ifsf] prfO eGbf cfsfzsf] w]/} prfO{ <strong>of</strong>qf u/]sf] kljqhn k|fKtx'g]<br />

>Ld'lQmIf]qdf gl/jnhnsf] ljsNk cfj:os lyPg . t/ gL/;fu/lsgf/sf hgtfnfO{ b[li6ut u/]/<br />

n]lvPsf] zf:qnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} cjnDjg ug{] xfd|f] kl08T<strong>of</strong>O{n] ubf{ ztz[ËL uf]jw{gdfnfdf a;f]af;<br />

ug{] lxGb'n] cy{ ga'e]m/ klg wf/0f ug{ k'u]sf5g\ . !)* kljqwf/fsf] hnsf] pk]Iff x'g] u/]/<br />

>Ld'lQmgfydf ;d]t cf<strong>of</strong>ltt\ >Lkmnsf] hn ck{0f ug{] ;:s[lt df}nfpb} uPsf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 . b]zn]<br />

h6fjfn gl/jn cf<strong>of</strong>t ug{ dfq} c/jf} u'dfPsf] 5 . kfgL lg<strong>of</strong>{t ug{ ;Ifd b]zn] Ps k|sf/sf] kfgL<br />

cf<strong>of</strong>t u/]sf] 5 . >Lkz'kltgfysf] k|fË0fdf g} zflnu|fd kmf]/]/ rqm k|bz{g ub{} ;fdfGo hLjfz]ifsf]<br />

¿kdf J<strong>of</strong>kf/ ul/Psf] klg 5 . t/klg wd{sf] /Iff ug{ ;s[o agfO{Psf lgsfo df}gtf ;fFw]/ a;]sf]<br />

dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fd'lGb|s zflnu|fdsf] kxf8 g} lxdfno If]qdf plEeP/ u08sLwf/ ;+u} b]j3f6<br />

;Dd km}lnPsf] k|df0f cem} k|<strong>of</strong>Kt 5g\ . log}nfO{ cfwf/ ;"rgf agfpFb} ;g\ !(**df S<strong>of</strong>gf8f, hd{gL,<br />

O{6fnL tyf k|mfG;sf j}1flgsx¿sf] ;+o'Qm 6f]nLn] uxg cg';Gwfg u/L >Ls[i0ffu08sLnfO{ lxdfno<br />

eGbf h]7L lxdgbL - Gradstein et al 1989, p. 96_ k|dfl0ft ubf{ ;d]t g]kfnLn] <strong>of</strong>] k|;|j0fnfO{<br />

e"d08nLs[t ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o; gbLdf dfq kfO{g] zflnu|fd ;lxtsf] lu6L jfn'jfnfO{ ;fdfGo<br />

gbLsf] ;/x ljsf; sf]if hu]gf{ ug{ ;DjlGwt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lnnfd ug{ 5'6 lbO{Psf] 5 .<br />

t/ To:tf lu6Ljfn'jfaf6 zflnu|fd lznf vf]h]/ a]Rg N<strong>of</strong>pg] u/LjnfO{ s8fO{ ug{ ;Sg] ;/sf/L<br />

lgsfon] zx/ ahf/df v'Nndv'Nnf x'g] zflnu|fdsf] J<strong>of</strong>kf/ lgoGq0f ug{ cfj:os 7fg]sf] b]lvb}g .<br />

IfL/hnrqm lgoldt ug{ /f]lkPsf rf}tf/L j[If / ;fj{hlgs ju}rf ljsf;sf] axfgfdf gi6 ul/b} 5 eg]<br />

kf]v/L k'/]/ ;/sf/L jf ;fd'bflos ejg agfO{b} 5 . hg clwsf/ k|jt{g\sf] gfddf :yflkt P]ltxfFl;s<br />

k|df0f qmdzM gi6 ul/b} 5 / ;+/If0f ug{] bfloTTjaf6 kl~5g wd{gL/k]Iftfsf] axfgf agfO{b} 5 .<br />

lxGb'TTjsf] jsfnt ug{]x¿n] klg g<strong>of</strong>F k':tfn] krfpg] 7f]; sf/0f k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . sf]/f<br />

klxrfgsf] /fu cnfKb}df lxGb'Tjsf] kIfdf hgdt Pst[t u/fpg ;lsb}g . sl/j () k|ltzt çsf/<br />

kl/jf/nfO{ ;dGjo ug{] *) k|ltzt eGbf a9L lxGb'sf] afx'Notf ePsf] b]zn] wd{gL/k]Iftfsf] jsfnt<br />

ubf{ klg hgtfn] k|lts[<strong>of</strong> lbg g;Sg'df ;/sf/ tyf /fhg}lts bnsf] ;fydf cW<strong>of</strong>lTds cv8fsf]<br />

sdhf]/L klg s]nfpg cfj:os b]lvPsf] 5 . wd{gL/k]Iftfsf] bf]>f] if8oGqsf] ¿kdf clxn] >Ls[i0ffsf]<br />

dfu{ kl/jt{g u/]/ u08sL / uf]KotLy{df lj/fhdfg >Lzflnu|fdsf] lj<strong>of</strong>]u u/fpb} lxGb';dfhsf]<br />

wd{/Iffsf] Ifdtf / tTk/tfsf] dfkg ul/b} 5 . To;}n] lxGb'Tjsf] jsfnt ug{] wd{le?n] cW<strong>of</strong>lTds<br />

/fhgLltdf rf;f] lbgeGbf klxnf >Ls[i0ffu08sLsf] j}1flgs J<strong>of</strong>V<strong>of</strong> ub{} >Ls[i0ff pkTosfsf]<br />

hn;+:s[ltnfO{ k|bz{g u/]/ cW<strong>of</strong>lTds ko{6gsf] hu arfpg ;s[o x'g lgtfGt cfj:os b]lvPsf] 5 .<br />

To:sf] lgldQ klg >Ls[i0ffu08sLsf] b]j3f6 ;Dd g} lgoldt / lg/Gt/ k|jfx clgjfo{ 5 .


eujfg >Llzj ;+u klg k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] hfnGw/sf] pTklQ hnd08naf6 ePsf] ly<strong>of</strong>]<br />

[v]Dsf, @)!@, !M(&M@] eg] eujfg\ >Ls[i0fsf] afn;vf ;'bfdfnfO{ >L/fwfsf] >fkn] ubf{ zÎr'8sf]<br />

hLjg ;d'Gb|df g} a:g k/]sf] ly<strong>of</strong>] [v]Dsf,@)!), (M^] . lo b'j} kfqsf] ;DjGw ;d'Gb|sf] u?Ëf]kfgL ;+u<br />

5 . u?Ëf]kfgL leq rf]vf]kfgLsf] c+z klg x'G5 . To;}n] u?Ëf]kfgL leqsf] xn'Ëf]kfgLnfO{ j[Gbf /<br />

t'n;Lsf] gfddf lrq0f u/LPsf] ;DjGwdf klg cg';Gwfg x'g h?/L 5 . u?Ëf]kfgL cf]/fnf] nfU5 eg]<br />

xn'Ëf]kfgL psfnf] r9\5 . rf]vf]kfgLs} ;xf/fdf u?Ëf]kfgLn] lxdfno k|oGt w|'jk|b]z ;Ddsf] xjfO{<strong>of</strong>qf<br />

u5{ / >Lgf/fo0fsf] k|]/0ffn] rf]vf]kfgLnfO{ T<strong>of</strong>u u5{ clg gf/fo0fdf g} lng x'G5 . >Ld'lQmIf]qsf]<br />

3f]8]kfgL, tftf]kfgL, sfnf]kfgL / rf]vf]kfgLsf] :yfgqmdn] klg jiff{t\df em/]sf] kfgLsf] o;} u'0fnfO{<br />

;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . hfnGw/ / zÎr'8nfO{ d'lQm lbg] Ifdtf crf{jtf/ >Lzflnu|fddf ePsf] k|dfl0ft ug{<br />

>Ld'lQmIf]qdf jlif{g] / jUg] kfgLsf] cfO{;f]6K; gfk]/ Plsg ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . g]kfnL ljZjljBfnox¿n]<br />

ljb]zsf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| tyf :t/Lo ljZjljBfnox¿;+u ;xsfo{ u/]/ o:tf ljifodf ;xzf]wsfo{df<br />

k|j]z ug{] j]nf ePsf] 5, .<br />

ç z+ gf] b]jL/lei6o˜cfkf] ejGt' kLto] . z+ <strong>of</strong>]/le ;|jGt' gM .. zlg u|x zflGtsf] lgldQ<br />

kLkndf hn r9fpg] <strong>of</strong>] j}lbs dGq -9'Ë]n, @)&@, k[i7 %(_ >f4sd{sf] lgldQ sd{kfq agfpbf tyf<br />

snzdf hn /fVbf hk ul/G5 -/]UdL, @)&@, k[i7 $$_ . cfhef]nLsf kl08thgn] kLkn / t'n;Lsf]<br />

dlxdf atfpFbf eg] clS;hg pTkfbg ;+u ufF:g ?rfpg' x'G5 . lj?jfsf] hnpZj]bglqm<strong>of</strong> ;+u}<br />

clS;hg pTkfbg klg x'g] ePsf]n] jfxfx¿sf] syg ;To x'g klg ;S5 . jfo'd08naf6 sfj{g8fO{<br />

cS;fO{8 ;f]:g] lj?jfsf] cu|klQmdf kLkn / t'n;LnfO{ dflgPsf] klg 5 . t/ <strong>of</strong>] dGqn] kLkn /<br />

t'n;Lsf] dxTTj jfo' z'l4s/0f eGbf hn z'l4s/0fnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . s'zsf] k|<strong>of</strong>]u klg hnz'4 kfg{<br />

g} ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] t'n;L / j[Gbfsf] kltj|tf wd{ e|i6 u/] kZrft >Llji0f'nfO{ zflnu|fdsf]<br />

cnfjf s'z, t'n;L / kLkn x'g] >fksf] k5f8L hnz'l4s/0fsf] nIf /x]sf] zf:qLo k|dfl0ft\ x'G5 . t/<br />

zf:qLo zAb k|df0fn] dfq >Ls[i0ff pkTosfsf] ;+:s[ltn] ljZjJ<strong>of</strong>kL dfGotf :yflkt ug{ g;Sg]<br />

ePsf]n] cfw'lgs cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/f leq k|j]z ug'{ k5{ . o; p2]Zosf] lgldQ klg <strong>of</strong>] pkTosfsf]<br />

;+:s[ltnfO{ cIf'0f /fVg' k5{ . <strong>of</strong>] pkTosfnfO{ k|<strong>of</strong>]uzfnfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{k5{ .<br />

>Ls[i0ffu08sL hnfwf/df cfO{;f]6K;sf] txdf ul/Psf] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ cg';Gwfgn] prfO{sf]<br />

qmd ;+u} ;txsf] kfgLdf xn'Ëf]kfgLsf] dfqf a9\b} uPsf] k|dfl0ft\ u/]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ u?Ëf]kfgLsf] c+z<br />

36\b} uPsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -Garzione et al 2000, p.215) . lxdfno p7fgsf] qmddf ;fgf 7"nf u/]/ @$<br />

j6f dxfk|nosf] ;fdgf o; e"ldn] ef]uL ;s]sf] 5 (Sun et al 2012, p.338) . sfuj]gL eGbf dfly<br />

gbLdf zflnu|fd w]/} b]lvPsf]df /fdk'/ pkTosfdf, gbLdf eGbf kfvf]df w]/} zflnu|fd kfO{Psf]n] /fdk'/<br />

j]+;L >Lj/fxgf/fo0fn] lxdfno p7fpbf blIf0f jUg k'u]sf] gbLn] agfPsf] tfn ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 .<br />

zf:qn] <strong>of</strong>] gbLnfO{ j}i0fjL ju{df /fv]sf]n], hnfwf/df j}i0fj ;:s[ltsf] k|wfgtf klg b]lvG5 .<br />

g]kfnsf] /fli6«o Plss/0fsf] qmddf <strong>of</strong>] hnfwf/n] leGg leGg ;:s[ltnfO{ ;dGjo u/]/ Pstfsf]<br />

;Gb]z lbPsf] ly<strong>of</strong>] . o'4 eGbf o'4 kZrftsf] zflGt Joj:yfkgdf ;f:s[lts ;dGjonfO{ hf]8 lbb}<br />

cfly{s ;afndf hgtfnfO{ cfsif{0f ul/Psf] ly<strong>of</strong>] -u'?Ë, @)^!, k[i7 @*–#!_ . :<strong>of</strong>Ëhf, n;3f{sf]<br />

cfndb]jLsf] dlGb/ cfs[ltn] lxGb' / d'l:ndsf] ;dGjosf] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 eg] >Ld'lQmgfydf lxGb' /<br />

jf]g wdf{anlDjsf] ;dfg cf:yf k|bz{g ePsf] 5 . o; hnfwf/df z}j / j}i0fjsf] lje]b klg b]lvb}g .<br />

;j} wd{sf] ;femf wd{ agfpg] sfo{df >Ls[i0ffu08sLdf clj/n jUg] ;hLjhnsf] <strong>of</strong>]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .<br />

kfgL, kLkn, kxf8 / k'/f0f hft, wd{, j0f{, ju{, lnË / If]qsf] ;+s[0f{ bfo/fdf l;ldt x'b}gg\ .<br />

cg]stfnfO{ Pstfsf] ;'qdf kl/rfng ug{ zflnu|fdnfO{ ue{df lng] >Ls[i0ffu08sLn] g}


Ls[i0ffdlGb/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;lS5g\ . dgf]j}1flgs wd{sf] 3]/f gf3]/ k<strong>of</strong>{j/0fLo wd{df hgtf<br />

kl/rfng ul/Pdf cg]stfdf Pstf :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5, hft, j0f{, ju{, lnËsf] lje]b d]6\g ;lsG5 .<br />

kfgL gLhL{j xf] jf ;lha xf] < eGg] jfbljjfbdf <strong>of</strong>] sfo{kq k:g rfxFb}g . t/ hn>f]tsf]<br />

;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug{ Pp6f dfGotf :jLsf/ ug{} k5{ . hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg tyf hnjfo' cg's'ngdf<br />

ef}lts;f]r xfjL eP/ kfgLnfO{ gLhL{jsf] Jojxf/ ubf{ sf<strong>of</strong>{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ x'G5 eGg] pbfx/0f<br />

hnjfo' cg's'ngsf jt{dfg cE<strong>of</strong>;sf] kl/0ffdn] k|i6 u/]sf] 5 . JolQm ljz]ifsf] kxndf agfO{Psf<br />

rf}tf/L, kf]v/L tyf ju}rf ;d]t ;+/If0f ug{ g;Sg] gLltsf] sdhf]/L kfgLnfO{ gLhL{j dfg]/ ePsf] xf] .<br />

g]kfnL df}lns hn ;:s[ltn] kfgLnfO{ ;hLj dfg]/ zÎr'8 / t'n;L tyf hfnGw/ / j[GbfnfO{ k|ltlglw<br />

kfq agfPsf] 5 . kfgLnfO{ eujfg\sf] k|ltd"lt{ dfg]/ ;Ddfg k"j{s pkef]u ug{], pkef]u kZrft<br />

ljlwk"j{s lj;h{g ug{] / k"gh{Gddf ljZjf; ug{] ljlzi6 ;:s[ltn] (3R)hn>f]t Joj:yfkgdf lg:jfy{<br />

nufj k|bz{g u/]sf] 5 .<br />

;doqmddf ljsf;sf] gfddf >Ls[i0ff pkTosfdf ljBdfg o:tf w]/} k|df0fx¿ gi6 x'g<br />

uPsf5g\ . olt x'Fbf klg h] hlt aFr]sf 5g\, logsf] oyf:yfgdf ;+/If0f ul/Pdf <strong>of</strong>] hnfwf/ ljZj<br />

;Dkbfdf ;"lrs[t x'g] x}l;ot /fV5 . P]ltxfFl;s, ;f:s[lts, wfld{s, ef}uf]nLs dfq geP/ jfo'd08nLo<br />

hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg tyf cb[iokfgL h:tf lj1fgsf gljg ljwfdf dxTTjk"0f{ k|<strong>of</strong>]uzfnf x'g ;Sg]<br />

;Defjgf af]s]sf] <strong>of</strong>] hnfwf/n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf cg's'ngsf] lgldQ w]/} ;"rgf lbg ;S5 .<br />

zflnu|fdsf] kqfkqfdf ;+lrt ePsf] sfj{g / clS;hgsf] cfO{;f]6K;n] s/f}8f} jif{sf] O{ltxfF; phfu/<br />

ug{ ;S5 . To;}n] wfld{s tyf z}lIfs ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] <strong>of</strong>] gbLnfO{ lgjf{w ¿kn] b]j3f6 ;Dd<br />

jUg lbg'k5{ . ljsf;sf] gfddf o:sf] dfu{ kl/jt{g ug'{ x'Fb}g . o:nfO{ hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgdf g]kfnLsf]<br />

df}lns ;:s[lt k|bz{g ug{] :ynut ;+u|xfnodf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{k5{ . g]kfnsf] ko{6g J<strong>of</strong>kf/df k|:tfljt<br />

:ynut ;+u|xfnon] s]Gb|:y pTkfbg ag]/ ljZjnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;S5 .<br />

;/sf/L gLlt tyf ljsf; k4ltdf ef}lts nufj b]lvbf klg g]kfnL hgtfsf] df}lns ;:s[ltdf<br />

x|f; ePsf] 5}g eGg] k|df0f lqm<strong>of</strong>Tds cg';Gwfgdf b]lvPsf] hg;xeflutfn] k|i6 u/]sf] 5 .<br />

gjnk/f;Lsf] 3'df/L3f6df @)&! ;fnsf] bzx/fdf ;DkGg cg'i7fgfTds o1sf] clUg cfh;Dd klg<br />

lhljt 5 . >Ls[i0ffpkTosfnfO{ :ynut ;+u|xfno agfpg] sfo{sf] hu cg';Gwfgsf] bf}/fg<br />

3'df/L3f6af6 ;'? ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;}4flGts ;dy{g dfq kfpFbf klg hg;xeflutfdf g} <strong>of</strong>]<br />

hnfwf/ :ynut ;+u|xfnodf kl/0ft x'g;S5 . dWo t/fO{sf] tfhfkfgLsf] cfk'lt{ ug{] lbuf] ljsNksf]<br />

;fydf >Ls[i0ff pkTosfdf lbuf] ko{6gsf] cfwf/ ljsf; ug{ gbLsf] dfu{ kl/jt{gn] cj;/sf] klxrfg<br />

x'g ;s]sf] 7xb{}g . ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] kfFr gDa/ k|b]zsf] lxtdf rf/ gDa/ k|b]zsf] ;+efjgf s'l07t ug{<br />

ldNb}g . k|b]z ;/sf/sf] u7g gx'~h]n lb3{sflng c;/ kg{] gbLsf] dfu{ kl/jt{g h:tf gLlt<br />

sf<strong>of</strong>{Gjog ug{ <strong>of</strong>] ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ x'Fb}g . To; dfly ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf bkmfx?<br />

:jo+df aflemg] u/]/ >Ls[i0ffu08sLsf] dfu{ kl/jt{gsf] gLlt sf<strong>of</strong>{Gjog ug{ s'g} xfntdf klg x'Fb}g .<br />

cGt/ j];L gbLsf] ;~hfn ljsf; cjwf/0ffdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfnL tLgfp ax'p2]Zo<br />

kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgfsf] lj:t[t kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgf cjwf/0ff agfpg cf=j= @)&!.&@ / @)&@.&#df ah]6 ljlg<strong>of</strong>]hg u/]sf]<br />

ly<strong>of</strong>] . g]kfnsf jt{dfg k|wfgdlGqn] g<strong>of</strong>Fjif{ @)&# sf] k"jf{4df b]zjf;Lsf] gfddf ug'{ePsf] ;Daf]wgsf]<br />

bkmf @! tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd @)&#.&$sf] bkmf $( df klg >Ls[i0ffsf] kljq<br />

hnnfO{ dfu{ kl/jt{g u/]/ tLgfpdf ldnfpg] cjwf/0ff ;dfa]; 5 . o; cy{df ;/sf/n]<br />

>Ls[i0ffu08sLsf] cW<strong>of</strong>lTds dxTTj a'e\mg ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] Plsg x'G5 . t/ pQm gLlt tyf


sfo{qmdsf] bkmf %$, %% / %^ n] kLpg]kfgLsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf k|fyldstf lbO{Psf] 5 eg] bkmf ^^,<br />

^* / ^( n] gbL k|;|j0fnfO{ ko{6sLo pTkfbgdf kl/0ft ug{] ;+sNk ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] bkmf $( sf]<br />

gLlt kl5Nnf gLlt;+u aflemPsf] 5 . l;wf efiffdf eGg'kbf{ sfnLu08sLsf] gfdn] kl/lrt<br />

>Ls[i0ffu08sL k|;|j0fnfO{ ;/sf/sf] kLpg] kfgLsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf pk<strong>of</strong>]u ug{ ;+DefJo ePsf]n]<br />

bkmf $( df pNn]v ul/Psf] h:tf] dfu{ kl/jt{g ug{] gLlt >f]tsf] ;+/If0f / ko{6g k|jt{gsf] gLlt ;+u<br />

d]n vfPsf] b]lvb}g . <strong>of</strong>] kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgfdf v:<strong>of</strong>}nL ahf/sf] s]xLefu :yfgfGt/0fsf] ;+Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 .<br />

o;n] ?kGb]xL tyf slkna:t'sf] l;dfjtL{ If]qdf ef/t ;/sf/n] /fhdfu{sf] axfgfdf agfPsf] afFwn]<br />

x'g] 8'jfg ;d:<strong>of</strong>nfO{ cem} a9fpg ;S5 . >Ls[i0ffpkTosfsf] k<strong>of</strong>{j/0fdf kg{] gsf/fTds c;/df xfn<br />

kfgL ePsf ;;fgf h?jfx? e"ldut hn k|jfxsf] cefjdf ;'s]/ vfg]kfgLsf] xfxfsf/ x'g ;S5 .<br />

>Ls[i0ffpkTosfsf] k<strong>of</strong>{j/0fdf k|lts'n c;/ gkf/Lsg s[i0ffu08sLsf] kfgLn] dw];sf] v]lt<strong>of</strong>]Uo<br />

e"ld l;rfO{ ug{] ljsNk pknAw x'bfklg /fdbLaf6} dfu{ kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L 5}g . phf{ pTkfbgsf]<br />

p2]Zon] klg >Ls[i0ff pkTosf d} k|<strong>of</strong>Kt ;+Defjgf ePsf]n] dfu{ kl/jt{gsf] cfj:ostf b]lvb}g .<br />

To;}n] gbLsf] dfu{ kl/jt{g ug{] j[:t[t kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgf k|ltj]bgn] dfly pNn]lvt ;j} ts{nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{<br />

lgtfGt cfj:os 5 . >Ls[i0ff pkTosfsf hgtf klg cfk\mgf] clwsf/ /Iffsf] lgldQ ;/sf/, /fhg}lts<br />

bn tyf :yfgLo cu'jf ;+u ;d]t ;ts{ eP/ k|:tfljt kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgfsf] <strong>of</strong>]hgfsfndf g} rgfvf] /xg<br />

cfj:os 5 . ?kGb]xLsf hgtfn] klg tTsfnsf] l;rfO{ eGbf s'nwd{sf] V<strong>of</strong>n /fVb} >Ls[i0ffu08sLsf]<br />

r/0ffd[tsf] cjd"Nog x'g] kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgfsf] ljsNk vf]Hg tTk/ x'g lgtfGt cfj:os 5 .<br />

o;} ;Gbe{df >Ls[i0ffu08sLsf] u'0f:t/Lo r/f0ffd[tsf] pk<strong>of</strong>]u l;rfO{ eGbf dw];df a9]sf]<br />

tfhfkfgLsf] dfusf] Joj:yfkg ug{ pk<strong>of</strong>]u ug{ ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ . >Ls[i0ffu08sLsf] kljq kfgLnfO{<br />

sRrfkbfy{ agfP/ gjnk/f;L, ?kGb]xL tyf slkna:t'sf] r'/] s5f8df kfgL k|zf]wg sf/vfgf rnfpg<br />

;lsg] af/]df klg cWoog x'g h?/L 5 . lgDg ts{x¿n] l;rfO{sf] lgldQ sfnL tLgfp dfu{ kl/jt{g<br />

eGbf vfg]kfgLsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] lgldQ >Ls[i0ffpkTosfdf hnfzo ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{<br />

pTkfbs x'g] ;+s]t u/]sf5g\ . sfnL tLgfp dfu{ kl/jt{gsf] kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgf ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljsNksf] klg<br />

n]vfhf]vf x'g lgtfGt cfj:os ePsf]n] ljrf/ ljdz{sf] lgldQ cg'/f]w 5 .<br />

! ¿kfGt/0f x'Fb}5 xfd|f] ;+;f/ eGg] d"n gf/fsf] ;fy ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf lbuf]<br />

ljsf;sf] p2]Zo k'/f ug{ ljleGg !& nIfsf !^( kl/;"rs to u/]sf] 5 -UNO, 2015_. pQm<br />

nIfdf k'Ug ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cfcfk\mgf] cfjlws <strong>of</strong>]hgfnfO{ klg ;f]xL cg'¿k ;df<strong>of</strong>]hg ug{<br />

nfu]sf5g\ . hg;+V<strong>of</strong>sf] / pknAw kfgLsf] >f]t ;+t'ng gldn]sf] cj:yfdf pQm nIfdf<br />

k'Ug sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] k|fs[lts >f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf ldlnh'nL k|<strong>of</strong>; ug{ clgjfo{ h:t}<br />

b]lvG5 . If]qLo cu'jf b]zaf6 e"d08nLs[t cu'jfsf] <strong>of</strong>qfkydf lg:sg nfu]sf] ef/tnfO{ t T<strong>of</strong>]<br />

nIf dxfef/tsf] o'4 ;/x x'g]5 . lsgeg] T<strong>of</strong>] j]nf ;Dd ef/t ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} tfhf<br />

kfgLsf] lgldQ 56\k6fPsf hgtfsf] b]z x'g]5 -Hegde, 2012_ . ;+/rgfTds ljsf; /<br />

cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgn] ;fy kfpFbf klg s[lif pTkfbg / tfhf kfgLsf] cefjdf ef/tn] ljsf;sf]<br />

k|ltkmnnfO{ ;dfg ljt/0f ug{ 7"n} s;/t ug'{ kg{] 5 .<br />

@ ulxl/b} uPsf] e"ldut hn;txn] tfhf kfgLsf] cfk'lt{ Joj:yfkg ug{] r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug{<br />

ef/tnfO{ ;lhnf] 5}g -UNICEF, FAO, SaciWATERs, 2013_. b]z}e/L km}lnPsf] /]ndfu{df<br />

t]nafxs eGbf w]/} kfgL af]Sg] aUuLx¿ u'8fpg kg{] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 -Sharma, 2012) .<br />

ef/t tfhfkfgL cf<strong>of</strong>t ug{] b]zdf kg{] lglZrt h:t} 5 . cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgx¿n] ef/tsf]


ahf/df t]n eGbf kfgL dxËf] x'g] ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ -Amarasinghe, et al. 2007_ . kfgL cf<strong>of</strong>t<br />

ug'{ g} 5 eg] g]kfnsf] hn>f]t 5tdf /fv]sf] 6\<strong>of</strong>ÍL ;/x u'?Tjfsif{0f phf{af6 Joj:yfkg ug{<br />

;:tf] x'G5 . To;}n] kfgLsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] lgldQ ef/t / g]kfnn] hnfwf/<br />

Joj:yfkgdf b'j}kIfsf] lxt x'g] ;femf gLlt cjnDag ug'{k5{ .<br />

# l;rfO{ / af9Lsf] Joj:yfkg ;Gt'ng ug{ gbLx¿sf] ;+hfn agfpg] ljsf; /0fgLltsf]<br />

sf<strong>of</strong>{Gjog clxn] ef/tsf] zf;g ;+oGqdf rn]sf] dxTTjk"0f{ ax; xf] -Joshi, 2013_ . lxdfno<br />

pb\ud ePsf ax'/fli6«o rf;f]sf gbLx¿sf] ;femf Joj:yfkg gu/];Dd <strong>of</strong>] /0fgLlts sfo{<strong>of</strong>]hgf<br />

oyfy{df kl/0ft x'g ;Sb}g . kxf8sf gbLsf] ltj| jxfj ;+u} ju]sf 9'Ëfdf6f] dw]; k'Ug] ljlQs}<br />

lylu|P/ gbLsf] ;tx dflydfly ;5{ . w]/} g} lylu|<strong>of</strong>] eg] eËfnf] kmf6\5 / gbL ufpdf k:5 .<br />

g]kfnsf] dw]; v08df af6f] la/fPsf] gbLn] ef/tsf] e"lddf ljt08f g} dRrfp5 -Dixit et al,<br />

2009_ . To;}n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] dw]z v08df lyu|]tL, af9L / e"pk<strong>of</strong>]u k4ltdf ef/tLo rf;f] x'g'<br />

:jefljs g} xf] . o;nfO{ x:tIf]ksf] ¿kdf a'e\mg klg x'Fb}g . o;f] eGb}df g]kfnL kIf ;+u<br />

5nkmn g} gu/L l;df If]qdf Ps kIfLo k|j[lQ k|bz{g x'G5 eg] :jLsf/ ug{ klg ;lsb}g .<br />

hldgd"lgaf6 xf];\ jf hldg dflyaf6, g]kfnsf gbLn] u+uf;fu/ k'Ug eflu/yL s} dfu{ ;dfpg' k5{ .<br />

sRrf tyf le/fnf] e"w/ftn ePsf]n] g]kfndf gbLsf] dfu{ /f]Sg klg ;lsb}g . To;}n] ;femf gbLsf]<br />

Joj:yfkg ;femf cjwf/0ffdf g} ug{ b'j} b]zn] ;dfGj<strong>of</strong>Tds /0fgLlt cjnDag ug{}k5{ .<br />

# ejg hlt;'s} 7"nf] lsg gxf];\ , sf]7} lkR5] kfO{k laR5\<strong>of</strong>O{Psf] lsg gxf];\, 5tsf] kfgL<br />

6\<strong>of</strong>ÍLsf] cfsf/ ;fgf] e<strong>of</strong>] jf r'lxg] e<strong>of</strong>] eg] 3/nfO{ u'0f:t/sf] dflgb}g . g]kfnn] kfgLsf]<br />

>f]t Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s]g eg] ef/t PSn} ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIfdf k'Ug<br />

;Sb}g . l;df If]qdf /fhdfu{sf] axfgfdf afw agfP/ g]kfnsf] e"ld 8'jfpg] k|k~rdf g]kfnsf<br />

l;ldt dflg; t k|<strong>of</strong>]u x'g ;Snfg, cfd g]kfnL x'g ;Sb}gg\ . hgtfsf] ;s[o ;xeflutf gx'Fbf<br />

lbuf] hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg klg x'g ;Sb}g . hnsf] Joj:yfkg n3' /fhgLltn] x'g ;Sb}g . lb3{,<br />

pbf/, lhDd]jf/ / kf/bzL{ /fhgLltn] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ef/tsf] kfgL ;d:<strong>of</strong> ;dfwfg ug{<br />

kl/rfng ug{ klg ;lsG5 . g]kfnLnfO{ kufg{ hlt ;lhnf] 5, k5fg{ Tolt g} ufx|f] 5 .<br />

;xsfo{df ef/tsf] kfgL ;d:<strong>of</strong> ;dfwfg ug{ tTk/ g]kfnLsf] :jfledfgdf cfFr cfpg] ;fgf]<br />

;fgf] sfo{n] ef/td} ;d:<strong>of</strong> ylkg] xf] . lsgeg] kmf]xf]/kfgL aUg] dfu{ t ef/t e"ld s} xf] .<br />

$ sfnL tLgfp ax'p2]Zo dfu{ kl/jt{g cjwf/0ffdf g]kfnsf gLlt lgdf{tfn] g]kfnsf] lxt dfq<br />

x'g] h] ;'s} efvf lkm/fPklg jf:tljs nIf l;df If]qdf af6f]sf] gfddf ljsf; ul/Psf] afFwdf<br />

kfgL hdfpg] / pQ/ k|b]zsf] k"jf{]Q/ v08sf] e"ldut hn ;+ro a9fpg] g} xf] . lyu|]tL, af9L<br />

/ e"pk<strong>of</strong>]usf] Plss[t Joj:yfkgsf] lgldQ ef/tsf] <strong>of</strong>]hgf cfk\mg} e"lddf l;ldt 5}g .<br />

g]kfnsf] hn>f]t / e"pk<strong>of</strong>]unfO{ p:n] b[li6 lbg}k5{ . g]kfnLsf] lxtdf k|lts'n c;/ gkg{] u/L<br />

ef/tLo hgtfn] kfgL kfpg' k5{ eGg] ts{df g]kfnLsf] klg b'O{ dt x'Fb}g . t/ ckf/bzL{ tj/df<br />

g]kfnLsf] k|lts'n x'g] u/]/ g]kfn s} >f]tsf] b'?k<strong>of</strong>]u x'g' eg] x'Fb}g -JVSN, 2012_ . b'j} kIfsf]<br />

nfut / k|ltkmn clg cj;/ / r'gf}lt ;dhbf/Ldf g} Joj:yfkg ug{] xf] . >f]tsf] lbuf]<br />

pk<strong>of</strong>]udf kf/bzL{tf sfod u/]/ ;dGj<strong>of</strong>Tds / ;xnfesf/L /0fgLlt klg ckgfpg ;lsG5 .<br />

g]kfnL hgtf ef/tLo hgtfnfO{ kfgL lbg t<strong>of</strong>/ 5g\ . t/ cg'bfgdf g} lsg gxf];\, ln6/n]<br />

gfk]/, hf/df e/]/, lx;fa u/]/ lbg rfxG5g\ . gbL a]Rg rfxb}gg\, kfgL a]Rg rfxG5g\ .<br />

g]kfnLn] k<strong>of</strong>{j/0fLo ;]jfsf] J<strong>of</strong>kfl/s nfe lng] cj;/ kfpg'k5{ .


% hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] g]kfnsf gbL k|0ffnLnfO{ klg :yfO{af6 c:yfO{ >f]tdf ¿kfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 .<br />

lxdfnosf] kfgL e08f/0f Ifdtfdf qmdzM x|f; x'b} uPsf] 5 -NAPA, 2010_ . le/fnf] e"w/ftn<br />

ePsf]n] <strong>of</strong>xfFsf] e"lddf hnfzo agfP/ k|<strong>of</strong>Kt hne08f/ ug{ klg ;lsb}g -SAWI, 2014_ .<br />

sf]nlDa<strong>of</strong> tyf gfO{n gbLsf] h:tf] txtxdf hne08f/0f ug{] Ifdtf g]kfn e"ldsf] 5}g . To;}n]<br />

jfo'd08nLo / e"ldut hnrqmdf e08f/ u/]/ jiff{nfO{ lgoldt ug'{ g]kfnsf] afWotf xf] .<br />

>Ls[i0ffpkTosf o; p2]Zosf] lgldQ ;DefJo If]q xf] . <strong>of</strong>] pkTosfsf] sf]6y/df afw xfn]/<br />

hnfzo ljsf; u/L 9f]8]gL j/k/af6 r'/]kj{tsf] s5f8} s5f8 slkna:t' ;Dd lxpb jiff{df<br />

lg/Gt/ kfgL k'Ug ;S5 . u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg u/L kLpg <strong>of</strong>]Uo agfO{Psf] kfgL kfO{ksf]<br />

dfWodaf6 sRrf kbfy{sf] ¿kdf ljt/0f u/]/ dw];df 7"n7"nf kfgL k|zf]wg sf/vfgf :yfkgf<br />

ug{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd @)&#.&$sf] bkmf %$, %% / %^ df pNn]lvt<br />

tfhfkfgLsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] nIfdf <strong>of</strong>] cjwf/0ffn] ;x<strong>of</strong>]u ug{ ;S5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIfn]<br />

;g\ @)#) nfO{ nlIft jif{ tf]s]sf] ePtfklg, To:sf] k|efj cgGtsfn ;Dd sfod /xg' k5{ .<br />

>Ls[i0ffu08sLn] g]kfnsf] lbuf] J<strong>of</strong>kf/nfO{ 6]jf lbg ;S5 eg] Ifl0fs nfe jf bjfjdf<br />

lb3{sflng c;/ ug{] ;Demf}tfsf] /fhgLltdf g]kfn km:g x'Fb}g . ef/tLo ;x<strong>of</strong>]udf jf ef/tsf]<br />

O{zf/fdf gbLsf] dfu{ kl/jt{g h:tf kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgfdf clxn] g} ;Dem}tf ul/<strong>of</strong>] eg] cfufdL ;o<br />

jif{;Dd s/f/ tf]8\g ;lsb}g . g]kfnn] hnjfo' cg's'ng sf]ifaf6 C0f ;x<strong>of</strong>]u lnP/ klg <strong>of</strong>]<br />

cjwf/0ff sf<strong>of</strong>{Gjog ug{ ;S5 eg] 3f6fsf] ;Demf}tf ug'{ x'Fb}g . gf/fo0fL pkTosfnfO{ kfgLsf]<br />

cf}Bf\lus If]q agfpg] cj;/nfO{ Ifl0fs nfedf e'n]/ cGt ug'{ x'Fb}g . ljh'nL / kLpg] kfgLsf]<br />

d"No a/fa/ x'Fb}g . e"uf]nsf] sf/0fn] ljh'nLsf] ahf/Ls/0f clglZrt 5 t/ kfgLsf] ahf/<br />

lglZrt 5 . kfgLsf] J<strong>of</strong>kf/df ljh'nLsf] ;+Defjgf 6b{}g . s[lif<strong>of</strong>]Uo ;dy/ d}bfg sd ePsf]n]<br />

ljB't pTkfbg kZrftsf] kfgLnfO{ l;rfO{df nlIft ug{ eGbf k|zf]lwt kLpg] kfgLsf] yf]s<br />

lalqmsf] gLlt g]kfnsf] lgldQ pTkfbs x'g ;S5 .<br />

^<br />

&<br />

nfut / k|ltkmnsf] dfkg s'g}klg kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgfsf] 5gf}6sf d"n cfwf/ x'g\ . xfn k|:tfj ul/Psf]<br />

sfnL tLgfp ax'p2]Zo kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgfsf] k|ltkmn ljh'nL / l;rfO{ xf] . kl/jlt{t\ e"pk<strong>of</strong>]u k4ltdf<br />

l;rfO{sf] ahf/ dfu qmdzM sd x'b} hfg] lglZrt 5 . phf{ pTkfbgn] dfq k|:tfljt\<br />

kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgfsf] nfut p7fpg sl7g x'G5 . dxËf] nfutsf] ljh'nL lg<strong>of</strong>{t ug{ ;lsb}g . hnjfo'<br />

kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ k|If]k0f gu/L jUbf]gbLnfO{ :yfO{ >f]t dfg]/ dfu{ kl/jt{gsf] cjwf/0ffdf<br />

agfO{Psf] kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgf ePsf]n] kLpg] kfgLsf] pTkfbg <strong>of</strong>] kl/<strong>of</strong>]hgfsf] d"n p2]Zo x'g ;Sb}g .<br />

jfli{fs cf};t jiff{sf] *) k|ltzt tLg dlxgfdf x'g] ePsf]n] txut e08f/0fsf] gLlt tfhfkfgL<br />

cfk"lt{sf] lgldQ clgjfo{ x'G5 . phf{ pTkfbgsf] lgldQ >Ls[i0ffpkTosf ;+efJo If]q xf] eg]<br />

dfu{ kl/jt{gsf] cf}lrTo x'Fb}g .<br />

d"No clej[l4sf] nfe J<strong>of</strong>kf/ /0fgLltsf] dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . >Ls[i0ffpkTosfsf] kfvf kfvfdf<br />

kfO{g] zflnu|fdsf cnfjf oqtq kfO{g] s'zn] kfgLsf] d"No clej[l4 ug{ d2t k'U5 . <strong>of</strong>]<br />

pkTosfdf e08f/0f u/]sf] kfgLn] r/0ffd[tsf] dxTTj kfpF5 . <strong>of</strong>xfF x'ls{Psf kLkn / cfFksf<br />

ju}rfn] lj1fkgsf] sfd u5{ eg] t'n;L ;+:s[ltn] ljZjf; hdfp5 . sl/j *) k|ltzt lxGb'sf]<br />

afx'Notf ePsf] ef/tLo ahf/df s[i0ffu08sLsf] kfgL ;+u k|ltZkwf{ ug{ ;Sg] kfgL cGoq<br />

kfpg ;lsb}g . tfn k'm6]/ ag]sf] pkTosf ePsf]n] hldg leqsf] hn e08f/ cjwf/0ff<br />

sf<strong>of</strong>{Gjog ug{ <strong>of</strong>] pkTosf ;DefJo If]q xf] . <strong>of</strong>xfsf] hg3gTTj klg Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg]<br />

dfqfdf 5 . <strong>of</strong>]hgfj4 e"pk<strong>of</strong>]u ug{ >Ls[i0ffpkTosf cem} vfnL g} 5 eg] ;o jif{ kl5sf]<br />

kfgLsf] ahf/dfunfO{ wfGg ;Sg] e"pk<strong>of</strong>]usf] gLlt cfh}af6 ;'?ug'{ k5{ .


;Gbe{;fdfu|Lx?M<br />

v]Dsf, /fw]:<strong>of</strong>d -cg'=@)!)_= sN<strong>of</strong>0fM ;+lIfKt u?8k'/f0ffÍ, uf]/vk'/M uLtfk|];<br />

v]Dsf, /fw]:<strong>of</strong>d -;Dkfbg @)!@_= sN<strong>of</strong>0fM >LlnËdxfk'/f0ffÍ, uf]/vk'/M uLtfk|];<br />

v]Dsf, /fw]:<strong>of</strong>d -;Dkfbg @)!)_= sN<strong>of</strong>0fM >Ldb\b]jLefujt dxfk'/f0f, uf]/vk'/M uLtfk|];<br />

u'?Ë, hudfg -@)^!_= g]kfnsf] /fli6«o;lds/0fsf] kl/k|]Ifdf u08sL k|;|j0fIf]qsf tLy{:ynx?sf]<br />

ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog, s[ltk'/M l;gf;<br />

9'Ë]n, ;"o{k|;fb, -@)&@_= ;"o{ k~rfËM lj=;= @)&#, sf7df08f}M ;"o{ k~rfË sf<strong>of</strong>{no<br />

/]UdL, x]d/fh, -;Dkfbg,@)&@_= ;T;+sNk–bk{0fM ;/n >f4 ljlw, kf]v/fM /]UdL s'nfog ;ldlt<br />

Amarasinghe, U. A., Shah, T., Turral, H. and Anand, B.K. (2007). India’s <strong>water</strong> future to 2025-<br />

2050: <strong>Business</strong> as usual scenario and deviations. Research Report 123, IWMI.<br />

Chalise, K.R. (2073 BS). Scope <strong>of</strong> Shreekrishnagandaki basin in context to field museum <strong>of</strong><br />

Nepalese <strong>water</strong> culture. Unpublished. PhD dissertation. Nepal Sanskrit University<br />

Dixit A, Upadhya M, Dixit K, Pokhrel A, Rai D R (2009). Living with <strong>water</strong> stress in the hills <strong>of</strong><br />

the Koshi Basin, Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD<br />

Hegde N G (2012). Water scarcity and security in India. A presentation by Narayan Hegde,<br />

BAIF at the Indian Science Congress 2012<br />

Joshi, N M (2013). National River Linking Project <strong>of</strong> India. Hydro-Nepal, Issue 12, 2013, pp13-<br />

19. Nepal<br />

JVSN (2012). Ganges Strategic Basin Assessment Consultative Workshop Report, 2012: JVS,<br />

Nepal<br />

Garzione, C.N., Quade, J., DeCelles, P.G. and English N.B. (2000). Predicting paleoelevation<br />

<strong>of</strong> Tibet and the Himalaya from δ 18 O vs. altitude gradients in meteoric <strong>water</strong> across<br />

the Nepal Himalaya. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Vol.183 (2000) pp.215-229 :<br />

Elsevier. com<br />

Gradstein, F.M., Gibling, M.R., Jansa, L.F., Kaminiski, M.A., Ogg, J.G., Sarti, M., ...<br />

Wastermann G.E.G et al (1989). Mesozoic Stratigraphy <strong>of</strong> Thakkhola, Central Nepal<br />

(Lost Ocean Expedition), Canada: Centre for Marine Geology, Dalhousie University.<br />

NAPA (2010). National Adaptation Programme <strong>of</strong> Action to Climate Change, Kathmandu,<br />

Nepal: Ministry <strong>of</strong> Environment<br />

SAWI (2014). The Ganges Strategic Basin Assessment: A Discussion <strong>of</strong> Regional Opportunities<br />

and Risks: The World Bank<br />

Sharma S (2012). <strong>Business</strong> Initiatives and Opportunities in India in the <strong>water</strong> sector: Euro India<br />

Research Centre, Haidarabad<br />

Sun, Y., Joachimski, M., Wignall, P.B., Yan, C.,Chen, Y.,Jiang, H., et al (2012) Lethally hot<br />

temperatures during the early Triassic greenhouse. Science, 338 (366)2012: American<br />

Association for the Advancement <strong>of</strong> Science<br />

UNICEF, FAO and SaciWATERs. 2013. Water in India: Situation and Prospects. UNICEF,<br />

FAO and SaciWATERs<br />

UNO (2015) . Sustainable Development Goal.<br />

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communication -material/<br />

=

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!