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6Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. 3ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 5TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... 6LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................................ 10ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 12CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 15RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 16RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................................................... 17The United States ....................................................................................................................... 18Australia .................................................................................................................................... 19Singapore ................................................................................................................................... 20DATA COLLECTION........................................................................................................................... 21CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................... 23LANGUAGE ECOLOGY....................................................................................................................... 23What is language ecology? ........................................................................................................ 23Early developments .................................................................................................................... 24LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING .................................................................................................. 25What is language policy and planning? .................................................................................... 25Early developments .................................................................................................................... 27RELATING TO MY THESIS .................................................................................................................. 28CHAPTER III. THE CHINESE LANGUAGE ................................................................................ 31CLASSIFICATION OF CHINESE LANGUAGE ......................................................................................... 31