Investigation of the Environmental Fate of Tritium in the Atmosphere

More documents

Recommendations

Info

INVESTIGATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF TRITIUM IN THE ATMOSPHERE 4.0 DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF TRITIUM IN THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.1 Partitioning from Air to Soil and Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.1.1 Partitioning from Air to Soil Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.1.2 Partitioning from Air to Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2 Tritium Transport from Soil Water to Ground Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.3 Tritium Behaviour in Lake and River Plumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.0 PREDICTED AND OBSERVED ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF TRITIUM AT RELEASE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.1 Tritium Light Manufactureres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.1.1 SRB Technologies Limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.1.2 Shield Source Incorporated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.2 Nuclear Power Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2.1 Pickering (PN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2.2. Darlington (DN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.2.3 Bruce (BN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.3 Review of Model Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.3.1 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.3.2 Soil Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.3.3 Pond Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.3.4 Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.1 General Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.2 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 7.0 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 ii
LIST OF TABLES INVESTIGATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF TRITIUM IN THE ATMOSPHERE 2.1 Natural Tritium Distribution (from Begemann, 1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Estimated Rates of Generation of Tritium and of its Release in Effluent Streams for Different Types of Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 Tritium Releases per MW(e)a for Canadian HWR Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.1 Atomic Weights of Different Hydrogen Isotopes Contributing to Isotopic Fractionation in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2 Thermodynamic Properties of the Oxides of Hydrogen Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.3 Regional Default Values for P11a, Transfer from HT to HTO in Air (Unitless) . . . . 31 3.4 Absolute Humidity, Ha (L • m-3) Averaged over Various Seasons of the Year at Stations Close to Canadian (CANDU) Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.5 Stack and Building Parameters Relevant to Atmospheric Dispersion of Tritium from Canadian Reactor Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.1 Values of RFsw Measured at Pickering NGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.2 Values of RFsw Measured at Three Reactor Sites (IAEA, 2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.3 Regional Absolute Humidity and Tritium Transfer from Air to Soil Porewater . . . . 48 4.4 Precipitation and Air Monitoring Data Relevant to Air to Pond Transfer Factor . . . 50 4.5 Simple Model of Aquatic Dilution with Distance (Local Plume) Superimposed on Circulating Background for Lake Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.1 Modelled and Measured Tritium in Air at SRBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.2 Modelled and Measured Tritium in Soil Water at SRBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.3 Tritium in Roof Runoff, Stack Drippings and Standing Water near Stacks During Precipitation Events at SRBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5.4 Modelled Tritium in Soil Water at Well Locations at SRBT in Previous Years . . . . 62 5.5 Modelled and Measured Tritium in Groundwater in SRBT Monitoring Wells . . . . . 63 5.6 Modelled and Measured Tritium in Air at SSI in 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.7 Modelled and Measured Tritium in Ponds at SSI in 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.8 Modelled and Measured Tritium in Air at PN, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.9 Modelled Tritium in Soil Water Compared to Measured Tritium in Rain Water at PN, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.10 Modelled and Measured Tritium in Air at DN, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.11 Modelled Tritium in Soil Water Compared to Measured Tritium in Rain Water at DN, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.12 Modelled and Measured Tritium in Air at BN, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.13 Modelled Tritium in Soil Water Compared to Measured Tritium in Rain Water at BN, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
Page 1 and 2: Investigation of the Environmental
Page 3: TABLE OF CONTENTS INVESTIGATION OF
Page 7 and 8: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INVESTIGATION OF
Page 9 and 10: 1.0 INTRODUCTION INVESTIGATION OF T
Page 11 and 12: INVESTIGATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
Page 19 and 20: Table 2.2: Estimated Rates of Gener
Page 25 and 26: 2.4.2.5 Airborne Tritium Releases f
Page 27 and 28: 2.4.3 Fuel Reprocessing Plants INVE
Page 55 and 56:
INVESTIGATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
s) bg th (m p e D INVESTIGATION OF
Page 75 and 76:
5.1.2 Shield Source Incorporated IN
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
) Modelled (Bq/m 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 y =
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
show all

Investigation of the Environmental Fate of Tritium in the Atmosphere

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?