Introductory Phonology - UCLA Department of Linguistics

Introductory Phonology Chapter 2: Phonemic Analysis p. 7
Abstract level: /n/ phoneme
Concrete level: [n̪] [n] allophones
used before [θ] used elsewhere environments for allophones
The “elsewhere” environment seen here is quite common in phonology, and cases like the [n] in
this example are often called elsewhere allophones. The allophone [e], seen in the previous
example, is actually an elsewhere allophone; it occurs not just before voiced consonants, but at
the end of a word, as in bay [be] or day [de].
The next data set illustrates four allophones of the /l/ phoneme as they occur in a number of
dialects of English. [ɫ] is a velarized l, articulated with high back tongue body position. [ɫ̪] is the
same as [ɫ], only with a dental instead of alveolar place of articulation. [l̥ ͡l] is an l which starts
out voiceless and ends voiced. Before you read further, inspect the following data and determine
the environment characterizing each sound.
Words with [ɫ] Words with [l̥ ͡l] Words with [ɫ̪] Words with [l]
file [ˈfaɫ] slight [ˈsl̥ ͡lat] wealth [ˈwɛɫ̪θ] listen [ˈlsən]
fool [ˈfuɫ] flight [ˈfl̥ ͡lat] health [ˈhɛɫ̪θ] lose [ˈluz]
all [ˈɔɫ] plow [ˈpl̥ ͡laʊ] filthy [ˈfɫ̪θi] allow [əˈlaʊ]
ball [ˈbɔɫ] cling [ˈkl̥ ͡lŋ] tilth [ˈtɫ̪θ] aglow [əˈgloʊ]
fell [ˈfɛɫ] discipline [ˈdsəpl̥ ͡lən] stealth [ˈstɛɫ̪θ] blend [ˈblɛnd]
feel [ˈfiɫ]
The pattern can be described as follows.
/l/
[ɫ] [l̥ ͡l] [ɫ̪] [l]
at the ends when the preceding before [θ] elsewhere
of words consonant is voiceless