AFRICA - House Foreign Affairs Committee Democrats

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and government indifference to their development in the Delta. Groups such as the
Ijaw, Itsekiri, Urhobo, and Isoko continued to express their unhappiness about their
perceived economic exploitation and the environmental destruction of their homelands,
and incidents of ethnic conflict and confrontation with government forces increased
in the delta area, particularly after the Ijaw Youth Council issued the
Kaiama Declaration in December 1998 (see Section 1.a.). Other ethnic groups saw
the Kaiama Declaration, which terms the entire Delta the property of the Ijaw, as
threatening their rights. Disparate organizations of youths from a variety of ethnic
groups continued to take oil company personnel hostage in the delta region (see Section
1.b.). In August Ijaw youth took 250 persons hostage in a Mallard Bay facility
during a protest for more contracting jobs. As a result of this ongoing violence, many
oil companies continued to employ local police, and in some cases military troops,
to protect their facilities and personnel. Local youths claimed that these ‘‘militias’’
engaged in extrajudicial killings and other human rights abuses, in some cases with
the support of foreign oil companies (see Section 1.a.).
In late October, the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), an entity proposed
in 1999 to increase government resources committed to the area and grant
more local autonomy over expenditure of these resources, began operations. The 19
members of the commission come from both oil producing and non-producing states,
ostensibly to provide a balanced representation of interests. The National Assembly
must authorize a separate budgetary appropriation in order for the NDDC to begin
the bulk of its work. The commissioners are scheduled to begin consultations in the
Delta region in early 2001.
The Government continued its investigation into all contracts previously awarded
under the auspices of the Oil and Minerals Producing Areas Development Commission.
This commission, established in 1992 during the regime of General Ibrahim
Babangida, widely was regarded as corrupt and ineffective in improving the conditions
of Niger Delta residents.
In February the Enugu police halted a conference on the history of Biafra (see
Section 2.b.)
Section 6. Worker Rights
a. The Right of Association.—The Constitution provides all citizens with the right
to assemble freely and associate with other persons, and to form or belong to any
trade union or other association for the protection of their interests; however, several
statutory restrictions on the right of association and on trade unions remained
in effect despite repeals of parts of the military-era antilabor decrees. Only a single
central labor federation (the Nigerian Labour Congress) is permitted, and the Government
recognizes only 29 trade unions. Trade unions must be registered formally
by the Federal Government, and a minimum of 50 workers is required to form a
trade union. Nonmanagement senior staff are prevented from joining trade unions,
and senior staff associations are denied a seat on the National Labor Advisory
Council. The ILO Committee of Experts has repeatedly cited several of these restrictions;
however, the Government had not addressed these problems by year’s end.
Workers, except members of the armed forces and employees designated as essential
by the Government, may join trade unions. Essential workers include members
of the armed forces and government employees in the police, customs, immigration,
prisons, federal mint, central bank, and telecommunications sectors. Employees
working in a designated export-processing zone may not join a union until 10 years
after the start-up of the enterprise (see Section 6.b.).
According to figures provided by the Nigerian Labour Congress, total union membership
is approximately 4 million. Less than 10 percent of the total work force belongs
to unions. With the exception of a small number of workers engaged in commercial
food processing, the agricultural sector, which employs the bulk of the work
force, is not unionized. The informal sector and small and medium enterprises remain
mostly nonunionized.
Since 1978 the Government has mandated a single trade union structure with
service and industrial unions grouped under the NLC. The trade union movement
is composed of two groups consisting of junior and senior staff workers. The single
trade union structure and segregation of junior from senior staff were intended to
dilute the bargaining strength of workers. Junior staff workers—primarily blue-collar
workers—are organized into 29 industrial unions with a membership of approximately
4 million persons and are affiliated with the NLC. Twenty-one unions make
up the Senior Staff Consultative Association of Nigeria (SESCAN), which has a
membership of approximately 400,000 to 600,000. SESCAN—which is composed primarily
of white-collar workers—has not been officially sanctioned by the Government,
is prohibited from affiliating with the NLC, and is not seated on the National
Labor Advisory Council. In 1999 SESCAN continued, without success to lay the
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