Acta Horticulturae

ISHS 

Chronica 

HORTICULTURAE 

MAGAZINE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE 

Symposia and Workshops 

Volume 41 - Number 3 - 2001 

Modeling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management • Models 

for Plant Growth and Control in Greenhouses • Strategies for 

New Ornamentals 

Horticultural Science News 

Atlantic Provinces (Canada) and the XXVI IHC • Spotlight on 

Korea • Australian Horticulture • Fruits & Vegetables in China • 

Lychee in Asia and the Pacific • Reduction of Insecticides in 

Germany

IN THIS ISSUE 

A milestone in the history of ‘Acta 

Horticulturae’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Postharvest Pioneer Charles Eaves 

granted Honorary Degree . . . . . . . . . 3 

VI International Symposium ‘Modeling 

in Fruit Research and Orchard 

Management’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

IV International Symposium on Models 

for Plant Growth and Control in 

Greenhouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

XX International Eucarpia 

Symposium Section Ornamentals 

“Strategies for New Ornamentals” . . 7 

Horticulture in Canada - Spotlight on 

the Atlantic Provinces . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

The Toronto Knowledge & Scholarship 

Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

Vegetable Seed Industry in the 

Republic of Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

Australia - The Industries . . . . . . . . . . 16 

China’s Fruit & Vegetable Sector in a 

Changing Marketing Environment . . 20 

Lychee Production and Marketing in 

Asia and the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

Research Projects on the Reduction of 

Insecticides in the Cultivation of 

Ornamental Plants in Germany . . . . . 26 

Establishment of National Institute of 

Floricultural Science (NIFS) in Japan . 27 

New Books and Websites . . . . . . . . . 28 

Courses and Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Conference on Greenhouse Vegetables 

during the International Horti Fair . . 30 

From the Secretariat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

Calendar of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

Acta Horticulturae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

ISHS • 2 

MEMBERS FORUM 

MEMBERS FORUM 

Viewpoints 

The ISHS invites you 

to express yourself! 

The Viewpoints section of Chronica 

Horticulturae was created as a regular 

feature for ISHS members to express their 

views on current issues in Horticultural 

Science or on any Society related topic in 

general. 

ISHS members who do wish to publish an 

article in this or any other feature of 

Chronica Horticulturae are requested to 

send their material to the ISHS Secretariat, 

preferably in electronic format. 

www.actahort.org 

A milestone in the history 

of ‘Acta Horticulturae’ 

Dear ISHS member, 

Some of you might already have visited 

our brand new site www.actahort.org but 

today we are proud to formally inform the 

ISHS membership and all horticultural 

researchers around the globe, that the full 

Acta Horticulturae collection consisting of 

over 550 titles (more than 26,500 articles) 

is now entirely available on line. 

The idea of facilitating the access to the 

valuable but in the past often hard to 

come by content of Acta Horticulturae is 

something the ISHS has been working on 

already for many years. In line with the 

main objectives of the ISHS, it was our 

final goal to bring Acta Horticulturae 

within reach of every single (horticultural 

science) researcher in the world. 

First there was the idea to produce subset 

CD-ROMs including related Acta 

Horticulturae titles. Some trials were 

made and we published CD-ROMs of 

Acta Horticulturae 476 as well as the full 

set of XXV International Horticultural 

Congress proceedings. 

The growing importance of the internet 

however, together with the high potential 

of this medium in general, made us decide 

to put all efforts in web development 

rather than continue to produce Acta 

Horticulturae on CD-ROM. 

From the moment it was decided to 

develop the Acta Horticulturae online 

service, we had to go through a long and 

difficult process, full of unforeseen troubles 

and countless technical problems. To 

give you an idea of the scale of this project, 

here are some facts you might want 

to know. Since no ready-to-use solution 

was available, the appropriate software 

had to be custom designed, most of the 

back issues of Acta Horticulturae obviously 

were available only as hard copy which 

means that more than 280,000 pages had 

to be scanned, abstract information on 

more than 26,500 articles had to be rekeyed 

with a 99,995% degree of accuracy, 

an equal number of PDF files was created. 

In order to control the access to the 

system the ISHS membership database 

had to be re-designed. Last but not least, 

the ISHS Council and Board approved an 

adequate financial provision that was built 

up duringseveral years. 

The online Acta Horticulturae system that 

is now available on www.actahort.org 

features a fast and efficient full text search 

function as well as searches by book num-

er or by topic (search by topic is based 

on ISHS Sections-Commissions structure). 

For every single article, the most important 

information such as title, authors, 

keywords and abstract is freely available 

on the web. Only to download the full 

text article, users need “credits”. ISHS 

Individual membership now includes 

“credits” to download 10 full text articles. 

Additional credits can be purchased online 

for $ 5 US. Non-members can apply for 

ISHS membership and immediately 

receive credits or they can just buy the 

credits they want. 

From its launch, about one month ago, 

the site has already proven to be an overwhelming 

success and all reactions from 

members as well as non-members who 

visited www.actahort.org are without 

exception positive. Many non-member 

visitors decided to register as an ISHS 

member and joined our ranks. We wish to 

thank all of you who mailed comments to 

the Secretariat. Your attention to the 

developments within our society is well 

appreciated. Please do share it with other 

colleagues and other scientific societies. 

But the new web development goes far 

beyond the Acta Horticulturae online site. 

As a matter of fact, together with the 

launch of the Acta Horticulturae site we 

also established our online ISHS membership 

services. Members can login through 

either www.ishs.org or www.actahort.org 

using their email address as login name. 

After login, you are allowed to manage 

your complete membership record, renew 

your membership, change address, 

phone, fax, ..., join Sections-Commissions-Working 

Groups. Members are also 

invited to take part in more than 90 ISHS 

Mailing Lists. Since your key to all of the 

ISHS online services is your personal 

email address, those members whose 

email address is not yet in the ISHS membership 

database are requested to send 

their personal email address to the 

Secretariat first. 

We promise you that with the ISHS you 

entered into a new era of fascinating horticultural 

science information exchange 

and we invite you to discover these realisations 

for yourself today. All of these 

new and powerful tools are there for you. 

Feel free to use their enormous potential 

and spread the news of their existence! 

Postharvest Pioneer Charles Eaves 

granted Honorary Degree 

A pioneer in research on Controlled Atmosphere storage and the effect of 

mineral nutrition on postharvest quality, Charles Eaves of Upper Canard, 

Nova Scotia, was granted an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from Dalhousie 

University at the Nova Scotia Agricultural College on October 25, 2000. 

Dr. Eaves is a self-made man who was 

born in Liverpool, England in 1908 and 

orphaned before the age of two. He 

began work at the age of 14 as an office 

boy. Attracted by a Canadian Pacific 

Railway poster seeking farm boys, he 

came to Canada in 1926. He commenced 

his horticultural career in 1929 at the 

Ottawa Experimental Farm under Dr. W. 

T. Macoun and Dr. M. B. Davis. After 

completing his B.Sc. (Agr.) at Macdonald 

College of McGill University in Montreal 

in 1932, he received a scholarship which 

enabled him to do a year of research with 

Franklin Kidd and Cyril West, at the Low 

Temperature Research Station in 

Cambridge, England. In 1933 he accepted 

a research position at the Experimental 

Farm in Kentville, Nova Scotia (now the 

Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research 

Centre or AFHRC) where he initiated a 

postharvest research programme and subsequently 

obtained an M.Sc. from McGill 

University in 1937. With the exception of 

military service during World War II 

(1940-45) as a Canadian Army officer in 

Italy and Europe and a short post-war 

period at the Central Experimental Farm 

in Ottawa, Dr. Eaves remained at 

Kentville until his retirement in 1972. The 

legacy of his pioneering work is responsible, 

in part, for making the current 

postharvest programme at AFHRC the 

largest in Canada. 

During his distinguished career he was 

able to do innovative and original 

research that was not only scientifically 

important but also useful to the world’s 

horticultural industry. Perhaps most noteworthy 

is his role in the introduction of 

Controlled Atmosphere (CA) technology, 

first described scientifically by Kidd and 

West. Dr. Eaves established the first CA 

storage in the Western Hemisphere in 

1939 at Port Williams, Nova Scotia. 

Removal of excess CO 2 was a major problem 

in these early CA storages. In 1951, 

he solved this problem by showing that 

readily-available and cheap hydrated lime 

scrubs CO 2. This method is now used 

Jozef Van Assche and Peter Vanderborght 

ISHS Secretariat 

Dr. Eaves (right) and Dr. Robert Prange (left) 

worldwide. He also was involved in the 

development of a propane oxygen burner 

to rapidly reduce the O 2 concentration 

in CA storages. Dr. Eaves demonstrated 

through numerous research articles and 

bulletins that a number of serious 

postharvest disorders in fruit can be controlled 

with proper O 2 and CO 2 concentrations. 

In 1960, he also demonstrated 

that CA technology can be used for fresh 

product in transit. His ideas are now used 

in the shipping of fruits, such as banana, 

strawberry and blueberry, as well as modified-atmosphere 

packaging of fresh-cut 

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE • 3

fruits and vegetables. Dr. Eaves vast 

knowledge of CA storage was acknowledged 

at the 1970 International 

Horticultural Congress in Tel Aviv, Israel, 

where he was invited to give the keynote 

postharvest lecture. 

Dr. Eaves made other postharvest contributions. 

In 1967, he showed that ethylene 

gas can be removed from the storage 

atmosphere using potassium permanganate 

and, in 1968, he demonstrated 

that the undesirable and dangerous 

greening of potatoes can be stopped with 

Early July 2001, on the occasion of the 

VI International Congress of Citrus 

Nurserymen, Dr. Luiz Carlos Donadio, was 

elected new President of the ISCN. The 

ISCN Congress was organized from 9-13 

SECTIONS AND COMMISSIONS 

SECTIONS AND COMMISSIONS 

Fruit Section 

VI International Symposium Modeling in 

Fruit Research and Orchard Management 

ISHS • 4 

the addition of CO 2. The effect of mineral 

nutrition on postharvest quality also 

caught his interest. In the mid-1950’s he 

was the first person to report that fruit 

acidity can be maintained or increased by 

increasing K content and, in 1964, he 

showed that increasing calcium content 

of fruit improves firmness and reduces 

decay. 

In order to foster horticultural research 

and scholarship, Dr. Eaves initiated and 

continues to financially support the major 

research award of the Canadian Society 

for Horticultural Science. It is the 

Macoun-Hill Award, given annually to the 

authors of the best horticultural research 

paper in the Canadian Journal of Plant 

Science. In addition, he has endowed 

financial support for both graduate and 

undergraduate scholarships in conservation 

studies at the Nova Scotia 

Agricultural College. 

Robert Prange 

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food & Hort. 

Research Centre 

Presidency of the International Society 

of Citrus Nurserymen (ISCN) 

July in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil and was 

attended by 300 participants from 27 

countries. A pre-congress tour included 

visits to Peru and a post-congress tour visits 

to Argentina. Additional information 

The ISHS Working Group on Modeling in Fruit Research convened in Davis, 

California, USA 15-18 July 2001 for its sixth International Symposium entitled 

Modeling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management. The Convenor of 

the very successful symposium was Dr. Ted DeJong, of the University of 

California, Davis. Approximately 60 participants presented papers and contributed 

to the many discussions. 

The symposium opened with a very 

stimulating paper and demonstration of 

the new Lindenmayer Systems (L-Sys- 

tems) modeling software by Dr. P. 

Prusinkiewicz, from the University of 

Calgary, Canada. The software is 

extremely concise and allows the combi- 

can be obtained from Prof. Donadio at 

sbfruti@asbyte.com.br 

nation of plant architecture, environment 

and physiological processes to be simulated 

together. A presentation by Allen, 

DeJong and Prusinkiewicz showed how 

the software was used to model carbon 

transport and partitioning in the peach 

tree. 

The symposium presentations covered 

modeling in the areas of fruit crop phenology; 

crop light interception, carbon 

production and dry matter partitioning; 

crop water use; effects of environment, 

pest and cultural practices on growth, gas 

exchange, fruit development and produc-

Participants to the VI International Symposium ‘Modeling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management’ 

tivity; pest and disease dynamics; and 

decision support systems. Models dealt 

with many scales of organization from the 

cellular to the farm level. The crops that 

were modeled included apple, peach, 

grape, citrus, coffee, plum, mango and 

strawberry guava. Some of the crop models 

have been under development for over 

10 years, and are being used to integrate 

across disciplines, such as cultural practices 

and pest stresses. Efforts are underway 

to develop cooperative efforts to 

model plant development and phenology 

in varying climates. Throughout the symposium 

there was a focus on the practical 

application of models or the respective 

software. This work group emphasizes the 

development of sound, realistic models 

that address real problems of fruit physiology 

and production. 

Dr. Alan Lakso of Cornell University 

(anl2@cornell.edu), will be Chair for 

the next term. Dr. Peter Braun of the 

Royal Veterinary and Agricultural 

University in Denmark (pbr@kvl.dk) 

was elected Vice Chair. Dr. Trevor 

Atkins of HortPlus, New Zealand 

(trevor.atkins@hortplus.com), was elected 

Secretary and Webmaster for the 

Working Group’s new web site at: 

www.hortplus.com/ISHSModel/index.ht 

m To sign up for the Working Group mailing 

list, go to the ISHS website 

www.ishs.org and login to the Online 

Membership Services where you will find 

an option to join ISHS Mailing Lists. 

Anyone interested in modeling of any 

aspect of fruit crops and their management 

is encouraged to visit the working 

group website or to contact any of those 

listed above. The group would like to 

encourage more participation in the areas 

of economics modeling for fruit production, 

and in models that deal with the 

interfaces between important processes 

such as plant-pest interactions, structure- 

function relationships, molecular-whole 

plant scaling, and integrative responses to 

climate change. Although the group will 

not be having a meeting at the IHC in 

Toronto in 2002, several members will 

give presentations in the symposia and 

workshops. The group will convene the 

7th symposium in 2004 in Denmark 

under the leadership of Dr. Peter Braun. 

Watch for meeting information on the 

web sites in the future. 

Received from Alan N. Lakso, Chair of the ISHS Working 

Group Modeling in Fruit Research and Orcharg 

Management 


Commission Engineering 

IV International Symposium on Models 

for Plant Growth and Control in 

Greenhouses 

The ISHS Working Group Plant Growth, Environmental Control and 

Greenhouse Environment of the Commission of Horticultural Engineering 

and the Commission on Protected Cultivation met in conjunction with the 

Biological Systems Simulation Group (BSSG), a group of scientists affiliated 

with the Agronomy Society of America. The meeting, entitled Modeling for 

the 21st Century: Agronomic and Greenhouse Crop Models, was held in 

Beltsville, Maryland, USA on March 25-29, 2001. The organizers of the 

meeting were Dr Jeff Baker (USDA/ARS, Beltsville) and Prof Heiner Lieth 

(University of California). Approximately 90 scientists attended the meeting 

(50% as ISHS members, 50% as BSSG members). 

The meeting focused on basic aspects of 

crop model development as well as creation 

and dissemination of applications. 

The former types of presentations were 

scheduled for early in the meeting while 

the more-applied aspects were presented 

later. Each day consisted of various oral 

sessions in the morning and early afternoon, 

concluding with an overview/discussion 

session where the participant 

could raise questions and discuss issues 

related to crop modeling. This facilitated 

discussions between those working on 

field crops and those working on greenhouse 

crops. The interaction of the two 

groups (agriculturists and horticulturists), 

that normally do not directly interact, 

appeared to be quite successful, since 

there appeared to be far more problems 

and solutions in common than one would 

have expected. 

One special feature of the meeting was a 

hands-on workshop (presented by Prof 

ISHS • 6 

Heiner Lieth) on programming in the programming 

language Pascal using the software 

package Delphi. This consisted of an 

overview presentation followed by an 

evening session where attendees could 

bring laptop computers for a hands-on 

experience. The exercises led the attendees 

through the rudimentary aspects of 

this type of programming, culminating in 

a simulation model with built-in graphical 

display of output data. 

There was some concern about the 

apparent lack of practical applications of 

crop models in agriculture and horticulture. 

It was recommended to enhance 

activities to implement models in practical 

tools, to stimulate the interest of policy 

makers in crop modeling research. To 

obtain such tools it is important that there 

is sufficient involvement of the software 

industry, and that critical success factors, 

such as cost-benefit balance, flexibility, 

integration and relevance of information, 

www.actahort.org 

26,500 articles on-line 

reliability, simplicity, interface and input 

requirements are adequately incorporated 

in the design of such systems. 

Besides the tendency to use relatively 

simple models for practical applications 

with a high added value, there was also a 

trend towards the development of rather 

complex models that combine agronomic, 

economic and environmental issues. 

Society oriented agricultural production 

systems need such tools to find a proper 

balance between different conflicting 

objectives. 

At the ISHS Working Group Business 

meeting on the last day, it was decided 

that the next meeting of the group would 

be held in Berlin, Germany in 2003, 

organized by Prof. Matthias Fink. 

For more details, including the program 

details, see the web page 

http://lieth.ucdavis.edu/ishs/ 

Heiner Lieth, Environmental Horticulture, University of 

California, Davis CA 95616-8587, USA, Phone: (1)530- 

752-7198, Fax: (1)530-752-1819, e-mail: 

jhlieth@ucdavis.edu 

and 

Hugo Challa, Horticultural Farm Technology, 

Wageningen University, e-mail: 

hugo.challa@user.aenf.wau.nl

Section Ornamentals 

XX International Eucarpia 

Symposium Section Ornamentals 

Strategies for New Ornamentals 

The XX International Eucarpia Symposium Section Ornamentals was held at 

the Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding (DvP-CLO), Melle, Belgium, 

from 3-6 July 2001. With 250 delegates from 39 different countries and five 

continents this symposium was really an international gathering. One of the 

aims of Eucarpia is to activate scientific and technical collaboration in the 

field of plant breeding and exchange of know-how and plant material. This 

symposium, by interacting with the ISHS, offered therefore a meeting platform 

for all that are involved in the creation of new ornamentals: scientist 

students and professionals from public and private domain. 

Participants of the XX Eucarpia Symposium taking a short break outside. 

When fixing the program for the 

meeting the scientific committee was very 

much concerned to cover the past and the 

future, classical approaches and new 

developments, the work of professionals 

and of amateurs, the fundamental and 

the applied aspects in ornamental plant 

breeding. „Strategies for New Ornamentals” 

was the overall theme under which 

29 papers and 85 posters were presented 

in five sections. 

In his introductory lecture Prof. Coen 

gave the latest advances in unravelling 

the fascinating world of flower development 

and formation. The lecture by Theo 

Segers was a very good overview of the 

concerns of a commercial company 

involved in breeding. Some of the conclusions 

which have been formulated were 

sometimes shocking for the researchers, 

but it is good to have this type of meeting 

to allow confrontation. 

In the beginning of the ornamental industry 

there was only plant hunting and this is 

still one of the major building blocks of the 

business. the natural richness and diversity 

of plants was certainly very well illustrated 

during the symposium, with contributions 

over plants and from people of all continents. 

Classical as well as interspecific and 

intergenera breeding have been discussed, 

and also in vitro fertilisation strategies 

have been attempted and are developed 

to overcome crossing barriers and to 

broaden the spectrum of ornamentals. 

Indeed really new strategies for new ornamentals 

were presented with a major contribution 

from in vito technology, covering 

haploids, embryo rescue, transformation 

technology, embryogenesis. 

Genetic engineering of plants was 

attempted by classical mutation breeding 

but also using gene transfer and the 

induction of somaclonal variation. 

New ornamentals with new characteristics 

need new selection criteria. During 

this meeting different interventions 

reported on investigations to develop or 

to apply selection strategies for pigments, 

shade tolerance, disease resistance. 

A major step in more efficient breeding is 

certainly the development of molecular 

tolls, marker assisted breeding is without 

any doubt a major breakthrough, which 

utility was richly illustrated in this symposium 

in oral and poster presentations. 

these tools are also very important in the 

protection, legislation and control of new 

releases. Intellectual property right, either 

as breeder right or as patent, become 

integrate part of the concern of each one 

involved in ornamental plant production. 

Both the breeders’ and the growers’ point 

of view were presented and discussed. 

the urgent need and the demand for easier, 

more reliable techniques was obvious. 

During the symposium the delegates had 

the opportunity to visit the Department 

of plant Genetics and Breeding, with 

major breeding programs in azalea, outdoor 

roses, leaf begonia and hardy nursery 

stock plants. Use of molecular markers, 

colour formation in azalea, embryo 

rescue and disease resistance in roses are 

some of the current research topics. Also 

a one-day professional tour to ornamental 

research stations, arboreta and private 

growers and breeders was organised. the 

receptions and symposium dinner during 

a boat trip along river Leie were moments 

that allowed participants not only to 

exchange know-how and ideas, but also 

to taste the richness of Belgian hospitality 

and beers. 

During the board meeting of the Eucarpia 

section Ornamentals it was decided that 

the next symposium will take place in 

Freising, Germany, in 2003. Prof. 

G.Forkmann was elected as the new 

Section Chairman. 

Erik Van Bockstaele, chairman - Johan Van 

Huylenbroeck, secretary 


INSIGHT 

INSIGHT 

XXVI Inter.Horticultural Congress 2002 

Horticulture in Canada – Spotlight on the 

Atlantic Provinces 

Horticulture in Canada’s Atlantic 

Baffin 

region faces some major challenges 

Bay 

(Figure1). Yet the four Atlantic 

Hudson 

Labia 

provinces - Newfoundland, Nova 

Bay 

Sea 

CANADA 

Scotia, Prince Edward Island and 

Pacific 

Ocean 

New Brunswick - have each been 

able to meet these challenges. There 

is a great variation in the quality of 

soils for horticultural crops yet there are favourable locations 

in each province: the St-John river valley in New Brunswick, the 

Avalon peninsula in Newfoundland, the red soils of Prince 

Edward Island in which potatoes thrive and, perhaps the area with 

the greatest diversity, the Annapolis valley in Nova Scotia. The proximity 

to the ocean greatly affects the climate of these provinces; 

coastal areas are cooler in summer but warmer in winter compared to 

inland areas: this favours the production of cool-season vegetables yet 

also allows the cultivation of many fruit crops. The population of the 

Atlantic provinces, 2.4 million or less than 10% of the Canadian total, 

provides only a small internal market for horticultural produce but at the 

same time this means little loss of arable land to urbanisation and comparatively 

low land prices. Furthermore, Atlantic Canada has developed 

strong export markets for many of its horticultural crops such as frozen 

blueberries and seed potatoes. 

ISHS • 8 

The first series of articles of this chapter are dealing with the horticulture in Canada 

and/or the program of the XXVI International Horticultural Congress (IHC), Toronto, 

Canada, August 11-17, 2002. Detailed information on the quadrennial ISHS Congress 

can be found on www.ihc2002.org. Some important dates to remember: Deadline for 

submission of abstracts: October 15, 2001. Acceptance/non-acceptance notices should 

be received by: December 1, 2001. Abstracts to appear in the abstract book registration 

for the Congress should be mailed by April 15, 2002 while final versions of papers 

selected for inclusion in Acta Horticulturae must be received by: August 17, 2002. 

Arctic Ocean 

Figure 1: Map of Canada with an 

expanded view of the Atlantic Provinces 

New 

Brunswick 

FRUIT 

Labrador See 

Newfoundland 

Nova Scotia 

Atlantic Ocean 

Historically, the apple has been the principal 

fruit produced in the region. Since the 

1950s, ‘McIntosh’ has been the primary 

cultivar. ‘McIntosh’ still represents 41% of 

production and is well suited to the climate, 

reaching optimum colour and 

flavour. Other major cultivars are

‘Cortland’ (12%), Northern Spy (8%), 

Gravenstein (5%), and Red Delicious 

(5%). The apple industry has had stable 

production over the past decade although 

growers are facing difficult marketing 

conditions as they compete with imports 

of new cultivars. Modern apple storage 

facilities and processing plants are located 

in the region. Small quantities of pears, 

plums, peaches, and cherries are also 

grown. 

Currently, the principal fruit of the 

Atlantic region is the lowbush blueberry 

(Vaccinium angustifolium). Worldwide, 

the commercial production of this species 

is centred in the area where it grows naturally-northeastern 

USA and eastern 

Canada. In the Atlantic provinces, the 

lowbush blueberry has experienced a dramatic 

increase in the last fifteen years 

with a doubling of production. Over 90% 

of the crop is processed (frozen) and it is 

marketed as the wild blueberry to distinguish 

it from highbush blueberries (Front 

Cover Picture, Picture 1 and 2). The production 

of highbush blueberries 

(Vaccinium corymbosum) is also increasing 

in Nova Scotia with fruit harvested in 

August and September marketed in 

Canada, the United States and northern 

Europe. 

Strawberries are grown throughout the 

region to meet the high consumer 

Picture 1: ‘Fundy’ Lowbush Blueberry 

demand during the local season which 

begins in mid-June in western Nova 

Scotia and extends into early August in 

Newfoundland. The strawberry nursery 

industry is also well developed, producing 

40 million plants in 1999; the majority of 

these are southern-adapted cultivars 

Picture 2: Lowbush blueberry field in autumn showing clonal diversity 

exported to Florida. Raspberries are 

grown on a small scale throughout the 

region. In the last 10 years, the acreage of 

cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) has 

increased ten-fold, with the largest developments 

in New Brunswick. In Nova 

Scotia the acreage of wine grapes is also 


Fruit 

Table 1. Area of production and farm value of the major fruit and vegetable 

crops in the Atlantic Provinces in 1999. 

Picture 3: Partridgeberry 

ISHS • 10 

Area Harvested Farm Value 

(ha) ($ 000,000) 

Blueberry (lowbush) 11800 43.9 

Apple 3060 15.3 

Strawberry 570 5.5 

Blueberry (highbush) 55 1.2 

Raspberry 100 0.6 

Cranberry 55 0.6 

Vegetable 

Potato 69730 302.2 

Carrots 1020 6.5 

Rutabaga and Turnip 522 4.5 

Onions (dry) 284 3.8 

Cabbage 408 3.2 

Tomatoes (greenhouse) 5 3.2 

Broccoli ~570 ~3.1 

Cucumbers (greenhouse) 4 2.2 

Peas 1526 1.7 

Sweet Corn 396 1.1 

Cauliflower 170 1.0 

Squash and Zucchini 146 0.7 

(Statistics are from Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 22-003-XIB and 

from provincial agricultural reports) 

increasing along with the number of 

small, estate wineries. In Newfoundland, 

partridgeberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) 

are an important native fruit. About 

140,000 kg are harvested annually from 

native stands and processed, mostly for 

export (Table 1). 

VEGETABLES 

The vegetable industry is dominated by 

the potato which is especially prominent 

on Prince Edward Island and in New 

Brunswick. In Prince Edward Island (PEI) 

where production has doubled in the last 

decade. The seed potato industry is particularly 

well developed, with seed potatoes 

being exported around the world. 

There is also a strong processing industry. 

Potatoes are very important to the economy 

of P.E.I. as they account for half of the 

total provincial agricultural value. Carrots, 

second to potatoes in value, are produced 

mainly in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward 

Island. In Newfoundland, the rutabaga is 

the vegetable which leads in farm value. 

The cole crops (cabbage, broccoli, and 

cauliflower) are also valuable crops in the 

region. Tomatoes and cucumbers are produced 

primarily in greenhouses for the 

valuable off-season market. Over the past 

10 years, vegetable crop production has 

increased significantly, especially in Prince

Picture 4: Fiddlehead 

Edward Island and Nova Scotia. In addition 

to the major crops, 25 to 30 specialty 

crops are being grown on small acreages. 

Of special interest are fiddleheads 

(crosiers of the fern Matteuccia 

struthiopteris) which are gathered from 

their native habitat on alluvial soils beside 

rivers. In New Brunswick, where this a 

common practice, about 270,000 kg are 

gathered each year for a value of $1.2 

million. 

FLORICULTURE AND 

NURSERY 

The ornamental plant industry in the 

Atlantic provinces had a value of $85.5 

million in 1999. Plants are sold to landscapers, 

independent garden centres, and 

increasingly to seasonal garden centres at 

national chain stores. Although there are 

1815 ha of land producing nursery stock 

in the region, about three-quarters of the 

nursery stock is brought in from other 

provinces or countries and nurseries. 

Nurseries in Ontario are the dominant 

suppliers. The demand for turfgrass is met 

within the region and about 370 ha were 

used to produce turfgrass which sold for 

$4.3 million in 1999. In 1999 there were 

about 50 ha of greenhouses which produced 

cut flowers, potted plants and bedding 

plants. The most popular potted 

products were geraniums (25%), poinsettias 

(17 %), chrysanthemums (15%) and 

mixed species in hanging baskets (12%). 

The ornamental bedding plant industry is 

growing with 30 million plants produced 

in 1999 and double that number 60 million 

in 2000. 

RESEARCH, EDUCATION 

AND EXTENSION 

A research centre of Agriculture and Agri- 

Food Canada is located in each of the 

Atlantic Provinces. Although each centre 

makes a contribution toward horticultural 

research, the Atlantic Food and Horticulture 

Research Centre at Kentville, 

Nova Scotia, has the most broad based 

program. Research at Kentville is focused 

on breeding, production systems, pest 

management, post-harvest handling, 

food processing and healthful components 

of horticultural crops, with emphasis 

on fruit. Potato research is concentrated 

in Fredericton, New Brunswick, at the 

Potato Research Centre. At the Atlantic 

Cool Climate Crop Research Centre in St. 

John’s, Newfoundland, research is conducted 

on vegetable crops and native 

fruit species. 

Horticultural research is also conducted 

at the Nova Scotia Agriculture College 

(NSAC) which houses the Atlantic 

Turfgrass Research Centre and the Nova 

Scotia Wild Blueberry Institute. NSAC, 

the principal agricultural education institute 

in the Atlantic provinces, offers technical, 

undergraduate and graduate programs 

in Horticulture. They have a strong 

commitment to distance education and 

have established student exchange program 

with hortictural institutions in 

Europe. Agricultural extension is the 

responsibility of the four provincial 

departments of agriculture. In recent 

years, the methods of delivering advice 

and programs to growers has been 

altered in favour of private sector 

involvement and institutes which are at 

arm’s-length from government. Most 

provincial agriculture departments have 

retained some horticultural expertise. 

It is anticipated that the combination of 

research and education, grower inventiveness, 

awareness of the importance of 

fruits and vegetables to a healthful diet, 

as well as the demand for fresh, locally 

produced products provide a bright future 

for horticulture in the Canadian Atlantic 

provinces. 

Andrew R. Jamieson, 

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 

Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre 

32 Main Street 

Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada 

B4N 1J5 


XXVI inter. Horticultural Congress 2002 

The Toronto Knowledge & Scholarship 

Forum - A call for papers 

Exciting events are being planned to benefit horticulture and plant science 

educators as part of IHC 2002. You are encouraged to join The Toronto 

Knowledge & Scholarship Forum planned for the afternoon of Tuesday 13th 

August 2002. Those involved in technology transfer, and with education and 

training at all levels from diploma through postgraduate degree programs are 

encouraged to come together to present innovative and thought provoking 

views and ideas. 

The objectives and expectations of educators, 

students, producers, employers 

and society at large are constantly changing. 

Courses and technology transfer 

techniques must evolve to meet this challenge. 

This Forum offers an opportunity 

to learn about and contribute to educational 

change. 

An outstanding Congress Colloquium of 

particular interest to educators will precede 

this Forum. “The Knowledge 

Business” features presentations from 

world-renowned workers in environmental 

conservation (Sir Ghillean Prance), 

bioinformatics (Dr. Paul Kearney), and 

educational psychology (Dr. Robert 

Sternberg). Between these events we are 

offering an Educators’ Luncheon at the 

Royal York Hotel, close by the Congress 

Centre. In the evening there will be an 

ISHS • 12 

Educators’ Workshop, an open discussion 

enriched by several of the day’s presenters. 

A strictly limited number of contributed 

papers can be included in the Knowledge 

& Scholarship Forum. You are encouraged 

to send titles plus a brief abstract 

(maximum 200 words) to either Professor 

Curt Rom, (e-mail: crom@uark.edu) or 

Professor Geoffrey R Dixon (email: 

113541.1364@compuserve.com). Offers 

of oral or poster presentations specifically 

intended for this Forum must be received 

via e-mail by 30 November 2001. A volume 

of Acta Horticulturae will contain 

the invited and contributed papers 

accepted for this Forum. 

Note that contributions intended for all 

other Congress sessions (symposia and 

poster sessions) are to be forwarded 

through the channels already published 

for the Congress - see the Third 

Announcement and Call for Abstracts at 

www.ihc2002.org 

FORUM 

CO-CONVENERS 

Professor Geoffrey R Dixon, Chair 

Commission for Education & Training 

International Society for Horticultural Science 

and 

Professor Curt Rom, Past Vice President 

Education Division 

American Society for Horticultural Science 

... what are you doing 

from August 11-17, 2002?

Spotlight on Korea 

Part 3: Vegetable Seed Industry in 

the Republic of Korea 

When World War II ended in 1945, 

Korea was heavily dependent on 

imported vegetable seeds. Now, 

however, Korean seed companies 

provide vegetable growers with high 

quality seeds of their own cultivars 

with excellent performance in most 

of the important commodities. 

Such development was possible due 

largely to close collaboration 

between the public and private sectors. 

From the late 1940s to the 

early 1960s, the National 

Horticultural Research Institute 

(NHRI) collected and tested many 

open-pollinated varieties of vegetables 

including radish, cabbage, 

Chinese cabbage, tomato, pepper, 

eggplant, cucumber, watermelon, 

onion and Welsh onion. 

Genetically purified seeds of selected 

varieties were distributed to private seed 

growers for use as parental stocks in the 

production of certified seed for farmers. 

In the meantime, NHRI focused on breeding 

of uniform and high-yielding F1 

hybrid cultivars through application of 

self-incompatibility and male sterility 

technology. In the early 1960s the resultant 

parental lines of two Chinese cabbage, 

one cabbage, and one onion hybrid 

were handed over to private seed companies, 

together with detailed descriptions 

and technical information. 

Since then public-sector research has limited 

its breeding to vegetatively-propagated 

crops and strategic areas in which 

the private sectors hesitate to invest 

because of high risks and low chances of 

a return on investment. The public sector 

also has allocated efforts for expansion of 

genetic resources and technology development 

related to breeding/seed-production. 

High quality seeds for every one 

Private breeders have been responsible 

for the dvelopment of hybrid combinations 

to better meet the diverse needs of 

farmers and consumers. The results of 

successful collaboration between the private 

and public sectors are well manifested 

in: 

1) increased rate of marketable produce, 

for example, from 60% of open-pollinated 

varieties to 95% or more of 

hybrid radishes 

2) alleviated off-season shortages, for 

example, Chinese cabbage from two 

harvests per year to year-round supply 

3) improved produce quality such as the 

remarkably enhanced sweetness in the 

leading cultivars of oriental melon and 

watermelon 

4) raised yield, for example, as shown 

2,500 kg/ha of hybrid varieties of hot 

pepper, compared to 1,000 kg/ha of 

the open-pollinated heirloom vegetables. 

In Korea, improved varieties have contributed 

greatly to vegetable production 

and consumption. For one, seasonal 

shortage of high quality vegetables 

has now been minimised. South 

Korea is blocked to the north by North 

Korea and to other directions by the 

sea. Her land has only a small divergence 

in latitude as well as altitude. 

But consumers’ demand for vegetables 

is year-round, especially for items used 

for making Kimchi. Year-round supplies 

of Chinese cabbage and radish 

have now become stabilised largely 

owing to the varieties surviving the 

snowy winter at the southern part of 

the peninsula for harvest in winter, 

from January to March, and heat- and 

disease-tolerant varieties well adapted 

to highland production for harvest 

during the hot summer months. 

Seasonal limits have also been greatly 

alleviated in most other commodities. 

In Korea, there are two types of private 


Korean Vegetable Exhibition 

firms; 1) seed shops that retail seeds and 

2) seed companies that extend their business 

from breeding to sales. Major business 

item is vegetable seed/crops for both 

types. The supply of seed for field crops is 

still being handled mainly by the public 

sector and the ornamental seed business 

have been dependent on foreign variety/seed 

imports generally and the breeding 

of ornamental crops has been recently 

activated in both public and private sectors. 

There are some seventy vegetable seed 

companies and they are involved in production, 

international trade and/or marketing 

of vegetable seed. Some companies 

have intensive breeding programs in 

most commodities having a large market 

size, whereas several other companies 

specialise in breeding only a small number 

of crops. The rest have no active breeding 

programs. Fifty-five companies are members 

of the Korean Seed Association, a 

nonprofit organisation devoted to promotion 

of the seed industry. Korean Seed 

Association is preparing to host the 2004 

annual conference of the Asia & Pacific 

Seed Association (APSA) in Seoul. 

The Korean vegetable seed industry faces 

a number of issues. Many vegetable crops 

flower during the rainy season. Wages 

have been rising very rapidly and workers 

are becoming more reluctant to do difficult 

jobs like pollination in an unpleasant 

environment. For these reasons, Korean 

vegetable seed companies had to seek 

places abroad for seed production. In 

2000, seed of 14 million US dollars was 

consigned to produce in twenty foreign 

countries. 

ISHS • 14 

Table 1: Vegetable production in Korea (2000) 

Crop Planted area (ha) Production (M/T) Yield(kg) per 10a 

Chinese cabbage 51,801 3,149,255 6,080 

Cabbage 5,998 270,986 4,518 

Spinach 7,441 120,797 1,623 

Lettuce 7,685 203,509 2,648 

Radish 40,238 1,759,357 4,372 

Carrot 4,383 155,137 3,540 

Watermelon 30,451 922,746 3,030 

Oriental melon 10,203 332,780 3,262 

Cucumber 7,269 453,525 6,239 

Squash 8,434 240,484 2,851 

Tomato 4,916 276,663 5,628 

Strawberry 7,090 180,501 2,546 

Hot pepper 80,130 391,298 488 

Garlic 44,941 474,388 1,056 

Onion 16,773 877,514 5,232 

Welsh onion 26,097 657,881 2,521 

Ginger 1,656 16,385 989 

Source: National Statistical Office 

Since R&D have been focusing the primary 

efforts on major vegetables such as 

Chinese cabbage, radish, hot pepper and 

watermelon, Korean varieties of minor 

vegetables such as short day onion, head 

lettuce, and tomato are outperformed by 

imported varieties. The amount of important 

vegetable seeds imported from 9 

countries is estimated to be 12 million US 

dollars in 2000. 

Recently, the vegetable seed business is 

undergoing significant changes. Korean 

Korean Radish Cultivar Contest in 2000 

seed companies had enjoyed a closed 

market until 1989, but since 1992, most 

restrictions on vegetable seed imports 

have been removed. As foreign investment 

in seed production and marketing 

had been allowed from 1997, some 

multinational seed companies such as 

Seminis, Syngenta, and Sakata have 

entered into Korean seed industry 

through acquisition of Korean seed firms. 

To those multinationals, the seed market 

prospect in Korea must have been attrac-

Korean Seed Association Member Meeting in Diamond Mt. in North Korea 

tive in view of breeding manpower, SOC 

(Social Overhead Capital) and geographical 

location, among others. Many people 

expect to see that the acquired Korean 

companies be utilised as the platform for 

their business expansion in Asia. 

The Korean seed industry is facing other 

changes, too. Since 1998 a new Seed 

Industry Law has replaced the earlier variety 

registration system. The Government 

monopoly in seed of major staple crops, 

including rice, ended and the market is 

now open to the private sector. 

Intellectual property rights protection, in 

harmony with the system of the 

Convention of the Union for the 

Table 2: Vegetable seed production and international trade in 2000 

Crop Production Export Import (1,000US$) 

(kg) (1,000US$) 

Foreign seed Local seed* 

Total 2,052,373 18,002 11,521 13,742 

Cabbage 26,010 1,605 416 654 

Carrot 63,267 537 825 451 

Chinese cabbage 292,511 2,981 4 245 

Cucumber 9,088 131 107 332 

Pepper 56,037 3,542 137 2,208 

Lettuce 68,949 19 206 577 

Onion 56,802 299 6,464 2,472 

Oriental melon 4,124 20 0 205 

Radish 1,079,154 6,389 585 2,543 

Spinach 235,929 1 1,038 752 

Squash 20,892 217 77 351 

Tomato 1,309 60 1,206 287 

Watermelon 30,519 289 16 1,233 

Welsh onion 107,782 84 441 1,432 

Others (unknown) 1,829 (unknown) (unknown) 

* Imports of local variety seeds produced in foreign countries on consignment. 

Source: Korean Seed Association. 

Protection of New Varieties of Plants 

(UPOV), has been adopted and will be 

gradually expanded to cover all plant 

species. 

The yearly revenue of Korean vegetable 

seed industry is estimated at 120 million 

US dollars. To complement the small size 

of the local market in their business, leading 

companies have knocked foreign seed 

markets steadily. Korean seeds are 

exported to 36 countries and the amount 

of exports is about 18 million US dollars in 

2000. 

FOR MORE 

INFORMATION, 

PLEASE CONTACT: 

Korean Seed Association, 

Room 716, Windstone Officetel, 

275-2 Yangjae-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 

137-130 Korea. 

Phone: (82)2-578-7637 

Fax: (82)2-578-7639 

e-mail: kosa7637@unitel.co.kr 

Hyun-Ho Shin / Korean Seed Association 


Australian and New Zealand Horticulture 

Australia - The Industries 

Just over a year ago, many people 

visited Australia and New Zealand 

when they came to the Olympic 

Games in Sydney. We are now 

pleased to present articles which 

showcase the major horticultural 

regions in the Southern Hemisphere. 

Australia, the island continent between 

the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, is a 

significant land mass of 7.68 million 

square kilometres. This is nearly the same 

area as mainland United States (excluding 

Alaska) and 3.5 times the area of western 

Europe from Portugal to Denmark. 

Maximum distances from east to west 

(Brisbane in Queensland to Carnarvon in 

Western Australia) and from north to 

south (Cape York in Far North 

Queensland to Hobart in Tasmania) are 

very similar at nearly 4000 kilometres. 

There is a latitudinal range from 12oS to 

43oS, compared with 25oN to 48oN in 

mainland United States and 25oN to 

55oN in western Europe. 

In spite of its large land mass, Australia 

has a small population of around 20 million 

and yet the country is one of the most 

urbanised in the world. Around 85% of 

Australians live within a 100 kilometrewide 

strip extending inland around the 

coast between Brisbane to Adelaide. Forty 

five to fifty per cent (45% - 50%) of 

Australia’s population live in the major 

metropolitan conglomerates of Sydney 

and Melbourne. 

Australia’s size and latitudinal range provide 

climatic diversity which enables an 

extensive range of horticultural crops to 

be grown. These extend from tropical 

species in Far North Queensland, the 

Northern Territory and northern Western 

Australia, to temperate material in southern 

Victoria, Tasmania and the south west 

of Western Australia. 

Rainfall varies from virtually nothing in 

the desert regions of central Australia to 

more than six metres per year in the tropical 

forest regions of Far North 

Queensland. 

ISHS • 16 

Carnarvon 

Western Australia 

Perth 

Darwin 

Northern 

Territory 

Australia is a large country with diverse climates 

IMPORTANCE OF 

HORTICULTURE 

Horticulture is Australia’s second largest 

rural industry after wheat with a Gross 

Value of Production (GVP) of $AUS 5.55 

billion in 1998/99. Fruit and nuts made 

up 54% of the total, vegetables 32% and 

nursery and ornamental crops 17%. 

The majority of products are grown for 

fresh or processing outlets within 

Australia although horticultural exports 

for 1999/2000 were valued at $AUS 740 

million, which was 13.3% of the total 

value of production. Australia has a competitive 

advantage of being close to populous 

and developing markets in Asia, and 

also gains by being a counter-seasonal 

supplier for northern hemisphere markets. 

The relative importance of exports is 

shown in Figure 1. Fruit exports are dominant, 

with oranges, table grapes and 

apples being the most important. 

Asparagus is the major vegetable exported 

followed by carrots and cauliflowers. 

Macadamias - the only Australian native 

plant to be commercialised as an interna- 

South Australia 

Darwin 

Queensland 

Cape York 

New South Wales 

Canberra 

Victoria 

Melbourne 

Tasmania 

Hobart 

Brisbane 

Sydney 

tional food crop - dominate nut exports 

with 75% of the total although almonds 

are also important. There are significant 

exports of Australian native cut flowers, 

especially to Japan. 

The wine industry in Australia’s has 

expanded dramatically over the last 

decade and in 2000 exported quality 

wines valued at around $AUS 1.7 billion. 

Figure 1: Australian horticultural 

exports, 1999/2000 

Cut 

flowers 

4% 

Vegetables 

27% 

Nuts 

14% 

Nursery products 

0.5% 

Dried vine fruits 1.5% 

Fruit 

53%

Total horticultural imports into Australia in 

1999/2000 were valued at $AUS 93 million, 

an increase of 20% on the previous 

year. Garlic dominated vegetable imports, 

constituting 40% of the total. Meanwhile 

kiwifruit and avocados from New Zealand 

and oranges from the United States made 

up more than 70% of total fruit imports. 

TROPICAL AND 

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS 

Avocados, bananas, citrus, macadamias 

and mangoes are the major tropical and 

sub-tropical fruits grown in Australia. 

However, there are significant plantings of 

custard apples, lychees, papaya, passionfruit 

and pineapples as well as more 

recent developments involving exotic 

tropicals, such as rambutan, mangosteen, 

durian and other fruits of Asian origin. 

Bananas with a GVP of around $AUS 300 

million, are now mainly grown around 

Innisfail and Tully in Far North 

Queensland (FNQ). Sub-tropical varieties 

are grown further south in south east 

Queensland and northern New South 

Wales. Bananas are also grown around 

Darwin and Katherine in the Northern 

Territory, at Kununurra on the Ord River 

and at Carnarvon in Western Australia. 

Nearly 2500 growers farm a total of 

around 11,500 hectares. 

Australia is self-sufficient for bananas, 

with average per capita consumption 

being 12.4kg per year, and there are virtually 

no exports. 

Constant vigilance is needed to maintain 

freedom from exotic banana pest and diseases 

which are present in many of the 

south east Asian countries to Australia’s 

north. Cyclones and tropical storms cause 

periodic damage to FNQ plantations, 

resulting in dramatic price fluctuations. 

Citrus crops are grown in all Australian 

states apart from Tasmania. The main production 

areas are along the River Murray 

regions of South Australia, Victoria and 

New South Wales; the Riverina region of 

New South Wales; and the Central 

Burnett region of Queensland. 

Although Australia only produces about 

1% of the world’s citrus, the production is 

of major importance in domestic and 

export markets. Oranges are the main 

crops grown, with navels and Valencias 

dominating. On average, Australians consume 

the equivalent of nearly 50kg of 

oranges each year. Other citrus production 

includes mandarins, lemons and 

limes, grapefruit and tangelos. Gross 

value of production of all citrus is around 

$AUS 430 million. 

Fresh fruit sales are the major domestic 

outlet although oranges are also used for 

juice production with freshly squeezed 

juice being a major product. There are significant 

exports of navel oranges to the 

United States and of a range of citrus to 

markets in south east Asia and Japan. 

Australia also imports citrus, mainly from 

the United States, and frozen concentrate 

orange juice, mainly from Brazil. 

Macadamia is a member of the Proteaceae 

and is native to northern New South 

Wales and south east Queensland. Commonly 

known as the Queensland nut, 

macadamia has the highest level of mono 

unsaturated fatty acids of any food, and is 

promoted as part of healthy diets. 

It is estimated that the farmgate value of 

the Australian macadamia crop is about 

$AUS 75 million from a planted area of 

around 14,000 hectares. 

Australia is now the world’s largest 

macadamia producer, having recently 

overtaken the United States (Hawaii), and 

is also the largest macadamia exporter, 

shipping about 70% of output. Exports in 

1999/2000 were about 24,000 tonnes, 

with the United States being the largest 

market, accounting for 40% of the total. 

TEMPERATE FRUITS 

Apples and pears, table grapes, peaches, 

nectarines, plum, cherries and berries are 

the most important temperate fruits 

grown in Australia, but nuts (almonds, 

chestnuts, pecans, pistachios, walnuts, 

etc) kiwifruit and nashi are also of significance 

in some areas. 

About 1500 growers utilise around 

25,000 hectares to produce apple and 

pears in Australia. The main growing 

areas are the outer areas of Melbourne 

and the Goulburn Valley in Victoria, the 

Batlow and Orange regions in New South 

Wales, around Donnybrook and Manjimup 

in Western Australia, the Adelaide 

Hills in South Australia and around 

Stanthorpe in southern Queensland. Half 

the production, which was about 340,000 

tonnes in 1999, comes from Victoria and 

New South Wales. 

Traditional varieties, such as Granny Smith 

and Red Delicious, are falling in popularity 

and production is increasing of newer 

varieties, such as Pink Lady, Sundowner, 

Fuji and Gala. Pink Lady and Sundowner 

are products from the national breeding 

programme based in Western Australia. 

Pink Lady, in particularly, is widely planted 

in all growing regions of the world and is 

recognised internationally as a premium 

quality apple. There is a worldwide Pink 

Australian natives, such as this Banksia, 

form a major part of flower exports 

Lady alliance which sets and maintains 

specifications for marketing of the variety. 

Other material from the national breeding 

programme is currently undergoing 

evaluation. 

Domestic outlets dominate Australian 

apple production. About 20% is used for 

processing . Annual per capita consumption 

rose during the late 1990s to an 

average of 15.3kg in 1999, reflecting 

consumer interest in the new varieties. 

Exports constitute about 10% of production 

with major sendings to south east 

Asia and the United Kingdom. Apples are 

not imported into Australia although 

there are regular applications for entry 

from northern and southern hemisphere 

countries. 

Grape vines were established in the 

Sydney area following the arrival of the 

First Fleet in 1788, which signified the 

beginning of European settlement. 

Today, table grapes are produced commercially 

in most Australian states and 

terrorities, with 80% grown in Victoria 


High quality carrots, grown on the sandy 

soils around Perth in Western Australia, 

are an important export to south east 

Asian markets 

Table 1: Australian wine industry - at a glance 

ISHS • 18 

(60%) and New South Wales (20%). The 

balance comes from Queensland, 

Western Australia, South Australia and 

the Northern Territory. 

Production in 1999 was just under 70,000 

tonnes with a gross value of nearly $AUS 

150 million. While domestic markets are 

important, exports are a major feature, 

with more than 35,000 tonnes being 

exported in 1999/2000. Hong Kong, 

Singapore and Malaysia were the major 

markets. 

Annual per capita consumption of table 

grapes is 2.5kg, but there is major competition 

from other seasonal fruits, including 

cherries, peaches, nectarines, plums, 

berries and new season pome fruit. 

Peaches (fresh market and processing), 

nectarines, apricots (fresh market and 

processing), plums and cherries are the 

major stone fruits grown in Australia. 

More than 75% (about 50,000 tonnes) of 

peach production is used for processing 

with Victoria and New South Wales being 

the major production states. Domestic 

markets dominate fresh fruit sales, with 

only small volumes being exported 

(around 800 tonnes in 1999/2000). 

Victoria and New South Wales also dominate 

nectarine production, with 75% of 

the national production. Exports are much 

more significant, however, with nearly 

20% of the crop going overseas, especially 

to Taiwan and Singapore. 

Nearly half of Australia’s apricots area 

used for processing, with the remaining 

1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/2000 

Total area planted (ha) 89,797 98,612 122,915 139,861 

Bearing area (ha) 72,119 78,090 95,301 110,623 

Winegrape crush (tonnes) 

Red 265,671 361,833 448,969 564,287 

White 532,321 613,836 676,871 580,951 

Total 798,992 975,669 1,125,840 1,145,238 

Wine production (million litres) 567 680 793 806 

Domestic consumption (million litres) 347 364 373 389 

Exports 

Volume (million litres) 155 194 216 288 

Value ($US million) 600 813 991 1,352 

Imports 

Volume (million litres) 14 26 24 20 

Value ($US million) 67 93 102 114 

Wineries (number) 990 1104 1115 1197 

12,000 tonnes being consumed fresh. 

South Australia (48%) and Victoria 

(44%) are the main producing states. 

There are virtually no exports but imports 

from New Zealand are usually around 

1000 tonnes per year. 

Plum exports are important, with more 

than 6000 tonnes (40%) being shipped in 

1999/2000 out of a national crop of just 

over 15,000 tonnes. Hong Kong, 

Singapore, Malaysia and Taiwan were the 

main markets. Victoria, with 37% of 

national production and Western 

Australia (27%) dominate. 

Cherries are mainly grown in New South 

Wales - where production at Young constitutes 

around 40% of the Australian 

crop -, Victoria, South Australia and 

Tasmania. Crops are also grown in 

Western Australia to service the needs of 

that state since inter-state quarantine prevents 

the movement of cherries from the 

eastern states. 

Australian cherry production can fluctuate 

significantly from year to year since 

late spring frosts and wet weather or 

extreme heat at harvest can cause total 

crop losses. 

Just under 10% of the crop is exported, 

with Hong Kong and Taiwan being the 

major markets. 

VEGETABLES 

A very wide range of vegetables is grown 

in Australia, from asparagus to zucchini. 

Potatoes (fresh and processing with a 

total GVP of $AUS 450 million), tomatoes 

(fresh and processing with a total GVP of 

$AUS 230 million), carrots ($AUS165 million), 

mushrooms ($AUS 165 million), 

onions ($AUS135 million), lettuce 

(AUS95 million), capsicum ($AUS60 million) 

are the major crops, constituting 

80% of the total vegetable GVP. 

The range of climatic conditions and 

growing regions make it possible for 

many vegetables to be available fresh 

throughout the year. For instance, fresh 

market potatoes are harvested successionally 

from the Atherton Tablelands in 

Far North Queensland to the major production 

area of southern Victoria. Some 

regions, such as the Riverina in New 

South Wales, are able to grow two crops 

per year. 

Recent years have seen a small development 

of greenhouse crop production, 

particularly for premium quality fruiting 

vegetables (tomatoes, capsicums and 

cucumbers) grown in soil-less systems. 

Most vegetables are grown for fresh or 

processing markets in Australia, with only

Citrus: Mandarins are a major crop in the Central Burnett region of Queensland, centred on 

Gayndah, Munduberra and Emerald 

5.4% of the total volume exported. This 

compares with 13% of Australia’s fruit 

production. Exports by value are somewhat 

higher, being 10% and 19% of total 

sales for fruit and vegetables respectively. 

Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and Hong 

Kong are the major export markets for 

vegetables but while Japan imports a reasonable 

number of Australian products 

(11 in 1999/2000), 80% of the total 

value was attributable to asparagus. 

ORNAMENTAL 

HORTICULTURE 

The cut flower and nursery industries 

mainly supply domestic markets although 

there is an increasing trade in cut flower 

exports of Australian natives and South 

African Proteaceae to Japan, the United 

States and western Europe. 

Nearly 6000 hectares are devoted to cut 

flower production which had an estimated 

farm gate value of more than $AUS 

150 million in 1999/2000. Australian 

spend relatively little on cut flowers, the 

annual per capita purchases totalling 

$AUS 25 compared to $AUS 36 in the 

United States and $AUS 61 in the 

Netherlands. 

With the cultivation of more varieties of 

native and traditional flowers under intensive 

breeding programmes, Australian 

flower exports have escalated in recent 

years. Western Australian is the largest 

exporting state in terms of volume (63%) 

and value (53%) followed by Victoria and 

New South Wales. 

World production of Australian native 

flowers is estimated at $AUS 400 million 

of which $AUS 85 million is produced in 

Australia. 

The Australian nursery industry has a 

wide base covering production, wholesale, 

landscape, retail, plant hire and allied 

trades. Current estimates indicate a retail 

value of around $AUS 4 billion for nursery 

plants and products, with over 10,000 

business involved. 

Plant production is greatest in the populous 

states of New South Wales and 

Victoria (a combined total of more than 

60% of the value), followed by 

Queensland and then, to a lesser extent, 

by South Australia, Western Australia, 

Tasmania, Northern Territory and the 

Australian Capital Territory. 

The value of nursery exports has declined 

in recent years, being valued at $AUS 2.2 

million in 1999/2000. Meanwhile the 

value of nursery imports has been increasing, 

exceeding $AUS 20 million in 

1999/2000, mainly from the Netherlands. 

WINE INDUSTRY 

The wine industry has been one of the 

major success stories of Australian horticulture 

over the last decade. The industry 

continues to expand with increases in the 

area planted, wine production, number of 

wineries and exports (Table 1). Plantings 

are continuing and, as shown, there are 

nearly 30,000 hectares of vines that are 

yet to come into production. 

Domestic sales of Australian wine have 

increased gradually since 1996/97 but 

exports have shown much more dramatic 

growth (87% in volume and 225% in 

value over the last four years). The top 

five export markets in 2000 were the 

United Kingdom, the United States, 

Canada, New Zealand and Germany, 

which, in total, received just over 80% of 

the exported wine. 

Australian horticulture is characterised by 

its enormous diversity. This article highlights 

the major crops but almost every 

other fruit, vegetable, ornamental and 

processing plant is being grown somewhere 

in the country. 

Almost all the crops originated elsewhere 

and Australian research has developed 

production technologies and the underlying 

science for their adaptation to different 

environments. 

Australia is also a land of opportunity and, 

although the domestic markets are limited 

by the relatively small population, the 

world is seeking clean, safe, premium 

quality horticultural products for the 

expanding number of discerning consumers. 

Australia has the diversity, opportunity 

and enterprise to supply those markets. 

MORE INFORMATION 

Australia Bureau of Statistics. 

www.abs.gov.au 

Horticulture Australia Limited. 

www.horticulture.com.au 

Australian Wine and Brandy 

Corporation. www.awbc.com.au 

Tony Biggs 

Joint President 

Australian Society of Horticultural Science 

PO Box 124 

North Richmond 

NSW 2754 

Australia 

e-mail: biggs@zeta.org.au 

To be continued - next issue 

New Zealand Horticulture 


China’s Fruit & Vegetable Sector in a 

Changing Marketing Environment 

China’s longstanding potential as a strong competitor in international fruit 

and vegetable trade will likely be realized over the next several years. 

Although China exports less than 1 percent of its fruit and vegetable production, 

private-sector investment - both domestic and foreign - is currently creating 

world-class operations that deliver high-quality fruits and vegetables to 

domestic and international markets. 

Over the last two decades, domestic demand has absorbed most of China’s 

gains in production - from 215 million metric tons in 1980 to more than 460 

million in 1999 - as the country’s population expands and overall income 

levels rise. Growth in domestic demand for fruits and vegetables, improvements 

in marketing practices, and China’s future agricultural production policies 

will most likely determine how soon and how strongly China’s produce 

sector affects U.S. and world markets. 

RESOURCE MIX AND CLI- 

MATE FAVOR FRUIT AND 

VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 

China’s land base is relatively large, and 

harvested area of fruits and vegetables is 

about 22 million hectares, about 3 times 

the U.S. level. In the 1990s, harvested 

area increased by nearly one-third for 

vegetables and nearly 50 percent for fruit. 

Some area was switched from grain 

(which makes up the bulk of total area), 

due in part to greater market incentives 

for vegetable and fruit production. 

While other countries (e.g., the U.S., 

Australia, and Brazil) also have large land 

resources, few have an enormous labor 

supply available to produce and process 

labor-intensive crops like fruits and vegetables. 

Farmers and processors in China 

generally have little difficulty in filling 

their labor needs, even at a typical daily 

wage of 15 Yuan (about $2). 

The topography and soil in many parts of 

the country, in addition to the abundance 

of labor, make further changes in cropping 

patterns advantageous. Sloped land 

currently under corn and other crop production, 

for example, may be more suited 

for labor-intensive fruit crops, a change 

that would likely result in greater control 

of soil erosion and more efficient use of 

limited water resources—two growing 

concerns in China. 

ISHS • 20 

China’s diverse climate allows for a wide 

variety of fruit and vegetable production. 

In the south, a tropical climate supports 

production of bananas, citrus, and other 

tropical and semi-tropical fruits (papaya, 

litchi, mango, and longan), as well as outdoor 

production of vegetables yearround. 

In the north, with its cold winters, 

deciduous fruits (e.g., apples, pears, and 

peaches) and greenhouse vegetables 

dominate. Seasonal vegetable production 

is significant in the middle and northern 

regions, where summer temperatures are 

moderate. 

Rainfall across much of China depends on 

the monsoon, which moves northward in 

spring and summer. Annual rainfall in the 

southern half of the country is more than 

600 millimeters (23.6 inches). The northern 

half receives less rainfall, particularly 

in the northwest with its high plateaus 

and deserts. Where rainfall is not sufficient, 

fruit and vegetable farmers irrigate 

by hand or with sprinkler systems. 

Vegetable production (including melons) 

totaled 405 million tons in 1999. Leading 

vegetables include sweet potatoes, potatoes, 

cabbage, cucumbers, eggplant, peppers, 

onions, and lettuce each totaling at 

least 5 million tons. (About 40 percent of 

all potatoes is fed to livestock.) China is 

the world’s largest producer of vegetables, 

with output about seven times the 

U.S. level. Per capita production is about 

one and one-half times the U.S. level. 

Fruit production totaled 62 million tons in 

1999. Major fruit types include apples (21 

million tons), citrus (11 million), pears (8 

million), bananas (4 million), and grapes 

(3 million). Key producing provinces 

include Shangdong in the east for apples, 

pears, and grapes, and Guangdong in the 

south for citrus and tropical fruits. China 

is also the world’s leading fruit producer, 

with output about twice the U.S. level. 

Per capita production is about one-half 

the U.S. level. 

GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IS 

LIMITED IN FRUIT AND 

VEGETABLE MARKET 

China’s fruit and vegetable sector has 

seen less government intervention over 

the last half century than other agricultural 

commodities, such as grains. As a 

result, fruit and vegetable marketing is 

more responsive to consumer demand. 

With the introduction of new varieties, 

production has grown substantially and 

product quality has improved. 

Prior to establishment of the People’s 

Republic of China in 1949, vegetable producers 

were farm households who owned 

their own land or rented their land from 

local landlords. They produced for local 

market demand and for their own consumption. 

By 1958, most farms were 

organized into economic collectives (communes). 

State-organized production 

teams on the outskirts of cities supplied 

urban areas and prevailed until 1984. 

In 1978, China decentralized the country’s 

economic decisionmaking and 

allowed farmers to grow products for sale 

in the open market. Agricultural output 

increased dramatically and foreign investment 

rose. Nevertheless, production 

teams continued to produce vegetables 

for state-owned vegetable companies 

that managed the wholesale and retail 

activities to bring supplies to urban residents. 

In 1984, communes were disbanded. 

Farm families and rural economic cooperatives 

raised vegetables for their own 

consumption and for direct marketing to 

urban consumers. Although urban vegetable 

firms continued to sign delivery 

contracts with village and township economic 

cooperatives, produce trade across 

provincial boundaries began. The number

China’s Per Capita Fruit and Vegetable Production During the 1990s (Kg per person) 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 

Fruit 17,9 20,4 22,3 26,9 30,5 36,1 39,3 42,4 43,8 47 

Vegetables & Melons 116 114 126 147 160 169 187 192 198 202 

Vegetables & Melons Fruit 

Vegetables excludes potatoes. Source: FAO 

of rural open markets increased dramatically, 

and accounted for a growing share 

of the country’s produce sales. 

Implementation of the land contract system 

(contracts between individuals and 

villages, which collectively own land) in 

the early 1980s gave households more 

freedom to decide which crops to plant. 

Increased planting flexibility and re-opening 

of local markets resulted in sharply 

higher fruit and vegetable plantings. 

In the late 1980s, small urban centers, 

county seats, towns, and township centers 

relied on local open markets for vegetable 

supplies. Large and medium cities 

got vegetables through state-owned vegetable 

companies that contracted with 

counties, townships, and villages in suburban 

areas and through proliferating 

state-owned wholesale markets. 

In 1988, China’s Ministry of Agriculture 

and provincial/local agricultural bureaus 

began the Vegetable Basket Program, 

which was designed to address the problem 

of food shortages and high food 

prices in the 1980s. The program established 

„production bases” around city 

suburbs and elsewhere around the country 

to capitalize on regional advantages in 

soil and climate. These areas continue to 

receive special investment funds from the 

central government, with the program 

transferring new technology (e.g., seeds, 

greenhouses, and pest protection) to local 

farmers. 

Also, over the last decade, the government 

has been instrumental in financing 

the construction of thousands of greenhouses 

around the country, with total 

area now estimated at 350,000 hectares. 

Many greenhouses are 3-sided concrete 

structures with plastic sheeting. Another 

850,000 hectares are under „hoop” production—plastic 

sheeting supported by 

small hoops. 

Today, supplies from across the country 

supplement locally produced vegetables 

in urban areas, providing year-round 

availability. During cool periods of the 

year in Beijing, for example, vegetable 

supplies are procured from three production 

bases: 

1) West-central China (autumn vegetables), 

2) North China Plain (greenhouse production 

in winter with low transport 

cost to Beijing), 

3) South (winter vegetables). 

The Vegetable Basket Program also 

helped develop a network of wholesale 

markets, which provide farmers with 

increased opportunity to generate cash. 

China’s wholesale markets now number 

more than 4,000. Development of these 

markets has encouraged farmers to plant 

high-valued fruit and vegetables, which 

has raised income in rural areas and 

improved farmers’ livelihoods. Also, since 

the late 1980s, farmers in some areas 

have been allowed to pay taxes in cash 

rather than in grain, reducing the incentive 

to plant grains. 

Other government programs that have 

encouraged development of the fruit and 

vegetable sector include demonstration 

farms in major growing regions (and production 

bases) to introduce new varieties 

and to offer extension services to area 

farmers. The government has developed 

transport systems (e.g., major roadways, 

expressways, and rail lines) to move products, 

including fruits and vegetables, from 

southern production bases to northern 

parts of the country. A national fruit and 

vegetable market is gaining momentum 

now that growers around the nation can 

monitor daily market situations in many 

major wholesale markets with a fruit and 

vegetable price information system sponsored 

by the Ministry of Agriculture in 

cooperation with local agricultural 

bureaus. 

SECTOR PROSPECTS HINGE 

ON MARKETING PRACTICES 

Long-term growth in China’s production 

of fruits and vegetables and greater use of 

markets have coincided with expanding 

consumption, as measured by per capita 

production. Per capita production of fruit 

and vegetables (excluding potatoes) has 

grown from 134 kg (298 pounds) per person 

in 1990 to nearly 250 kg (556 

pounds) in 1999. (Per capita production, 

or availability, is used here as an indicator 

of the level of consumption, because 

trade is minimal and because methods for 

collecting and reporting household survey 

data have varied, making trend analysis 

problematic. Actual consumption is lower 

due to loss and waste.) 

The wide selection of products enjoyed by 

consumers, especially city residents, 

throughout the year contrasts with the 

1980s when a limited supply was available 

in the winter (often only cabbage 

and Irish potatoes). Other factors in the 

consumption increase include rising 

incomes and changes in diet. Inflationadjusted 

income per urban resident 

increased nearly 30 percent from 1990 to 

1999. 

With abundant supplies of agricultural 

products in recent years, prices have been 

declining for many vegetables (e.g., carrots 

and garlic). This indicates that growth 

in demand is not keeping pace with output. 

Meanwhile, growing demand for 

high-quality produce (e.g., broccoli, navel 

oranges, and grapefruit) for the tourist/ 

hotel trade is stimulating imports. Imports 

are creating a competitive market within 

China. 

Over the next 5 years, supplies of some 

fruits and vegetables may continue to 

grow faster than demand if planting 

incentives remain favorable relative to 

other crops. Although fruit and vegetable 

prices have been declining, field crop 

prices have been under even greater pressure 

in recent years as domestic policies 


Fruit and Vegetable Wholesale Prices in Beijing and Los Angeles 

encouraged grain production. The field 

crop sector may be under additional price 

pressure from imports following China’s 

expected accession to the World Trade 

Organization, which would prohibit subsidized 

grain exports and curb government 

policies that favor grain output. 

China’s fruit and vegetable export 

prospects are already bolstered by relatively 

low costs of production, which are 

reflected in wholesale prices. In Beijing, 

for example, wholesale prices for fruits 

and vegetables are only one-tenth to 

one-third the level of prices in other 

countries. Many private firms, including 

foreign investors who are taking advantage 

of China’s low input costs (particularly 

labor), are expanding fruit and vegetable 

output and boosting overseas shipments. 

Total fresh vegetable exports were 

1.3 million tons in 1999, up 11 percent 

from 1998. Fresh and dried fruit exports 

were 0.7 million, up 13 percent from 

1998. Major destinations are Japan, Hong 

Kong, Russia, South Korea, and 

Singapore. 

While additional gains in fruit and vegetable 

exports in China seem plausible, 

several factors will dampen prospective 

gains in the near term. First, China currently 

offers only a few varieties of fruits 

and vegetables in large volume for the 

export market. Second, the fruit and vegetable 

industry does not use grade standards 

(e.g., for uniform product size), 

although the Government is currently 

working with USDA’s Agricultural 

Marketing Service to address this issue. 

Third, there is not widespread use of basic 

marketing practices such as modern packing 

and packaging techniques. 

Finally, product promotion is very limited 

and not practical at the moment, given 

ISHS • 22 

VEGETABLES 

Water- Tomato Onion Lettuce Garlic Eggplant Cucumber Carrots Cabbage 

melon 

Los Angeles 0,44 0,79 0,39 0,52 1,83 0,53 0,4 0,41 0,44 

Beijing 0,08 0,13 0,06 0,13 0,41 0,07 0,1 0,07 

FRUIT 

Pear Peach Orange Grape Banana Fuji apple 

Los Angeles 0,77 1,2 0,57 1,78 0,56 0,77 

Beijing 0,2 0,19 0,84 0,12 0,60 0,28 

Price levels indicate wholesale market conditions at the end of September 2000. Based on price 

data from USDA Agricultural Marketing Service Service and Beijing Urban and Rural Economic 

Information Center. 

the current overall level of product quality 

(uniform size and appearance) for commercial 

sale. In many successful exporting 

countries, industry-sponsored organizations 

help coordinate promotional and 

informational efforts, but such activities 

are currently undertaken on a limited 

scale in China and only by individual 

exporters. 

In short, most produce in China today is 

not export quality, and bringing it up to 

international standards would most likely 

significantly reduce the cost advantage at 

the farm level. However, for product 

grown in professionally managed operations, 

quality is already high and unit costs 

could decline as new technology (e.g., 

higher yielding varieties) is adopted. 

To improve production and marketing 

practices, the Government now permits 

foreign trading and/or investing companies 

to work with farmers to grow and 

deliver vegetables that meet buyers’ 

requirements, signing contracts for 2-3 

years and supplying inputs such as appropriate 

seeds. For example, in 1999, an 

investor from Singapore built a large 

greenhouse/packing facility west of 

Qingdao (Shangdong Province in eastern 

China) to ship products (spinach, lettuce, 

melons, and celery) to Japan and 

Singapore. The owner invested in China 

due in part to financial incentives from the 

local government (e.g., 2 years of tax-free 

operation), and is planning to expand and 

exploit favorable export prospects to 

other countries in Asia. 

Another set of investors (also from 

Singapore) has planted 2,500 mu (167 

ha) of Red Globe grapes in a new vineyard 

in Shangdong under a 15-year lease 

with a village north of Qingdao. The firm 

ships fresh-market grapes to Singapore, 

Malaysia, other parts of Asia, and Europe. 

While China’s production potential is 

impressive, an apparent dearth of highquality 

supply of product for the domestic 

market may indicate that near-term 

prospects for large export volumes are 

limited. Consequently, domestic demand 

in high-income areas may be sufficient to 

absorb the supply of high-quality (i.e., 

export-quality) produce. For example, a 

pear producer in Shangdong sees large 

domestic demand potential for high-quality 

produce and plans to ship pears to 

Shanghai and Guangdong once harvest 

begins next year. 

Nevertheless, China is making inroads in 

several markets traditionally dominated 

by the U.S. China produces a large volume 

of Fuji apples, which have become 

very competitive in the Hong Kong 

import market and pushed aside the previous 

market leader, Washington State 

Red Delicious. In Japan, U.S. broccoli 

now faces stiff competition from China’s 

product. 

Another issue affecting future sales is 

world price levels and the marketing window. 

It is likely that a large share of 

China’s products would enter world markets 

at a time when competition from 

local and global producers is already 

intense, because harvesting seasons 

overlap for many producers in the 

Northern Hemisphere. Conse-quently, 

additional supplies in the world market, 

particularly during peak harvest periods, 

could result in very sharp price declines 

for all suppliers. 

The evolving nature of post-harvest handling/packaging 

in China and future levels 

of foreign investment will likely play a 

large part in determining the country’s 

future competitiveness in world fruit and 

vegetable markets. China could become 

very competitive and post large gains in 

overall export volumes once the country 

makes significant and widespread 

advances in marketing practices. 

REFERENCES 

This article is based on information 

gathered by a USDA team that visited 

China in November 2000. 

Dennis A. Shields, Phone: (1)2026945331 

e-mail: dshields@ers.usda.gov 

and 

Francis C. Tuan, Phone: (1)2026945238 

e-mail: ftuan@ers.usda.gov

Lychee Production and Marketing 

in Asia and the Pacific 

The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations recently held a 

regional workshop on production of the tropical fruit lychee (Litchi chinensis 

Sonn.). This followed similar meetings on avocado, mango, grapevine, stonefruit 

etc. Experts attended from China (Dr Xuming Huang, South China 

Agricultural University), Viet Nam (Dr Vu Manh Hai, Research Institute of 

Fruits and Vegetables), Thailand (Dr Ravie Sethpakdee and Dr Suranant 

Subhadrabandhu, Kasetsart University), the Philippines (Dr Rachel Sotto, 

University of the Philippines, Los Banos), Indonesia (Dr M Winarno, Ministry 

of Agriculture), India (Dr H P Singh, Ministry of Agriculture and Dr Sisir 

Mitra, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya), Bangladesh (Dr S Abu Baker 

Siddiqui, Department of Agricultural Extension), Nepal (Dr Kedar Budathoki, 

Agricultural Research Council) and Australia (Chris Menzel). 

The objective of the meeting was to share information on lychee cultivation 

with an effort to increase the importance of the crop in the region. Dr Minas 

Papademetriou from FAO in Bangkok organised the workshop. Copies of the 

report can be obtained from their office. 

PRODUCTION 

Lychee is indigenous to South-East Asia 

and makes a significant contribution to 

Figure 1: Lychee producing region 

the lives and economic health of many 

millions of people in the region. The 

species originated in southern China and 

northern Viet Nam, but has now spread 

to most countries that experience a subtropical 

climate for part of the year. The 

crop is most important in China, India, 

Viet Nam, Thailand, Bangladesh and 

Nepal. There is also interest in Australia, 

the Philippines and Indonesia. Production 

in the Asia-Pacific region accounts for 

more than 95 percent of world cultivation, 

at about 2 million tonnes (see Table 

1). The crop is very popular throughout 

the region with strong domestic markets 

and increasing affluence. About 57 percent 

of the world’s population live in this 

zone. 

There is also some trade within the group 

with exports to Singapore, Hong Kong 

and Malaysia. Most of the fruits are sold 

fresh, with a third of the crop dried in 

China, and limited processing and canning. 

The bulk of the crop is produced by 

small landholders with less than 100 trees 

each. Orchards with more than 1,000 

trees are rare, except in southern China 

where there are single plantings of more 

than 10,000 trees. The fruit has a high 

value, and can significantly add to the 

income of small landholders. A few trees 

may double the income of such families. 

Despite its long history of cultivation, 

many areas experience low productivity, 

with average yields generally below 5 

tonnes per hectare. This can be due to the 

weather affecting flowering, poor cultivars 

or lack of tree care. In Israel and 

some other countries, yields of up to 15 

tonnes per hectare have been achieved. 

This indicates that there is a large gap 

between actual and potential yields. 

Much work is required to raise produc- 

Table 1: Lychee production 

(tonnes) in Asia and the Pacific 

Country Production 

China 1,267,000 

Viet Nam 50,000 

Thailand 81,000 

India 429,000 

Nepal 14,000 

Bangladesh 12,800 

Indonesia 10,000 

The Philippines 1,000 

Australia 5,000 


tivity across the different countries. 

Prospects for increasing production and 

marketing of this crop are high if some of 

the growing, post-harvest handling and 

marketing issues are resolved. Intraregional 

co-operation would assist industry 

development and the importance of 

the crop to local economies. Training for 

extension and scientific staff is also a 

priority. 

CLIMATE 

Lychee trees require temperatures around 

15°C (or lower) to flower successfully. A 

period of dry weather at this time can also 

assist cropping. Once trees have set fruit, 

warm weather with good soil moisture is 

usually associated with heavy yields. 

Cropping is thus limited to areas with 

some cool weather before flowering. 

Production is very erratic in the true tropics 

where nights seldom fall below 25°C. 

The majority of the industries are thus 

based in areas when nights fall below 

15°C. However, there are examples of 

industries with cultivars that will flower at 

slightly higher temperatures (e.g. central 

Thailand). These areas often supply early 

season fruit and return higher incomes 

than fruit from „traditional” subtropical 

areas, but can fail some years. The quality 

of some of these cultivars is often inferior 

compared with the traditional types. 

New cultivars need to be developed for 

these areas which have better fruit quality. 

More research is required to define the 

optimum temperatures for flowering in 

the major commercial cultivars. There are 

also some growing techniques, which can 

assist cropping in the warmer areas, but 

they have not been evaluated across the 

different environments. The other constraint 

related to weather is poor fruit set 

during coll damp weather, and damage to 

trees and fruit after typhoons. The risk to 

orchards is greater with plantings close to 

the coast (e.g. China and Viet Nam). 

CULTIVARS 

Lychee has a long history of cultivation in 

the region, with many cultivars available. 

However, there is a paucity of information 

on the yield of different cultivars in the 

various countries. It is generally considered 

that the performance of many cultivars 

is disappointing and makes lychee 

production unprofitable. There are also 

differences in production season and fruit 

quality which impact on marketing. Many 

industries are based on one or two cultivars. 

Lack of suitable cultivars probably 

limits lychee production in many countries. 

This is because the existing cultivars 

ISHS • 24 

Lychee and other fruit market in China 

are low yielding or not well regarded in 

the market place. 

Exchange of germplasm would increase 

the production of the crop in many countries. 

There is only limited plant selection 

and plant breeding in the crop. Some 

countries such as India, China, Nepal and 

Viet Nam have many seedling trees, 

which could form the basis of new 

genepool for future cultivars and industry 

expansion. A breeding program is 

required in the long term to develop better 

cultivars, and is best implemented with 

a regional focus. In the interim, the current 

genepool should be more systematically 

evaluated. Standardization of cultivar 

names and descriptions would assist 

co-operation. Based on the above, it can 

be concluded that there is a need for a 

much stronger varietal improvement programme 

in all countries. 

PROPAGATION 

Propagation is well described, with most 

orchards based on air-layers. However, 

grafting and budding are popular in China 

and Viet Nam. It is reported that grafted 

trees are more drought and wind resistant; 

however, little experimental evidence 

is available. Grafting also uses less planting 

material than air-layering. However, 

there are some disadvantages with grafting; 

grafting is not as easy as air-layering 

and requires the growing of seedling 

rootstocks. Grafted trees are also slower 

to plant out. There is little information on 

the compatibility between different cultivars, 

and the impact on production and 

fruit quality. Lack of irrigation can be 

responsible for the failure of newly established 

young plants. Many countries 

reported serious loss of young plants at 

this stage. Education of nursery workers 

and growers in tree care and the provision 

of irrigation would improve success rates. 

It is apparent that further work is required 

to standardize nursery techniques. 

SOILS 

Lychees can be grown on a range of different 

soil types, including soils with a pH 

from 5 to 8. In very acid or alkaline soils 

there can be problems with iron, zinc, 

boron and other nutrients. The soil must 

be freely draining, although the trees can 

tolerate a wet profile for part of the day. 

Tree health and production are probably 

best with sandy, sandy loam and clay 

loam soils. Heavy clay soils are best avoided. 

Lychee production is unlikely to be 

restricted by poor soils throughout most 

of the region. 

IRRIGATION 

It was agreed that production is probably 

best with irrigation of the orchards, especially 

during the fruiting cycle. Rainfall 

varies from month to month across the 

different districts. Most of the lychee 

orchards are not irrigated and so are 

dependent on regular rainfall. 

Experiments in Australia and South Africa 

have shown that drought can affect 

growth and fruit production, but the 

impact for local farms in South-East Asia is 

not know. Most growers can not afford 

the cost of irrigation. In any case, irrigation 

is generally not available. It was suggested 

that mulching and some cover 

crops would probably assist water conservation, 

in the absence of irrigation. It can 

be concluded that new orchards should 

be irrigated if possible. 

Wai Chee Lychee

Tai So Lychee 

FERTILIZERS 

Most growers apply fertilizers to their 

orchards. Tentative leaf and soil standards 

are available for lychee, but the 

tests are possibly too expensive for 

small landholders. Local government 

extension staff could provide this service 

on a regional or district basis. Most 

growers use a mixture of organic and 

chemical fertilizers, although the 

source of the fertilizer is unlikely to 

have any impact on production. Crop 

nutrient removal data could be used as 

a basis for estimating fertilizer requirements. 

CANOPY MANAGEMENT 

High-density orchards are becoming popular 

in the region, and would be expected 

to increase the returns to growers, especially 

in the early years of a planting. 

There is evidence that these orchards can 

have double the returns of traditional 

low-density plantings. Considerable experienced 

has been developed in some 

countries such as China. These closer 

plantings would be expected to increase 

the returns for both small and large landholders. 

High-density plantings require 

some method of canopy management to 

control tree size, with close attention to 

water and nutrient management. 

Experiments in China and Australia have 

shown that trees should be pruned in the 

first few weeks after harvest. This 

research needs to be repeated in the other 

growing areas. Extension staff also need 

training in the various aspects and benefits 

of canopy management. 

PESTS AND DISEASES 

Many insects and other pests affect the 

lychee tree, leaves, flowers and fruit; 

however, their impact on grower 

returns varies throughout the region. 

Most countries need to develop their 

own systems of integrated pest management, 

although there could be cooperation 

for the control of erinose 

mite and some other pests. Pest management 

along with other methods of 

tree care must be suited to the needs 

and abilities of the small landholders. 

Diseases were not considered to have 

a strong affect on production, apart 

from anthracnose in China and 

Australia. 

POST-HARVEST HANDLING 

Lychee fruit are highly perishable and 

have a short shelf life. This seriously limits 

the marketing and expansion of the crop 

across the region. Much research has 

been initiated to reduce fruit browning 

and rotting; however, no protocols have 

been established which can guarantee 

fruit quality for more than a week or two. 

This includes heating and cooling the 

fruit, various packages, and application of 

various fungicides and other chemicals. 

Many of the industries in the region are 

based on the treatment of the fruit with 

sulphur; however, this chemical may be 

withdrawn soon. This makes the development 

of a new post-harvest treatment 

more urgent. Many countries do have 

reliable access to on-farm cool-rooms, 

hydrocoolers or refrigerated transport. 

Harvesting time 

MARKETING 

Most of the lychees produced in the 

region are marketed locally. There are 

some exports to Hong Kong, Malaysia 

and Singapore, and to a lesser degree 

Europe and the Arab States. There are 

certain problems with Japan and the USA 

because of quarantine issues with fruit 

flies. Disinfestation protocols need to be 

established for the various markets. The 

market potential within the region is 

strong because of the rising affluence 

within Asia and the Pacific. Good quality 

fruit from the region is also highly regarded 

in Europe. 

TRAINING AND 

CO-OPERATION 

The establishment of a lychee network 

throughout the Asia and Pacific region 

would assist this training, and foster the 

exchange of new cultivars and technology. 

However, much stronger government 

support is required to assist expansion in 

the various countries. 

REFERENCES 

Anonymous (2001). Report of the 

expert consultation on lychee production 

in the Asia-Pacific region. Food and 

Agricultural Organization of the United 

Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the 

Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. 24 pp. 

Christopher Menzel, Queensland Horticulture Institute, 

Maroochy Research Station, Department of Primary 

Industries, PO Box 5083 SCMC, Nambour, Qld 4560, 

Australia (e mail: menzelc@dpi.qld.gov.au) 


Research Projects on the Reduction of 

Insecticides in the Cultivation of 

Ornamental Plants in the Westfalen-Lippe 

Region, Germany 

Biological thrips control using predator mites (Amblyseius cucumeris), 

Increased efficiency through liquid lactic acid fermented cereal mix 

DEVELOPMENT 

As part of the strong increase in interest in 

integrated control concepts since the midnineties, 

research projects have been carried 

out since 1997 by members of the 

PSD Westfalen-Lippe on farms working in 

the local cultivation of ornamental plants. 

The objective of this work is to investigate 

the intelligent use of biological plant protection 

methods in order to reduce the 

costs of using insecticides, which are 

sometimes extremely high. 

A basic concept ready for practical implementation 

has now been developed for 

the main potted plant crop in the area, 

namely Cyclamen persicum. 

BASIC CONCEPT 

This method is based on the use of the 

predator mite Amblyseius cucumeris, 

which some suppliers sometimes offer in 

combination with Amblyseius barkeri, to 

combat the main parasite thrips 

(Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci). 

Contrary to the usual recommendations, 

the predator mites are only released twice 

during a culture, albeit in high dosages . 

The aim of this approach is to establish a 

self-sustaining population of the predator 

mites in the crop, as research has shown 

this to improve the efficiency of the system 

enormously. See also http://www.lkwl.de/rtp/pflsch/garten_zierpfl/cyclamen.htm 

All other possible parasites are either 

combated using plant protection products 

which can be integrated or also taking 

useful insects. In this way it was possible 

to reduce the costs for insecticides by 70- 

100% at the sites where the project was 

carried out. 

Unfortunately, there were repeatedly 

cases where it was not possible to estab- 

ISHS • 26 

lish the predator mite population sufficiently, 

resulting in the failure of the thrips 

control. This occurred more often for late 

sets of “normal cyclamen” with sluggish 

blossoming and concurrent heavy infestation 

with Thrips tabaci. 

LIQUID LACTIC ACID 

FERMENTED CEREAL MIX 

As a result, a field project was initiated to 

test whether the method known as 

“bagged application”, instead of the 

usual littering would provide a solution to 

the problem. Additionally, one part of the 

set was treated with the plant tonic liquid 

Number of flowers per plant 

Predator-to-thrips ratio in the flowers 

lactic acid fermented cereal mix. The 

plant tonic was applied 5 times by watering 

in the weeks 26 to 39 at a concentration 

of 0.3%. 

The predator mites were applied in bags 

in week 40, with one bag per m 2 . 

RESULTS 

Growth 

After potting, the plants treated with liquid 

lactic acid fermented cereal mix 

developed faster. After approx. 6 weeks, 

however, the difference was no longer 

visible. 

Flower Formation 

Towards the end of the cultivation period, 

the positive effect of liquid lactic acid 

fermented cereal mix became more 

apparent. It could be seen that the product 

obviously has the effect of causing 

the plants to blossom earlier. This could 

be seen in that those plants which had 

been treated with the plant tonic liquid 

lactic acid fermented cereal mix had produced 

on average roughly one flower 

more at the every point during blossoming. 

Predator-to-Prey Ratio 

The effects were not only apparent in the 

plants, however, as differences could also 

be found in the predator-to-prey ratio in 

the flowers. First it must be stated that 

the use of the bagged method of appli- 

with FG fl. without 

Thrips per flower (PM* per flower) Thrips per flower (PM* per flower) 

Week 42 0.0 6.9 0.04 6.0 

Week 44 0.0 5.2 0.0 6.8 

Week 46 0.0 5.0 0.1 3.0 

Week 48 0.0 2.6 0.04 2.2 

Week 50 0.0 1.5 0.04 0.8 

Week 52 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.3 

PM* = Predator mites 


Week 39 5.9 5.7 

Week 42 1.5 1.2 

Week 44 3.5 2.5 

Week 46 5.5 4.0 

Week 48 5.0 4.0 

Week 50 4.5 3.5

cation lead in general to a strong improvement 

in the establishment of the 

Amblyseius in the flowers. Compared 

with the data derived from farms which 

used the traditional littering method, the 

population in the cyclamen flowers of the 

farms which worked with bagged predator 

mites was approximately ten times 

higher and there were only occasional 

infestations of flower thrips. 

The predator mite population in the plants 

treated with liquid lactic acid fermented 

cereal mix was clearly more stable. While 

the population remained similar in both 

variants until the 4th week after release, 

the flowers of the plants which had not 

been treated with liquid lactic acid fermented 

cereal mix demonstrated a considerable 

reduction in the population after 

this. 

In contrast to this, the population reduction 

in the flowers of those plants which 

had been treated with liquid lactic acid 

fermented cereal mix was clearly less, and 

this difference became increasingly apparent 

as the plants grew older. The difference 

was greatest in the 12th week after 

release, when it was still possible to record 

an unusually high population density of 

1.5 Amblyseius cucumeris per flower, 

whilst the population in the untreated 

plants had already fallen to 0.3 predator 

mites per flower. 

Surprisingly, these levels were also recorded 

in the 52nd calendar week at 14°C, 

the most unsuitable conditions for 

Amblyseius species. 

Thrips were never found, even though 

they were present in the houses until the 

middle of the cultivation period. 

Occasionally, an individual thrips was 

found in the untreated variant, but this 

can by no means be regarded as an infestation. 

PH-VALUE 

Fears that liquid lactic acid fermented 

cereal mix treatment could lead to a 

reduction in the ph-value in the pot substratum, 

a very unfavourable development 

for Cyclamen, proved unfounded. 

PH-Value 


Week 39 5.9 5.7 

Indeed, the ph-value actually increased 

slightly in the treated plants. 

BIOLOGICAL PLANT 

PROTECTION USING 

PREDATOR MITES 

Influence of liquid lactic acid 

fermented cereal mix 

Culture: Cyclamen persicum 

Type: Vollebregt pastel 

Potting date: Week 25 / 2000 

Underlay: Mats 

Predator mites: 

Week 28: Hypoaspis 200/m 2 

Week 30: 1st Amblyseius 5.6/plant 

Week 35: 2nd Amblyseius 10/plant 

Week 40: 3rd Amblyseius 1 bag/m 2 

Treatment: liquid lactic acid fermented 

cereal mix, each time 0.3%, by watering 

(W26, W31, W33, W37, W39) 

Establishment of National Institute of 

Floricultural Science (NIFS) in Japan 

Responding to the increasing social 

demand for the development of flower 

industry, NIFS was newly established in 

Tsukuba, April 2001, separating from the 

former National Research Institute of 

Vegetables, Ornamental Plants and Tea. It 

aims at the promotion of flower industry 

and quality of life through scientific and 

technological innovation of flower production 

and marketing. The Director is Dr. 

J. Asano. 

The system of NIFS is composed of 1) 

General Affairs Section (Head: Mr. T. 

Suzuki), 2) Research Planning & 

Coordination Section (Head: Dr. K. 

Okano), 3) Department of Genetics & 

Physiology (Head: Dr. M. Koshioka) and 

4) Department of Production (Head: Dr. 

N. Tezuka). The total number of staffs 

amounts to about 40. The Department of 

Genetics & Physiology includes 4 laboratories: 

1) Breeding Technology, 2)Genetics 

& Breeding, 3) Flowering Physiology, and 

4) Quality Research, and the Department 

of Production has 4 laboratories, too: 1) 

Cultivation Technology, 2) Plant 

Pathology, 3) Postharvest Technology, 

and 4) Evalua-tion Technology. 

The present research topics of this 

Institute are as follows, for example: 1) 

Transformation of chrysanthemums by 

agrobacterium method, 2) High yield 

chrysanthemums or high quality camerias 

by interspecific hybridization, 3) 

Flowering mechanism of chrysanthemums 

and stocks and their responses to environmental 

factors, 4) Pigments relating to 

yellowing of white calla lilies, 5) Mineral 

nutrition and circulative solution culture of 

roses, 6) Infection of soilborn pathogens 

to carnations and roses and their integrated 

control, 7) Vase-life of cut flowers and 

new senescence inhibitors, and 8) 

Evaluation of multi-functions of flowers 

and their utilization. 

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE • 27 

Jörg Klatt 

NIFS is included in National Agricultural 

Research Organization, The Independent 

Administrative Institution, along with 

National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 

National Institute of Vegetables and Tea 

Science and National Institute of Crop 

Science etc. 

For details, please contact: National 

Institute of Floricultural Science, 

Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 

8519, Japan. Fax: (81)298386841, 

http://www.flower.affrc.go.jp/ 

M. Iwata, Japan.

The IAC Celebrates 50 Years 

Contribution to Rural development 

On Friday the 15th of June the 

International Agricultural Centre (IAC) in 

Wageningen, The Netherlands celebrated 

its 50th Anniversary. At the same time it 

was formally announced becoming part of 

Wageningen University and Research 

Centre (Wageningen UR). 

The Anniversary day was marked by a 

congress titled “coping with complexity in 

rural development”. The congress was 

closed by the Dutch Minister of 

Agriculture Mr L.J. Brinkhorst who presented 

the 1st IAC Award for Innovative 

Rural Development to an outstanding former 

student of the IAC. Keynote speakers 

included Professor Martin Kropff of Plant 

Ecology, Wageningen University and 

Professor Richard Bawden from Australia. 

Both speakers highlighted the future challenges 

for rural development in an increasingly 

complex and globally connected 

world and hence the importance of learning 

communities and systems thinking. 

Established in 1951, the IAC has made a 

substantial contribution to the capacity of 

countries with developing or transitional 

economies to improve their agricultural 

sectors and the wellbeing of rural people. 

Over 13,000 agricultural and rural development 

professionals from Asia, Africa, 

South America and Middle-and Eastern 

Europe have participated in IAC training 

TREE CROP ECOSYSTEMS 

Edited by F.T. Last, ‘Furuly’, Seton Mains, 

Longniddry, East Lothian, EH32 OPG, 

Scotland. 

ISHS • 28 

programmes. The IAC has also provided 

an extensive range of advisory services. 

The IAC has been an important contributor 

to the global reputation that The 

Netherlands and Wageningen have for 

international development 

The Director of the IAC Pieter Gooren 

said that “The IAC sees a future where 

learning to manage change and complexity 

and an ability to think systemically will 

become increasingly critical to rural 

development. These ideas are already 

central to the IAC courses and advisory 

services but will become even more 

important in the future. The IAC is moving 

towards more emphasis on working in 

partnership with rural development 

organisations, government institutions, 

rural communities and business groups to 

establish and facilitate learning processes. 

Increasingly the IAC is focusing its efforts 

towards those involved in strategic management 

positions and providing more 

services and courses in partnership with 

organisations abroad. Distance learning 

utilising information technology will also 

become much more important.” 

The areas in which the IAC provides 

capacity development services and courses 

include: agricultural production, agricultural 

innovation and knowledge management, 

natural resources management, 

participatory approaches to develop- 

New Books and Websites 

The books listed here are non-ISHS publications. For more details on ISHS 

publications on these many other topics we refer to the ISHS websites 

www.ishs.org and www.actahort.org or to the list of available Acta 

Horticulturae in this issue of Chronica Horticulturae. 

Included in series ‘Ecosystems of the 

World, 19’. Year 2001, hardbound 

ISBN 0-444-88266-9, 504 pages, price 

192.86 EUR or 209.50 USD 

ment, gender mainstreaming, health and 

nutrition, food security and safety and 

marketing and chain management. 

Becoming part of Wageningen UR will 

enable the IAC to have closer co-operation 

with the academic degree courses 

and scientific research departments with 

significant mutual benefits. 

The IAC has an extensive world wide network 

of alumni and has relations with 

major donor and implementing agencies 

such as the World Bank, FAO, the 

International Fund for Agricultural 

Development and the CGIAR (the international 

organisation of major international 

agricultural research centres). A 

networking service provided by the IAC is 

a web-based database (WISARD) containing 

information on thousands of agricultural 

projects from around the world. 

Requests for further information about 

IAC services, the 50 years celebration or 

the integration with Wageningen UR are 

welcomed. See www.iac-agro.nl or e-mail 

iac@iac.agro.nl 

The IAC expresses its appreciation for the 

efforts of all those who have contributed 

to its work over the last 50 years. 

For more information contact A.M. Montenarie, Phone: 

(31)317495354 or Fax (31)317495395 

Tree Crop Ecosystems is a new resource 

which combines the interests of traditional 

foresters and horticulturalists. Sixteen 

chapters written by international experts 

in the field emphasise the current topical 

issues besetting each of the crops considered. 

In the past the management of tree 

crops was focussed on yield without an 

adequate understanding of crop behaviour. 

Recent decades have seen many 

major advances in knowledge, notably 

those related tree biology and biodiversity 

within species and between different

crops. Throughout the volume the issue 

of biodiversity is discussed as a key factor 

in relation to: the conservation of natural 

resources at risk; within species variation; 

and the flora and fauna associated with 

tree crops. Tree Crop Ecosystems is taking 

an holistic approach to the crops, their origins 

and within-species-variation. Direct 

and indirect influences of the Crops in 

their ecosystem are considered throughout 

the volume. Genetic resources of 

these crops as well as their pests and 

pathogens are also included. The case 

studies presented in Tree Crop Ecosystems 

harness the most recent advances in 

knowledge and consider their value in 

practical resource management. Eleven of 

the sixteen chapters in this volume are 

concerned with the management of specific 

crops (temperate and tropical conifers 

and broad-leaves with an emphasis on 

eucalypts and conifers; tea, coffee, palms, 

apple and rubber). The remaining chapters 

focus on multipurpose trees, the complex 

of minor species and environmental 

influences. 

For foresters, horticulturalists and environmental 

scientists with an interest in 

commercial tree ecosystems and biodiversity 

ORGANIC RESEARCH 

CABI publishing is pleased to announce 

the launch of www.organic-research. com 

- the online community for organic agriculture, 

horticulture and food. The site 

contains a large amount of information 

for those with particular interest actively 

involved in organic farming, horticulture 

and development. 

WWW.PLANTEN.DE 

A fully reversed version of an interesting 

plant database has been available 

to the public on the Internet at 

www.planten.de since July 2001: 

www.planten.de/db 

The database has a topic-based structure 

and is aimed at specialists and gardening 

enthusiasts, people interested in plants 

and plant processing, students, etc. 

The amalgamation of the databases from 

www.botanikus.de and planten. de 

means that the new database now contains 

over 10,000 plant species and varieties 

as well as approximately 40,000 

supplementary and explanatory datastrings 

(currently these are mainly German 

Courses and meetings 

INTERNATIONAL 

CONFERENCE: THE TIMES 

THEY ARE A CHANGING 

Climate change, phenological responses 

and their consequences for biodiversity, 

agriculture, forestry, and human health. 

December 5th to 7th, 2001, Wageningen, 

The Netherlands 

This conference will be organised in the 

context of the European Phenology 

Network (EPN), which is funded by the 

European Commission. The general objective 

of EPN is to increase the efficiency, 

added value and use of phenological 

monitoring and research, and to stimulate 

the practical use of phenological data in 

the context of global (climate) change. 

Info: Ir. Arnold J.H. van Vliet, Wageningen 

University, PO Box 9101, 6700 HB 

Wageningen, The Netherlands. E mail: 

arnold.vanvliet@ algemeen.cmkw.wau.nl. 

For more information on the International 

names and plant families) and over 1,500 

pictures. The main focus of the database 

lies on domestic Central European vegetation 

and species/ varieties which are 

cultivated in the gardens of Central 

Europe. 

New data can be entered by users in a 

protected area of the database, thus 

enabling the content to be developed 

continuously. A differentiated data entry 

system containing criteria such as growth, 

hardiness, plant sociology code, and culinary 

use, amongst others, has been 

developed especially for this. 

A new area has been created in the 

Forum at www.planten.de to deal with 

questions concerning technical and content 

aspects of the database. This new 

area is dedicated entirely to the database. 

There you can, for example, post pictures 

of indefinable species, in order to allow 

them to be defined by other users: 

www.planten.de/forum/pflanzen-datenbank/ 

Conference ‘The Times they are a 

Changing’: http://www.dow.wau.nl/ 

msa/epn/conference/. For more information 

on the European Phenology 

Network: http://www.dow.wau.nl/ 

msa/epn/ 


Conference on Greenhouse Vegetables 

during the International Horti Fair 

The Greenhouse Vegetables International Conference Zeist (Netherlands). 

This meeting will take place in the Amsterdam RAI International Congress 

and Exhibition Centre, during the International Horti Fair, 31 October and 1 

November 2001. For two days the tomato, the sweet pepper and the cucumber 

for the fresh consumption will be paramount. This conference offers 

experts in the glasshouse vegetable sector an excellent opportunity to 

exchange views with national and international colleagues. The conference is 

organised in co-operation with the International Society for Horticultural 

Science. 

The Greenhouse Vegetables International 

Conference consists of a nearly 

two-day program. Subjects that will be 

highlighted on the first congress day, 31 

October, are international trade (session 

1) and consumer requirements & health 

(session 2). The second day, 1 November, 

will focus on seeds & cultivation and technical 

installations (session 3) and on year 

round supply & production locations (session 

4). Prominent speakers who will lecture 

on the above-mentioned subjects 

represent the entire product chain, from 

legislator to grower, both national and 

international. International contributors 

are experts from the United States of 

America, England, Germany and Italy. The 

keynote speech will be delivered by a representative 

of DG Agriculture of the 

European Commission (under reserve). 

The ‘Food & Agribusiness’ department of 

sponsor Rabobank Nederland will also 

contribute to the congress by giving a 

presentation. This lecture will deal with 

the international position of the Dutch 

greenhouse vegetables sector. DLV 

Constancy group will lecture on ‘tracking 

& tracing in the glasshouse vegetables 

sector’. This presentation will provide the 

ISHS • 30 

results of research on tracking & tracing 

in the Dutch potato, vegetable and fruit 

sector that has been carried out on behalf 

of the Dutch Product Board for 

Horticulture. 

Novelties that will be announced during 

the conference are the Hortonet system 

that has been developed in Italy. The 

Hortonet system is an on line ‘market’ for 

trade through the Internet between vegetable 

and fruit buyers and sellers. 

LetsGrow.com will also introduce a new 

system that has been developed in cooperation 

with the Applied Plant 

Research Division Glasshouse Horticulture 

and Hoogendoorn Automation. 

This system enables the user to monitor, 

through the Internet, the production in 

the greenhouse in the long term by 

means of harvest prognoses. Hortilux 

Schréder will hold a presentation on the 

necessity of supplemental lighting for 

year round production and thereby introduces 

a new kind of lamp. The Applied 

Plant Research Division Glasshouse 

Horticulture will highlight the ‘greenhouse 

of the future’. This greenhouse, 

that will be open to the public at the 

Floriade area next year, will show he latest 

technology in the field of construc- 

tion, climate control, cultivation systems 

and technics. Wageningen University and 

Research Centre will inform the audience 

on the ‘solar greenhouse’. In this presentation 

technology will be dealt with that 

will result in a breakthrough in energy 

savings. Other Dutch contributors to the 

congress will be The Greenery 

International, the Product Board for 

Horticulture, the Agricultural Economics 

Research Institute, the Dutch Food 

Authority, the Orange Pepper Growers 

Association, Rijk Zwaan Netherlands b.v. 

and Anaco International. 

Furthermore, the conference will pay 

attention to EUREP/GAP developments. 

International contributions are inter alia 

from Sainsbury’s Supermarkets from 

England and the Federal Association of 

Producer Organisations for Fruits and 

Vegetables from Ger-many. Speakers 

from the USA are Jana Lamboy of the 

New York State IPM Program at the 

Cornell University in Geneva, New York. 

She will focus on ‘Integrated Pest 

Management’ (IPM) in the greenhouse 

vegetables sector. Mike DeGiglio of 

Village Farms L.P. from Eatontown, New 

Jersey, one of the largest tomato growers 

in the USA, will speak on the growth of 

the greenhouse tomato market in his 

country. Info: Danielle de Bruijn or 

Marieke van den Dries, Phone 

(31)306933489, Fax (31)306917394, email: 

ddebruijn@ europoint-bv.com or 

mvandendries@ europoint-bv.com, web: 

www.europoint-bv.com/events/greenhouse2001

FROM THE SECRETARIAT 

FROM THE SECRETARIAT 

In House 

The ISHS is an organisation of individuals, 

organisations - National 

and International - and governmental 

bodies interested in the field of 

Horticultural Research and 

Horticulture in general. The ISHS is 

registered in Belgium. 

CHRONICA 

HORTICULTURAE © 

Magazine of the International Society for 

Horticultural Science. 

ISBN: 90 6605 964 8 (Volume 41 - 

Number 3; September 2001) 

ISSN: 0578-039X 

Published quarterly by the International 

Society for Horticultural Science 

Editorial Office 

ISHS Secretariat 

PO Box 500 

3001 Leuven 1 

Belgium 

Tel: (32) 16 22 94 27 

Fax:(32) 16 22 94 50 

E-mail: info@ishs.org 

ISHS WEB-SITE 

http://www.ishs.org or 

http://www.actahort.org 

Inquiries, suggestions or remarks are to be 

sent to the ISHS Secretariat for the attention 

of the Executive Director. 

EDITORIAL STAFF 

A. Monteiro, General Editor, 

amonteiro@isa.utl.pt 

J. Van Assche, Final Editor, jozef@ishs.org 

P. Becker, Editor Manuscripts, petra.becker@ishs.org 

G. Weststeijn, Editor Symposia Reports, 

gerard.weststeijn@ishs.org 

P. Vanderborght, Editor Production, 

peter.vanderborght@ishs.org 

REALISATION 

ISHS Secretariat, Leuven, Belgium. 

LAY-OUT AND PRINTING IN 

BELGIUM BY 

Drukkerij Geers, Gent, Belgium. 

ADVERTISING 

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ISHS Secretariat. 

COPYRIGHT 

© 2001 by the International Society for 

Horticultural Science. All rights reserved. 

No part of this magazine may be reproduced 

and/or published in any form, photocopy, 

microfilm or any other means 

without written permission from the publisher. 

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ACTA HORTICULTURAE 

Acta Horticulturae is the series of proceedings 

of ISHS Scientific Meetings, 

Symposia or Congresses. (ISSN: 0567- 

7572) 


ISHS Members get a substantial discount 

when ordering Acta Horticulturae (See 

section on Acta Horticulturae in this 

Chronica Horticulturae). An order form as 

well as an updated list of available titles is 

available on the ISHS website 

www.ishs.org. A complete and accurate 

We are pleased to welcome the following 

new members 

ISHS • 32 

record of the entire Acta Horticulturae 

collection, including all abstracts and full 

text articles is available online at 

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NEW ORGANISATION 

MEMBERS: 

CIFO spa, Via Oradour 6/8, 40016 San 

Giorgio di Piano, Bologna, Italy. Phone: 

(39)0516655511, Fax: (39)0516650453, 

e-mail: info@cifo.it 

The Morton Arboretum, Att. Dr. Michael 

Stieber, The Morton Arboretum, 4100 

Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL 60532-1293, 

USA. Phone: (1)6307197932, Fax: 

(1)6307197950, e-mail: mstieber@mortonarb.org 

Centre for Vegetable Crops, Att. Dr. 

Zivoslav Markovic, Karadjordjeva St. 71, 

11420 Smederevska Palanka, Yugoslavia. 

Phone: (381)26323170, Fax: 

(381)26323785, e-mail: cfvcsp@eunet.yu 

NEW INDIVIDUAL 

MEMBERS: 

Argentina: Prof. Adrián Fabio Mitidieri, 

Mr. Ariel Vicente; Australia: Mr. Robert 

Cross, Bob Dunnett, Mr. David Gillespie, 

Mr. Charles Jericho Jr., Mr. Peter Kennedy, 

Ms. Janet Macnamara, Mr. Rod Saunders; 

Austria: Dr. Mustafa Demerci; Belgium: 

Prof. Dr. Claude Bragard, Karolien Van 

Puyvelde; Brazil: Almy Carvalho, 

Cristiano Teixeira; Canada: Dr. Gérald 

Chouinard, Dr. Adam Dale, Emilie Proulx; 

Chile: Manuel Gidekel, Prof. Dr. Rodrigo 

Infante; China: Dr. John Christian Abu- 

Kpawoh, Prof. Weixin Chen; Colombia: 

Prof. Maria Susana Carrizosa, Sergio 

Gutierrez; Czech Republic: Prof. Dr. 

Frantisek Kobza; Egypt: Mr. Gamal El 

Emany, Mohamed El-Kholy, Mr. Klaus 

Merckens; Estonia: Dr. Heljo Jänes, Dr. Ao 

Pae; Finland: Agrifood Research Finland 

MTT; France: Jacques Fersing; Germany: 

Mr. Fritz Walter Miendl; Greece: Mr. 

Alexandros Alatzas, Dr. Thomas Syros; 

Haiti: Mr. Joel Ducasse; Hungary: Dr. 

Mária Reményi; Indonesia: Mr. Raden 

Kusuma, Dr. Fida Madayanti; Iran: Mr. 

Javad Hakimi; Ireland: Mr. Michael 

Maher; Israel: Dr. Asher Bar-Tal, Dr. 

Shimshon Ben-Yehoshua, Dr. Adnan 

Sabehat, Cobi Shilo; Italy: Prof. Raffaello 

Giannini, Dr. Pierluigi Matte, Prof. 

Giancarlo Scalabrelli, Dr. Nadia Valentini; 

Japan: Ms. Tamayo Abe, Ms. Nobuko 

Fukino, Dr. Naoya Fukuda, Mr. Goh Hirai, 

Dr. Hideo Kakuta, Dr. Yuji Ono, Ms. 

Akane Takezaki, Mr. Kinji Tsunenari, Prof. 

Dr. Nobuyuki Yoshikawa; Jordan: Dr. 

Ghandi Anfoka; Korea: Dr. Mi Soon 

Byun, Dr. Jeong Doo Choi, Dr. Kyeong- 

Ho Chung, Mr. Sun Jung Euim, Prof. Dr. 

Jung-Seon Eun, Ms. Hong Ji-Young, Dr. 

Hoe Tae Kim, Prof. Jeong Ae Ko, Dr. 

Sung-Whan Kwon, Prof. Dr. Hee Jae Lee, 

Dr. In Sook Park, Ms. Su-yeon Park, Dr. 

Yong-Uk Shin, Ms. Hwang Soo-Jung, 

Prof. Dr. Jeung-Keun Suh, Dr. Choi 

Young-Hah; Lebanon: Mr. Ali Dbouk; 

Malaysia: Mr. Haya Ramba; Mauritius: 

Mr. Navindra Boodia; Mexico: Dr. Alba E. 

Jofre-Garfias, Ass. Prof. Sandro 

Manchego Revilla; Nepal: Mr. Shiva B. 

Nepali Pradhan; Netherlands: Susana 

Carvalho, Ir. F. Lamber, Dr. Peter Visser, 

Prof. Dr. Olaf van Kooten; New Zealand: 

Ms. Anne-Marie Arts, Philip Hutchinson, 

Dr. Rachel Rusholme, Mr. Peter Slako, Ms. 

Nadine Wakim; Norway: Ms. Moyfrid 

Sorestad, Ms. Line Vigerust; Peru: 

Reynaldo Rafael Raygada Watanabe; 

Poland: Prof. Dr. Wlodzimierz Sady, Jan 

Szymañski; Portugal: Fernando Santos; 

Slovenia: Mr. Primoz Lavrencic; Spain: 

Ms. Mireia Arenas, Mr. Rafael Bermudez 

Perez, Dr. Joan Girona, Prof. Dr. Joaquin 

Hernandez, Ms. Concepción Mañez 

Solsona, Dr. Carmen Merodio, Mr. José 

tents, orders for reprints, and other 

inquiries should be addressed to the ISHS 

Secretariat. 

Antonio Morales Pérez, Santiago Pereira- 

Lorenzo, Ms. Cristina Rojas Argudo; Sri 

Lanka: Ms. Namagal Krishnapillai; 

Sweden: Dr. Li-Hua Zhu; Switzerland: Dr. 

Xavier Jean Leroy; Taiwan: Mr. Min-Kong 

Chen; Thailand: Mr. Kittisak Vittayakorn; 

Turkey: Dr. Salih Kafkas; United Arab 

Emirates: Geoff Sanderson; United 

Kingdom: Mr. Tom Fairbairn, Mr. Neville 

Fay, Mr. Paul Hamilton, Dr. Alistair Lipp, 

Dr. Hugh Martin, Dr. Robin Meeks, Mr. 

Charles Murray; United States of 

America: Mr. Lorin Amsberry, Prof. Dr. 

Neil O. Anderson, Roger Chetelet, Dr. 

Jay Coke, Kevin Crosby, Kenneth W. 

Leonhardt, Kevin Donnelly, Diane Doud 

Miller, Mr. Gary Fisher, Wendy R. 

Hammond, Mr. Jeffrey Hill, Mr. Joseph 

Joyce, Soo-Hyung Kom, Dr. Stephen R. 

Kostewicz, Dr. Tracy Leskey, Dr. William 

Maksymowicz, Scott Marshall, L. Andrew 

Norman, Sarah Obraitis, Lorence R. Oki, 

Ms. Seong-Hyun Park, Dr. Galen Peiser, 

Mr. Deric Picton, Ass. Prof. A. Nathan 

Reed, Charles T. Schiller, John R. Shoven, 

Chantalak Tiyayon, Victor Tokar, Mr. Tom 

Turner, Mr. Peter Woods; Vietnam: Dr. 

Tran Van Minh

In Memoriam 

Dr. G. de Bakker at the First Council 

Meeting of the ISHS, 1960 

GERRIT DE BAKKER 

After a long illness, Dr. Gerrit de Bakker, 

Secretary-General of ISHS, 1959-1982, 

passed away on 21 August 2001 at the 

age of 86. He was born on 14 February 

1915 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands and, 

in 1936 he began his studies at the 

Agricultural University, Wageningen 

where he obtained his Master degree in 

Agronomy in 1941. His first appointment 

was that of an assistant lecturer at the university. 

His career in the Ministry of Agriculture 

began in 1941 as a horticultural consultant 

for the Province of Zeeland. He was 

appointed by Mr. Burg, later to become 

Assistant Secretary-General of the 

International Society for Horticultural 

Science and, during his period in Zeeland, 

Dr. de Bakker became head of the Science 

Department for that region. His work at 

the soil science of the many polders in that 

Province was terminated in 1944 since the 

region was seriously damaged in World 

War II. 

He resumed his work on the soils of 

Zeeland in 1946 and, in 1950, presented a 

thesis to the Wageningen University entitled: 

‘Soil characters of some South- 

Beveland polders and their suitability for 

fruit culture’, for which he was awarded a 

Doctorate. From 1948-60 he was an 

Inspector for agriculture at the Ministry 

for Agriculture. 

In the years 1960-1976 he remained at 

the Ministry and appointed Director of 

Horticulture, later becoming Director- 

General for Extension & Research. His 

final appointment was as Director-General 

for Agricultural Research, a post he held 

for eight years. 

In July,1976 he left The Hague for Rome 

on his secondment as Permanent 

Representative of The Netherlands to the 

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 

and the World Food Program. In March 

1980 he retired from the Ministry of 

Agriculture at the age of 65, after 40 

years of distinguished service. 

During the period 1980-1983 he was the 

Executive Secretary of the FAO/UNDP 

European Program on the Conservation 

and Exchange of Crop Genetic Resources 

which was based in Switzerland. 

Throughout his career, Gerrit de Bakker 

represented his country on many international 

organizations and, in many of them, 

had a leading role in either management 

or executive committees. These include 

the following: 

❚ International Society for Horticultural 

Science, The Hague (1959 - 1982) 

❚ International Institute of Refrigeration, 

Paris (1965 - 1982) 

❚ Consultative Group on International 

Agricultural Research, Washington 

(1972 - 1976) 

❚ Organization for Economic Cooperation 

and Development, Paris (1972 - 1976) 

❚ International Potato Center, Lima (1972 

- 1977) 

❚ International Board of Plant Genetic 

Resources, Rome (1974 - 1980) 

❚ Food and Agriculture Organization of 

the United Nations, Geneva (1980 - 

1982) 

Gerrit de Bakker was a successful Scientist 

and administrator but he firmly believed 

that agricultural extension and education 

should only develop successfully if adequate 

supported by research. During the 

earlier part of his career, he developed a 

network of experimental farms, research 

stations and institutes. This approach had 

a significant influence on the development 

of “modern agricultural research in 

The Netherlands. His subsequent involvement 

in the development of international 

cooperation in research was highly valued 

by the Dutch Government. 

The International Society for Horticultural 

was established in 1959 as a result of discussions 

held during the XIVth 

International Horticultural Congress in 

Scheveningen in 1955, during which Dr. 

de Bakker played an important part since 

he was Secretary of the Organizing 

Committee. He became Secretary- 

General-Treasurer and his dedication and 

intensive effort to establish and promote 

the Society over a period of almost three 

decades established the foundation for 

the successful and forward-looking 

Society of today. 

Throughout this period, his conviction 

that it was possible to contribute to a better 

understanding between countries with 

diverse political systems through 

increased contacts and cooperation 

between scientists working in these countries, 

enabled him to inspire so many to 

adopt these attitudes. After his retirement 

as Secretary-General in 1982, he kept in 

regular contact with the ISHS Secretariat 

and attended many Society meetings. 

Throughout his working life Gerrit de 

Bakker had a great capacity to encourage 

and influence those with whom he came 

in contact. His ability to promote practical 

solutions to difficult problems was evident 

in the many international activities in 

which he became involved and for which 

he was so much respected. 

He was made an Officer in the Order of 

Orange-Nassau and, on his retirement, 

was appointed a Knight in the Order of 

the Dutch Lion for his national and international 

work. 

I was first invited to assist Dr. de Bakker 

with the work of the ISHS in 1972 and, in 

the subsequent years of our association, I 

came to appreciate his personal gifts of 

leadership and concern for the well-being 

of his staff, in addition to his considerable 

intellectual and administrative abilities. 

He is survived by his wife, his children and 

grandchildren. 

Heiko van der Borg, 

Secretary-General of ISHS, 1982-1994 


NEW 

NEW 

NEW 

CALENDAR OF EVENTS 

CALENDAR OF EVENTS 

Calendar of Events 

Make sure to mention your ISHS membership number or 

join copy of your ISHS membership card when registering. 

A reduced ISHS members registration fee applies. 

YEAR 2001 

■ October 31 - November 1, 2001, Amsterdam (Netherlands): 

Greenhouse Vegetables - The product chain of fresh tomatoes, peppers 

and cucumbers. Info: Danielle de Bruijn, Europoint, PO Box 822, 

3700 AV Zeist, Netherlands. Phone: (31)306933489, Fax: 

(31)306917394, e-mail: ddebruijn@europoint-bv.com web: 

http://www.europoint-bv.com/events/greenhouse2001/index.htm 

■ November 5-9, 2001, Taipei (Taiwan): II Symposium on 

Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species. Info: Convener 

Prof. Wei-Chin Chang, Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Taipei 

115, Taiwan. Phone: (886)227899590 ext 120, Fax: 

(886)227827954, e-mail: wcc@wcc.sinica.edu.tw web: 

http://www.sinica.edu.tw/~wcchang2/2ndishs/ 

■ November 6-9, 2001, Antalya (Turkey): International ISHS 

Symposium on Sustainable Use of Plant Biodiversity to Promote 

New Opportunities for Horticultural Production Development. Info: 

Prof. Dr. Yüksel Tüzel, Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of 

Horticulture, 35 100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. Phone: (90)2323881865, 

Fax: (90)2323881865, email: tuzel@agr.ege.edu.tr 

■ November 26-29, 2001, Lima (Peru): Sweet Potato Symposium. Info: 

Dr. Patricio Malagamba, Centro International de la Papa, Apartado 

1558, Lima 12, Peru. Phone: (51-1)317.5314, Fax: (51-1)317.5333, 

e-mail: p.malagamba@cgiar.org or cip-symposium@cgiar.org, web: 

www.cipotato.org/training/ 

■ December 4-6, 2001, Mendoza (Argentina): International Symposium 

on Irrigation and Water Relations in Grapevine and Fruit Trees. Info: 

Dr. Hernán Ojeda, EEA Mendoza INTA, San Martin 3853, (5507) 

Lujan de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. Phone: (54)2614960004 

Ext2023 or 1019, Fax: (54)2614960469, email: 

h.ojeda@mendoza.inta.gov.ar or 

secretariat@irrigationsymposium.com.ar web: http://www.irrigationsymposium.com.ar 

■ December 9-13, 2001, Palmerston North (New Zealand): II 

International Symposium on Applications of Modelling as an 

Innovative Technology in the Agri-Food Chain, MODEL-IT. Info: Dr. 

Maarten Hertog, Phone: (64)63506176, Fax: (64)63505610, e-mail: 

model-it@massey.ac.nz web: http://model-it.massey.ac.nz/ 

YEAR 2002 

■ MARCH 2002, HAWAII (USA): INTERNATIONAL PROTEA 

SYMPOSIUM. Info: Dr. Kenneth W. Leonhardt, Department of 

Tropical Plant and Soil Science, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way 

No. 102, Honolulu, HI 96822-2232, USA. email: 

leonhard@hawaii.edu 

ISHS • 34 

NEW 

■ March 2002, Catania (Italy): VI International Symposium on 

Protected Cultivation in Mild Winter Climates. Info: Prof. G. La 

Malfa, Istituto Orticoltura e Floricoltura, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 

Catania, Italy. Phone: (39)095355079 Fax: (39)095355079 e-mail: 

ishs.symposium@mbox.fagr.unict.it 

■ March 2002, Santa Catharina (Brazil): II International Symposium on 

Banana in the Subtropics. Info: EPAGRI, Gerência Regional de 

Joinville, Caixa Postal 37, 89201-270 Joinville, SC, Brazil. Phone: 

(55)474338267, Fax: (55)474338267, e-mail: arj@epagri.rct-sc.br 

■ April, 2002, Veracruz (Mexico): IV International Pineapple 

Symposium. Convener: Daniel Uriza Avila, Serapio Rendon 83, Col. 

San Rafael, Del Cuauhtemoc, 06470 Mexico, DF, Mexico. Phone: 

(52)551401612, Fax: (52)555469020, e-mail: 

lauckv@inifap2.inifap.conacyt.mx web: 

http://mx.geocities.com/fips2002mx/ 

■ April 6-9, 2002, Cairo (Egypt): International Symposium on the 

Horizons of Using Organic Matter and Substrates in Horticulture. 

Info: Convener Prof. Dr. Ayman F. Abou Hadid, Dept. of Horticulture, 

Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, PO Box 296, Imbaba 

12411, Giza, Egypt. Phone: (20)27490053, Fax: (20)27490053, email: 

ruafah@rusys.eg.net, web: http://www.clac.edu.eg/orgmat/ 

■ June 8-10, 2002, Istanbul (Turkey): VIII International Symposium on 

the Processing Tomato & V Worldwide Congress on the Processing 

Tomato. Info: Ir. B. Bièche, AMITOM, Boîte Postal 235, 27 Avenue de 

l’Arrousaire, 84010 Avignon, France. Phone: (33)490861695, Fax: 

(33)490270658, email: tomato@tomate.org, web: 

http://www.tomate.org/firstcircular.htm or http://www.worldtomatocongress.org/ 

■ June 11-14, 2002, Zaragoza (Spain): I International Symposium on 

Rootstocks for Deciduous Fruit Tree Species. Info: Drs. Maria Moreno 

and Alvaro Blanco, Conveners, Department of Pomology, Aula Dei 

Experiment Station, PO Box 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain. email: 

mmoreno@eead.csic.es , web: http://www.iamz.ciheam.org/rootstocks-Zaragoza2002.htm 

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): XXVI ISHS INTERNATIONAL 

HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS. Info: Dr. N.E. Looney, Pacific Agri- 

Food Research Centre, AAFC, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. 

email: looneyn@em.agr.ca See also the XXVI ISHS IHC pages on the 

ISHS website 

■ August 2002, (Brazil): II Latin American Symposium on Products of 

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Condiments. Info: Dr. Lin Chau 

Ming, Dept. Horticulture, Agronomic Sciences College, Sao Paulo 

State University, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil CEP: 18.603-970. Phone: 

(55)14.821.3883x172, Fax/ (55)14.821.3483, e-mail: 

linming@fca.unesp.br 

■ September 15-20, 2002, Wuhan - Hubei (China): V International 

Symposium on Kiwifruit. Info: Dr. Hongwen Huang, Wuhan Institute 

of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Moshan, Wuchang, 

Wuhan 430074, China. Phone: (86)2787510546, Fax: 

(86)2787510251, e-mail: kiwi2002@public.wh.hb.cn 

■ September 22-27 2002, Recife-PE (Brazil): VII International Mango 

Symposium. Info: Dr. Alberto Carlos Queiroz Pinto, EMBRAPA, 

Cerrados, CP 08223, 73.301-970 Planaltina, DF, Brazil. Phone: 

(55)613889924, Fax: (55)8134455522 or 613889859, email: mangobr@ipa.br 

or alcapi@cpac.embrapa.br web: 

http://www.mangobr.cjb.net

■ 2002, Davis, California (USA): International Symposium on Vegetable 

Quality. Info: Dr. Marita I. Cantwell, Mann Laboratory, Department 

of Vegetable Crops, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8746, 

USA. Phone: (1)9167527305, Fax: (1)9167524554, e-mail: 

micantwell@ucdavis.edu 

YEAR 2003 

■ March, 2003, Brasilia, DF (Brazil): International Symposium on New 

Ornamental Crops. Convener: Dr. António Fernando Caetano 

Tombolato, Ist. Agronomico, Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo, Caixa 

Postal 28, 13001-970 Campinas SP, Brazil, Phone: (55)192315422, 

Fax: (55)192314943, e-mail: tombolat@cec.iac.br 

■ April 20-25, 2003, Beijing (China): IV International Symposium on 

Edible Alliaceae. Info: Convener Prof. Zhu Dewei, Chinese Society for 

Horticultural Science, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, 

China. Phone: (86)1068919531, Fax: (86)1062174123, email: ivfcaas@public3.bta.net.cn 

■ May 2003, Pisa (Italy): Symposium on Managing Greenhouse Crops 

in Saline Environment. Info: Prof. Tognoni, Dipartimento di Biologia 

delle Piante Agrarie, Viale delle Piagge n° 23, 56100 Pisa, Italy. 

Phone: (39)050570420, Fax: (39)050570421 

■ August, 2003 (The Netherlands): International Symposium on 

Postharvest Physiology of Ornamentals. Convener: Dr. U. van 

Meeteren, Mr. Van Rennesweg 29, 6871 GG Renkum, Netherlands. 

Phone: (31)317314926, Fax: (31)317484709, e-mail: uulke.vanmeeteren@users.tbpt.wag-ur.nl 

■ September 2003, Davis, California (USA): IV International Symposium 

on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. Info: Dr. Richard Snyder, UC 

Davis, 1709 Palm Place, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Phone: 

(1)5307524628, Fax: (1)5307521552, e-mail: rlsnyder@ucdavis.edu 

■ October 2003 Nauni (India): VII International Symposium on 

Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. Info: Dr. K.K. 

Jindall, Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan 

(HP) 173230 India. Phone: (91)179252315, Fax: (91)179252242, email: 

dres@yspuhf.hp.nic.in or kkjindal@yspuhf.hp.nic.in 

■ October 2003, Vila Real, (Portugal): III International Chestnut 

Symposium. Info: Dr. Carlos Abreu, Universidade de Tras-Os-Montes 

e Alto Douro, Apartado 202, 5001 Vila Real Codex. Phone 

(351)59.323688 Fax: (351)59.325058 

■ 2003, (New Zealand): Root and Tuber Crop Symposium. Info: Dr. M. 

Nichols, Department of Plant Science, Massey University, Palmerston 

North, New Zealand. Phone: (64)6-3569099, Fax: (64)6-3505606, email: 

m.nichols@massey.ac.nz 

■ 2003 or 2004 (Italy): V International Walnut Congress. Place, precise 

time to be determined. 

■ 2003, Jerusalem (Israel): VI International Symposium on Chemical 

and non-Chemical Soil and Substrate Disinfection. Info: Prof. J. 

Katan, University of Minnesota, C/O Dept. Of Plant Pathology, 

Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108-0010, USA. Phone: 

(972)89481217, Fax: (972)89466794, e-mail: gamliel@agri.huji.ac.il 

■ 2003, Wageningen (The Netherlands): Symposium on Greenhouse 

Crop Tolerance. Info: Prof. Hugo Challa, Wageningen Agric. 

University, Sect.Agric.Engineering&Physics, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD 

Wageningen, Netherlands, Phone: (31)317482397, Fax: 

(31)317484819, e-mail: hugo.challa@user.aenf.wau.nl 

■ 2003 Antalya (Turkey): International Symposium on the International 

Cut Flower Chain. Info: Dr. K.K. Jindall, Parmar University of 

Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Nauni, India. Fax: (91)179252242, 

e-mail: Dr. Burhan Ozkan, University of Akdeniz, Faculty of 

Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, 07058 Antalya, 

Turkey. e-mail: ozkan@agric.akdeniz.edu.tr 

NEW 

■ 2003 or 2004, Bornova, Izmir (Turkey): International Symposium on 

Protected Cultivation in Mild Winter Climates. Info: Prof. Dr. Yüksel 

Tüzel, Ege University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture, 

35100 Bornova Izmir, Turkey. Phone: (90)2323880110ext1398, Fax: 

(90)2323881865, e-mail: tuzel@ziraat.ege.edu.tr 

YEAR 2004 

■ MARCH 2004, STELLENBOSCH (SOUTH AFRICA): IX 

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PEAR GROWING. Info: Dr. 

Karen Theron, Department of Horticulture, University of Stellenbosch, 

Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. Phone: 

(27)218084762, Fax: (27)218084336, e-mail: kit@land.sun.ac.za 

■ April 2004, Niigata (Japan): International Symposium on 

Flowerbulbs. Info: Prof. Dr. Hideo Imanishi, College of Agriculture, 

Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599- 

8531, Japan. Phone: (81)722521161, Fax: (81)722520341, e-mail: hima@plant.osakafu-u.ac.jp 

■ May-June 2001, Bonn (Germany): X International Symposium on 

Timing of Field Production in Vegetable Crops. Info: Dr. Felix Lippert, 

Institut für Obstbau und Gemüsebau, Universität Bonn, Auf dem 

Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany. Phone: (49)228735139, Fax: 

(49)228735764, e-mail: lippertf@uni-bonn.de 

■ June-July 2004, Reus (Spain): VI International Congress on Hazelnut. 

Info: Dr. Joan Tous, Apartat 415, 43280 Reus (Tarragona), Spain. 

Phone: (34)977343252, Fax: (34)977344055, e-mail: 

joan.tous@irta.es 

■ 12-17 September, 2004, Brisbane (Australia): V International 

Strawberry Symposium. Info Dr. Neil Greer, QLD Dept Primary 

Industries, PO Box 5083, Sunshine Coast Mail Centre, Nambour, QLD 

4560, Australia. Phone: (61)754449605, Fax: (61)754412235, e-mail: 

greern@dpi.qld.gov.au 

■ 2004, (Turkey): V International Symposium on Olive Growing. Info: 

Dr. Mucahit Taha Ozkaya, University of Ankara, Faculty of 

Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 06100 Ankara, Turkey. 

Phone: (90)5355264860, Fax: (90)3123179119, e-mail: 

ozkaya@agri.ankara.edu.tr 

■ 2004, Bursa (Turkey): III Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and 

Potatoes. Info: Dr. H. Özkan Sivritepe, Uludag Üniversity, Department 

of Horticulture, 16059 Bursa, Turkey. Phone: (90)2244428970, 

Fax: (90)2244429098, e-mail: ozkan@uludag.edu.tr 

■ 2004, (Korea): IV ISHS Symposium on Brassica and XV Crucifer 

Genetics Workshop. Info: Dr. Yong Pyo Lim, Dept. of Horticulture, 

Chungnam National University, Kung-Dong 220, Yusong-Gu, Taejon 

305-764, South Korea. e-mail: yplim@hanbat.chungnam.ac.kr 

■ 2004, Perugia (Italy): International Symposium on Nutrition and 

Fertilization. Info: Prof. Francesco Tei, Dept.Agroenvir.& Crop 

Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, 

Italy. Phone: (39)0755856320, Fax: (39)0755856344, e-mail: 

f.tei@unipg.it 

■ 2004 (Thailand): II International Symposium on Litch, Longan and 

related Sapindaceae. Infor: Dr. Suranant Subhadrabandhu, 

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart 

University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Phone: (66)25790308 or 

25614891, Fax: (66)25791951, e-mail: agrsns@ku.ac.th 

■ 2004, Verona (Italy): V International Postharvest Research 

Symposium. Info: Prof. Dr. Pietro Tonutti, University of Padova, 

Department of Vegetable Crops, Agripolis, Via Romea 16, 35020 

Legnaro (Padova), Italy. Phone: (39)0498272845, 

Fax: (39)0498272850, e-mail: ptonutti@agripolis.unipd.it 


ISHS • 36 



Acta in Preparation 

Acta Horticulturae titles in Preparation - Soon to be 

released: 

Acta Acta Title 

Number 

557 IV International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Deciduous 

Fruit Crops 

563 International Conference on Environmental Problems Associated 

with Nitrogen Fertilisation of Field Grown Vegetable Crops 

562 III International Symposium on Sensors in Horticulture 

561 VIII International Pollination Symposium - Pollination: Integrator of 

Crops and Native Plant Systems 

560 IV International Symposium on In Vitro Culture and Horticultural 

Breeding 

559 V International Symposium on Protected Cultivation in Mild Winter 

Climates: Current Trends for Suistainable Technologies 

List of Acta Horticulturae numbers available 

List of Available numbers of Acta Horticulturae (for 

updated information, tables of content and an order 

form, we invite you to visit the ISHS website 

www.ishs.org or www.actahort.org): 

Acta Acta Title Acta 

Number Price 

552 I International Symposium on Litchi and Longan 79 

557 VI International Symposium on Orchard and Plantation 

Systems 84 

556 V International Congress on Hazelnut 96 

555 II International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae 62 

554 World Congress on Soilless Culture: Agriculture in the 

Coming Millenium 68 

553 IV International Conference on Postharvest Science 123 

552 XX International EUCARPIA Symposium, Section 

Ornamentals, Strategies for New Ornamentals 53 

551 IX International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases 43 

550 XVIII International Symposium on Virus and Virus-like 

Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops - Top Fruit Diseases 86 

549 International Symposium on Composting of Organic Matter 47 

548 International Symposium on Growing Media and 

Hydroponics 108 

547 III International Symposium on Rose Research and 

Cultivation 75 

546 International Symposium on Molecular Markers for 

Characterizing Genotypes and Identifying Cultivars in 

Horticulture 105 

545 V International Protea Research Symposium 62 

544 IV International Walnut Symposium 100 

543 VII International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of 

Ornamental Plants 72 

542 VII International Symposium on the Processing Tomato 73 

541 IV International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops 70 

540 I International Conference on Banana and Plantain for Africa 96 

539 III International Symposium on Brassicas and XII Crucifer 

Genetics Workshop 45 

538 Eucarpia symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics 123 

536 XIV International Symposium on Horticultural Economics 111 

535 I International Citrus Biotechnology Symposium 56 

534 International Conference and British-Israeli Workshop on 

Greenhouse Techniques towards the 3rd Millennium 69 

533 VIII International Symposium on Timing Field Production in 

Vegetable Crops 97 

532 V International Symposium on Chemical and Non-Chemical 

Soil and Substrate Disinfectation 54 

531 II ISHS Conference on Fruit Production in the Tropics and 

Subtropics 59 

530 International Symposium on Methods and Markers for 

Quality Assurance in Micropropagation 82 

529 III International Pineapple Symposium 67 

528 VII International Symposium on Grapevine Genetics and 

Breeding 124

527 International Symposium on Growth and Development of 

Fruit Crops 49 

526 V International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology 84 

525 International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production 87 

524 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 14: Horticultural 

Economics at Micro and Macro Level, International Trade and 

Marketing, International Cooperative Programs, Relations 

between Research, Development, Extension and Education 59 

523 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 13: New and 

Specialized Crops and Products, Botanic Gardens and Human- 

Horticulture Relationship 53 

522 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 12: Application 

of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology and Breeding - 

General Breeding, Breeding and Evaluation of Temperate 

Zone Fruits for the Tropics and the Subtropics. 55 


of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology and Breeding - Gene 

Expression and Molecular Breeding, Genome Analysis. 60 


of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology and Breeding - 

In Vitro Culture. 61 

519 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 9: Computers 

and Automation, Electronic Information in Horticulture 58 

518 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 8: Quality of 

Horticultural Products, Storage and Processing, New Outlooks 

on Postharvest Biology and Technology, Underutilized Fruits 

of the Tropics 55 

517 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 7: Quality of 

Horticultural Products, Starting Material, Auxiliary Products, 

Quality Control 85 

516 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 6: Culture 

Techniques with Special Emphasis on Environmental 

Implications Physiological Processes in Plants 47 


Techniques with Special Emphasis on Environmental Implications 

Chemical, Physical and Biological Means of Regulating Crop 

Growth in Ornamentals and Other Crops 61 



Implications 63 


Techniques with Special Emphasis on Environmental Implications, 

Disease, Pest Control and Integrated Pest Strategies 89 

512 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 2: Mineral 

Nutrition and Grape and Wine Quality 49 



Implications - Nutrient Management 60 

510 VII Eucarpia Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding 87 

509 VI International Symposium on Mango 135 

508 XIX International Symposium on Improvement of 


507 III International Workshop on Models for Plant Growth and 

Control of the Shoot and Root Environments in Greenhouses 63 

506 International Workshop on Ecological Aspects of Vegetable 

Fertilization in Integrated Crop Production 47 

505 VII International Symposium on Rubus and Ribes 76 

504 VI Symposium on Stand Establishment and ISHS Seed 

Symposium 53 

503 II WOCMAP Congress Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Part 4: 

Industrial Processing, Standards & Regulations, Control, Supply 

& Marketing and Economics 50 


Agricultural Production, Post Harvest Techniques, 

Biotechnology 74 


Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Phytomedicine, Toxicology 66 


Biological Resources, Sustainable Use, Conservation and 

Ethnobotany 50 

499 V International Symposium on Computer Modelling in Fruit 

Research and Orchard Management 60 

498 IV International Symposium on Kiwifruit 69 

497 I International Symposium on Cherimoya / 1er Simposio 

Internacional Sobre Chirimoya (English + Español) 71 

496 International Symposium on Urban Tree Health 82 

495 WCHR - World Conference on Horticultural Research 103 

494 II International Symposium on Chestnut 88 

493 I ISHS Workshop on Water Relations of Grapevines 63 

492 I International Symposium on Cucurbits 71 

491 International Symposium Greenhouse Management for Better 

Yield & Quality in Mild Winter Climates 84 

490 I International Symposium on Banana in the Subtropics 97 

489 VIII International Workshop on Fire Blight 109 

488 XI International Symposium on Apricot Culture 126 

487 VI International Symposium on Processing Tomato & 

Workshop on Irrigation and Fertigation of Processing Tomato 97 

486 II International Symposium on Ornamental Palms & other 

Monocots from the tropics 67 

485 International Symposium Effect of Pre- & Postharvest factors 

in Fruit Storage 74 

484 Eucarpia Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics 97 

483 International Symposium on Vegetable Quality of Fresh and 

Fermented Vegetables 78 

482 International Symposium on Cut Flowers in the Tropics 76 

481 International Symposium on Growing Media and Hydroponics 124 

480 I International Symposium on Figs 63 

479 IX International Asparagus Symposium 83 

478 VI International Symposium on Plum & Prune Genetics, Breeding, 

Pomology 67 

477 IV International Symposium on Replant Problems 45 

476 International Symposium Applications of Modelling as Innov. 

Tech. in Agri-Food chain. Model-It 71 

475 VII International Symposium on Pear Growing 104 

474 III International Symposium on Olive Growing 123 

473 International Symposium Importance of Varieties and Clones 

in Quality Wine 46 

472 XVII International Symposium Virus&Virus-Like Diseases 

Temperate Fruit Crops 128 

471 VIII International Symposium Small Fruit Virus Diseases 43 

470 II International Symposium Pistachios and Almonds 98 

468 III International Cherry Symposium 124 

466 II Workshop on Pome Fruit 46 

465 IV International Peach Symposium 120 


462 I Balkan Symposium On Vegetables and Potatoes (Vol. I&II) 159 

461 International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and 

Subtropical Species Part 2 89 

460 International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and 

Subtropical Species Part 1 30 

458 International Symposium on Water Quality & Quantity-Greenhouse 

75 

457 Symposium on Plant Biotechnology as a tool for the 

Exploitation of Mountain Lands 75 

453 IV International Protea Working Group Symposium 45 

452 International Symposium on Myrtaceae 45 

446 VI International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture 85 

444 III International Symposium on Kiwifruit 145 

442 III International Walnut Congress 79 

439 III International Strawberry Symposium 150 

436 I International Persimmon Symposium 72 

434 Strategies for Market Oriented Greenhouse Production 73 

431 Tospoviruses and Thrips of Floral & Vegetable Crops 90 

430 VII International Symposium on Flowerbulbs 156 

429 XIII International Symposium on Horticultural Economics 87 

425 II International Pineapple Symposium 98 

ISHS • 38 

422 International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production 81 

418 III International Symposium on Artificial Lighting in 

Horticulture 52 

414 International Symposium on the Genus Lilium 61 

413 II International Symposium on Taxonomy of Cultivated 

Plants 31 

411 VII International Workshop on Fire Blight 75 

409 IV International Symposium on Growing Temperate Zone 

Fruits in the Tropics and in the Subtropics 37 

408 International Seminar on Soilless Culture Technology Protected 

Crops Mild Winter Climates 26 

405 VI International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of 


374 III International Peach Symposium 49 

308 XV International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases 26

Acta Horticulturae Reviews 

ACTA HORTICULTURAE 541 

Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on New 

Floricultural Crops (Ed. E. Maloupa), Chania, Crete, 

Greece, 22-27 May, 1999. 

This Acta issue gathers the information about the market for well 

established or new floral products. In particular the information 

about 60 new or improved plans is of great importance for the 

potential of new or improved ways of commercialisation. Besides 

novelties, the sustainable exploitation of genetic resources and 

the potential for new crops in the flower industry are mentioned 

in several papers. More than other markets, the ornamentals market 

requires new ideas each season. As an initial „appetiser” an 

overview of Flowers in Greek mythology is given. This is followed 

by descriptions of different plants and their potentials in the ornamental 

market: The introduction to commercial floriculture of 

recalcitrant Australian native plants, the potentials for Sticherus 

flabellatus, and Haemodorum coccineum and the utilisation of 

Helychrysum obconicum as an ornamental plant is mentioned as 

well as the introduction to the ornamentals market of some 

mediterranian native species like Thymus mastichina, Lotus cytisoides, 

Lavandula stoechas, Centranthus ruber, Limonium pectinatum 

and Limonium sinense. Cut flowers innovations from 

Crete were also presented . 

The second half of Acta 541 is dedicated to technical aspects of 

ornamentals production rather than market aspects. E.g. assessing 

future trends in landscaping and ornamentals, vase-life and 

the need to replace wild bush gathering with sustainable quality 

cultivation, pollination, selection and breeding, growth manipulation, 

influence of photoperiod and temperature on plant growth. 

ISSN 0567-7572; ISBN 90 6605 9338; Price for non-members of 

ISHS: 70 euro 


Proceedings of the VII international Symposium on 

Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants (Eds T.A. 

Nell and D.G. Clark), Ft Lauderdale, Florida, USA, 13-18 

November 1999. 

Most important items in this Acta are the global properties and 

future trends in postharvest and ornamental crops, new developments 

in ethylene control, cultural factors affecting postharvest 

quality of potted plants, biotechnology of postharvest characters 

in ornamental crops, source/ sink and water relations factors 

affecting postharvest quality, new advances in shipping and handling 

of fresh cut flowers and technical advances in testing of 

internal postharvest quality. 

ISSN 0567-7572; ISBN 90 6605 963 X; Price for non-members of 

ISHS 72 euro 


Proceedings of the IV International Walnut Symposium 

(Ed E. Germain), Bordeaux, France, 13-16 September, 

1999 

In this Acta issue the results of seven sessions are documented in 

which a wide range of topics from genetic resources to breeding, 

varieties, propagation and rootstocks, molecular biology, physiology, 

plant protection, orchard management, nut quality and 

economics. 

Within the first section, which is also the largest, research projects 

from Marocco, Turkey, Greece, Romania, Ukraine New 

Zealand and Iran are presented. Many other interesting reports 

deal with genetic diversity in walnuts of different origins, modeling 

in walnut research, water and climate conditions and their 

influence on walnuts, the plant’s chemistry. the section orchard 

management and harvest contains growing experience from different 

countries. 

ISSN 0567-7572; ISBN 90 6605 983 4; Price for non-members 

of ISHS 100 euro 


ISHS 

http://www.ishs.org 

http://www.actahort.org

Acta Horticulturae

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