Marcellus and Utica in the Field

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Marcellus and Utica in the Field:
Looking at Faults, Fractures and Folds
That Affect the Sedimentary Units
of the
Northern Appalachian Basin
Robert Jacobi
Norse Energy Corp, USA and UB Rock Fracture Group

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Other geologists of the UB Rock Fracture Group
who have contributed to the NYS database:
John Fountain, Chuck Mitchell, Meng Zhao, Jiandong Xu, Paul Agle,
Andy Baudo, Gareth Cross, Cheri Drecshel, Jodi Fisher, Allison Harper,
Stacey Hanson, Courtney Lugert, Kelly McGuire, Travis Nelson, Todd Peters,
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Michelle Reay, Josh Stroup, Nick Terech, Beth Tober,
Alecia Wawrzynski, Todd Witmer, Dino Zack,
and Industrial Associates

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Research Supported by:
EDMAP, STATEMAP, NSF, NYSERDA, DOE,
and
INDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATES

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Webinar Outline
1) Faults? What faults? Evidence for N-Striking Fault
Systems
2) Effects of N-striking faults in general
3) Arcuate (map pattern) Fault System: the Iapetenopening
Rift Faults
4) Marcellus Fracture Background (an aside)
5) Effects of N-striking faults on black shale (Geneseo)
6) Influence of Arcuate Fault (and Fold) System on
black shales (Utica, Marcellus, and Geneseo) and
hydrothermal fracture reservoirs (T/Br)

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Watkins Glen
NYC
Jacobi (2006)

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Commonly Recognized Faults, circa 1989
Jacobi (2010)

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Folds in PA from Beardsley et al (1999)
Folds in NY from Wedel (1932)
Jacobi et al. (2004)

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GBLZ
THSZ
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Central
Gneiss Belt
CMBBZ (F)
Elzevir Terrane
CMBBZ (T, W, M)
CMBBZ (E, H)
Baranoski (1989)
EFBZ
Central Metasedimentary Belt
CLF
EFBZ
ELOSZ
50 mi
50 km
Frontenac Terrane
CCMZ
Harper & Laughrey (1987)
Central Granulite
Terrane
Jacobi (2002)

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Jacobi (1993)

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Jacobi (2009)

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Jacobi (2009)

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Jacobi (1992)

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Selected fault systems from Jacobi (2002)

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INTEGRATED RESEARCH TASKS
1. OUTCROP STRATIGRAPHY/SEDIMENTOLOGY
Approximately 2000 outcrops measured at the cm scale
2. DETAILED FRACTURE ANALYSES
Nine characteristics measured at 2000 outcrops on ~ 100,000 fractures
3. LINEAMENT RECOGNITION (REMOTE SENSING)
LandSat, Slar, hyperspectral (GER), ASTER, airphoto, DEM, topo
4. SOIL GAS ANALYSES
Approximately 21,000 analyses
5. WELL LOG ANALYSES
Approximately 450 analyses
6. AEROMAGNETICS/GRAVITY
7. SEISMIC REFLECTION ANALYSES
U B
More than 1000 miles interpreted (most proprietary, including 3D cubes)
Rock Fracture Group

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50 mi
50 km

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GBLZ
THSZ
Central
Gneiss Belt
CMBBZ (F)
Elzevir Terrane
CMBBZ (T, W, M)
CMBBZ (E, H)
Baranoski (1989)
EFBZ
Central Metasedimentary Belt
CLF
EFBZ
ELOSZ
50 mi
50 km
Frontenac Terrane
CCMZ
Harper & Laughrey (1987)
Central Granulite
Terrane
Jacobi (2002)

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Jacobi et al. (2002)

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Jacobi et al. (2002)

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50 mi
50 km
Jacobi et al. (2002)

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Jacobi and Fountain (1993, 1996, 2002)

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Jacobi and Fountain (1993, 1996, 2002)

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94-196
Jacobi and Fountain (1996)

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CRAWFORD CREEK REGION
WEST EAST
50 cm
Set I (J2)
Set II
50 cm
147
Jacobi and Fountain (1996)

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Jacobi and Fountain (2002)

Jacobi and Fountain (2002)

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Jacobi (2010)

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Jacobi and Fountain (2002)

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Jacobi and Fountain (2002)

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94-193
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Jacobi (2010)

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Cuba Oil Spring
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Jacobi and Smith (2010)

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Jacobi and Fountain (2002)

Jacobi et al. (2003)

Jacobi et al. (2003)

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Smith and Jacobi (2001)

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Rhinestreet Shale Isopach Map
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contours in ft
of high TOC
Isopach and CLF location
from Lash and Blood (2006)
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Jacobi et al. (2003)

Jacobi (2010)

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Baudo and Jacobi (1999), Jacobi and Baudo (1999)

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Baudo and Jacobi (1999), Jacobi and Baudo (1999)

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Bedding Orientation
N = 225
50 m
N
N = 80
20
Fault Orientation
83
Equal
Area
NORTH FAULT
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BEDDING
FAULT = 342 o , 83 o E
15
BEDDING
MONOCLINE
PLUNGE = 179 o , 1 o
N = 42
Jacobi and Baudo (1999)

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S h
S H

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Zhao (1997), Zhao and Jacobi (1996))

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Jacobi et al. (2002)

Jacobi et al. (2004)

Jacobi et al. (2003)

Jacobi et al. (2003)

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END PART I

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Cincinnati Arch Acadian Highlands
UPPER DEVONIAN BLACK SHALE
FRACTURE CONSIDERATIONS

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Cincinnati Arch Acadian Highlands
UPPER DEVONIAN MARCELLUS BLACK SHALE
FRACTURE CONSIDERATIONS

LAURENTIA
after van Staal (2006)
GANDERIA AVALONIA
This map is copyrighted Ron Blakey, and may be used, with citation to Ron
Blakey, NAU Geology, for educational, non-profit, non-commercial purposes.

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from Smith, G; Jacobi, R; Seever, J;
and Loewenstein (2009)
B
A
from Nyahay, Leone, Smith, Martin, and Jarvie (2008)
Modifications based on Ver Straeten (1994) and Smith and Leone (2010)

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Chittenango
Cherry Valley
Union Springs
Jacobi and Smith (200

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J1 or Set III
from Lash, Loewy, & Engelder (2004)

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From 2008 March Explorer (Durham)

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Zoback and Zoback (1991)

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From 2008 March Explorer (Durham). Rose diagram of fractures in the same area (Jacobi, 2007)

The box encloses the interquartile range of the data set population; bounded on the left by the 25th percentile (lower quartile) and on the right by the 75th
percentile (upper quartile). The vertical line through the box is the median value and the „„whiskers‟‟ represent the extremes of the sample range. Statistical
outliers are represented by data points (filled squares) that fall outside of the extremes of the sample range. Lash and Engelder (2007)
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After Engelder and Lash (2008). “Zipper” tectonic model from Hatcher (2002)

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The collision of the two
“hockey pucks” sets up an
internal stress field just as
both the Marcellus black
shale and Pottsville coal
enter the oil window
After Engelder and Lash (2008). Tectonic model after Hatcher (2002)

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Cincinnati Arch Acadian Highlands
Effect of N-striking Faults on N-
Striking Fracture Frequency

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Jacobi (2002)

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FREQUENCY
of
NS-STRIKING
FRACTURES
in the
DEVONIAN GENESEO
BLACK SHALE
and
TULLY LIMESTONE
ALONG EW TRANSECTS
Jacobi et al. ( 2008)

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Jacobi et al. ( 2008)

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Jacobi ( 2007)
MUTUALLY
INTERSECTING
MUTUALLY
ABUTTING
FAULTS
UNKNOWN ABUTS
AMONG GOLD

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Jacobi ( 2007)
MUTUALLY
INTERSECTING
MUTUALLY
ABUTTING
FAULTS
UNKNOWN ABUTS
AMONG GOLD

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A
Jacobi (2007)
B

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Structural Contour Map of the base
of the Rhinestreet Fm.
(from Bradley and Pepper ,1938)
1500
1400
1500
1300
D
U
1400
1300
U
D
1400
1500
1400
1400
SENECA LAKE Watkins Glen
H
V
U
D
D
U
1300
D
U
D U
0 5 km
Burdett
1400
Ovid
1500
Lodi
1400
1700
1600
1500
1600
1300
1400
Structure contours
and faults after:
Bradley et al (1941)

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Structural Contour Map of the Base
of the Rhinestreet Fm.
(from Bradley and Pepper ,1938)
1500
1400
1500
1300
D
U
1400
1300
U
D
1400
1500
1400
1400
SENECA LAKE Watkins Glen
H
V
U
D
D
U
1300
D
U
D U
0 5 km
Burdett
1400
Ovid
1500
Lodi
1400
1700
1600
1500
1600
1300
1400
Structure contours
and faults after:
Bradley et al (1941)

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Structural Contour Map of the Base
of the Rhinestreet Fm.
(from Bradley and Pepper ,1938)
1500
1400
1500
1300
D
U
1400
1300
U
D
1400
1500
1400
1400
SENECA LAKE Watkins Glen
H
V
U
D
D
U
1300
D
U
D U
0 5 km
Burdett
1400
Ovid
1500
Lodi
1400
1700
1600
1500
1600
1300
1400
Structure contours
and faults after:
Bradley et al (1941)

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Effect of ENE-striking Faults on ENE-
Striking Fracture Frequency

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ENE-striking, high-frequency
fractures in the Geneseo
Jacobi (2007)

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FREQUENCY
of
ENE-STRIKING
FRACTURES
in the
DEVONIAN GENESEO
BLACK SHALE
and
TULLY LIMESTONE
Jacobi et al. ( 2008)

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Jacobi et al. ( 2008)

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Jacobi et al. ( 2008)

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SENECA LAKE TRANSECT
UB
ENE
Rock Fracture Group
VALOIS HECTOR
ENE
2 km
NORTH SOUTH
EW
EW
FRACTURES
LINEAMENTS
SOIL GAS
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
15
10
5
0
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
Fractures/meter
Peaks/km Lineaments/
1.32 km
Jacobi et al. (2003)

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Jacobi et al. (2003)

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SENECA LAKE TRANSECT
UB
ENE
Rock Fracture Group
VALOIS HECTOR
ENE
2 km
NORTH SOUTH
EW
EW
FRACTURES
LINEAMENTS
SOIL GAS
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
15
10
5
0
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
Fractures/meter
Peaks/km Lineaments/
1.32 km
Jacobi et al. (2003)

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v
v
Jacobi et al. (2003)

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Jacobi (2002)

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Jacobi and Smith ( 2000)

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Jacobi and Smith ( 2000)

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Open fractures and faults observed in the Marcellus interval on FMI logs
Jacobi ( 2010)

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THRUST AND FOLD DEFORMATION
IN DEVONIAN
MARCELLUS BLACK SHALE

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Jacobi et al. (2003)

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Jacobi et al. (2003)

slide 93 Jacobi ( 2010)

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Jacobi (2002)

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Jacobi and Smith ( 2000)

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Jacobi and Smith (2000), Jacobi et al. (2008)

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UPPER ORDOVICIAN UTICA BLACK SHALE
FAULTS AND FRACTURES
Jacobi (2010)

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From Nyahay, Leone,
Smith, Martin, and
Jarvie (2008)

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UTICA
FROM BRADLEY AND KIDD, 1991

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Tectonic Model for the Taconic Orogeny Showing Eastward Subduction, Peripheral
Bulge Effects, and Mohawk Valley Block-Faulting. Modified from Jacobi (1981).

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Revised from Jacobi and Mitchell, 2002, based on new data from core 75NY2,
pers. com. C. E. Mitchell and M. Roloson, 2010

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Jacobi (2002)

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from Cross, (2008), Jacobi et al., (2008),
after Fisher (1980)

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Jacobi et al. (2007)

Agle ( 2007); Agle et al. (2007)

Variability in Utica Fractures in Little Falls Graben
Agle ( 2007); Agle et al. (2007)
Variability in Orientation of Healed Utica Fractures from FMI Logs
Jacobi et al. (2008, 2009)

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Jacobi et al. (2007)

Dolgeville
Hydro Dam
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Dolgeville Fault
Horizontal drag fold axes
Down dip slickenfibers
Agle et al. (2006), Jacobi et al. (2006, 2007, 2008)

W E
Jacobi (2010)

NO ENE FRACTURES
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance from Fault (m)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bedding Dip
Bedding Dip
Agle et al. (2006, 2008); Jacobi et al. 2008, 2009)

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Jacobi et al. (2003)

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from Jacobi et al., (2008), Cross, (2008),
after Fisher (1980)

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from Jacobi et al., (2008), Cross, (2008)

Mineralization vs. Distance from Fault Sets
WNW Faults
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N Fault
NNE Faults
N Fault
NNE Faults
Agle et al. (2006, 2008); Jacobi et al. 2008)

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Jacobi (2002)

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APPENDIX A
SHORT REVIEW OF T/BR
(TRENTON/BLACK RIVER)
IN NYS

after Smith and Nyahay (2006)

U B
Rock Fracture Group
From Beardsley, 2000

U B
Rock Fracture Group
Jacobi 2007)

Jacobi (2007), Lineaments from EarthSat (1997)

Jacobi et al. 2003)

Agle et al. (2006, 2008); Jacobi et al. 2008)

2
1
1
3
Jacobi et al. (2008)

Releasing bend (rhombochasm) geometry indicates sense of motion
Agle et al. (2006, 2008); Jacobi et al. 2008)

Jacobi et al. (2008)

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APPENDIX B
FRACTURE INTENSIFICATION DOMAIN
WHITE CREEK EXAMPLE

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Jacobi and Fountain (1993)

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181-3
180-2
50 cm
CENTER OF WHITE CREEK NS ZONE
50 cm
50 cm
180a-1
100 cm
181-2
Jacobi and Xu (1998)

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Jacobi and Xu (1998)

WEST EAST
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24
20
16
12
8
4
0
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FREQUENCY (f/m)
WHITE CREEK NS ZONE
= NS, SCANLINE
= NS, SCANGRIND
= NW-SE
1 km
Jacobi and Xu (1998)

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APPENDIX C
MARCELLUS AND UTICA BASIC DATA
FROM
Nyahay, Leone, Smith, Martin, and Jarvie (2008)

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Marcellus Structure Contours
from Nyahay, Leone, Smith, Martin, and Jarvie (2008)

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Union Springs Isopach
from Nyahay, Leone, Smith, Martin, and Jarvie (2008)

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Marcellus TOC
Union Springs Ro% (vitrinite reflectance)
from Nyahay, Leone, Smith, Martin, and Jarvie (2008)

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UTICA STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAP
UTICA ISOPACH MAP
from Nyahay, Leone, Smith, Martin, and Jarvie (2008)

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APPENDIX D
UTICA FRACTURE DATA
FROM
CORE 75-NY-2

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Core 75-NY-2
from Jacobi et al., (2008), Cross, (2008),
after Fisher (1980)

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Up
from Hanson et al. (2010), Hanson (2010)

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from Hanson et al. (2010), Hanson (2010)

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from Hanson et al. (2010), Hanson (2010)

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APPENDIX E
EXAMPLE OF LINEAMENTS OF THE CLF
AND “GROUNDTRUTHING”
FROM WELL LOGS

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1 MI
Jacobi and Fountain (1996)

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1 MI
Jacobi and Fountain (1996)

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Houghton Quadrangle
Jacobi and Fountain (1996)

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Houghton Quadrangle
Jacobi and Fountain (1996)

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Jacobi and Fountain (1989, 1993, 1996)