GENETIC VARIABILITY AND DIFFERENTIATION ... - ePrints@USM

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Figure 2.2 Life cycle of Asian sea bass, L. calcarifer (Modified from Blaber, 2002). 9
The Asian sea bass spawn after the full and the new moons during the spawning season. Figure 2.2 shows its life cycle. Movement to spawning sites takes place at the end of the dry season or early in the wet season (Blaber, 2002). Highly fecund adults spawn at river mouths, lakes, lagoons or open coastal areas (Moore, 1982) where salinity ranges between 28 to 32 PSS (practical salinity scale) (Keenan, 1994). The eggs and larval stages can tolerate a narrower range of salinity and temperature than adults (Russell and Garrett, 1983). The juvenile fry has been reported to meet optimized growth at temperatures from 27 to 36°C (Katersky and Cater, 2005). Juveniles enter and remain for shelter in flooded black swamps and floodplains before they dry up during the early part of the dry season. The monsoon pattern in Australia and Asia thus has a strong link towards the reproductive cycles of L. calcarifer (Russell and Garrett, 1983). At the end of the wet season, older juveniles disperse into permanent tidal creeks and estuaries and migrate upstream where they remain until they reach maturity (William et al., 2004). Sea bass becomes sexually mature between 3 to 4 years of age. Maturing males typically move downstream at the onset of the wet season to tidal waters to spawn. Males and females range freely in tidal waters and occasionally further upstream (Russell and Garrett, 1983). 2.1.3 Fisheries Production in Malaysia Fishery is a major sector for many developing countries promoting economic growth including Malaysia. The fisheries sector has played an important role as a major supplier of animal protein to the Malaysian population (FAO, 2008). The sector consists of two components, namely capture fisheries and aquaculture. The greater bulk of fish 10
Page 1 and 2: GENETIC VARIABILITY AND DIFFERENTIA
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEM
Page 5 and 6: 4.4.4 Principal Component Analysis
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Morpholo
Page 9 and 10: Figure 4.7 A map showing proportion
Page 11 and 12: p Base pair (s) CaCl2 °C Celcius L
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF PUBLICATIONS & SEMINARS 1.1
Page 15 and 16: GENETIC VARIABILITY AND DIFFERENTIA
Page 17 and 18: Aquaculture practices may inadverte
Page 19 and 20: 2.1 Asian sea bass, Lates calcarife
Page 21 and 22: eye mouth Figure 2.1 Morphological
Page 23: The Asian sea bass is a protandrous
Page 27 and 28: Production; tonnes (t) 120000 10000
Page 29 and 30: the uncommon ability to synthesis l
Page 31 and 32: generation whereas point mutation i
Page 33 and 34: the recombination machinery cannot
Page 35 and 36: Two classical models that have been
Page 37 and 38: Table 2.1 Methods available for gen
Page 39: Rainbow trout was one of the first

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