46 prezent şi perspectivă în tehnologiile pomicole din românia în ...

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Scientific Papers of the R.I.F.G. Pitesti, Vol. XXV, 2009_________________________________________________ trees. As an concluding example of the climatic influence of some physiological phases of the fruit trees, in figure 8 is represented the multiannual phenology dynamic of the ‘Tuleu gras’ plum cultivar at Maracineni, Arges. The results regarding the fruit production obtained in the experimental intensive apple orchard, in relation with the experimental factors, in the second and third year after orchard establishment are presented from now on. The effect of experimental variants on fruit growing processes starting with the second year after orchard establishment The fruit productions registered in the experimental plot are very high for an orchard in the second year: 19.3 – 30.0 t/ha according the cultivar (Figure 8). With small exceptions (fertilization level with N:P2O5:K20:MgO - 40:20:60:20), for all fertilizer graduations, the cultivar ‘Golden clone B’ yielded the highest production 30 t/ha, followed by ‘Jonagored’ cultivar with 22.3 t/ha and respectively ‘Fuji Kiku Clone 8’ with 19.3 t/ha (Fig. 8), the differences being statistically insured. By assessment of the fruits production variation (t/ha) according to fertilization level, for different cultivars (fig. 9), we can observe that, production levels induced by different quantities of fertilizers are similar from the statistic point of view (21.7 – 26.5 t/ha), with the exception of the fertilization level N:P2O5:K20:MgO - 40:20:60:20, on which was registered a production of 19.6 t/ha. For both phytoprotection variants the cultivar ‘Golden clone B’ registered the highest production: 29,8 t/ha for the ‘standard’ pest and diseases control technology and respectively 30.2 t/ha for the ‘integrated’ pest and diseases control technology (figure 10). The phytoprotection variants inducted not the apparition of some quantitative differences in production in the case of the first year of application. Assessing the cultivars average on can observe that the production was 23.7 t/ha in the case of the ‘standard’ pest and diseases control variant and slightly higher 24.1 t/ha in the ‘integrated’ pest and diseases control variant (figure 11). At ‘Fuji Kiku Clone 8’ cultivated the ‘integrated’ pest and diseases control variant induced a higher production – 21.3 t/ha, with a difference statistical insured, face to the ‘standard’ pest and diseases control variant where was obtained a production of 17.5 t/ha. At ‘Jonagored’ and ‘Golden Clone B’ phytoprotection technologies induced not statistical insured differences as regard the production. Effect of the experimental variants on the fructification processes in the third year after orchard establishment Although did not produced the highest number of fruits per tree, ‘Jonagored’ together with ‘Golden Clone B’ cultivars provided the highest fruits productions (36.7 and respectively 38.6 t/ha), which differ significantly from the production obtained with the cultivar Fuji Kiku Clone 8 (29.7 t/ha), assessed as regard the means of fertilization levels and phytoprotection variants as well (Figures 12 and 13). As regard the fertilizers influence, was noticed that starting with the third year after orchard establishment, the production tend to rise up with the increase of fertilizers amounts, especially nitrogen and potassium (the proportion of these elements rise even more than phosphorus and magnesium in V4- V6 variants), and the production levels arrives at 36.0 – 39.4 t/ha, for cultivars and phytoprotection variants averages (Figure 14). Orchard phytoprotection variants did not induced production increases for the cultivars and fertilization levels average values, with production levels of 34.7 – 35.3 t/ha (figure 15). For exemplification, in the figure 16 are presented images taken in the experimental intensive apple orchard established at ICDP Pitesti - Maracineni, where the presented production results were obtained. Technical and economical indicators for the actual and the perspectives technology From here we are presenting some synthetic technical and economical parameters that can defines from the economical point of view the applied growing technologies in the table 2 for apple species and in table 3 for plum species. In the tables are comparatively presented the indicators for the actual technology used in the Romanian fruit growing and the indicators for the perspectives technology recommended for a performance fruit growing. In presented tables it can be noticed that, the investment turnover period is smaller in the case of the perspectives technology application, for apple and for plum species as well, although the total investments value is higher for these fruit growing technologies. In this moment, the Romanian fruit growing is on the roads cross and can choose: to remain at the present low technical and economical performances level, or to apply the modern technologies of fruits production, in order to make profit and to gain new markets. In present, the majority of Romanian orchards are characterized by: - plantations located predominant on the slope grounds, with low natural fertility; - high vigour biologic material, and low planting densities; - obsolete assortment and technologies based on low inputs; 49
Scientific Papers of the R.I.F.G. Pitesti, Vol. XXV, 2009_________________________________________________ 9 t/ha); - low performances and yields on the surface unit, with poor economical efficiency (i.e. according FAO statistics, in the last 10 years, the average production level for apple crop is - impossibility to realize larges and qualitatively uniform partitions of fruits, according to market demand. For the future is necessary: - to establish the new orchards predominantly on the low slope grounds or flat terrains, with irrigation possibilities; - high quality nursery material stock from perspective cultivars grafted on low vigor rootstocks, with the possibility to be planted at high densities; - optimization of the allocated resources - reduction of the inputs amounts (economies of water and fertilizers) and increase of their efficiency (productions values increases per allocated resource unit); - reduction of the cultivated surfaces concomitant with increasing crop density, to create favourable conditions to diminish unfavourable effects of climatic changes with low costs: ex. fertirrigation systems, protection systems against frost hail and insolation; - increasing the productivity on the surface unit: the high production of superior quality, are reducing the costs per product unit; Growing technologies tested and recommended by RIFG Pitesti - Maracineni for apple, pear, plum, sweet and sour cherry species From now on are presented as model, the modernized technologies, recommended by us for intensive culture of apple, pear, plum, sweet and sour cherry species (annexes). 4. Conclusions 1. The orchards in Romania, in the greatest part, are old, with poor yields on the surface unit and with low economical efficiency (according FAO statistics, in the last 10 years the average production of apples is 9 t/ha); 2. From the climatic point of view, under the local conditions from Pitesti-Maracineni, a clear tendency of weather warming (statistically insured) was noticed, with an increase of sun shine period length and an evident rainfall deficit than 10 years ago, compared with the multiannual values registered at the local weather station; 3. At RIFG Pitesti - Maracineni, in high density apple orchards, application of the intensive fruit growing technology lead to apples productions of 19.3 – 30.0 t/ha, in the second year after orchard establishment and 29.7 t/ha – 38.6 t/ha in the third year after orchard establishment, according with the grown cultivar; 4. In the intensive orchards, a large amount of investments are needed to apply modern fruit growing technologies, but the obtained fruits productions lead to investments turnover period shortening with five years, both for apple and plum species. References 1. Atkinson D., 1995, The distribution and effectiveness of the roots of tree crops. Horticultural Reviews 2:424-490; 2. Barrit B.H., Barden J.A., Cline J., Granger R.L., Hoover E.E., Kushad M.M., Marini R.P., Parker M., Perry R.L., Robinson T., Unrat C.R. and Dilley M.A., 1998, North American NC. 140 apple orchard systems trial. Acta Hort. 451, vol. 2: 443 - 452; 3. Berbecel O., 1983, Resursele climatice ale României şi caracteristicile lor agroproductive. Editura Politică, Bucureşti; 4. Chiţu E., Sumedrea D., Păltineanu Cr., 2008, Phenological and climatic simulation of late frost damage in plum orchard under the conditions of climate changes foreseen for Romania. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 803:139-146. 5. Isac Il., 1992, Cercetări de fitotehnie pomicolă. În “25 de ani de cercetare în pomicultură”, ICPP Piteşti. Imprimeria Coresi, Bucureşti; 6. Lespinasse J.M., Delort E. et Vermillat Corine, 1998, Researche de l’occupation optimal de l’espace avec la forme 'Solen' L’arboriculture Fruitiere, nr. 454: 33-36; 7. Marangoni B., Toselli M., Zavolloni C., Flore J., 2001, Nitrogen accumulation and gas exchange in apple trees grafted on M-26 EMLA, M-9 EMLA and Mark rootstocks under low soil temperature and drought stress. Acta Hort. 564: 193-200; 8. Reganold John, Glover P., Andrews J.D., Hinman P.K., Herbert R., 2001, Sustainability of tree apple production systems. Nature: 926-930; 50
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