Comparative anatomy and evolution of the odontocete forelimb
Comparative anatomy and evolution of the odontocete forelimb
Comparative anatomy and evolution of the odontocete forelimb
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4 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. **, NO. **, 2009<br />
Table 1. Measurements <strong>of</strong> <strong>odontocete</strong> <strong>forelimb</strong> elements. Some measurements taken from<br />
Benke (1993). O<strong>the</strong>rs from <strong>the</strong> samples analyzed during this study (skeletal <strong>and</strong> X-rays).<br />
Measurements are in millimeters.<br />
Humerus Humerus (Radius + ulna)/2 (Radius +<br />
Species length mean mean ulna)/2<br />
D. atrox (extinct)<br />
Odontocetes<br />
237.4 237.4 190.4 190.4<br />
C. commersonii 58.0 58.0 63.5 63.5<br />
D. capensis 62.0 62.0 64.3 64.3<br />
D. delphis (n = 3) 52.0–73.19 60.2 67.763.0–76.74 D. leucas (n = 2) 125.0–128.0 126.5 95.092.0–98.0 G. macrorhynchus (n = 3) 126.1–154.5 142.2 138.2 129.5–147.1<br />
G. melaena 142.0 142.0 128.5 128.5<br />
G. griseus (n = 2) 85.0–103.0 94.0 102.5 92.5–112.5<br />
I. ge<strong>of</strong>frensis (n = 2) 98.5–101.0 99.8 61.954.7–69.0 K. breviceps (n = 2) 103.0–106.0 104.5 77.175.6–78.5 K. simus 49.0 49.0 57.3 57.3<br />
L. albirostris 90.0 90.0 96.0 96.0<br />
L. obliquidens 64.0 64.0 72.5 72.5<br />
Lagenorhynchus obscurus 55.0 55.0 70.0 70.0<br />
L. borealis 68.0 68.0 71.5 71.5<br />
M. bidens 137.0 137.0 142.0 142.0<br />
M. hectori 136.0 136.0 126.0 126.0<br />
Mesoplodon peruvianus 136.6 136.6 129.5 129.5<br />
Mesoplodon stejnegeri 132.5 132.5 139.7 139.7<br />
M. monoceros 150.0 150.0 118.5 118.5<br />
N. phocoenoides 59.0 59.0 48.5 48.5<br />
O. orca 219.0 219.0 208.0 208.0<br />
P. dalli 59.4 59.4 56.4 56.4<br />
P. phocoena (n = 2) 50.0–51.0 50.5 51.349.5–53.0 P. sinus(n = 2) 51.5–53.0 52.3 51.950.7–53.0 P. macrocephalus 456.0 456.0 310.5 310.5<br />
P. crassidens (n = 2) 101.3–106.0 102.1 95.991.4–100.5 S. attenuata (n = 2) 46.5–53.0 49.8 52.850.2–55.5 Stenella coeruleoalba 58.0 58.0 67.0 67.0<br />
S. longirostris 50.8 50.8 59.7 59.7<br />
T. truncatus 86.0 86.0 89.0 89.0<br />
Z. cavirostris<br />
Mysticetes<br />
172.0 172.0 180.5 180.5<br />
Balaena mysticetus 598.0 598.0 646.5 646.5<br />
B. physalus 530.0 530.0 810.0 810.0<br />
Eubalaena glacialis 538.0 538.0 487.5 487.5<br />
M. novaeangliae 619.0 619.0 887.5 887.5<br />
branch lengths because data on branch lengths was not available for all species<br />
studied <strong>and</strong> including only some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m could reduce <strong>the</strong> confidence <strong>of</strong> probabilities<br />
<strong>and</strong> increase uncertainty for deeper nodes (Schluter et al. 1997). Tests <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> correlation between osteological characters <strong>and</strong> flipper shape were examined<br />
by running concentrated changes tests in McClade 4.0 (Maddison <strong>and</strong> Maddison<br />
2000) for parsimony reconstructions. Character state transformations for external<br />
morphology <strong>and</strong> unavailable skeletal characters from fossil taxa were coded as “?”.
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