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1 David Cannadine, “Br<strong>it</strong><strong>is</strong>h H<strong>is</strong>tory as a “new subject”: Pol<strong>it</strong>ics, perspectives <strong>and</strong> prospects,” in Un<strong>it</strong>ing the Kingdom? The Making of Br<strong>it</strong><strong>is</strong>h H<strong>is</strong>tory, ed. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Grant <strong>and</strong> Ke<strong>it</strong>h Stringer (London, 1995), 26. 2 Th<strong>is</strong> had already <strong>be</strong>en triggered by Linda Colley’s Br<strong>it</strong>ons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven, CT, 1992). It has <strong>be</strong>en continued by, amongst others, Ke<strong>it</strong>h Robbins, Great Br<strong>it</strong>ain: Ident<strong>it</strong>ies, Inst<strong>it</strong>utions <strong>and</strong> the Idea of <strong>Br<strong>it</strong><strong>is</strong>hness</strong> (Harlow, 1998), Norman Davies, The Isles: A H<strong>is</strong>tory (London, 1999) <strong>and</strong> Richard Weight, Patriots: National Ident<strong>it</strong>y in Br<strong>it</strong>ain 1940-2000 (London, 2002). 3 For an early examination of Engl<strong>is</strong>hness in the past see Gerald Newman, The R<strong>is</strong>e of Engl<strong>is</strong>h National<strong>is</strong>m: A Cultural H<strong>is</strong>tory 1740-1830 (London, 1989). Th<strong>is</strong> has <strong>be</strong>latedly <strong>be</strong>en followed by such works as Ro<strong>be</strong>rt Colls, Ident<strong>it</strong>ies of Engl<strong>and</strong> (Oxford, 2002); Kr<strong>is</strong>han Kumar, The Making of Engl<strong>is</strong>h National Ident<strong>it</strong>y (Cambridge, 2003). The relationship <strong>be</strong>tween Br<strong>it</strong><strong>is</strong>h <strong>and</strong> Engl<strong>is</strong>h ident<strong>it</strong>ies <strong>is</strong> explored in Re<strong>be</strong>cca Langl<strong>and</strong>s, “<strong>Br<strong>it</strong><strong>is</strong>hness</strong> or Engl<strong>is</strong>hness? The h<strong>is</strong>torical problem of national ident<strong>it</strong>y in Br<strong>it</strong>ain,” Nations <strong>and</strong> National<strong>is</strong>m 5 (1999), 53-69; Ben Wellings, “Empire-nation: national <strong>and</strong> imperial d<strong>is</strong>courses in Engl<strong>and</strong>,” Nations <strong>and</strong> National<strong>is</strong>m 8 (2002), 95-109; Weight, Patriots, 8. For an analys<strong>is</strong> of the possibil<strong>it</strong>ies of Engl<strong>is</strong>hness in Europe as the Br<strong>it</strong><strong>is</strong>h “project” unfolds see P.W.Preston, Relocating Engl<strong>and</strong>: Engl<strong>is</strong>hness in the new Europe (Manchester, 2004). 4 Jeremy Paxman, The Engl<strong>is</strong>h: A Portra<strong>it</strong> of a People (London, 1998). 5 Chr<strong>is</strong>topher Bryant, “These Engl<strong>and</strong>s, or where does devolution leave the Engl<strong>is</strong>h?,” Nations <strong>and</strong> National<strong>is</strong>m 9 (2003), 393-412. 6 See for example Davies, The Isles, 477; Hugh Kearney, The Br<strong>it</strong><strong>is</strong>h Isles: A H<strong>is</strong>tory of Four Nations (Cambridge, 1989), 1 <strong>and</strong> 105; Eric Hobsbawm, Nations <strong>and</strong> National<strong>is</strong>m since 1780 (Cambridge, 1992), 178; Robbins, Great Br<strong>it</strong>ain, 8-9; Weight, Patriots, 598-603. 7 Tom Nairn, After Br<strong>it</strong>ain: New Labour <strong>and</strong> the Return of Scotl<strong>and</strong> (London, 2000), 14. 8 A.K.Hamilton Jenkin, The Corn<strong>is</strong>h Miner (London,1927), 274-75. 9 Philip Payton, A V<strong>is</strong>ion of Cornwall (Fowey, 2002), 47 <strong>and</strong> 65. 10 Richard Jenkins, Rethinking Ethnic<strong>it</strong>y: Arguments <strong>and</strong> Explorations (London, 1997), 23. 11 Alan Butt Philip, “Regional<strong>is</strong>m in the Un<strong>it</strong>ed Kingdom,” in Regional<strong>is</strong>m in Europe, ed. Peter Wagstaff (Oxford, 1994), 111. 12 Th<strong>is</strong> d<strong>is</strong>tinction <strong>is</strong> commonly made in social constructiv<strong>is</strong>t approaches to ident<strong>it</strong>y formation. For differentiation see for example Shmuel E<strong>is</strong>enstadt <strong>and</strong> Bernhard Giesen , “The construction of collective ident<strong>it</strong>y,” European Journal of Sociology 36 (1995), 72-102; E.Laclau, New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time (London, 1990), 33; Edward Said, Oriental<strong>is</strong>m: Western Concepts of the Orient (London, 1985). For integration see Stuart Hall, “Who needs “ident<strong>it</strong>y”?” in Questions of Cultural Ident<strong>it</strong>y, ed. Stuart Hall <strong>and</strong> Paul Du Gay (London, 1996), 2; Nor<strong>be</strong>rt Wiley, “The pol<strong>it</strong>ics of ident<strong>it</strong>y in American h<strong>is</strong>tory,” in Social Theory <strong>and</strong> the Pol<strong>it</strong>ics of Ident<strong>it</strong>y, ed. Craig Calhoun (Oxford, 1994), 130-49. 13 Anssi Paasi, “Region <strong>and</strong> place: regional ident<strong>it</strong>y in question,” Progress in Human Geography 27, no.4 (2003), 475-85. 14 The Guardian, 4 January 2006. 26
15 The Guardian, 11 February 2000 <strong>and</strong> 8 July 2004. 16 Hansard House of Commons Official Report: Debates 436, Part no.32 (12 July 2005), cols 237-38WH. 17 Mark S<strong>and</strong>ford, “A Corn<strong>is</strong>h Assembly? Prospects for devolution in the Duchy,” in Corn<strong>is</strong>h Studies Eleven, ed.Philip Payton (Exeter, 2003), 40-56. For the h<strong>is</strong>tory of th<strong>is</strong> pol<strong>it</strong>ical party see Bernard Deacon, Dick Cole <strong>and</strong> Garry Tregidga, Mebyon Ker<strong>now</strong> <strong>and</strong> Corn<strong>is</strong>h National<strong>is</strong>m (Cardiff, 2003). 18 Ken Shaw, “Elements in the notion of peripheral ident<strong>it</strong>y,” in Centre <strong>and</strong> Periphery: Br<strong>it</strong>tany <strong>and</strong> Cornwall & Devon Compared, ed. Michael Havinden, J.Queniart <strong>and</strong> Jeffrey Stanyer (Exeter, 1991), 226. 19 Philip Payton, “On centre <strong>and</strong> periphery,” Journal of Interd<strong>is</strong>ciplinary Economics 4, no.4 (1992), 207-11. 20 Philip Payton, The Making of Modern Cornwall: H<strong>is</strong>torical Experience <strong>and</strong> the Pers<strong>is</strong>tence of “Difference” (Redruth, 1992), 192-206; Bernard Deacon <strong>and</strong> Philip Payton, “Re-inventing Cornwall: Culture change on the European periphery,” in Corn<strong>is</strong>h Studies One, ed. Philip Payton (Exeter, 1993), 62- 79; Philip Payton, The Corn<strong>is</strong>h Overseas (Fowey, 1999), 391-99. 21 Fredrik Barth Ethnic Groups <strong>and</strong> Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Oslo, 1969). 22 Guntram H.Herb <strong>and</strong> David H.Kaplan, ed., Nested Ident<strong>it</strong>ies: National<strong>is</strong>m, Terr<strong>it</strong>ory <strong>and</strong> Scale (Lanham, MD, 1999). 23 Th<strong>is</strong> <strong>is</strong> an example of the “banal national<strong>is</strong>m” pos<strong>it</strong>ed in Michael Billig, Banal National<strong>is</strong>m (London, 1995). 24 Lu<strong>is</strong> Moreno, Ana Arriba <strong>and</strong> Araceli Serrano, “Multiple ident<strong>it</strong>ies in decentralized Spain: the case of Catalonia,” Regional <strong>and</strong> Federal Studies 8, no.3 (Autumn 1998), 65-88. 25 Moreno et al, “Multiple ident<strong>it</strong>ies,” 74; John Curtice, “Is Scotl<strong>and</strong> a nation <strong>and</strong> Wales not? Why the two referendum results were so different,” in Scotl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Wales: Nations Again?, ed. Bridget Taylor <strong>and</strong> Katarina Thomson (Cardiff, 1999), 119-47; Al<strong>is</strong>tair Cole, “Devolution <strong>and</strong> decentralization in Wales <strong>and</strong> Br<strong>it</strong>tany: a framework for evaluation,” International Journal of Urban <strong>and</strong> Regional Research 28, no.2 (June 2004), 354-68; Frans Shrijver, “Regional<strong>is</strong>m in Galicia after regional<strong>is</strong>ation,” Tijdschrift voor Econom<strong>is</strong>che en Sociale Geografie 96, no.3 (2005), 275-86; Al<strong>is</strong>tair Cole <strong>and</strong> John Loughlin, “Beyond the un<strong>it</strong>ary state? Public opinion, pol<strong>it</strong>ical inst<strong>it</strong>utions <strong>and</strong> public policy in Br<strong>it</strong>tany,” Regional Studies 37, no.3 (2003), 265-76: Montserrat Gui<strong>be</strong>rnau, “National ident<strong>it</strong>y, devolution <strong>and</strong> secession in Canada, Br<strong>it</strong>ain <strong>and</strong> Spain,” Nations <strong>and</strong> National<strong>is</strong>m 12, no.1 (2006), 51-76. 26 Philip Spencer <strong>and</strong> Howard Wollman, National<strong>is</strong>m: A Cr<strong>it</strong>ical Introduction (London, 2002), 178. 27 Mary McArthur, “The Corn<strong>is</strong>h: a case study in ethnic<strong>it</strong>y,” Unpubl<strong>is</strong>hed M.Sc thes<strong>is</strong>, (Univers<strong>it</strong>y of Br<strong>is</strong>tol, 1988). 28 Daily Telegraph, 18 March 2004. 29 Office of National Stat<strong>is</strong>tics (ONS), 2001 Census, Table CO235. The proportion in Wales following the same procedure to define themselves as Welsh was only 14%, desp<strong>it</strong>e more public<strong>it</strong>y for the option (ONS, 2001 Census, Table KS06A). 30 Research <strong>and</strong> Information Un<strong>it</strong>, Cornwall County Council, Qual<strong>it</strong>y of Life Study (Truro, 2005), 12-13. 27
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