The Metrical Structure of Kashmiri Vanɨvun Sadaf ... - Ars Metrica

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Ars metrica – www.arsmetrica.eu – 2012/05 positional, rhythmic and structural (quantitative) factors. The number of metrically strong (as well as metrically intermediate) syllables is always constant – a feature shared with syllabic versification; syllables in weak and intermediate positions are repaired in order to achieve a certain output. Inversion of lexical stress is possible; thus, lexically stressed syllables may be metrically weak (unstressed) and vice versa (For instance, [yóhày má:y-] vs. ↑yohay ma:y-↑ ((7a), Line (3) where ma:y has a primary lexical but a secondary (“intermediate”) metrical stress and hay occupies a metrically weak position), [hémày vańɨvunùy] vs. ↑hemay van↑vunuy↑ ((7b), Line (1) where may, which occupies a lexically stressed position, appears in a metrically weak (unstressed) position and vu which is lexically unstressed occupies a metrically strong position), and [kárì: bísmelàh] vs. ↑kari: bis↑melah ((12a), Line (1), where bis which has a primary lexical stress, occupies a position which is metrically “intermediate” in terms of its prominence). Finally, there is a compulsory clause boundary between the lines; thus each line begins with a new syntactic clause or a sentence. 49 As a distinct genre of Kashmiri poetry with a set of defining features, an attempt can be made to place Vanɨvun in the framework of the parametric typology proposed by Hanson & Kiparsky (1996), which makes a distinction between metrical rules, which are correspondence constraints between metrical and linguistic forms, and prosodic rules, which are special phonological processes that apply in poetry. In this framework, a “linguistic expression is METRICAL if it can be parsed in accord with the constraints defining a given meter in a way consistent with (formally unifiable with) the relevant phonological representations of the language” (Hanson & Kiparsky 1996: 292). Vanɨvun meter is a development that takes off from this definition of “metricality” in that here metricality is achievable through the application of special morphophonological operations available to the poet/composer. The prosodic rules are not lexically-based, but rather foot-based, where feet are defined in a meter built on a specific structural template. There is a strict one-to-one connection between this structural template (in other words, meter) and the features of the melodic frame in a Muslim Vanɨvun. Although one of the defining features of the Muslim Vanɨvun is its melody, slight deviations are permissible as long as the metrical structure is not violated. However, any changes in the metrical structure lead to the ill-formedness and, hence, unacceptability of a verse within the genre. The genre makes use of an “optimal meter” which is representative of the lexical phonological structure of the language. In an oral tradition such as this, the melodic frame provides a tool to memorize and preserve the metrical frame characteristic of the poetic genre, which was historically considered to be “sacred” so that any change or deviation in recitation (or meter) would have been considered a violation of the tradition. References Crowhurst, Megan & Lev Michael 30
Ars metrica – www.arsmetrica.eu – 2012/05 2005 Iterative footing and prominence driven stress in Nanti (Kampa). Language 81, pp. 47-95. Dell, Francois and Morris Halle 2009 ‘Comparing Musical Setting in French and in English Songs’. In Jean-Loius Aroui and Andy Arleo (eds.) Towards a Typology of Poetic Forms. 63-78. Amsterdam; John Benjamins. Deo, Ashwini 2007 ‘The metrical organization of Classical Sanskrit verse’. In Journal of Linguistics 43.1: 63- 114. Cambridge University Press. Dhar, Sunita 2003 The traditional music of Kashmir in relation to Indian Classical music. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. Available at URL: http://ikashmir.net/musicofkashmir/doc/musicofkashmir.pdf Dhar, S. N. 1995 ‘Folk songs of Kashmir’. In Suresh K. Sharma and S. R. Bakshi (eds) Encyclopedia of Kashmir, vol. 7: 331-338. 2004 ‘The folklore and songs’. In Paramanand Parashar (ed.) Kashmir: The Paradise of Asia. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. Pp. 297-239.de Lacy, Paul. 1997. Prosodic Categorisation. MA Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Dyrud, Lars. O. 1997 Hindi-Urdu: Stress Accent or Non-Stress Accent? A Masters thesis submitted to the University of North Dakota. Available at URL: http://und.edu/dept/linguistics/theses/2001Dyrud.PDF Fayaz, Farooq 2001 Folklore and History of Kashmir. Srinagar: Nunaposh Publications. Halle, Morris & Keyser, S. Jay 1971 English Stress: its Form, its Growth and its Role in Verse. New York: Harper and Row. Hanson, Kristin and Paul Kiparsky 1996 ‘A Parametric Theory of Poetic Meter’. In Language 72.2: 287-335. Hayes, Bruce 1979 ‘The Rhythmic Structure of Persian Verse’. In Edebiyât 4.2: 193-242. 1983 ‘A Grid-based Theory of English Meter’. In Linguistic Inquiry 14.3: 357-393. Hussain, Sarmad. 1997. Phonetic Correlates of Lexical Stress in Urdu. Northwestern University. (Unpublished Dissertation). Jakobson, Roman 1960 ‘Closing statement: linguistics and poetics’. In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), Style in Language. Cambridge: MIT Press. 350-377. (Conference on Style, Indiana University, 1958). Kiparsky, Paul 1968 ‘Metrics and morphophonemics in the Kalevala’. In C. Gribble (ed.), Studies Presented to Prof. Roman Jakobson by his students. Cambridge: Slavica. 1972 ‘Metrics and morphophonemics in the Rigveda’. In M. Brame (ed.), Contributions to generative phonology. Austin: UT Press. 171-200 (Reprinted in 1988 in Series in Indian Languages and Linguistics 17: Modern Studies in Sanskrit. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. 94-122). 1977 ‘The rhythmic structure of English verse’. In Linguistic Inquiry 8:189-247. 1988 ‘Sprung rhythm’. In Kiparsky, Paul and Gilbert Youmans Rhythm and Meter: Phonetics and Phonology 1. New York: Academic Press. 2010 ‘Meter and Performance’, paper presented at the LSA Metrics Symposium, Jan 8, 2010. Liberman, Mark 1975 The Intonational System of English. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT, distributed by UMI. Liberman, Mark & Alan Prince 1977 ‘On Stress and Linguistic Rhythm’. In Linguistic Inquiry 8: 249-336. Maling, Joan 1973 The Theory of Classical Arabic Meters. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT, distributed by UMI. Michael, Lev 2004 ‘Between grammar and poetry: the structure of Nanti Karintaa chants’. Texas Linguistic 31
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