Hilchie 1982 QEv18n1_4 91_126 CC released.pdf - College of ...

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Philanthus albopilosus Cresson 123 Short occupancy time of the nest as compared to other species of Philanthus may be due to friable soil. Little time is spent digging in comparison to species which dig in hard soils. Few cells per nest would be a function of the ephemeral occupancy coupled with slow provisioning. A relatively long adult life span, nest location in areas devoid of vegetation and anti-parasite nest building behaviours may reduce selection pressures for the production of large numbers of offspring ("k" selection). Reduction in number of generations per year in northern populations is probably a result of shorter growing seasons either presently or during the species evolutionary history. Change in prey specificity from the ancestral limits may be a response to reduction in number and species of bees available during Wisconsinan time. Alternate prey species would be incorporated from other groups of Apocrita. These facets of life history serve to characterize P. albopilosus as a whole. This also serves in part, as a start in characterization of the northern fauna of Philanthus. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to the following people for assistance in this study; G. E. Ball, my thesis supervisor and sponsor who critically and constructively assisted and guided this manuscript to completion. W. G. Evans and A. L. Steiner for advice and assistance through the course of the study. I would like to thank R. M. Bohart for assistance in identification of eumenid and sphecid wasps. Thanks are due to the curators of museums from which material was borrowed. Thanks are extended to J. L. and B. F. Carr for my introduction to the wonders of sand dune communities; F. A. H. Sperling for assistance in drafting illustrations and checking the manuscript, and J. R. Spence for critically reviewing this paper. Financial assistance is acknowledged from The National Research Council of Canada grant A1399 held by G. E. Ball and the Entomological Society of Canada Postgraduate Award. REFERENCES Alberta Environment, 1975. Climate of Alberta, tables of temperature, precipitation and sunshine. 90 pp. Alcock, J. 1974. The behaviour of Philanthus crabroniformis (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of Zoology. London 1973: 223-246. Armitage, K.B. 1965. Notes on the biology of Philanthus bicinctus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomolgical Society. 38: 89-100. Ashwell, I.Y. 1966. Glacial control of wind and soil erosion in Iceland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 56:529-540. Axelrod, D. I. 1979. Age and origin of Sonoran Desert vegetation. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Science No. 132, 74 pp. Bohart, R.M. and E.E Grisell. 1975. California wasps of the subfamily Philanthinae (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Bulletin of hte California Insect Survey, Vol. 19, 92 pp. Bohart, R.M. and A.S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid wasps of the world, a generic revision. University of California Press 695 pp. Brown, W.L.jr. and E.O. Wilson. 1956. Character Displacement. Systematic Zoology, 5:49-64.
124 Hilchie Bryson, R.A. and W.M. Wendland. 1967. Tentative climatic patterns for some late glacial episodes in Central North America pp. 279-297. In Mayer-Oakes, W.J. (Editor), Life, land and water. University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg. Cazier, M.A. and M.A. Mortenson. 1965. Studies on the bionomics of the sphecoid wasps II. Philanthus gibbosus (Fabricius) and Philanthus anna Dunning (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 64: 171-206. Chadwick, H.W. and P.D. Dalke. 1965. Plant succession on dune sands in Fremont County Idaho. Ecology 46: 765-780. Chapman, R.N., C.E. Mickel, J.R. Parker, G.E. Miller, and E.G. Kelly. 1926. Studies in the ecology of sand dune insects. Ecology 7:416-426. Coupland, R.T. 1950. Ecology of the mixed prairie in Canada. Ecological Monographs 20: 271-315. Danks, H.V. (Ed.) 1979. Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada. No. 108.573 pp. Dort, W and J.K. Jones (Ed.). 1970. Pleistocene and recent environments of the Central Great Plains. Department of Geology, University of Kansas Special Publication 3, University of Kansas Press. Dowding, E.S. 1929. The vegetation of Alberta III. The sand hill areas of central Alberta with particular reference to the ecology of Arthrobium americanum Nutt. Journal of Ecology 17:82-105. Edmunds, F.H. 1962. Recession of Wisconsin Glacier from central Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Department of Mineral Resources, Report No. 67. Evans, H.E. 1964a. Notes on the nesting behaviour of Philanthus lepidus Cresson (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Psyche 71: 142-149. Evans, H.E. 1964b. The accessory burrows of digger wasps. Science 152: 465-471. Evans, H.E. 1966a. The comparative ethology and evolution of the sand wasps. Cambridge, Harvard University Press pp. 526. Evans, H.E. 1966b. Nests and prey of two species of Philanthus in Jackson Hole, Wyoming (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Great Basin Naturalist 26: 35-40. Evans, H.E. 1966c. The behavior of solitary wasps. Annual Review of Entomology 11: 123-154. Evans, H.E. 1970. Ecological-behavioural studies of the wasps of Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 140: 451-511. Evans, H.E. 1975. Nesting behavior ot Philanthus albopilosus with comparisons between two widely separated populations. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 68: 888-892. Evans, H.E. and C.S. Lin. 1959. Biological observations on digger wasps of the genus Philanthus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Wasmann Journal of Biology 17: 115-132. Evans, H.E. and R.W. Matthews. 1973. Systematics and nesting behavior of Australian Bembix sand wasps (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, No. 20, 387 pp. Evans, H.E. and R.W. Matthews. 1975. The sand wasps of Australia. Scientific American 233(6): 108-115. Flint, R.F. 1971. Glacial and quaternary geology. J. Wiley and Sons Inc. 892 pp. Frenzel, B. 1973. Climatic fluctuations of the Ice Ages. The Press of Western Reserve University, Cleveland and London. 306 pp. Quaest.Ent., 1982, 18(1-4)
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Page 3 and 4: 92 Hilchie Prey Selection 103 Discu
Page 5 and 6: 94 Hilchie The study dune was the c
Page 7 and 8: 96 Hilchie Behavioural Study During
Page 9 and 10: 98 Hilchie 3. Vertex of Head: Colou
Page 11 and 12: 100 Hilchie MAY JUNE JULY J AREA 1
Page 13 and 14: 102 Hilchie Evans (1975) reported t
Page 15 and 16: 104 Hilchie Table 5. Number of prey
Page 17 and 18: 106 Hilchie Table 6. Prey records f
Page 19 and 20: Table 7 (continued) Taxa Abundance
Page 21 and 22: Table 8. Occurrence of accessory bu
Page 23 and 24: 112 Hilchie County: McKinney Lake,
Page 25 and 26: to R hi a Compound Character Index
Page 27 and 28: 116 Hilchie Figure 7. Typical speci
Page 29 and 30: 118 Hilchie Geographically Intermed
Page 31 and 32: 120 Hilchie Philanthus albopilosus
Page 33: 122 Hilchie as a refugium for sand
Page 37: 126 Hilchie * 2 Tinbergen, N. 1935.

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