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x List <strong>of</strong> Illustrations<br />

Fig. 22. Ark <strong>of</strong> the Covenant reconstruction (from Moshe Levine, The Tabernacle,<br />

trans. Esther J. Ehrman. London and New York: Soncino,<br />

1989,84)<br />

Fig. 23. Synagogue Ark, c. 1666. Scuola Grande Tedesca, Venice (from Bernard<br />

Dov Cooperman and Roberta Curiel, The Venetian Ghetto. Photographs<br />

by Graziano Arici. New York: Rizzoli, 1990,49)<br />

Fig. 24. Birds surmounting the Torah Ark. Mosaic. Synagogue at Beit Alpha,<br />

c. 517-18 C.E. (detail) (photo courtesy <strong>of</strong> the Israel Antiqui ties<br />

Authority)<br />

Fig. 25. Lions and birds flanking the Torah ark . Gold glass, third or four th century.<br />

Jerusalem, The Israel Museum (photo copyright the Israel Mu ­<br />

seum, Jerusalem)<br />

Fig. 26. Synagogue Ark, David Friedlaender, 1810. Wyszogrod, Poland. (detail,<br />

from G. K. Lukomskii, Jewish Art in European Synagogues from the<br />

Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century. London and New York,<br />

Hutchinson, 1947, 109)<br />

Fig. 27. Elephant, from an illumination accompanying the liturgical poem<br />

Adon Imnani, illustrated within the framework <strong>of</strong> the revelation on<br />

Mount Sinai. Mahzor, Worms 1272 . Jerusalem, JNUL MS Heb. 4° 781/<br />

I, fol. 151r, detail (photo courtesy <strong>of</strong> the Jewish National and University<br />

Libra ry,Jerusalem)<br />

Fig. 28. Dragon, from an illumination accompanying the liturgical poem Adon<br />

Imnani, illustrated within the framework <strong>of</strong> the revelation on Mo unt<br />

Sinai . Mahzor, Worms 1272. Jerusalem, JNUL MS Heb. 4° 781 /1,<br />

fol. 151r, detail (photo courtesy <strong>of</strong> the Jewish Na tiona l and University<br />

Library, Jerusalem)<br />

Fig. 29. The primor dial serpent with a female head. Hebrew Miscellany, Troyes<br />

(?) c. 1280. London, British Library MS Add. 11639, fol. 520v (photo:<br />

British Library)<br />

Fig. 30. The copper serpent as a winged dragon. London, British Library MS<br />

Add. 11639, fol. 742v (photo: British Library)<br />

Fig. 31. Leviathan battling Behemoth . Mahzor. Upper Rhine, first quarter <strong>of</strong><br />

the fourteenth century. Leipzig, Universitatsbibliothek, MS V. 1102/11,<br />

fol. 181v (photo: Edition Leipzig)<br />

Fig. 32. The eschatological Banquet. Bible, Germany, Ulm (?) 1236-38. Milan,<br />

Biblioth ecaAmbrosiana MS B.32 INF (vol. 3), fol. 136r (photo courtesy<br />

<strong>of</strong> the Prefect <strong>of</strong> the Ambrosian Library)<br />

Fig. 33. Woodblock print <strong>of</strong> Leviathan encircling Shor-HaBar. From R. Lilientwlowa,<br />

Sweita Z ydowskie w Presziosei I Terazniejszosci. Crakow,<br />

1908.<br />

List <strong>of</strong> Illustr ations xi<br />

Fig. 34. Leviathan encircling the Tomb <strong>of</strong> the Patria rchs at Hebron.HannahRivkah<br />

Herman, Embroidered Hallah cover, Jerusalem, 1876. Jerusalem,<br />

The Israel Museum (photo courtesy <strong>of</strong> The Israel Mu seum, Jerusalem)<br />

Fig. 35. The liturgical poem Adon Im nani, illustrated within the framework <strong>of</strong><br />

the revelation on Mount Sinai. Mahzor, Ashkena z, c. 1250-60. Oxford,<br />

Bodleian Library MS Laud Or. 321 , fol. 127 (photo by permission<br />

<strong>of</strong> The Bodleian Library, Oxford)<br />

Fig. 36. Kol Nidrei with dragons. Mahzor, Germany, second half <strong>of</strong> the fourteenth<br />

century. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Preussischer Kulturbesitz,<br />

Orientabteilung MS or. 388, fol. 69r<br />

Fig. 37. Intertwining dragons. Mahzor, Germany, fifteenth century. Berlin,<br />

Staatsbibliothek, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung MS or.<br />

388, fo1. 263r<br />

Fig. 38. Melekh incipit with hidden dragons. Mahzor, northeast France, late<br />

thirteenth century. Private collection, fo1. 116r (photo courtesy<br />

Sotheby's)<br />

Fig. 39. Mo ses' "Flight into Egypt." Golden Haggadah, Castile, 1320. London,<br />

British Library M S Add. 27210, fo1. 10v, upper left (photo: British<br />

Library)<br />

Fig. 40 . The Ram <strong>of</strong> the Akedah. Mahzor, Germany, c. 1250 -60. Oxford, Bodleian<br />

Library MS Laud Or. 321, fo1. 184 (photo by permission <strong>of</strong> The<br />

Bodleian Library, Oxford)<br />

Fig.41. Hunted unicorn. Pentateuch, Brabant, 1310. Hamburg, Staats- und<br />

Universitatsbibliothek, Cod. Levy 19, fo1. 97r (photo courtesy <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Staats- und Universitiitsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky)<br />

Fig. 42. Marc Chagall, White Crucifixion. The Art Institute <strong>of</strong> Chicago, Gift <strong>of</strong><br />

Alfred S. Alschuler (photo: © 1996 Artists Rights Society [ARS], New<br />

York / ADAGP, Paris)

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