The contents of some major and trace elements - World-food.net

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Akhisar belonged to Sarıbaglar tobacco type. In 2004, the first year of this study, 9 tobacco samples and in 2005, 9 samples as well, totally 18 tobacco samples in different quality groups were studied. Dried tobacco samples were digested with HNO 3 :HClO 4 (4:1, v/v) and Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe and Mn contents in the solutions were determined spectrofotometrically by using atomic absorbsion 5 . Statistical analyses: The data obtained from each component with 2 replications and 2 factors were subjected to statistical variance analyses (ANOVA) using F-test 6 . Variables in each component were subjected separately to variance analysis. The means of the variables were grouped by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) values at 5% levels of probability. Results and Discussion It is well known that there are major and important differences among tobacco types. Within each type there are also wide differences among grades or stalk position (upper stalk, middle stalk and lower stalk position) and also one single leaf. For example, total nitrogen and total alkaloid content of the leaves are low in the center stalk position and high in both bottom and upper position 7 . The variations of the heavy metal contents are considered to be related to genetic characteristics, fertilizers, irrigation, climate, soil characteristics and also the storage conditions. Magnesium content: Magnesium is one of the important quality characteristics in tobacco leaves related with tobacco burning abilities. High ash content is usually associated with magnesium deficiency. The results of magnesium contents are presented in Table 1. In two years, magnesium contents in Aegean tobaccos were 0.13- 0.64%. Results obtained showed that the highest magnesium content was recorded for S2 farms (0.64%) in the second year. On the other hand the lowest magnesium content was observed for H3 farms (0.13%) in the first year. The magnesium contents in the other studies were 0.29-1.41% 8 , 0.28-3.10% 9 and 0.282-0.920% 10 . In a similar study, the magnesium Table 1. Magnesium and potassium contents of Aegean Region tobaccos (%). Magnesium Potassium Farmers 2004 2005 Average 2004 2005 Average M1 0.51 a 0.53 ab 0.52 ab 1.94 cd 2.30 a 2.12 cd H1 0.53 a 0.24 e 0.39 c 1.08f 1.54 b 1.31 e H2 0.22 bcd 0.29 de 0.26 d 1.43 ef 1.33 b 1.38 e H3 0.13 d 0.20 e 0.16 e 1.11 f 1.74 b 1.43 e S1 0.53 a 0.42 bc 0.47 b 2.29 bc 2.28 a 2.28 bcd S2 0.57 a 0.64 a 0.60 a 1.65 de 2.46 a 2.05 d A1 0.33 b 0.40 cd 0.37 c 2.43 ab 2.43 a 2.43 abc A2 0.25 bc 0.26 e 0.25 d 2.81 a 2.41 a 2.61 a D1 0.21 cd 0.26 e 0.32 de 2.28 bc 2.61a 2.44 ab Average 0.36 0.36 0.36 1.89 b 2.12 a 2.00 LSD%1 Year: not significant Year: 0.149 Farmer: 0.086 Farmer: 0.316 YxF: 0.122 YxF: 0.447 contents in A, B and Kapa grades were 0.9%, 1.32% and 2.33%, respectively 11 . Magnesium content, higher in the lowest leaves, decreased regularly in each successively higher leaf until the percentage at the top was about one-half of that in the bottom leaves 7 . Potassium content: The values of potassium content were 1.08- 2.81% (in 2004) and 1.33-2.61% (in 2005) (Table 1). When the potassium content was below 3%, it affected the burning quality adversely. Potassium also affects the leaf features when it is in deficient levels in soil. In 2004, the average content of potassium was 1.89%, only in tobacco sample in A2 it achieved 2.81%. The lowest potassium content (1.08%) was noted in H1. In the second year of this study, maximum potassium content was observed in D1 (2.61%) while minimum potassium content was found in H2 (1.33%). In the other studies potassium contents in Aegean tobaccos changed within the ranges of 0.67-3.55% 9 , 0.81-3.86% 8 and 1.32- 2.32% 12 . The values obtained are similar to those indicated in other researches 13-15 . Increasing the potassium contents of Aegean tobaccos without decreasing the quality should be the target for tobacco farmers. By the way the potassium contents of the blends in commercial tobacco bales would also increase the tobacco quality. Calcium content: The calcium contents varied significantly in each farm, according to the two years results calcium contents changed from 1.56 to 2.90% (Table 2). The highest value for calcium content was obtained for S1 farms (2.90%) in the first year and for S2 (2.59%) in the second year. When the calcium is in excess level in the soil, closed textured tobaccos are produced and this affects the quality in broad leaf tobaccos 16, 17 . In calcium deficiency, growth, development and the quality parameters are affected adversely as it is for the other elements. The values were similar to the other scientific sources 8, 9, 18 . Natrium content: Natrium affected the quality, increase of NaCl and high levels of moisture contents in the leaves are not desired in the fermentation stages. In Table 2, natrium contents varied between 120.6 and 264.8 ppm in the first year and between 155.2 and 521.2 ppm in the second year of our study. According the two years results, average natrium contents changed between 182.0 and 241.6 ppm. The natrium contents in S2 farms were found to be highest in contrast to others. Similar results were obtained in other studies 8, 12, 18 . Manganese content: Manganese has been reported in all tobacco in range of 140-700 ppm. Tobacco plants require Mn for normal growth, but are sensitive to excess of Mn 7 . The manganese concentration highly increases in acid soil and may reach 2400 mg/kg and more 14 . The values of manganese content range from 340.3 to 180.0 ppm (in 2004) and from 380.4 to 220.9 ppm (in 2005) (Table 3). The normal leaf concentration of manganese in tobacco is about 20-400 mg/ kg 19 . The contents of manganese in the leaves of the Ege tobacco are considered to be in normal level. Copper content: The results for micro element copper are given in Table 3. Copper values were 9.9-12.6 ppm in 2004, Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.9 (3&4), July-October 2011 1079
Calcium Natrium Farmers 2004 2005 Average 2004 2005 Average M1 2.60 ab 2.26 bcd 2.43 bc 156.8 cd 163.4 c 160.1 d H1 1.72 d 2.41 abc 2.06 e 120.6 de 170.3 c 145.5 d H2 2.19c 2.58 a 2.38 bcd 142.0 cd 155.2 c 148.6 d H3 1.84 d 1.83 ef 1.83 f 69.9 e 227.6 b 148.8 d S1 2.90 a 2.54 ab 2.72 a 264.8 a 237.3 b 251.1 b S2 2.46 bc 2.59 a 2.52 ab 238.4 a 521.2 a 379.8 a A1 2.62 ab 1.56 f 2.09 e 175.1 bc 264.8 b 220.0 bc A2 2.47 bc 2.13 cd 2.30 cd 226.9 ab 249.3 b 238.1 bc D1 2.26 c 2.10 de 2.18 de 244.1 a 157.1 c 209.3 c Average 2.34 a 2.22 b 2.28 182.0 b 241.6 a Table 2. Calcium (%) and natrium (ppm) contents of Aegean Region tobaccos. 211.8 LSD%1 Year: 0.098 Year: 17.434 Farmer: 0.208 Farmer: 36.983 YxF: 0.295 YxF: 52.303 Table 3. Manganese and copper contents of Aegean Region tobaccos (ppm). Manganese Copper Farmers 2004 2005 Average 2004 2005 Average M1 270.1b 230.6b 250.3bc 10.6bc 12.5a 11.6ab H1 180.0d 230.7b 200.8c 10.2c 11.1a 10.6b H2 190.0cd 220.9b 200.9c 10.4bc 11.4a 10.9b H3 190.0cd 250.5b 220.2bc 10.3c 11.4a 10.8b S1 240.8bc 230.6b 240.2bc 11.0bc 12.4a 11.7ab S2 240.8bc 260.3b 250.6b 9.9c 12.5a 11.2b A1 340.3a 360.1a 350.2a 12.6a 12.4a 12.5a A2 310.1ab 370.5a 340.3a 10.9bc 11.4a 11.2b D1 260.9b 380.4a 320.7a 11.8ab 11.0a 11.4b Average 250.1b 280.6a 260.9 10.9b 11.8a 11.4 LSD%1 Year: 12.150 Year: 0.507 Farmer: 14.560 Farmer: 1.075 YxF: 16.449 YxF: 1.520 11.0-12.5 ppm in 2005, respectively. According to the two years results, average copper contents changed in between 10.9 and 11.8 ppm. The copper contents in A1 farms were highest. In the other studies, in Aegean tobaccos copper contents changed within the ranges of 4-170 ppm 8, 10, 12, 20 . Although its functions were not known in the plants, the deficiency of copper in soil affects the growth, development and the leaf quality adversely 17 . Iron content: The concentrations of iron in the tobacco plants are shown in Table 4. It is well known that the iron in the plants is slightly mobile, because only a small part of it is in water-soluble form, and 80-90% of the iron forms solid organic structure. That is why it moves hardly within the plants 21 . In our study the concentration of iron in 2004 (93.3 ppm) was higher than in 2005 (84.7 ppm). The values of iron ranged from 116.7 to 63.3 ppm. The iron contents in D1 farms were highest. The results obtained are similar to those determined by other authors 19-22 and they are within the limits of the leaf concentration of the element in tobacco, which are considered to be in normal Table 4. Iron contents of Aegean Region tobaccos (ppm). Iron Farmers 2004 2005 Average M1 113.2a 81.9b 97.5ab H1 72.2c 84.9b 78.5cd H2 93.1b 80.3bc 86.7bc H3 116.7a 82.1b 99.4a S1 91.9b 65.3cd 78.6cd S2 82.7bc 63.3d 72.9d A1 95.6b 115.3a 105.6a A2 92.1b 82.8b 87.4bc D1 82.2bc 106.5a 94.4ab Average 93.3a 84.7b 89.0 LSD%1 Year: 5.322 Farmer: 11.290 YxF: 15.966 level. Although its functions were not well known in the plants, the deficiency of micro elements in soil affects the growth, development and the leaf quality adversely 7 . Conclusions Major and trace elements of the samples varied in Turkish Aegean tobaccos according to the districts and years and significant differences in tobacco samples were obtained. The contents of major and trace elements in the leaves of the Aegean tobacco were in accordance with the data given in the other scientific sources and they are within the limits of the leaf concentrations in tobacco plants. The leaf contents obtained in this study were as follows: Ca 1.56-2.90%; K 1.08-2.81%; Mg 0.13-0.64%; Na 120.6- 521.2 ppm; Cu 9.9-12.6 ppm; Fe 63.3-116.7 ppm and Mn 180.0- 380.4 ppm. Increased concentrations of these elements are indicated only at areas, where the soil is highly contaminated by that element. These elements in our study are known to be harmful for human health when cigarettes are smoked in active or passive way. References 1Smodish, B., Dermelj, M. and Jacimovic, R. 1995. Determination of trace elements in tobacco using different techniques of neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 190:3-11. 2Reardon, J. Z. 2007. Environmental tobacco smoke. Respiratory and other health effects. Clinics in Chest Medicine 28:559-573. 3Camas, N., Karabulut, B. and Karabulut, A. 2007. The elemental analysis of some important tobacco varieties (Nicotiana tabacum L.) by using WDXRF spectroscopy. Asian Journal of Chemistry 19(5):3971-3978. 4 st URL 1. www.tapdk.gov.tr. Date: 1 November 2011 5Kacar, B. 1972. Chemical Analysis of Plant Soil. I. Plant Analysis. Agriculture Faculty of Ankara Univ. Press. No. 453, Ankara. 6Açıkgöz, N., İlker, E. and Gökçöl, A. 2004. Biyolojik araştırmaların bilgisayarda değerlendirilmesi. E.Ü. Tohum Teknoloji Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi. Yayın No. 2 Bornova, İzmir. 7Tso, T. C. 1990. Production Physiology and Biochemistry of Tobacco Plant. USA. 8Irget, E. 1995. İzmir ilinde yetiştirilen Karabağlar 6265 tütün grubunun beslenme durumu ile kimi kalite özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler. (Doktora Tezi). E.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Toprak Anabilim Dalı. Bornova, İzmir. 1080 Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.9 (3&4), July-October 2011
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