Bryophyte flora of the Czech Republic: updated checklist and Red ...

844 Preslia 84: 813–850, 2012
in southern Moravia, and the only known example of the extant Illyric-Insubric element is
Frullania inflata, known from several close by locations in southern Moravia. Two primarily
Alpine species that occur in the Czech Republic are Plagiothecium neckeroideum,
occurring only in the Šumava Mts (Bohemian Forest) and Streblotrichum enderesii,
known from one historical locality in the Krkonoše (Giant) Mts.
There are very few examples of convincingly stenoendemic bryophyte species in
Europe, because the ability of bryophytes to disperse is considerable and the rate of
speciation accompanied by observable morphological changes is relatively low. Therefore,
despite the fact that many originally believed endemic species are described for
Europe, they have later either been synonymized with earlier described, broadly distributed
taxa, or have been recorded from other localities in Europe or beyond. Several dozens
of broadly distributed species were originally described from the Czech Republic, including
e.g. Racomitrium sudeticum described from Krkonoše Mts and Fossombronia
wondraczekii and Hilpertia velenovskyi, from localities in what is now Prague. Bryum
moravicum, described by Podpěra as a southern-Moravian endemic from one locality near
Řeznovice, was recently shown to be the oldest name for a widely distributed species,
which has been known under several different names (Kučera & Holyoak 2005). Three
taxa were described recently from the Czech Republic: Platyhypnidium grolleanum
Ochyra, which probably represents only a rheophytic modification of Rhynchostegium
riparioides, and two Orthotrichum taxa – O. moravicum and O. affine var. bohemicum.It
is likely that further localities of the latter two taxa will be reported from adjacent countries
in the near future, as the latter taxon has been recorded in the USA (Plášek in Ellis et
al. 2012). An interesting example of a relatively stenoendemic species that was described
from the Czech Republic and not so far recorded elsewhere than in central Europe, is
Anthoceros neesii. Although it occurs in the common, broadly distributed biotope of stubble
fields in submontane regions on non-calcareous substrates, it seems to be surprisingly
rare and was long regarded as having vanished from our bryoflora, until its rediscovery in
2010 (Koval & Zmrhalová 2010).
With respect to relic taxa, the reasons for their scarcity and the problems with their
identification are the same as for the regional endemics. It can be assumed that species of
severely fragmented fen biotopes, which are entirely dependent on non-specific vegetative
propagation, can be considered to be relics from the Ice Age. These species are generally
under strong threat (Drepanocladus sendtneri, D. trifarius, Helodium blandowii, Meesia
triquetra, Paludella squarrosa, Scorpidium scorpioides) or have already become extinct
(Bryum longisetum, Drepanocladus lycopodioides, Meesia longiseta). Glacial relics can
also be identified among the arctic-alpine elements, although these are more often species
that sporulate and hence it cannot be excluded that their populations were sometimes
boosted by propagules from the Alps or other mountain ranges during the Holocene. Nevertheless,
this group of species seems to be currently declining in abundance (Anthelia
juratzkana, Gymnomitrion corallioides, Lophozia wenzelii, Dicranum elongatum,
Grimmia elatior, Kiaeria falcata) or such species have apparently become extinct in the
past few decades (Gymnomitrion adustum, G. brevissimum, Arctoa fulvella, Grimmia
unicolor, Ochyraea smithii, Pohlia obtusifolia, Polytrichastrum sexangulare), as a consequence
of successional changes connected with the warming of the climate in the recent
century.