THE PORTUGUESE CHOLERA MORBUS EPIDEMIC OF 1853–56 ...

Downloaded from
rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org on April 25, 2013
Epidemics in the press 13
28 E. H. Ackerknecht, ‘Anticontagionism between 1821 and 1867’, Bull. Hist. Med. 22, 562–593
(1948).
29 O Comércio no. 180 (1855).
30 O Comércio no. 219 (1855).
31 The epidemic was not over: on 25 November 1855 it struck again in the small village of Porches,
killing 40 people (O Comércio no. 283 (1855), transcribed from the Lisbon Medical Gazette).
32 OSéculo no. 176 (1855).
33 R. Cascão, ‘Demografia e sociedade’, in História de Portugal (ed. J. Mattoso), vol. 5, p. 432
(Círculo de Leitores, Lisboa, 1993).
34 The number would eventually rise to 135 000. See J. M. Sobral, L. Lima, P. Castro and P. S.
Sousa (eds), A pandemia esquecida. Olhares comparados sobre a pneumónica 1918–1919
(Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, Lisboa, 2009), pp. 72–73.
35 O Comércio no. 256 (1855).
36 OSéculo no. 198 (1855).
37 O Comércio no. 280 (1855).
38 N. Tomes, ‘The private side of public health: sanitary science, domestic hygiene, and the germ
theory, 1870–1900’, in Sickness and health in America. Readings in the history of medicine and
public health, 3rd edn revised (ed. J. W. Leavitt and R. L. Numbers), pp. 506–528 (University of
Wisconsin Press, Madison, 2006).
39 O Comércio no. 178 (1855).
40 OSéculo no. 174 (1855).
41 M. A. Lopes, ‘Os pobres e a assistência pública’, in História de Portugal (ed. J. Mattoso), vol. 5,
pp. 501–515 (Círculo de Leitores, Lisboa, 1993). A. Araújo, A morte em Lisboa. Atitudes e
representações. 1700–1830 (Ed. Notícias, Lisboa, 1997). M. A. Almeida, ‘Percursos de
pobreza em meio rural: as mulheres, a doença e o aborto’, in Sociedade civil, democracia
participativa e poder político. O caso do referendo do Aborto, 2007 (ed. A. Freire), pp. 21–39
(Fundação Friedrich Ebert, Lisboa, 2008).
42 O Comércio no. 275 (1855).
43 Miasmas were considered to be a poisonous vapour or mist filled with particles from
decomposed matter that caused illnesses; it was identifiable by its foul smell.
44 O Comércio no. 47 (1854).
45 O Comércio no. 221 (1855).
46 OSéculo no. 45 (1855).
47 Diário de Notícias no. 247 (1865).
48 OSéculo no. 182 (1855).
49 OSéculo no. 101, 1855, transcript from the Oporto newspaper Braz Tisana.