2007, Piran, Slovenia

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Environmental Ergonomics XII Igor B. Mekjavic, Stelios N. Kounalakis & Nigel A.S. Taylor (Eds.), © BIOMED, Ljubljana <strong>2007</strong> 424 MANIKINS AND MODELING
RADIANT FLOW THROUGH BICYCLE HELMETS: A THERMAL MANIKIN STUDY Paul A. Brühwiler Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5,CH- 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland Contact person: Paul.Bruehwiler@empa.ch INTRODUCTION The head is well known to be important for thermal comfort (Cotter and Taylor, 2005). Radiant heat exchange values in the order of 20 W have been reported (Buyan et al., 2006) for a typical sunny day in temperate zones such as central Europe. Most studies of radiant flow in headgear have focussed on industrial-type helmets, for which natural convection is an important aspect of the heat exchange. Two recent studies have examined the role of radiant flow in helmets, illustrating effects on comfort (Buyan et al. 2006), as well as considering performance (Bogerd et al., 2005). For bicycle helmets, convection has been studied in some detail (Ellis et al., 2000, Ellis, 2003, Brühwiler et al., 2004), but the effects of radiant flow have yet to be evaluated. This work reports the effects of directed radiant flow (e.g., sunlight) on heat transfer in bicycle helmets. A total of 26 helmets were studied, with and without the visor. For two helmets the visor was mounted at two angles. A single configuration for applied heat flow was used to assess the roles of the forward and upper vents and the visor. Most, but not all, visors were shown to accomplish a relevant shielding of the face from radiant flow, and there were large variations among the helmets with regard to radiant flow to the scalp. METHODS The experimental arrangement, including thermal manikin, climate chamber, and wind tunnel, is described elsewhere (Brühwiler, 2003). The climate conditions were set to 25.00 ± 0.05 °C and 50% RH. The air speed was chosen to be 3.1 ± 0.1 ms -1 (11.2 ± 0.4 kmh -1 ), measured as reported previously (Brühwiler, 2003), to achieve a moderate level of convective heat loss. To study the effects of radiant flow, a 150 W heat lamp (T228, Osram, München, Germany) was mounted above and directed at an angle of 55° downward onto the headform through a plexiglass window, as shown schematically in Fig. 1(a). This was chosen to simulate an intermediate situation, with the sun high in the sky, and to achieve a comparable radiant flow to both the face and scalp sections. The data were acquired by switching the lamp on and off for the given helmet-visor configuration, and taking the difference between two such consecutive measurements. Helmets 16 and 28 had visors which could be swivelled up and down through a small angle. To investigate the effects of this, and begin to gain an appreciation of desirable modifications in visors relative to the present state-of-the-art, the visors of these helmets were studied in the extreme positions: “d”, maximally down, and “u”, maximally up, indicated with subscripts. 16i and 16s, where “i”, inferior, and “s”, superior, refer to visors in the same positions as 16d and 16u, respectively, but with a single layer of Al foil on the upper surface to study a possible role for visor heating in the overall heat transfer. For comparisons of the radiant flow with and without the visor, the visor was added or removed (without removing the helmet) to achieve two consecutive measurements, between which the difference was taken; an example is given in Fig. 1(b, c), where the light intensity and distribution on the face are seen to decrease with the visor. Measurements were carried out three times on separate occasions for every helmet in each condition. 425
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS XII Procee
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International Conferences on Enviro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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Table of contents ALTITUDE ATTENUAT
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Table of contents TOWARDS PREVENTIO
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Table of contents RATE AFFECT EXERC
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Table of contents Uroš Dobnikar, S
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Table of contents TO A HOT ENVIRONM
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Table of contents Andreas D. Flouri
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Table of contents PHYSICAL FITNESS
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Table of contents ESTIMATION OF THE
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Herman Potocnic Lecture the advanta
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Invited presentation Gravitational
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Gravitational Physiology SKELETAL M
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Lf (mm) 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Fa
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Gravitational Physiology maximum is
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EXERCI
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Gravitational Physiology Since exer
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Gravitational Physiology During the
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Gravitational Physiology CARDIOVASC
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as observed at rest after LBNP was
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Gravitational Physiology THERMOREGU
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Gravitational Physiology THE EFFECT
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Gravitational Physiology Fortney SM
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Gravitational Physiology Contractil
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Gravitational Physiology Edgerton V
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Diving Physiology A library of imag
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Diving Physiology Information recal
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Diving Physiology RESULTS Figure 1
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Diving Physiology sensitivity is no
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Diving Physiology Physiological Mea
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Diving Physiology same sequence. Th
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Diving Physiology HYPERVENTILATION
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Diving Physiology software. Individ
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Diving Physiology REFERENCES IMCA.
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Diving Physiology recorded (MIE Med
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Diving Physiology DISCUSSION The ma
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Altitude Physiology vastus laterali
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Altitude Physiology IS INTERMITTENT
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Altitude Physiology Table 2: Lactat
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Altitude Physiology CARBOHYDRATE IN
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1: Mean
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Altitude Physiology HYPOXIA INDUCED
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Altitude Physiology Figure 1. Mean
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Altitude Physiology ANALYSIS OF MUS
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SOL MG TA BF VM Altitude Physiology
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Altitude Physiology LOAD CARRIAGE I
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Table 2: Differential ratings of pe
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Altitude Physiology EFFECTS OF INTE
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Cerebral deoxy-Hb (delta, µM) Cere
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Altitude Physiology ENDURANCE RESPI
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Altitude Physiology Wylegala JA, Pe
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Invited presentation Cognitive and
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Cognitive and Psycophysiological Fu
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Cognitive and psychophysiological f
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CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SCIENCE 131
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Clothing SPACER FABRICS IN OUTDOOR
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F i / g m -2 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,
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Clothing TOTAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTAN
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9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0
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Clothing DIFFERENCES IN CLOTHING IN
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Clothing parallel It values ranged
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Clothing CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJEC
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Clothing and left side chest, scapu
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Clothing studies using an ice vest
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Insulation (Clo) (Clo) Clo / kg 6 5
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Clothing EFFECTS OF MOISTURE TRANSP
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Clothing the P plots above 60%RH (p
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Clothing EFFECT OF CLOTHING INSULAT
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Clothing EFFECTS OF QUILT AND MATTR
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38 33 28 23 18 0 30 60 90 120 150 m
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Clothing German) were measured, and
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Clothing Metabolism decreased and w
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Clothing Table 1. Comparison of ski
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Clothing PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AT
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Clothing underwear at 25 °C in per
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Clothing REDUCTION OF HEAT STRESS I
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Clothing THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PH
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Relative humidity (%) Clothing Figu
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Clothing DEVELOPMENT OF THE “WEAR
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Clothing EFFECTS OF AIR GAPS UNDER
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Temper at ur e( ˇ ć) 28.5 27.5 26
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Personal protective equipment Invit
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Personal protective equipment fabri
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Mean skin temperature (ºC) 38.0 37
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Personal protective equipment the S
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Personal protective equipment DISCU
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Personal protective equipment Final
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Personal protective equipment REFER
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Personal protective equipment Tc wa
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Personal protective equipment level
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F i / g m -2 300 250 200 150 100 50
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h M / % 90 80 70 60 50 40 activity
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Personal protective equipment 0.05
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Personal protective equipment was u
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Personal protective equipment THERM
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Personal protective equipment the s
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Personal protective equipment the c
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Personal protective equipment wette
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Table 1 1. Properties of the tested
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Personal protective equipment HEAT
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Personal protective equipment Profi
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Personal protective equipment PHYSI
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Personal protective equipment REDUC
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39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 40.0
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Personal protective equipment EXERC
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Personal protective equipment appro
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Personal protective equipment Table
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Personal protective equipment reduc
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Invited presentation Non-thermal fa
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Non-thermal factors heat loss by al
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Non-thermal factors DOES A FATIGUE-
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Non-thermal factors cycling, despit
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Non-thermal factors INDIVIDUAL VARI
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Non-thermal factors to some categor
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Non-thermal factors RATES OF TOTAL
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Non-thermal factors CHANGES IN BLOO
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Non-thermal factors Table 1. Thresh
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Non-thermal factors THE DIFFERENCE
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Water intake(g) 2000 1800 1600 1400
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Non-thermal factors IMPROVED FLUID
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Non-thermal factors A tendency for
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Sweating Table 1: Sweat gland count
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Sweating Taylor, N.A.S. (2000). Reg
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Sweating back/waist area and finall
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Figure 1: A chrome dome following p
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Sweating Such differences could be
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Sweating the forearm and thigh skin
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Sweating dramatically after puberty
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Sweating In addition local sweating
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Sweating REGIONAL FOOT SWEAT RATES
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Sweating REGIONAL SWEAT RATES OF TH
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Sweating Figure 2 shows the skin te
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Sweating SWEATY HANDS: DIFFERENCES
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TO
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Sweating Figure 2: Inter-site sweat
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Sweating MENSTRUAL CYCLE DOES NOT A
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Sweating RESULTS On average, the ma
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Sweating THE SWEAT SECRETION AND SO
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Sweating Figure 1: A quadrant diagr
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Invited presentation FINGER COLD IN
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Cold physiology INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DI
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Cold physiology number was estimate
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Cold physiology cold receptors decr
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Cold physiology EFFECT OF URAPIDIL
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF EXERC
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TRAINABILITY OF COLD INDUCED VASODI
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Cold physiology REFERENCES Adams, T
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF REPEA
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Cold physiology THE EFFECT OF ALTIT
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Cold physiology SKIN SURFACE MENTHO
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Cold physiology COGNITIVE PERFORMAN
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Seconds 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Mek
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Cold water immersion the formula: M
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES Cho
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Cold water immersion were: 1 metre
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Cold water immersion surf beaches.
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Cold water immersion Table 1. Break
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Cold water immersion ARM INSULATION
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Cold water immersion RESULTS Experi
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Cold water immersion thermogenesis
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Cold water immersion The other comp
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Cold water immersion REFERENCES And
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Thermal comfort THERMAL SENSATIONS
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Exer - cise PC Wind (m·s -1 ) 0 ne
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Thermal comfort and heart rate usin
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Thermal comfort A NEW METHOD FOR EV
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Thermal comfort DEVELOPMENT OF AN I
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Thermal comfort DISCUSSION This new
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Thermal comfort limit of exposure d
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Table 2: Statistical summary. Gende
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Thermal comfort comfortable”), wh
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Thermal comfort RELATION BETWEEN TH
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Page 375 and 376: Thermal comfort THE EVALUATION OF T
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Page 379 and 380: time(min) Thermal comfort WHY DO JA
Page 381 and 382: Thermal comfort TCT : THERMAL COMFO
Page 383 and 384: Thermal comfort INTERNATIONAL STAND
Page 385 and 386: Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
Page 387 and 388: Acute and chronic heat exposure Fig
Page 389 and 390: Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
Page 391 and 392: Acute and chronic heat exposure 2.2
Page 393 and 394: Acute and chronic heat exposure EFF
Page 395 and 396: Acute and chronic heat exposure A N
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Page 399 and 400: Acute and chronic heat exposure PHY
Page 401 and 402: Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
Page 403 and 404: Acute and chronic heat exposure INT
Page 405 and 406: probability plot 99 95 80 60 40 20
Page 407 and 408: Acute and chronic heat exposure HAN
Page 409 and 410: Acute and chronic heat exposure ALL
Page 411 and 412: Acute and chronic heat exposure Tab
Page 413 and 414: Acute and chronic heat exposure UNC
Page 415 and 416: Thermal Sensation Scale 10 9 8 7 6
Page 417 and 418: Acute and chronic heat exposure RES
Page 419 and 420: Acute and chronic heat exposure eve
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Page 423: Acute and chronic heat exposure REF
Page 427 and 428: Figure 2. Difference in heat transf
Page 429 and 430: Manikins DEVELOPMENT OF A LYING DOW
Page 431 and 432: IT = 6.45( _ ,Tsk - _ ,Tair)/(Q/A)
Page 433 and 434: Manikins cases. If the body is even
Page 435 and 436: Heat balance components 100% 80% 60
Page 437 and 438: Manikins clothing system. This effe
Page 439 and 440: Manikins The coupled system was val
Page 441 and 442: Manikins A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL-
Page 443 and 444: Manikins THERMAL MANIKIN EVALUATION
Page 445 and 446: SR (g/min) Figure 2. Predictive mod
Page 447 and 448: ESTIMATION OF COOLING EFFECT OF ICE
Page 449 and 450: Manikins Figure 3: Comparison among
Page 451 and 452: Manikins EVALUATION OF THE ARMY BOO
Page 453 and 454: Ty [Nm] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10
Page 455 and 456: Manikins different black 100% cotto
Page 457 and 458: Manikins REFERENCES Bogerd, C.P., H
Page 459 and 460: Modelling RESULTS From this kind of
Page 461 and 462: Modelling (T , T , V& , ) = 1. 0 +
Page 463 and 464: NORMALIZED CVCL 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 M
Page 465 and 466: Modelling illustrated in Figure 1.
Page 467 and 468: Modelling MODELLING PATIENT TEMPERA
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Page 471 and 472: Modelling simulations the additiona
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Modelling concomitant increase in b
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Modelling REFERENCES 1. U.S. Depart
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Modelling from the 1988 population.
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Modelling somatotypes in multivaria
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Modelling Each scan data was first
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Modelling The line through the data
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Hip( width) −Waist ( width ) HW
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Modelling measurements are extracte
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Measurement methods not included in
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Measurement methods humidity. The o
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Measurement methods DISCUSSION Base
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Air film Skin surface Skin layer δ
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Measurement methods and calculated
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Rectal temperature ( o C) 39.5 39.0
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Measurement methods work rates, and
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Measurement methods HUMIDEX: CAN TH
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Measurement methods highlighted. In
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Invited presentation Universal Ther
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Universal Thermal Climate Index dat
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DYN
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Universal Thermal Climate Index DIS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index COM
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Skin temperature (°C) Universal Th
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Universal Thermal Climate Index PRO
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Universal Thermal Climate Index The
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ASS
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Universal Thermal Climate Index ima
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Universal Thermal Climate Index min
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Working environment EFFECTS OF LIGH
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Working environment It is interesti
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 12 Working en
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Working environment ERGONOMICS OPTI
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Working environment astigmatism, an
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Working environment RESULTS The hig
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Working environment hearing protect
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Working environment Redistribution
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Working environment DISCUSSION Thes
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Working Environment over the phone
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Working Environment DISCUSSION Diff
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Working Environment results, conclu
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Working Environment BP as the refer
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Working Environment significantly a
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Working Environment responses betwe
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Working Environment Casualty handli
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Working Environment REFERENCES Davi
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Working Environment RESULTS The sub
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Temperature (C) 35 33 31 29 27 25 2
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Working Environment METHODS Student
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Working Environment ANTHROPOGENIC I
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Working Environment RESULTS The res
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Employment Standards VISUAL ACUITY
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Employment Standards Results are pr
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Employment Standards to spend free
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Occupational Thermal Problems and d
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Occupational Thermal Problems HEAT
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Occupational Thermal Problems some
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Occupational Thermal Problems HORSE
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Occupational Thermal Problems range
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems DISCU
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Occupational Thermal Problems recom
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DLEmin [hours] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0
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Occupational Thermal Problems EFFEC
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Occupational Thermal Problems PERIP
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Occupational Thermal Problems durin
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Occupational Thermal Problems PRODU
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Time (hours) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,
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Occupational Thermal Problems (Suun
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Occupational Thermal Problems highl
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Occupational Thermal Problems and o
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1) estimated (208 - 0.7 x age) *P
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Occupational Thermal Problems of a
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Occupational Thermal Problems tempe
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Table 1: Environmental conditions o
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Occupational Thermal Problems The h
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Occupational Thermal Problems RESUL
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Occupational Thermal Problems PHYSI
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Occupational Thermal Problems corre
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Occupational Thermal Problems DEVEL
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Occupational Thermal Problems All i
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A Adolfsson Niklas 540 Ainslie Phil
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Kim Myung-Ju 409 Kim Taegyou 189 Kl
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Sormunen Erja 599 Spindler Uli 145
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