Zapata Project 1

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If Madero was indecisive about returning the lands to the workers and gaining disfavor with the wealthy, he was just as indecisive about taking a hard-line approach against the revolutionaries. This earned him the distrust of his advisors. On February of 1913, Victoriano Huerta, the former head of the army under Madero, who had been charged with the mission of disarming Zapata, carries out a coup d'etat against Madero, who is assassinated within days. Huerta declares himself president and steps up his efforts to destroy Zapata. Meanwhile, Zapata sends an official notice to the town, explaining the reasons for his refusal to disarm. He invites the people to join his army and revolt in demand for their land. The Zapatista army then managed to take Chiautla (Puebla), almost all Guerrero, Morelos, a part of the state of Hidalgo, a part of the State of Mexico and also the south of the Federal District. In the meantime, in the north of the country, the "North Division," under Francisco “Pancho” Villa, managed to take great part of that territory from the government’s control. Alvaro Obregon and Venustiano Carranza were also fighting against Huerta in the north. Huerta recognizes his failure and is forced to leave the country in 1914. Venustiano Carranza claims the presidency. On December 4th, 1914, Zapata and Villa unite to fight Carranza and march both their armies, the North Division and the South’s Liberating Army, through the streets of Mexico City. What followed were years of instability. Carranza made Obregon his military commander and empowered him to negotiate with or destroy Villa and Zapata. During this time, Zapata created the first Agrarian Commission, instituted agricultural credits and inaugurated a rural loan bank in Morelos. He also opened numerous primary schools for both children and adults. In 1915, Villas’ troops suffer the first in a series of debilitating blows at the hands of Alvaro Obregon. The government forces could now focus on the Zapatistas. In 1917, Carranza becomes the first constitutionally elected president in Mexico’s history, signing into national law the first decree to return usurped lands to the people of Mexico. By 1918, after seven years of fighting; the Zapatistas began to weaken, loosing followers and resources. On April 10, 1919, Zapata was ambushed and assassinated in the Chinameca hacienda on Carranza’s orders. However, Zapata lives on as one of the most important defenders of the rights of a people to progress through the fruits of their work and the land.
1879 August 8 Emiliano Zapata is born. 1909 September 12 Zapata is elected by the townspeople as President of the Committee for the Defense of Anenecuilco Territories. 1910 April 15 Francisco Madero is nominated to run for president against Porfirio Diaz. July 8 Porfirio Diaz is reelected president of Mexico, a post he has held almost continuously since 1876. November 20 Madero accuses him of rigging the election and calls for an uprising against Diaz, officially beginning the Mexican revolution. Zapata joins him in the south; Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Pascual Orozco in the north. 1911 May 25 Porfirio Diaz resigns as president and leaves the country. October 15 Madero is elected president of Mexico. November 28 Zapata publishes Plan de Ayala. 1913 February 8 Victoriano Huerta carries out a coup d’etat against Madero. February 22 Madero and Vice President Pino Suarez are assassinated. Zapata, Villa, Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregon oppose the murder of Madero and see Huerta’s regime as a restoration of the old order. They rise against Huerta, but relations between the revolutionaries are tense. March 28 Venustiano Carranza draws up Plan of Guadalupe, in which he declares himself president. Villa continues to rule the north; Zapata the south. 1914 July 15 Huerta resigns as provisional president and flees to Spain. August 15 Alvaro Obregon, now Carranza’s military commander, occupies Mexico City on his behalf. October 12 - November 12 Revolutionary leaders, including Zapata and Villa reject Carranza as Mexico’s President during Convention of Aguas Calientes. Eulalio Gutierrez is declared president. Carranza does not abide by results. Obregon continues fighting on Carranza’s behalf. November 14 Zapatistas take Mexico City. December 4 Zapata and Villa march their armies into Mexico City and vow to fight Carranza. 1915 January 6 Carranza issues first definitive law on land distribution, revising the Plan of Guadalupe to give governors the right to expropriate private property and return it to the agricultural village. The law also created the first national Agrarian Commission to oversee the redistribution of land. January 15 Obregón begins a campaign against Villa's forces. Zapatistas carry out agrarian reforms: redistributing lands taken from the haciendas, creating the first agrarian loan bank and a number of primary schools. April 15 Villa’s North Division suffers first in a series of weakening blows at the hands of Alvaro Obregon. 1917 March 11 Venustiano Carranza is elected president. 1919 April 10 Zapata is assassinated in the Chinameca hacienda on Carranza’s orders. 1920 May 7 Carranza is overthrown by Alvaro Obregon. May 21 Carranza is assassinated. New elections later lead to the presidency of Álvaro Obregón. 1921 Fighting ends.
Page 2 and 3: CD Holder
Page 4 and 5: Credits and Acknowledgments Telemun
Page 6 and 7: Un amor marcado por el destino y at
Page 10 and 11: History’s Characters 1 Emiliano Z
Page 12: Scene 1 Where Zapata makes his entr
Page 15 and 16: Words: Definitions: Emiliano Zapata
Page 19 and 20: QUESTIONS: (Support with info from
Page 21 and 22: Questions and Answers: (Support wit
Page 24: Answer Key: 1-i, 2-j, 3-a, 4-k, 5-h
Page 30 and 31: Other Zapata Resources For Teachers
Page 32: agosto 23 10p/9c

Zapata Project 1

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