川黔晚奥陶世三叶虫的研究并討論上奥陶統的上下界綫問題

第 12 卷第4期古生物学报 Vol. 12, No. 4 

1964 年 11 月 ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA SINICA November, 1964 

川黔晚奥陶世三叶虫的研究并討論上 

奥陶統的上下界綫問題 

盛莘夫 

(地貭部地貭科学院) 

一、引言 

本文所研究的材料,主要系 1958 年本院地层古生物室諸同志和作者在四川东南部 

(秀山、酉阳)及貴州东北部(松桃、德江、印江)所采集,同时为了討論华南上奥陶統的 

上、下界綫,也包括湖北三峽、陝南梁山及川北、云南等处一些材料。 

晚奥陶世三叶虫化石包括 4 目、12 科、13 属与 16 种:属于 Agnostida 目者一种: 

属于 Ptychoparida 目者 4 科 4 种;属于 Phacopida 目者 6 科 9 种;属于 Lichida 目者 2 种, 

但因标本不全,未能詳細鉴定。华南三叶虫,与欧洲的种羣相同或相近,其中有些属也 

发現于北美。 

根据三叶虫化石的研究,并結合笔石、头足类等化石羣的分析,以及地层沉积与地 

貭构造等情况,分华南上奥陶統为五峯阶(上)与盐津阶(下),并提出其上下界綫的初步 

意見。 

这一工作是在地貭部地貭科学院副院长孙云鑄教授指导下进行的,文稿又經孙教授 

詳細审核,深致謝忱。卢衍豪副所长对本文也提供宝貴的意見,一并致謝。 

五峯阶: 

二、地层簡介 

上段(O 2-2 3) 1) 介壳相泥灰岩或頁岩厚 0—2.5 米。合三叶虫: 

Dalmanitina nanchengensis Lu, Dalmanitina mucronata (Brongniart), Calymenella 

(Eohomalonotus) sinensis (Lu), ?Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) protasinensis (sp. nov.) 

下段(O 2-1 3)黑色頁岩,厚 4—15 米。含笔石:(在陕南梁山相变为淡灰色石灰岩 

或頁岩不含笔石) 

Dicellograptus szechuanensis Mu, D. complanatus var. ornatus Elles et Wood, 

Climacograptus supernus E]les et Wood, Orthograptus truncatus var. abbreviatus Elles et 

Wood, O. cf. truncatus var. socialis Lapworth, O. quadrimucronatus (Hall) 

陝南梁山灰色及粉紅色石灰岩中,霍世誠发見 Phylacop sp.及 Staurocephalus sp. 

盐津阶: 

1) 介壳相泥灰岩或頁岩,可能系五峯頁岩上部的相变。

538 古生物学报 12 卷 

上段(O 1-2 3)瘤状泥灰岩,厚 1—20 米,含三叶虫:(在陕南梁山为粉紅色及灰白 

色石灰岩) 

Geragnostus sinensis (sp. nov.), Telephina cf. chinensis (Yi), Otarion sp., Nankinolithus 

nankinensis Lu, Ampyxina sp., ?Eccoptochile xiushanensis (sp. nov.), Encrinuroides 

zhenxiongensis (sp, nov.), Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus Kielan, H. tetrasulcatus var. 

ovatus(var. nov.), Pterygometopus (Achatalla) sp., Lichas sp., Dicranopetis sp. 

下段(O 1-1 3)灰白色龟裂紋石灰岩或宝塔石灰岩厚 9—40 米,含三叶虫:Hamma- 

tocnemis tetrasulcatus Kielan 

1. 上界問題:Dalmanitina 层的时代 

三、上奥陶統上、下界綫的討論 

五峯阶上段介壳相地层中的 Dalmanitina 及 Eohomalonotus 两属,为欧洲、北非与 

北美的奥陶紀中—晚期化石。Dalmanitina nanchengensis, D. mucronata 及 Eohomalonotus 

sinensis (Lu)在汉中梁山的南郑頁岩与湖北三峽及川黔的五峯頁岩之上的泥灰岩或頁岩 

中均有发現,Dalmanitina 属于 Dalmanitidae 科的 Zeliszellinae 亚科,这一亚科共有 6 属, 

全为中及上奥陶統化石,是否延續到志留系是一疑問。又 Eohomalonotus 属于 Eohomalo- 

notinae 亚科,这一亚科共有 4 属,早奥陶世开始出現,至晚奥陶世之末絕迹。从上述三 

叶虫的发展史来考虑含 Dalmanitina 的层位,作者认为属于晚奥陶世比較合理。最近北 

京地貭学院师生在黔西发現珊瑚化石 Amplexoides 及 Pycnactis,与 Dalmanitina 共生, 

疑其时代属于早志留世,但四川宁南华弹中奥陶統亦产珊瑚化石 Amplexoides,并且在 

华弹中奥陶統中还有珊瑚 Calostylis 属的若干新种。此外,在貴州貴阳附近的烏当及云 

南东南部的富宁,均在宝塔石灰岩中发見珊瑚 Calostylis,而該属在苏联則产于志留系中; 

最近在貴州北部的 Dalmanitina 层中,还先后发見过去属于奥陶系的珊瑚 Palaeophyllum 

及 Wormsipord 等属。这些都足以說明目前奥陶紀珊瑚研究得不够,不能根据上述少量 

珊瑚作为志留系的主要依据。川黔交界的桐梓县韓家店与四川綦江县观音桥等处,张鳴 

韶、盛莘夫 [8] 于 1940 年在五峯頁岩上段亦見有暗灰色泥灰岩一层,厚 0.4—0.5 米,其上 

为下志留統笔石頁岩,这层介壳相泥灰岩,层位完全相当于 Dalmanitina 层,当时未曾 

注意采集三叶虫化石,其中腕足类化石,計有:Rafinesquna cf. alternata (Emmons), 

Hebertella cf. occidentalis (Hall), Platystrophia lynx (Eichwaldia)及 Orthis sp。等与北美上 

奥陶統 Richmond 层相似的生物羣,标本保存在南京;1959 年全国地层会議及 1962 年 

8 月全国古生物学会期間,王钰仍认为这些腕足类确属于上奥陶統,由此可知这层介壳 

相泥灰岩或頁岩,除三叶虫以外,珊瑚与腕足类化石亦都有属于上奥陶統的成分。 

为了討論 Dalmanitina 属于奥陶紀或志留紀問題,不能不牵涉到陕南汉中梁山的南 

郑頁岩时代,因卢衍豪在 1959 年 [2] 将南郑頁岩放在志留系底部。卢衍豪在 1943 年也曾 

将南郑頁岩放在奥陶紀晚期 [1] ,后以南郑頁岩与其下宝塔石灰岩間缺失盐津层与五峯頁 

岩,乃改变原来的主张。关于这一問題,霍世誠根据三叶虫 Phylacops (Cyclopyge)及 

Staurocephalus sp.(在南郑頁岩以下的宝塔石灰岩中发現)认为宝塔石灰岩上部属于上奥 

陶統 Caradocian—Ashgillian,它与南郑頁岩是連續沉积,也沒有任何侵蝕痕迹 [12] 。作者

4 期盛华夫:川黔晚奥陶世三叶虫的研究并讨论上奥陶统的上下界线问题 539 

认为由宝塔石灰岩逐漸轉变为南郑頁岩,是奥陶紀末期海退相的产物,南郑頁岩与下伏 

的上奥陶統灰岩为同一整套旋迴的沉积。沒有发見笔石相五峯頁岩是相变的关系。 

南郑頁岩与其上志留系的关系,根据霍世誠提出的 [12] 梁山地区的志留系笔石带,并 

結合卢衍豪 [1] 記述的梁山志留系下部的笔石 Climacograptus scalaris var. 及 

Climacograptus scalaris var. misirabilis 的資料分析,可确定梁山地区已不缺失志留系最 

底部的笔石带, Dalmanitina 层更沒有代替下志留統下部笔石带的必要。川东南、黔东 

北及川黔边境的桐梓与綦江观音桥一带,普遍存在程度不同的缺失下志留統下部的笔石 

带的現象;科学院地貭古生物所也提出过:“在川北此介壳相地层之上紧接着的是下志 

留統上部的地层,缺失下志留統下部的几个笔石带”,并說:“缺失下志留下部的現象, 

在大巴山西段不只这一处見到”,但他們則用 Dalmanitina 层作为代替下志留統下部笔石 

带来解释,仍将 Dalmanitina 层放在志留系。作者在川东南秀山、酉阳及黔东北松桃、 

德江、印江等处所見,凡有五峯阶上段介壳相地层的剖面,均有五峯頁岩存在;凡五峯 

頁岩較薄(指同一地区)或未見五峯頁岩的剖面,即未見介壳相泥灰岩或頁岩出露,这又 

証明志留系底部笔石带的缺失,是 Dalmanitina 层与志留系之間有沉积間断和侵蝕的关 

系。因此从沉积关系来看,含 Dalmanitina 的介壳相泥灰岩或頁岩,作为上奥陶統最高 

层位,亦比較合理(参照附表三)。 

关于上奥陶統的上界問題,国际上曾經爭論不休,1959 年卢衍豪 [2] 及张文堂 [3] 均有 

詳細介紹。当时在欧洲方面可总括为三种意見:(1)认为 Dalmanitina 层属于志留系最底 

部,这一意見的提出者为 Troedsson, G. T. (1926、1935、1936),同意者有 Thorslund, P. 

(1935), Warburg, E. (1939), Waern, B. (1948), Alichova, T. N. (1957). Troedsson 在 1918 与 

1920 年曾同意 Tullberg, S. A. (1882 及 1883)将 Dalmanitina 层放在奥陶系,其后认为瑞典 

Scania 的上奥陶統与 Dalmanitina 层之間有一間断,并以 Dalmanitina 层与其上 Rastrites 

层关系非常密切,乃改变原来意見而划入志留系。(2)认为 Dalmanitina 层应放在奥陶系 

頂部,坚持这个論点的有 Henningsmoen, G. (1954),Jones, O. T. (1949), Kautsky, G. 

(1953), Jaanusson, V. (1956)等人,其中 Jaanusson 所提出的理由有二:一,瑞典 Dalmanitina 

层最底部的一个带的标准化石 Dalmanitina olini Temple(即 Dal- manitina eucentra 

Angelin),在英国只見于奥陶系最上部 Ashgillian 期:二,瑞典 Vester- gotland 地方 

Dalmanitina 层以上的化石层,是代表志留系最底部的笔石带 Glyptograptus persculptus 

带,說明 Dalmanitina 层并没有代替志留系最底部的相变成分。Henningsmoen 研究欧洲 

Dalmanitina 层內的介形虫类化石,认为其中有許多属曾見于挪威 Oslo 的中奥陶統內, 

另一属見于北美中及上奥陶統,还有一属見于加拿大北极区及格陵兰区的奥陶系,因此 

认为应属于奥陶紀。(3)认为 Dalmanitina 层的时代問題,还須經进一步研究各处这一层 

的动物羣以后才能肯定,这意見是 Kielan,Z.在 1956 年对波兰 Brzezinki 泥岩內的 60 

余种三叶虫作了研究之后,认为其中只有 Phillipsinella parabola 及 Whittingtonia 属的一 

个亚种在波兰 Zelesie 的 Dalmanitina 层中出現,此外却沒有見到上奥陶統常見的 

Tretaspis,Cyclopyge,Trinodus,Dindymene 等属,但同时她与 Thorslund,P.又考虑 

Dalmanitina mucronata 曾在瑞典 Staurocephalus 层中出現,因此发表了暫时不能肯定属 

于奥陶紀或志留紀的意見。最后 Kielan [21] 即对波兰上奥陶統做了四个地区的进一步研 

究,詳测了剖面,計开挖土、石方 110 立方米,采集三叶虫标本 6,350 件,1959 年写


出附有 36 个图版的論文。根据她的研究,在 Dalmanitina 层中有丰富的腕足类、介形类 

及三叶虫等。她說新的三叶虫至少有 20 种,由于大部分破碎无法鉴定,未曾描述,比 

較完整可以鉴定的計 9 种,其中 6 种(包括 Staurocephalus clavitrons)亦发現于 Ashgillian 

中部的 Stau- rocephalus clavifrons 带,并有两种还发見于更下的层带中,即 Ashgillian 下 

部的 Eodindymene pulchra 带(瑞典 Green Tretaspis mudstones)。将已知的瑞典及波希米亚 

的 Dalma. nitina 层中的三叶虫一并統計在內,則共有三叶虫 16 种,除 5 种仅发現于 

Dalmanitina 层外,其余 11 种,皆发見于上奥陶統 Staurocephalus clavifrons 带,并有 8 

种还在其下的 Tretaspis 层中发現。因此 Kielan 认为 Dalmanitina 层是上奥陶統 Ashgillian 

中不可分割的組成部分,乃肯定了 Dalmanitina 层归于上奥陶統頂部(Upper Ashgillian) 

的結論。茲节录 Dalmanitina 层中的三叶虫羣在欧洲的垂直分布表及地层对比表(見表一 

及二)。 

在东亚方面,緬甸郸邦也有相似于 Dalmanitina 的层位,即 Panghsa-pye Stage 的下 

部三叶虫层 [14,25] 其上即 Panghsa-pye Stage 的上部,亦为志留系笔石相地层,紧靠三叶虫 

层的笔石計有:Orthograptus vesiculosus Nich., Mesograptus moderstus Lapw., Glyptogra- 

ptus cf. Persculptus Satt., Climacograptus rectangularis McCoy,Dimorphograptus extenu 

atus E. et W., Monograptus incommodus Tornq., Monograptus sandersoni Lapw., M. 

(Pristiograptus) cyphus Lapw., 根据这些笔石化石,基本上沒有缺失志留系最底部的笔石 

带。1915 年 Reed [25] 根据上部的笔石化石将 Panghsa-pye Stage 全部划为志留系,其中三 

叶虫 Phacops (Dalmanites) hastingsi Reed 实与波兰的 Dalmanitina mucronata (Brong- niart) 

为同种,三叶虫 Acidaspis shanensis Reed 与波兰产于 Dalmanitina 层中的 Leo- naspis olini 

Troedsson 亦极相类似;腕足类方面,葛利普于 1924 年 [16] 曾提及与欧洲下志留統 

(Llandovery)很接近,但沒有同样的标准种。作者初步从外形观察,緬甸这一层位中的腕 

足类与四川宁南县华弹中奥陶統上部的腕足类多数相同,因此根据三叶虫、腕足类及其 

上部不缺失志留系最底部的笔石带綜合考虑,认为緬甸 Panghsa-pye Stage 的下部三叶虫 

层的时代应予重新考虑。 

2.下界問題 

关于华南上奥陶統的下界問題,目前从古生物材料和岩相的变化,考虑含 Sinoceras 

chinense 的宝塔石灰岩,似可归入上奥陶統,作为盐津阶(广义的)的下段,并作为上奥 

陶統的最底界綫。 

(1)湖北三峽及川、黔地区,所謂盐津期的临湘石灰岩与其下伏宝塔石灰岩,分界不 

很明显,常有相互消长情况,如:分乡剖面 [3] 临湘石灰岩厚 20 米,宝塔石灰岩厚仅 9 

米;龙馬溪剖面,临湘石灰岩厚 13 米,宝塔石灰岩厚达 17 米。可知两处总厚度彼此近 

似,而临湘石灰岩与宝塔石灰岩的厚度,則彼此相差悬殊。这种相变情况,1959 年张文 

堂也提出过相似的意見 [3] 。浙西、贛东及皖南一带,相当于宝塔石灰岩的硯瓦山組与相 

当于临湘石灰岩的黃泥崗組,岩性递变,分界亦难。1959 年全国地层会議将临湘石灰岩 

与宝塔石灰岩之間,及黄泥崗組与硯瓦山組之間作为奥陶系的上統与中統界綫,在实际 

工作中,常因分界困难造成錯誤。 

(2)汉中梁山区,霍世誠首先提出宝塔石灰岩中有 Sinoceras chinense 和其他 Cara- 

docian-Ashgillian 期的三叶虫共生,作者研究梁山标本时,亦发現波兰 Ashgillian 初期与


中期的三叶虫 Hammatocnemis 及属于 Geragnostidae 科的球接子,均发現于梁山粉紅色 

宝塔石灰岩中并与 Sinoceras chinense (Foord)共生(参照附表三),这說明宝塔石灰岩与盐 

津层合有同样的生物羣,界綫很难划分。 

(3)华南含有 Sinoceras chinense 的宝塔石灰岩属介壳相地层,当然不产笔石相的笔 

石羣,所以在华南很难发現 Climacograptus peltifer 带、C. wilsoni 带及 Dicranograptus 

clingani 带等属于 Caradocian 期笔石。洪友崇三峽上奥陶統初期笔石羣 [6] ,除去新种外, 

計有 Dicellograptus sextans (Hall),Dicranograptus dingani Carruthers,Climacograptus 

antiquus var. lineatus Elles et Wood,Pseudoclimacograptus scharengbergi (Lapworth), 

Orthograptus quadrimucronatus(Hall),O. truncatus Lapworth, O. calcaratus Lapworth, O. 

calcaratus var. vulgatus E.et W., O. rugosus var. apiculatus E. et W., 根据上列化石,絕大 

部分旧种,包括 Climacograptus peltiler 带,C. wilsoni 带,Dicranograptus clingani 带及 

Pleurograptus linearis 带的笔石羣分子,这一化石羣說明宝塔石灰岩和盐津阶的沉积时 

期,均属于 Caradocian 的初期及中期,其化石产地就是宝塔石灰岩薄至 9 米的分乡区, 

更說明宝塔石灰岩已部分相变为笔石頁岩的笔石相吋,它与盐津阶同产不可分割的同一 

笔石羣落。最近葛梅钰 [13] 研究鄂西艾家山組庙坡頁岩中笔石化石結果,計有 13 属,50 

种及变种,其中属于 Glyptograptus teretiusculus 带者計 5 种,即 Dicellograptus 

sextans(Hall), D. sextans var. exilis E. et W., Climacograptus parvus (Hall), Orthograptus 

propinquus (Hadding), Glyptograptus cf . teretiusculus (Hisinger) ;其他均发見于 

Nemagraptus gracilis 带,該带又分为下、中、上三个亚带:下亚带(Dicranograptus 

brevicaulis yangtzensis 亚带)共生的笔石計 27 种;中亚带(Leptograptus yangtzensis 亚带) 

共生的笔石計 15 种;上亚带(Corynoides calicularis 亚带)共生的笔石計 36 种。在 

Glyptograptus teretiusculus 带的五种笔石中,除 Climacograptus parvus(Hall)外,其余四 

种均延續至 Nemagraptus gracilis 带的下亚带,并且 Dicellograptus sextans var. exilis Elles 

et Wood 还延續于中、上两亚带,这說明庙坡頁岩的沉积,主要是属于 Caradocian 的初 

期。葛梅钰认为洪友崇 [7] 所描述的笔石,亦属于庙坡頁岩中所采,其时代应为 Llandeilian 

到 Caradocian 早期,不应属于上奥陶統。作者认为洪友崇与葛梅钰两人的分歧問題,須 

从野外实地研究来解决。但庙坡頁岩中的笔石化石,在 Caradocian 初期的 Nemagraptus 

gracilis 带中新生的占 90%,沉积其上的石灰岩,自然属于 Caradocian 的中、后期 1) ,华 

中西南区及华东的浙西、皖南贛东北等地区含有 Sinoceras chinense 的介壳相灰岩与含有 

Nemagraptus gracilis 的笔石相頁岩,从岩性及沉积相的观点来說,是中国南部奥陶系地 

层中最明显的分界綫,有利于实际的应用。因此建議中国奥陶系中、上統的分界綫,应 

該划在这一界綫上。其具体的实例:即长江三峽以庙坡頁岩以上的宝塔石灰岩,划为上 

奥陶統底部;浙西、贛东北及皖南的宁国、太平一带,以胡乐頁岩以上的硯瓦山組,作 

为上奥陶統的开始。至于宝塔石灰岩或硯瓦山組的时代,可能相当于笔石相地层的 

Climacograptus wilsoni 带与 Dicranograptus clingani 带的沉积时期,当然这一問題尚有待 

1) 現今澳大利亚的 Caradocian 全部划入上奧陶統(自 Nemagraptus gracilis 带开始),苏联及美国的 

Caradocian 上部划入上奧陶統,英国以 Caradocian 与 Ashgilllan 作为同一生物羣落考虑(Caradocian- 

Ashgillian Asemblages,英国的 Caradocian 自 Climacograptus wilson 带开始)。

542 古生物学报 12 卷

4 期盛华夫:川黔晚奥陶世三叶虫的研究并讨论上奥陶统的上下界线问题 543

544 古生物学报 12 卷

4 期盛华夫:川黔晚奥陶世三叶虫的研究并讨论上奥陶统的上下界线问题 545


于今后的进一步工作来証实。在本文发表之前,浙江硯瓦山組与黃泥崗組均已发見北欧 

上奥陶統 Staurocephalus clavifons 带中的主要化石 Hammatocnemis 及 Phillipsinella 两 

属三叶虫,这将說明从生物地层的观点将硯瓦山組划为上奥陶統也是合适的。 

四、化石描述 

目 AGNOSTIDA Kobayashi,1935 

科 GERAGNOSTIDAE M'Coy,1849 

属 Geragnostus Howell,1935 

Geragnostus sinensis Sheng (新种) 

(图版 I,图 1a—g) 

头鞍为卵形,长度約等于头部长度 0.7,有不明显的弯曲横紋一条横貫头鞍,头鞍 

中部紧靠横紋处有一小瘤,头鞍后緣两侧有三角形叶状物。 

腹部中軸短,等于腹长二分之一,中軸較側叶稍寬大,呈次三角状,末端則圓形, 

軸分两段,前段两侧又划分微小的次半圓形;背壳光滑。腹部周边狹而平,两側附有短 

而寬的尾刺。 

本种与本属其他各种的不同,在于腹部中軸的形状。本种的头鞍与腹部中軸形状, 

虽极似 Girvanagnostus girvanensis (Reed),但 Girvanagnostus 属的特征,还有几条放射 

状紋在头部与腹部分布,如 G. girvanensis 的头部自头鞍前端两側开始有两条放射紋,自 

腹軸末端开始有三条放射紋。本种則未見有此种放射紋。 

产地与层位:见表三。 

目 PTYCHOPARIIDA Swinnerton,1915 

科 TELEPHINIDAE Marek,1952 

(= TELEPHINIDAE Angelin,1854) 

属 Telephina Marek,1952 

(= Telephus Barrande,1852) 

Telephina cf. chinensis (Yi) 

(图版 I,图 3) 

1957,Telephus chinensis Yi,易庸恩,古生物学报,第 5 卷,第 4 期,535 頁,图版 III,图 3。 

本种仅发現一个不完全的头部,除中頸刺未保存于这一标本外,其他特征与易庸恩 

所描述者相同,其地层层位亦相同。 

产地与层位:見表三。 

科 OTARIONIDAE Richter & Richter,1926 

属 Oration Zenker,1833 

Oration sp. 

(图版 I,图 4) 

本种仅有不完整的一个头盖,作拱頂状,外边緣高突,額前有寬广位置及边沟;一


对鞍沟比較清楚,向后弯曲,伸抵頸沟,并分隔为明显的一对側叶;頸沟亦显著,頸叶 

尚寬。固定頰較一般的同科各种为寬。面紋向前略作放射状。 


科 TRINUCLEIDAE Hawle & Corda,1847 

属 Nankinolithus Lu,1956 

Nankinolithus nankinensis Lu 

(图版 I,图 2a—d) 

1957,Nankinolithus nankinensis Lu,中国标准化石无脊椎动物第三分册,第 293 頁,图版 155,图 11—13。 

头鞍凸突为梨形,头鞍沟三对,前对很短;中对稍长,后对則左右相連。頸环狹窄, 

頸沟浅而寬。頰部无側眼及眼脊;边緣分为凹下的內边緣及凸起的頰边緣,內边緣有三 

行小孔,排列呈放射状的陷坑;頰边緣上的小孔,在前部作放射状排列,側部則不規則 

的互相交錯排列。頰刺向外延伸,其长約相当于头鞍长度。 

根据四块标本的头部特征,均与 Nankinolithus nankinensis Lu 相同。 

标本中的2b 与 2d 的右面已受挤压,2a 左面下部亦稍受挤压,2c 的左右两側均受 

挤压,而右面受挤压更甚,因此凹下的內边緣內有两排小孔及后侧的許多小孔不能在图 

上現露。各标本因受挤压关系,致头部及头鞍輪廓与卢衍豪的图版上不完全相同,特别 

是 2c 的头部与头鞍形状相差更大;并使 2c 在图上的輪廓与 Nankinolithus wanyuanensis 

Cheng et Jian(陈潤业、翦万筹,1961)非常相似,但后者头鞍沟仅有很浅的两对,而 2c 

的头鞍沟則有較明显的三对,因此仍定为 Nankinolithus nankinensis Lu. 

本种与 Kielan 在 1959 年所描述的 Tretaspis granulata (Wahlenberg)非常相近,可能 

两者属于同种。Tretaspis granulata 是欧洲上奥陶統 Tretaspis 层及 Staurocephalus 层中很 

普遍的三叶虫。 

产地及层位:見表三。 

科 RAPHIOPHORIDAE Angelin,1854 

属 Ampyxina Urich,1922 

Ampyxina sp. 

(图版 I,图 5,6c) 

头鞍近卵形,向前凸出,无額刺,前部扩大成鈍圓的前端,向后收縮变窄,收縮部 

分具有两对短而斜向后弯的鞍沟,但极不明显,头鞍最大寬度在固定頰之前方,固定頰 

的外形近似等边三角形,其长度約等于头鞍长度 2/3,其基部約等于头鞍基部寬的二倍。 

肋頸沟直而显著,肋頸节窄寬度近一致,但向两側略有加寬趋势。 

产地及层位:見附表三。 

目 PHACOPIDA Salter,1864 

科 Cheiruridae Salter,1864 

属 Eccoptochile Hawle & Corda,1847


? Eccoptochile xiushanensis Sheng (新种) 

(图版 III,图 1a—c) 

本种仅采得不完全的头部标本三个。在这三个标本的头鞍,向前寬展为棍棒形,具 

有三对相似长度的鞍紋,在頸环前的一对鞍紋向后弯曲并延伸至頸沟;額前部分很短, 

固定頰的頰角上具有頰刺,眼脊不明显。 

本种与欧洲种 E. (Eccoptochile) clavigera (Beyrich)及 E. (Eccoptochiloides) tumescens 

(Barrande)很相似,但本种鞍沟較长,特别是頸前的一对鞍沟延伸至頸沟处这点与該属 

特征不完全符合,由于本种沒有完全能符合本科內所有旧属的特征,而标本又保存不好, 

因暫归于本属而加以“?”符号。 


科 ENCRINURIDAE Angelin,1854 

属 Encrinuroides Reed,1931 

Encrinuroides zhenxiongensis Sheng (新种) 

(图版 II,图 3a—b) 

头盖表面散布着小点;头鞍向前扩大,有短而深的四对側沟,均向前斜伸;面紋大 

概在头鞍的前部相交;眼脊未見;胸部中軸較两側肋叶为狹,有 11 环节,两側各肋节 

沒有肋沟。腹部有环节 6 或 7。 

本新种的头盖、胸部及腹部均极似 E. sexcostatus Salter,但头鞍的側沟不同,后者 

側沟只有三对,且呈平伸状,非若本新种为 4 对側沟作向前斜伸。 

产地与层位:产于滇东北鎮雄十三区,标本由云南省区測八队寄来,产地号碼为 

Yf-89 及 Yf-90,时代属晚奥陶世。 

科 HOMALONOTIDAE E. J. Chapman,1890 

属 Calymenella Bergeron,1890 

Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) sinensis (Lu) 

(图版 IV,图 1a—h) 

1963,Homalonotus sinensis Lu,秦岭化石手册,第 53 頁,图版 10,图 2a—c. 

头部半圓形,前边緣呈反折状;头鞍呈梯級,前端略圓,有三对不明显的鞍沟,后 

对微具 S 状弯曲;眼脊明显,对生于前中两鞍沟外側的中間,面紋的后部切在头部边緣 

接近頰角处。固定頰的后部有一对半月形叶状物紧靠于頸前鞍叶的两側。唇瓣呈次方形, 

前部附有中等大小的两翼,后边緣作凹曲状。 

胸部有13 环节。 

腹部略似寬闊的三角形,其前边緣則呈半月状,三叶分明,有环节 8—9,中軸向后很 

快递縮,未伸展至边緣,中軸寬度較側叶为狹。 

本种与 Calymenella (Calymenella) media (Barrande)相似,但两者相比,則新种鞍前 

部分較窄,且未見向前突出,头鞍及腹部軸叶較狹长。 

本种卢衍豪归于 Homalonotus 属,由于 Homalonotus 属的头部,具有三齿状的前緣,


而本种无此特征,故改属于 Calymenella 的亚属 Eohomalonotus。 


?Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) protasinensis Sheng(新种) 

(图版 IV,图 2a—c) 

头鞍长方形,有三对鞍沟与侧叶,后对鞍沟长而深,前对則短而浅,眼高突,位于 

前对鞍叶两侧。头部前边緣中段凹入,其两側伸展成为角状。唇瓣略似长方形,前端两 

側有小形翼状物,中部稍靠前方处較凸突,后边緣向內凹曲。 

胸部13 节,肋节有較深肋沟。腹部的軸节与肋节,在一个不完整的个体中,保存 6 

节,但在另一可能属于本种的腹部标本,則有明显的 9 节及一末节。 

本种与同属其他各种的区别,在于新种头部前边緣中部凹入,其两側有角状向前突 

出物。又头鞍沟亦較他种明显。但这些特征,在某些三叶虫的幼年时期亦有类似現象, 

如 Menoparia genalunata Ross, Acanthoparypha perforata Whittington & Evitt ,及 

Leptoplastoides salteri (Callway)等在个体发育阶段中都曾出现类似現象,因此这一新种 

可能是幼年期的标本。这一新种的胸部与腹部很象 Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) sinensis 

(Lu),但現在所掌握的标本其个体的大小是近乎一致的,而且現在亦沒有系統的材料, 

可資証明为 C. (E.) sinensis 的幼年期,因此提出新的种名。 


科 HAMMATOCNEMIDAE Kielan,1959 

属 Hammatocnemis Kielan,1959 

Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus Kielan 

(图版Ⅱ,图 1a—n:图版 IV,图 4a—b) 

1959,Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus Kielan,波兰古生物志,第 11 卷,141 頁,图版 25,第 3 图:图版 

26,第 2—4 图;图版 27,第 6—8 图;插图 38,39) 

头部半圓形,头鞍凸形,向前扩大,有四对側沟,前三对短而浅,有时隐約不清, 

均自軸沟向前略伸,后对(頸前第一对)鞍沟左右相連横貫头鞍,使头鞍后端形成中間环 

节;并因頸节中段膨大,致头鞍的頸前这段的两侧叶突出如瘤状,中叶則短而低陷。 

胸部为 11 节。按 Kielan 所研究的标本,沒有一个完整的标本,因之她不知道胸节 

的数目,現在可补足該种这一缺点。胸部长度大于寬度,中軸寬度約胸部寬度三分之一, 

胸部两側肋叶的靠近中軸部分有两排瘤状物,每节两側肋叶各具两顆,两側肋叶的外端 

形成肋刺。 

腹部短而寬,其长度等于寬度二分之一,有环节四。 

标本中的特征,确似 Kielan 于 1959 所定的新种 Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus,她将 

本种另立一个新亚科 Hammatocncminac 而属于 Cheiruridae 科中。作者认为它与 Cheiru- 

ridae 科的关系不如 Phacopidae 科为接近,特别与 Eophacops Richter & Richter (1931)更 

相接近,但仍有它的特殊方面,认为可以将新亚科,提升为新科 Hammatocnemidae 而放 

在 Phacopida 目中。 

本种在波兰出現于上奥陶統 Ashgillian 中部的 Staurocephalus clavifrons 带,我国华 

南分布很广,在五峯頁岩以下的盐津阶上部(相当于临湘灰岩)及下部(相当于宝塔岩中段)


均发見有本种。 


Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus var. ovatus (新变种) 

(图版 II,图 2a—c) 

本变种的提出,仅据三个头鞍,且其中有二个保存不佳。头盖較标准种为长,其长 

度与寬度几乎相等。又头鞍呈卵圓形,固定頰略呈方形,表面有微小粒状物,这些形态 

都与标准种稍异,但具标准种的主要特征,故定为变种,也可能这些变异由于埋藏条件 

不同所致。 


科 DALMANITIDAE Vogdes,1890 

属 Dalmanitina Reed,1905 

Dalmanitina nanchengensis Lu 

(图版 III,图 2a—c) 

1957,Dalmanitina nanchengensis Lu,中国标准化石无脊椎动物,第三分册,第 292 頁,图版 154,图 

8—11。 

1957,Phacops (Dalmanites) cf. dagon Reed,易庸恩,中国古生物学报,第 5 卷,第 4 期,527 頁,图 

版 5,图 1a—c。 

1959,Dalmanites nanchengensis (Lu),霍世誠,中国古生物学报,第 7 卷,第 6 期,477 頁。 

本种根据三个近乎完全的头部及二个腹部标本的鉴定。 

头部有明显边緣与边緣沟;但在头鞍前端則較狹。头鞍前部寬广,大約相当于头鞍 

长度,有三对头鞍沟,后中两对有向外呈集合势,向內近軸中則明显分叉;頸节中段的 

中部較宽,其两側呈瘤状。固定頰大約相当于头鞍底部的寬度,活动頰小,略似三角形, 

眼微斜向前方,如新月形,其前端靠近头鞍的前对側沟,后端則稍后于中对側沟,在同 

一平面上距离头鞍边緣約头鞍寬度的五分之一。顏面綫后枝自眼的下部 S 形向外弯曲而 

切割于头壳側緣。頰刺很短,約相当于头鞍长度十分之三。 

腹部分10—13 节,有短小尾刺,中軸寬大,在前端約等于腹寬三分之一。 

本标本的特征,无疑地与卢衍豪在“中国标准化石”的描述和图版中相同。 

本种与 Dalmanitina socialis (Barrande)很相似,但本种头鞍較寬,头部在头鞍前有狹 

形边緣,頰刺与尾刺均較短小。 

本种与 Dalmanitina mucronata (Brongniart)或 Dalmanites hastingsi Reed 的分別,主要 

是头鞍的形状;本种头鞍的长度与寬度大体相等,有时寬度稍大于长度;D. mucronata 

的头鞍长度大于寬度,其长度約相当于寬度 1⅓。 


Dalmanitina mueronatu (Brongniart) 

(图版 III,图 3a—d) 

1959,Dalmanitina mucronata (Brongniart),波兰古生物志,第 11 卷,第 118 頁,图版 19,第 4 及 7—9 

图;图版 20,第 1—11 图。 

本种根据三个不完全的头部及一个不很完全的整体,后者系北京地貭学院师生在貴


州所采,作者借此照相,加入图版,以了解本种全貌,在此向北京地貭学院致謝。 

全体輪廓长椭圓形,头鞍长度大于寬度,后端較狹;头鞍側沟特征与 Dalmanitina nan- 

chengensis Lu 相同,胸环 11 节,胸部及腹部的中軸比两側叶狹。 

本种与南郑种不同点为全身較长,头鞍及中軸均較狹窄。 

本种与 D. socialis (Barrande)外貌很相似,但 D. socialis 的头鞍伸展到头部前緣,使前 

边緣被掩盖而隐沒,不如本种有明显的前边緣。本种与 D. hastingsi (Reed,1915)似无不 

同之处,故拟两者应属同种。 


本种标本,只有不完全的一个头盖。 

科 PTERYGOMETOPIDAE Reed,1905 

属 Pterygometopus (Achatella) Delo,1935 

Pterygometopus (Achatella) sp. 

(图版 III,图 4) 

外壳略呈平坦状,头部近半月形,头鞍前叶横长如椭圓形,軸沟自后向前略呈放射状; 

头鞍有三对側沟,及三对側叶,前对侧叶較中及后两对稍大,中、后两側叶大小相等; 

頸环寬而突出,但图版中的頸环后部巳因修理标本时稍受損坏而減小寬度。眼部相对的 

形小而高突,位于頰部的中心,头具頰刺,长度相当于头鞍后段之寬。 

本种很多特征类似北美 Trenton 灰岩中所产的 P. (A.) achates (Billings) 

产地及层位:陝西宁強上奥陶統。产地号碼 g-n32,标本系地貭科学院秦岭队項礼 

文、林宝玉等所采。 

目 LICHIDA Moore,1959 

科 LICHIDAE Hawle & Corda,1847 

属 Lichas Dalman,1827 

Lichas sp. 

(图版Ⅳ,图 3) 

标本只有一个头盖,发見于陕南梁山宝塔石灰岩上部的灰白色石灰岩中。 

头鞍寬闊略呈方形,中部向前伸出,后段逐漸平坦,一对头鞍沟弯向后方成为纵沟 

状,并与頸沟相連,使半椭圓形的側叶与中叶分离,头鞍最大寬度在于中段,为 12 毫 

米,前后两段寬度均較小,前端呈圓形,后段两側作收縮状,后边緣如穹形稍向后向外 

伸展。头鞍表面有大小不同的很多瘤状物。 

本种仅有一个腹部标本。 

属 Dicranopeltis Hawle & Corda,1847 

Dicranopeltis sp. 

(图版 IV,图 5) 

腹部中軸短而向后驟縮,前部边緣很宽。三对肋沟向边緣伸展,分別成为肋节的尖端。 

甲壳表面附有瘤状物。


产地与层位:与 Encrinuroides zhenxiongensis Sheng 共生于云南东北部鎮雄十三区上 

奥陶統下部,产地号碼 Yf089-1,系云南省区測八队所采。 

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Shah States. Burma, Palaeontologia Indica, N. S., Vol.6, Mem. No.1.


UPPER ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITE FAUNAS OF SZECHUAN— 

KWEICHOW WITH SPECIAL DISCUSSION ON THE 

CLASSIFICATION AND BOUNDARIES OF 

THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN 

S. F. SHENG 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Most of the materials described here in this paper were obtained from South-eastern 

Szechuan and North-eastern Kweichow, while the rest from the Yangtze Gorges, Western 

Dapashan, and Western Yunnan, etc. All the trilobite-bearing strata of these regions belong to 

the Wufengian (Upper) and Yentsinian (Lower) of the Upper Ordovician. The Upper 

Ordovician trilobites are now classified into 4 Orders,12 families,13 genera and 16 species, 

the order Phacopida being the dominant type. 

Acknowledgements are due to Prof. Y. C. Sun for his constant encouragement, cri- 

ticism, and reading the manuscript. The author also wishes to express his. gratitude to Dr. Y. H. 

Lu for valuable suggestions. 

II. STRATIGRAPHIC SUMMARY 

superformation: Lungmachi Shale (Llandovery)——Dark gray shale with graptolites. 

-------- (Conformity or disconformity) --------- 

II, Wufengian (Upper & Middle Ashgillian) 

(4) Upper shelly facies (Dalmanitina beds) ………………………………….…….. 0-2.5 m. 

Dark gray argillaceous limestone or mudstones with trilobites brachiopods, corals, etc., and 

with the following species of trilobites: 


D. mucronara (Brongniart) 

Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) sinensis (Lu) 

C. (E.) Protasinensis (sp. nov.) 

(3) Lower main graptolite shale (Zone of Dicellograptus szechuanensis) ……….…..4-15 m. 

Dicellograptus szechuanensis Mu 

D. complanatus var. oranatus Elles et Wood 

Climacograptus supernus Elles et Wood 

Orthograptus truncatus var. abbreviatus Elles et Wood 

O. cf. truncatus var. socialis Lapworth 

O. quadrimucronatus (Hall) 

In the Liangshan region of Southern Shensi, the Nancheng shale (Dalmanitina beds) conformably 

overlies the so-called thin pagoda limestone of Caradoc age, with Phylacops & Staurocephalus faunas. 

(Sun,1959, Huo,1959) 

I. Yentsinian (=Caradocian—Lower Ashgillian) 

(2) Upper Pagoda limestone (=Staurocephalus clavifrons zone of N. Europe)……………..1-20 m. 

Dark grey nodular limestone or purple argillaceous limestone with the following species of 

trilobites : 

Geragnostus sinensis (sp. nov.) 

Telephina cf. chinensis Yi 

Otarion sp.



Ampyxina sp. 

?Eccoptochile xiushanensis (sp. nov.) 

Encrinuroides zhenxiongensis (sp. nov.) 


H. tetrasulcatus var. ovatus (var. nov.) 

Pterygometopus (Achatalla) sp. 

Lichas sp. 

(1) Middle & lower Pagoda limestone (=Tretaspis beds of N. Europe and Caradocian grapto- 

litic faunas of Great Britain) …………………………………………………………......9-40 m. 

Dark grey limestone with tortoise-like weathering surface or purple thin-bedded limestone with 

Sinoceras chinense (Foord). In Fenhsiang area of western Hupei, it is represented partly by shales 

interbedded with nodular limestone. The shale member (1 metre thick) of this area yields a rich 

graptolite and trilobite fauna of Caradocian age (5 & 6), and with a typical 

Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus Kielan. 

Conformity or disconformity 

Subformation: Miaopo Shale with Glyptograptus teretiusculus (Hisinger) and Nemagraptus gracilis Hall 

of Llandeilian—early Caradocian age. 

III. BOUNDARIES OF THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN 

(1) Age of the Dalmanitina beds 

In the Szechuan—Kweichow border, the rocks of the Upper Ordovician and Lower 

Silurian may be distinguished into two different facies: The lower shelly facies of Upper 

Ordovician is occasionally interbedded with black shales containing graptolites and trilobites 

with a total thickness of less than 50 metres. The Dalmanitina beds apparently belong to this 

member, while the Lower Silurian graptolite facies is composed of grey greenish shales or 

yellowish sandy shales more than 100 metres in thickness. 

The Lower Silurian graptolite faunas near the Szechuan—Kweichow border usually 

lack of 1-3 graptolitic zones of the lowest Silurian, especially in some section whence no 

shelly facies of Dalmanitina beds occur. The upper part of Upper Ordovician——the main 

Wufeng shale is purely represented by black shales with Dicellograptus szechuanensis, D. 

complanatus var. ornatus, and Climacograptus supernus, etc., while the Dalmanitina beds 

usually overlie this shale without any hiatus. 

Recently Kielan (1959) has also made the conclusion of Dalmanitina beds by stating 

as follows: 

“A discovery of Staurocephalus clavifrons Angein, Phillipsinella parabola (Barrande) 

and other Ashgillian species in the Dalmanitina beds of Poland, is considered here as a new 

evidence towards the latter view. Thus the Dalmanitina beds are referred here to the Upper 

Ordovician as an uppermost part of the Ashgillian.” 

Evidently the shelly facies of the uppermost Wufengian (Dalmanitina beds) in 

Southern China might correspond to the Dalmanitina beds of Poland, Sweden, and Bohemia. 

(2) Lower limit of the Upper Ordovician 

The Pagoda limestone of South China may be subdivided into two parts, but the limit 

is indistinctly marked everywhere. The upper part contains more or less nodular limestone 

interbedded with grey shales, while the lower part usually consists of grey and thin-bedded 

limestones with hexagonal or semi-circular mud cracks, usually named as the horse-hoof


limestone. In the Fenhsiang section, west Hupei, the Pagoda limestone (Horsehoof limestone) 

is 9 metres thick only; and the Linhsiang limestone (nodular limestone) about 20 metres, the 

total thickness being 29 m. In the neighbouring region, the Hsiangchi section of the Yangtze 

Gorges, the Pagoda limestone exceeds 17 metres in thickness, but the Linhsiang limestone 

reduces to 13 metres only. Owing to the rapid change of both lateral and vertical facies, there 

is no distinct boundary between the Middle and Upper Ordovician according to the Pagoda 

limestone and Linhsiang limestone. 

The Hammatocnemis and Geragnostus faunas of Upper Ordovician age of South China 

occur not only in the Linhsiang limestone (nodular limestone), but also in the Pagoda 

limestone (Sinoceras limestone), as shown in the section of Liangshan (Loc,05), south Shensi 

and Xiushan (Loc. K18), Southeast Szechuan. The genus Hammatocnemis was also found in 

the Horse-hoof limestone (Pagoda limestone) at Shizipu, Tsunyi, Kweichow. (examples of 

Tsunyi are not given in the precents plate) 

According to Hong [8] the Pagoda limestone of the Fenhsiang section is partly re- 

placed by shales, which contain abundant Caradoc graptolites such as: Dicellograptus sextans 

(Hall), Dicranograptus clingani Carruthers, Climacograptus antiquns var. lineatus E. et W., 

Pseudoclimacograptus scharengbergi (Lapworth), Orthograptus quadrimucronatus (Hall). O. 

truncatus Lapworth. O. rugosus var. apiculatus E. et W., etc., this assemblage evidently 

indicates a mixture of both Lower and Middle Caradocian elements. 

Therefore, the Pagoda limestone may be assigned to the Upper Ordovician based on 

both the lithological and palaeontological evidences. 

Besides, the lower limit of the Upper Ordovician of South China is put at the junc- 

tion between the Pagoda limestone (Sinoceras limestone) and the Miapo shale (zone of 

Glyptograptus gracilis) and might nearly correspond to the boundary of the Middle and 

Upper Ordovician strata of Australia in the same Pacific Province. 

IV. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES 

Order AGNOSTIDA Kobayashi,1935 

Family GERAGNOSTIDAE M'Coy,1849 

Genus Geragnostus Howell,1935 

Geragnostus sinensis Sheng (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. I, Figs.1a-g) 

This species is represented by four cranidia and one pygidium. Glabella oval in out- 

line, about 0.7 of the length of cephalon, with faint curved transverse furrow; middle part of 

glabella has a small tubercle, that lies next behind the forwardly bent glabellar furrow. 

Pygidial axis short, half as long as pygidium, wider than lateral lobes, subtriangular 

roundly truncated at the rear, divided into two axial lobes and subdivided into a small 

subsemicircular lobe on each side of the anterior lobe; dorsal exoskeleton smooth. Border flat, 

narrow, depressed with short broad lateral spines. 

This species differs from other species of the same genus in the axial lobe of its 

pygidium. The forms of glabella and pygidial axis are similar to Girvanagnostus girvanensis 

(Reed), but the diagnosis of the Girvanagnostus in dicates that there are a few radial furrows 

on the pleural lobes of both shields. The G. girvanensis with two furrows radiating from the 

distal sides of the axial lobes, of which there are two on the cephalon and three on the


pygidium. 

Horizon & locality: This species occurs together with Nankinolithus nankin- 

ensis, ?Eccoptochile xiushanensis and Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus, etc. in Loc. K19-1, 

K24-1 at Xiushan, southeastern Szechuan; Kll, Songtao, North-eastern Kweichow; and 

Liangshan, Southern Shensi. Upper Part of Pagoda limestone or Yentsin formation of Upper 

Ordovician. 

Order PTYCHOPARIIDA Swinnerton 1915 

Family TELEPHINIDAE Marek,1952 

(=TELEPHIDAE Angelin,1954) 

Genus Telepfiina Marek,1952 

(=Telephus Barrande,1852) 

Telephina cf. chlnensis (Yi) 

(Pl. I, fig.3) 

1957 Telephus chinensis Yi, Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, Vol.5, No.4, P.553, PI. III, fig.3. 

This species is represented by only one crushed cranidium. One perfect cranidium of 

this species is described by Y. E. Yi as follows: 

“Cephalon transverse, usually wider than long. Glabella strongly convex, tapering 

more or less forwards subovate, without glabellar furrows. Axial furrows distinct, deep and 

confluent. With the frontal furrow in the front of the glabella. Occipital furrow well marked, 

straight, occipital ring well deveIoped, crescentic, highly elevated as the glabella. Median 

occipital spine strong, pointing backwards, about less than three fourths of the length of the 

glabella. Fixed cheeks rounded-triangular rather narrow posteriorly, increasing in width 

anteriorly and with the greatest width about in front of the middle portion of the glabella. 

Cheek border (band) of almost uniform width, narrow an flattened. Anterior part of the facial 

suture beyond the eye closely following the anterior edge of the cephalon to a small 

projection of the rim which it cuts up to the edge, Anterior rim situated between two 

characteristic hollow spines with projection directly forwards. Surface of the glabella 

ornamented with very rounded nodes, and particularly marked by an isolated glabella spine 

or horn situated just at the middle of the glabella.” 

In our specimen the median occipital spine not distinct, but other characters seem not 

to differ from the description of Y. E. Yi. 

Horizon & locality: Loc. No. K24-1 Xiushan, South-eastern Szechuan. Upper part of 

Pagoda limestone or Yentsin formation of Upper Ordovician. 

Family OTARIONIDAE Richter & Richter,1926 

Genus Oration Zender,1833 

Oration sp. 

(Pl. I, fig.4) 

This species is represented by only one crushed cranidium. 

Cranidium vaulted, exterior border convex, preglabella field and border furrow broad; 

one pair lateral glabellar furrows pronounced, curving backward to the occipital furrow and 

separating lateral lobes one pair; occipital lobes clear; anterior section of facial sutures 

slightly diverging; genal spines unknown. 

Horizon & locality: This species is associated with Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus


Kielan in Loc. No. K78-2 Dejiang, Northeastern Kweichow Yentsien formation of Upper 

Ordovician. 

Family TRINUCLEIDAE Hawle & Corda,1847 

Genus Nankinolithus Lu,1956 


(P1. I, figs.2a-d) 

1957 Nankinolithus nankinensis Lu, Index Fossils of China, Invertebrata, Part III, P.293, P1.155, figs. 

11-13. 

Glabella pear-shaped, with three pairs of short and shallow glabellar furrows, the 

anterior one very short, the middle is slighly distinct, and the posterior one is transglabellar 

furrows. Occipital ring narrow; occipital furrow shallow and broad. Lateral eyes and ocular 

ridges absent. Marginal part divided into a convex cheek roll and concave brim, externally the 

brim with three concentric rows of pits deeply sunk in radial sulci; internally the cheek roll 

with pits arranged radially in front and irregularly in lateral portion. Genal spines with length 

of about equal to the length of cephalon, extending obliquely outward. 

Our specimen perfectly agrees with Nankinolithus nankinensis Lu (1957) in having 

the general characters such as the fringe feature and three pairs of glabellar furrows. 

In regard to the outline of cephalon and glabella of fig.2c it resembles Nanleinolithus 

wanyuanensis Cheng et Jian (1961), but differs from it in that the latter species has only two 

pairs of very short and shallow glabellar furrows. 

Our species is very similar to Tretaspis granulata (Wahlenberg) by Kielan (1959); 

perhaps these two belong to the same species. Tretaspis granulata is very common in the 

Tretaspis beds and Staurocephalus beds of Upper Ordovician of Europe. 

Horizon & locality: Loc. No. K17, K19-1 in the Xiushan, South-eastern Szechuan; 

Loc. No.1776-3 and 1781-6-1 in Western Yunnan. Upper part of Pagoda limestone or Yentsin 

formation of Upper Ordovician. 

Family RAPHIOPHORIDAE Angelin,1854 

Genus Ampyxina Ulrich,1922 

Ampyxina sp. 

(Pl. I, figs.5,6c) 

This species is represented by two cranidia. 

Glabella strongly convex, suboval, no glabellar spine, expending forward and rounded 

at the front, becoming narrow towards the posterior end, and with traces of two pairs of short, 

weak glabellar furrows, which are shallow, oblique, and arched backwards. Breadth of the 

glabella attaining a maximum at a level of the front of the fixed cheeks. Fixed cheeks almost 

equilateral triangles in shape; length about equal to two thirds of the length of the glabella, 

width at the base about twice the basal width of the glabella. Pleuro-occipital furrow distinct 

and straight and pleuro-occipital segment narrow and uniform in width, becoming broad 

laterally. 

Horizon & locality: This species is associated with Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus 

kielan and Geragnostus sinensis sheng in the Loc. Kll, Songtao, North-eastern Kweichow. 

Yentsin formation of Upper Ordovician.


Order PHACOPIDA Salter,1864 

Family CHEIRURIDAE Salter,1864 

Genus Eccoptochile Hawle & Corda,1847 

? Eccoptochile xiushanensis Sheng (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. III, figs.1a-c) 

This species is represented by three specimens of imperfect cephalons. 

Glabella widening forward and club-shaped, with three pairs of subequal lateral 

furrows, preoccipital pair curved backward and meeting occipital furrow; preglabellar field 

very short; fixigenae with genal spines; eye ridges lacking. 

This species resembles closely an European species E. (Eccoptochile) clavigera 

(Beyrich) and E. (Eccoptochiloides) tumescens (Barrande) in the presence of the preglabellar 

area and also in the general form of the cephalon, but differs from it in that the glabellar 

furrows are longer than those of the European species, and that the frontal part of glabella is 

slightly larger. 

Horizon & locality: This species is associated with Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus 

Kielan, Nankinolithus nankinensis Lu, and Geragnostus sinensis Sheng in the lower part of 

Upper Ordovician (Yentsin) at Loc. No. K19-1, Xiushan, South-eastern Szechuan. 

Family ENCRINURIDAE Anglin,1854 

Genus Encrinuroides Reed,1931 

Encrinuroides zhenxiongensis Sheng (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. II, figs.3a-b) 

This species is represented by one nearly perfect individual, and one crushed cranidium. 

Cranidium more or less obscured by coarse tuberculations. 

Glabella expanding forward, with 4 pairs of short, deep lateral furrows, which are 

slightly inward-forward; facial sutures generally crossing. No eye ridges. 

Thorax with 11 segments, usually longer than wide; axial lobe narrower than width of 

the pleural lobes; the latter without pleural furrows. 

Pygidium broader than long, with 6 or 7 pairs of ribs. 

Our new species resembles E. sexcostatus Salter in general form of cranidium, thorax 

and pygidium; but differs from the latter in the lateral furrows of glabella, and in that the latter 

species has only 3 pairs of lateral furrows shortly parallel-inward. 

Horizon & locality: This species is associated with Otarion sp., and Dicranopeltis sp. 

in the Loc. Yf-89, & Yf-90, in the Yentsin formation of Upper Ordovician; Zhenxiong, NE. 

Yunnan. 

Family HOMALONOTIDAE E. J. Chapman,1890 

Genus Calymenella Bergeron,1890 

Calymenella ( Eohomalonotus) sinensis (Lu) 

(Pl. IV, figs.1a-h) 

This species is represented by six cephalons with one crushed thorax, two pygidia, and 

one associated hypostoma. 

Cephalon semicircular in outline, and anterior margin with drawn out blunt projec-


tion, glabella subtrapezoidal, rounded in front; with three pairs of weak lateral glabellar 

furrows, posterior furrows bent sigmoidal; eye ridges present, oblique, and opposite between 

the 2-3 glabellar furrows, posterior sections of facial sutures intersecting margin of cephalon 

near genal angles. Posterior part of fixed cheeks has one pair of weak semicircular alae, 

opposite the preoccipital lateral glabellar lobes. 

Hypostoma subquadrate with medium-sized anterior wings and indented posterior 

margin. 

Thorax with 13 segments. 

Pygidium broadly triangular, with semicircular anterior margin, trilobation and seg- 

mentation distinct, with 8-9 segments; axial lobe rapidly narrowing backward, not reaching 

posterior margin, its width narrower than pleural lobes. 

This species resembles Calymenella (Calymenella) media (Barrande), but differs from 

it in the shape of glabella, preglabella and pygidium; the glabella and pygidial axis of the 

latter species are comparatively broader and shorter; the preglabella field drawn out into blunt 

margin and slightly wider than our species. 

Horizon & locality: This species occurs together with Dalmanitina nanchengends Lu 

and ?Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) protasinensis Sheng in the Nancheng Shale (Loc.07) of 

Liangshan, S. Shensi; also found in the dark grey argillaceous limestone of upper Wufengian. 

Upper Ordovician. Loc. K10-2 NE. Kweichow. 

? Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) protasinensis Sheng (sp. nov.) 

(Pl. IV, figs.2a-e) 

This species is represented by one crushed shield, two cranidia, and associated with one 

hypostoma, one pygidium. 

Glabella subtrapezoidal in outline, anterior margin straight medially, with 3 pairs of 

lateral glabellar furrows and lobes; preoccipital furrows long and deep, anterior furrows short 

and faint; eye lobes very convex and opposite anterior glabellar lobes. Anterior cephalic 

border incurvate at medial part and to form two angulations of the side. Hypostoma 

subrectangular, with small-sized anterior wings and indented posterior margin. 

Thorx with 13 segments, pleural furrows deep. 

Pygidial axis with 6 or more rings. Surface tuberculate. 

This species differs from the other species of the same genus in that the anterior 

cephalic border has two angulations and the lateral glabellar furrows are rather more distinct 

than in other species. But these characters of the new species have also been found in 

protaspid period or meraspid period of some trilobites such as: ontogenetic stages of 

Menoparia genalunata Ross, Acanthoparypha perforata Whittington & Evitt, and 

Leptoplastoides salteri (Callaway), etc., therefore this new species may be specimens of 

younger stage. Its thorax and pygidium are similar to those of Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) 

sinensis (Lu), but the specimens already found are all of a nearer size. So far as no 

successional materials have been found to identify it by now, I am unable to put it in C. (E.) 

sinensis (Lu) and that is why the new name is proposed. 

Horizon & locality: This species is associated with Dalmanitina nanchengensis Lu and 

Calymenella (Eohornalonotus) sinensis (Lu) in the Nancheng Shale of Liangshan, south 

Shensi. Loc. No.07.


Familly HAMMATOCNEMIDAE Kielan,1959 

Genus Hammatocnemis Kielan,1959 


(PI. II, figs.1a-n; Pl. IV,, fig.4) 

1959 Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus Kielan, Palaeontologia Polonica No.11, P.141, PI. XXV, fig.3; P1. 

XXVI, figs.2-4; Pl. xxvII, figs.6-8; text-figs.38,39. 

This species is represented by one nearly perfect individual, three crushed shields, and 

several cranidia, and one associated pygidium. 

Cephalon semicircular in outline; glabella is moderately convex, and broadening 

markedly forward, with 4 pairs of lateral furrows, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs are weak, short 

and inward-forward, the first (preoccipital) pair of furrows are transglabella so that the first 

glabellar lobe forms a more or less distinct intercalating ring, and trisected into a median 

preoccipital and two lateral preoccipital lobes, which are strongly convex as nodes at the 

dorsal furrows, the median preoccipital part is much lower than the occipital ring and runs 

into preoccipital furrows. Occipital ring is narrow at the dorsal furrows, increasing in width 

towards the middle, becoming there twice as broad as the sides. The occipital furrows are in 

the form of deep, round pits at the dorsal furrows, but so shallow that in the midline one 

cannot distinguish the occipital ring in it. 

Thorax with 11 segments, gently convex, the length greater than the width. Axial lobe 

about equal to one-third of the breadth of thorax. Thoraxic pleurae divided into an inner 

portion with two strongly convex nodules in one line and an outer lanceolate portion, 

produced into spine. 

Pygidium short and broad with 4 segments, its length about one-half the width. 

Our specimens undoubtedly belong to H. tetrasulcatus Kielan, which occurs in the 

Zone of Staurocephalus clavifrons of Upper Ordovician (Middle Ashgillian), Poland. 

Horizon & locality: This species occurs together with Nankinolithus nankin- 

ends, ?Eccoptochile xiushanensis, Geragnostus sinensis, Telephina cf. chinensis, etc. in the 

Loc. No. Kll, K17, K18, K19-1, K78-2 of North-eastern Kweichow and South-eastern 

Szechuan; it also occurs in the Baoshan of Western Yunnan; (Upper Pupiao formation), these 

localities belong to the upper part of Pagoda-limestone of Yentsin formation of Upper 

Ordovician age. 

Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus var. ovatus (var. nov.) 

(Pl. II, figs.2a-c) 

This variety is based on three cranidia, two of which are crushed. Glabella convex and 

elongate-oval in outline. Surface finely granulose on cranidium (with length the same as the 

width). Fixed cheeks nearly quadratic-shaped. 

This variety differs from the type species in having comparatively longer cranidium and 

elongate-oval glabella. 

Horizon & locality: Upper part of Pagoda limestone in the Liangshan, S. Shensi, and 

Loc. No. K74 of Yentsin formation in the NE. Kweichow.


Family DALMANITIDAE Vogdes,1890 

Genus Dalmanitina Reed,1905 


(Pl. III, figs.2a-e) 

1957 Dalmenitina nanchengensis Lu, Index Fossils of China, Invertebrata, Part III, p.292 Pl.154, figs. 8-11. 

1957 Phacops (Dalmanites) cf. dagon Reed, Acta Palaeontologica Sinica Vol.5, No.4, P.527, P1. V, 

figs.1a-c. 

1959 Dalmanites nanchengensis (Lu), Huo Shih-cheng, Acta Palaeontologica Sinica Vol.7, No.6, P.481. 

This species is represented by three nearly complete cephalons and two pygidia. 

Cephalon with distinct border and border furrows, but narrower in front of glabella; 

glabella broader at frontal part, about equal to the length; with three pairs of lateral furrows 

slightly to moderately oblique, preoccipital and middle lateral furrows distinctly converging 

outward, adaxial bifurcation of preoccipital furrows generally distinct, mesooccipital segment 

widest in middle, with small obscurely defined nodular lateral lobes. Fixed cheeks large, 

about equal to the basal width of glabella along posterior margin. Free cheeks small, 

sub-triangular. Eyes forward, slightly oblique, crescentic, with front end nearly touching 

side of glabella and close to anterior lateral furrows and with base a little behind middle 

lateral furrows and at a distance from side of glabella equal to about one-fifth of its width at 

this level. Facial sutures with posterior branch sigmoidally curving outwards from base of 

eyes to cut lateral margin of head-shield on a level with second lateral furrows. Genal spines 

very short, about 0.3 of glabellar length. 

Pygidium with 11-13 segments and short terminal axial spine; axis rather broad, its 

width of frontal part about equals to one-third of pygidium. 

The character of our specimens undoubtedly corresponds with Lu's, described with 

figures in Chinese Index Fossils (1957). 

This species is more similar to Dalmanitina socialis (Barrande) but differs from it in 

having narrow border in front of glabella, also in the comparatively shorter genal spines and 

smaller pygidial spine. 

This species differs from Dalmanitina mucronata (Brongniart) or Dalmanitina has- 

tingsi (Reed) 1) in the shape of glabella and lateral glabellar furrows, the glabella of latter 

species is longer than wide, about equals to 1⅓ times in its width of anterior part; but our 

specimen is equivalent at the same section of glabella or little wider than long. 

Horizon & locality: This species occurs together with Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) 

sinensis (Lu), and ?Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) protasinensis Sheng in the Nancheng Shale 

of Liangshan, S. Shenai; also found in the dark grey argillaceous limestone of Upper 

Wufengian (=Upper Ashgillian) of Upper Ordovician. Loc. No. K17-2 Xiushah, SE. 

Szechuan. 

Dalmanitina mucronata (Brongniart) 

(Pl. III, figs.3a-d) 

1959 Dalmanitina mucronata (Brongniart) Kielan, Z. Pal. Polonica No.11, P.118, P1.19, figs.4 & 7-9; Pl.20, 

figs.1-11. 

This species is represented by two crushed cranidia and one nearly perfect shield. 

Shield suboval in outline. Glabella longer than wide, narrow at base; the character of 

glabellar furrows the same as Dalmanitina nanchengensis Lu. Thorax with 11 segments, axial 

lobe of thorax and pygidium are narrower than pleural lobes. Terminal axial spine short, equal 

1) Dalmanitina hastingsi (Reed 1915)=Dalmanitina mucronata (Brongniart 1822)


to 0.6 of the length of pygidium. 

This species differs from the Dalmanitina nanchengensis Lu in having comparatively 

longer shield, narrower glabella and axial lobe. 

Horizon & locality: This species occurs in the Nancheng shale of Liangshan, S. 

Shensi, and in the dark grey argillaceous limestone of Upper Wufengian (=Upper Ashgilian) 

of Upper Ordovician, Loc. No. K17-2 xiushan. SE. Szechuan. 

Family PTERYGOMETOPIDAE Reed,1905 

Genus Pterygometopus (Achatella) Delo,1935 

Pterygometopus (Achatella) sp. 

(Pl. III, fig.4) 

This species is represented by only one cranidium. 

Exoskeleton rather flat. Cephalon semicircular in outline; axial furrow divergent. 

Glabella with three lateral furrows and lateral lobes, frontal lobe of glabella transversely 

elongate elliptical; anterior pair lateral glabellar lobes larger than middle and posterior lateral 

lobes, which are subequal in size; occipital ring broad, near centre of genae; genal spines well 

developed, its length equal to the width of posterior glabella. 

Many characters of the cranidium of our specimen seem to be allied to P. (A.) achates 

(Billings) from Trenton limestone of N. American. The age of this genus belongs to 

Middle-Upper Ordovician in North America. 

Horizon & locality: Loc. No. g-n32 in Ningqiang, S. Shensi. Upper Ordovician. 

Order LICHIDA Moore,1959 

Family LICHIDAE Hawle & Corda,1847 

Genus Lichas Dalman,1827 

Lichas sp. 

(Pl. IV, fig.3) 

This species is represented by one cranidium which was found in the top of Pagoda- 

limestone at Liangshan, S. Shensi. 

Cranidium moderately convex; surface with tubercles of various size; glabella broad 

and subrectangular; median lobe expanded anteriorly, basal area tending to become de- 

pressed; foremost pair of lateral glabellar furrows extended backward to form longitudinal 

furrows, the greatest width is 12 mm, at the middle, narrowing both anteriorly and posteriorly; 

the anterior portion regularly rounded, the posterolateral sides somewhat contracted; the 

posterior side distinct and arching slightly backward and outward. 

Horizon & locality: Loc. No.06, top part of Pagoda-limestone, Liangshan, S. Shensi; 

Upper Ordovician.


Genus Dicranopeltis Hawle & Corda,1847 

Dicranopeltis sp. 

(Pl. IV, fig.5) 

This species is represented by only one pygidium. 

Axis of pygidium short, tapering and broad at the anterior border; three pairs of 

furrowed pleurae ending in free points. Surface with tubercles of various size. 

Horizon & locality: This specimen is associated with Encrinuroides zhenxiongensis 

Sheng in Loc. No. Yf-089-1 of Zhenxiong, NE. Yunnan. Upper Ordovician.


图版 I 

图 1a—d.Geragnostus sinensis Sheng (sp. nov.) 

1a—1c 及 1e—1g,头部(×5):1d,腹部(×5) 

产地:1a—1d,陝南汉中梁山宝塔石灰岩(O5) 

1e—1f,四川东南部秀山县苦竹桥南瘤状灰岩(K24-1) 

1g,貴州东北部松桃县黄畈乡濫泥桥瘤状灰岩(K11) 

上奧陶統下部(盐津阶) 

登記号:1a,3702;1b,3703;1c,3704;1d,3705;1e,3706;1f,3707;1g,3708。 

图 2a—d. Nankinolithus nankinensis Lu 

2a,2c,头部內模(×3);2d,头部內模(×1):2b,头部外模(×3) 

产地:2a,滇西施甸东 1.8 公里(区 3-1781-6) 

2b,滇西何元寨东(区 3-1776-3) 

2c,川东南秀山石耶(K17) 

2d,川东南秃山妙泉(K19-1) 


登記号:2a,3709;2b,3710;2c,3711;2d,3712。 

图 3. Telephina cf.chinensis (Yi) 

不完整头盖(×2) 

产地:川东南秀山苦竹桥南瘤状石灰岩(K24-1) 


登记号:3713。 

图 4.Ofarion sp.头盖(×3) 

产地:黔东北德江县新坊乡老鹰山(K78-2)上奥陶統下部(盐津阶)。 

登記号:3714。 

图 5.Ampyxina sp.头盖(×2) 

产地:黔东北松桃县黃畈乡滥泥桥(K11) 


登記号:3715。 

图 6.6a,Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus Kielan 

6b,Geragnostus sp.,6c,Ampyxina sp. 

表示共生現象(×2) 

产地:川东南秀山妙泉瘤状灰岩(K19-1) 

上奧陶統下部(盐津阶)。 

登記号:3716。


图版 II 

图 1a—n.Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus Kielan 

1a,1b,1d 及 1i,为不完整的全体(×2);1c(×2),1e(×3),1f(×2),1g(×2), 

1h(×1),1j(×2),1l(×4),1m(×9,即 11 放大),1n(×2)等为完整或不完整的头盖。 

1k,腹部(×2)。 

产地:1a,1b,1c,黔东北德江县新坊乡瘤状石灰岩(K78-2) 

1d,川东南秀山县石耶宝塔石灰岩下部(K18) 

1c,1f,1g,1h,1k,川东南秀山县妙泉瘤状石灰岩(K19-1) 

1i,1j,川东北南江县桥亭乡 12 社,佛爷庙山坡(川普(3)F30) 

1k,1l(1m)三峽三家湾。 

1n,陝南宁強 


登記号:1a,3717;1b,3718;1c,3h19;1d,3720;1e,3721;1f,3722;1g, 

3723;1h,3724;1i,3725;1j,3726;1k,3727:11(1m) 3728;In,3729. 

图 2a—c.Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus var.ovatus Sheng (var.nov.) 

2a(x3),2b(X5),較完整的头盖;2c(×5),不完整的头盖。 

产地:2a,黔东北印江县纏溪,瘤状石灰岩(K74) 

2b—c,陝南汉中梁山宝塔石灰岩(O5) 


登記号:2a,3730;2b,3731:2c,3732. 

图 3a—b. Encrinuroides zhenxiongensis Sheng (sp. nov.) 

3a, 較完整的全体(×3);3b,头盖(×4)。 

产地:滇东北鎮雄十三区,云南区測 8 分队采(3a 为 Yf89,3b 为 Yf90) 


登記号:3a,3733:3b,3734. 

图版 III 

图 1a—c.?Eccoptechile xiushanensis Sheng (sp.nov.) 

不完整的头盖(×2) 

产地:川东南秀山县妙泉,瘤状石灰岩(K19-1) 


登記号:1a,3735;1b,3736;1c,3737. 

图 2a—e.Dalmanitina nanchengensis Lu 

2a,2c,头部(×2);2b,头部(×1);2d,腹部(×3);2c,腹部(×2)。 

产地:2a,2e,川东南秀山县石耶附近泥灰岩(K17-2): 

2b,2c,2d,陝南、汉中、梁山、南郑頁岩(O7) 

上奧陶統頂部(五峯阶上段) 

登記号:2a,3738;2b,3739:2c—d,3740;2e,3741. 

图 3a—d.Dalmanitina mucronata (Brongniart) 

3a—b,不完整的头盖(×1):3c,头盖(×4) 

3d,接近完整的全体(×1½);北京地貭学院标本,采自貴州。 

产地:3a—b,川东南秃山县石耶附近況灰岩(K17-2) 

3c,陝南、汉中、梁山、南郑頁岩(O7) 


登記号:3a,3742:3b,3743:3c,3744. 

图 4.Pterygometopus (Achatella)sp. 

不完整的头盖(×2) 

产地:陝南宁強(G-n-32) 


登记号:3745。


图版 IV 

图 1a—h. Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) sinensis (Lu) 

1a,1b,头部(×2);1c,1d,1e 头部(×1);1f,1g 腹部(×1);1h,唇瓣(×2) 

产地:1a,1b,黔东北松桃县,黄畈乡滥泥桥,泥灰岩(K10-2) 

1c,1d,1c,1f,1g,1h,陝南、汉中、梁山,南郑頁岩(O7)。 


登记号:1a,3746;1b,3747;1c,3748;1d,498;1e,3749;1f,3750;1g, 

497;1h,3751。 

图 2a—e.?Calymenella (Eohomalonotus) protasinensis Sheng (sp. nov.) 

2a,不完整的全体(×5);2b,2c,头盖外模(×5);2d,唇瓣(×5);2e,腹部(×5)。 

产地:陝南、汉中、梁山,南郑頁岩(O7)。 


登記号:2a,3752;2b,3753;2c,3754;2d,3755;2e,3756。 

图 3.Lichas sp.头盖(×2) 

产地:陝南汉中、梁山,宝塔灰岩上部(O6)。 

上奧陶統下部(盐津阶上段) 

登記号:3757。 

图 4a—b.Hammatocnemis tetrasulcatus Kielan 

4a,不完整的头盖(×3);4b,不完整的头盖(×3½) 

产地:4a,滇西保山县自家房紫色頁岩中,云南区測队采(自剖 18), 

4b,滇西保山县李巴拉大白路,紫色頁岩中,云南区測队采(2049) 

上奧陶統下部上蒲縹組(盐津阶) 

登記号:4a,3758:4b,3759。 

图 5.Dicranopeltis sp. 

腹部(×4) 

产地:滇东北鎮雄十三区,云南区測八分队采(Yf089-1) 


登記号:3760

川黔晚奥陶世三叶虫的研究并討論上奥陶統的上下界綫問題

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