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La Lettre <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong>, No. 29 (2006)<br />

Éditorial<br />

Dear friends,<br />

Saharan rock art is in the spotlight,<br />

but for bad reasons. On Dec 14, the Perpignan<br />

customs services seized 124 archaeological<br />

objects from Morocco, in a<br />

vehicle on its way back to Italia. These<br />

stolen artefacts inclu<strong>de</strong>d stone pendants,<br />

arrow-heads, beads, polished stone axes,<br />

grinding stones, pestles, and… rock<br />

engravings (see pictures on the right).<br />

Three of these rock art pieces have been<br />

cutted very recently (as shown by patina),<br />

obviously to be “exported” and<br />

sold in Europe. One of them was broken<br />

during extraction and has been roughly<br />

repaired.Another one (a beautiful Bovid<br />

ingraved in the Tazina style) looks like<br />

having been extracted long ago: it could<br />

have been taken from an old collection<br />

(perhaps a small provincial museum ?).<br />

The Moroccan Ministry of Culture, in<br />

collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign<br />

Affairs and Cooperation, said it<br />

would take the necessary measures to<br />

recuperate these stolen archaeological<br />

objects. The case will be put on trial in<br />

Sommaire<br />

Editorial......................................... .................. 1<br />

lEs rEncontrEs dE l’aars............................... 2<br />

cartE / Map...................................................... 3<br />

listE dEs hôtEls dE Joigny / hotEls in Joigny.... 4<br />

aars MEEting at Joigny.................................. 5<br />

tablEs d’hôtEs à Joigny / b&b at Joigny.......... 5<br />

La <strong>lettre</strong> <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong><br />

No. 29 Association <strong>de</strong>s <strong>Amis</strong> <strong>de</strong> l’Art Rupestre Saharien<br />

June, and no doubt the smuggler will be<br />

heavily fined. Till then, if you recognize<br />

any of these engravings because you<br />

have previously seen them on the original<br />

spot or in a publication, please don’t<br />

hesitate to contact me, in or<strong>de</strong>r to transmit<br />

this information to the concerned<br />

authorities.<br />

Thanks in advance, and all the best,<br />

JLLQ<br />

Chers amis<br />

L’art <strong>rupestre</strong> <strong>saharien</strong> est sous les<br />

projecteurs, mais pour <strong>de</strong> mauvaises<br />

raisons. Le 14 décembre <strong>de</strong>rnier, les<br />

douanes <strong>de</strong> Perpignan ont saisi 124 pièces<br />

archéologiques en provenance du<br />

Maroc, dans un véhicule qui retournait<br />

en Italie. Parmi les objets volés figuraient<br />

<strong>de</strong>s pen<strong>de</strong>ntifs <strong>de</strong> pierre, <strong>de</strong>s têtes<br />

<strong>de</strong> flèche, <strong>de</strong>s perles, <strong>de</strong>s haches polies,<br />

<strong>de</strong>s meules, <strong>de</strong>s pilons et… <strong>de</strong>s gravures<br />

<strong>rupestre</strong>s. Trois <strong>de</strong> ces <strong>de</strong>rnières ont<br />

été détachées très récemment <strong>de</strong> leur<br />

support (comme le montre la patine),<br />

à l’évi<strong>de</strong>nce pour être “exportées” et<br />

vendues en Europe. L’une d’elle a été<br />

Telisaghen : le site <strong>de</strong> l’Apollon garamante<br />

cassée durant l’extraction, et a subi une<br />

réparation grossière. Une autre (un beau<br />

boviné <strong>de</strong> style Tazina) semble avoir été<br />

extraite il y a longtemps: elle pourrait<br />

bien avoir été dérobée dans une collection<br />

ancienne (peut-être un petit musée<br />

<strong>de</strong> province?). Les ministres marocains<br />

<strong>de</strong> la culture et <strong>de</strong>s affaires étrangères<br />

ont dit que le nécessaire serait fait pour<br />

récupérer ces objets volés. Le procès<br />

se tiendra début juin, et il ne fait aucun<br />

doute que le passeur sera lour<strong>de</strong>ment<br />

pénalisé. En attendant, si vous reconnaissez<br />

l’une ou l’autre <strong>de</strong> ces gravures<br />

parce que vous l’auriez déjà vue sur son<br />

site d’origine ou grâce à une publication<br />

ancienne, n’hésitez pas à me contacter,<br />

pour que nous transmettions cette information<br />

aux autorités concernées.<br />

Merci d’avance,<br />

et cordialement à tous,<br />

JLLQ<br />

sahara hints / cEnni sahariani (l. dE cola).. 6-7<br />

thE fatE of a dEcoratEd MEnhir (M. Milburn).. 8<br />

christian and haoussa crossEs (M. Milburn) .... 8<br />

dEbats / dEbatEs (a. rodriguE)......................... 9<br />

nouvEllEs / nEws (JllQ)............................... 9<br />

Reconnaissez-vous ces gravures<br />

<strong>rupestre</strong>s dérobées au Maroc ?<br />

Do you Sommaire<br />

recognize these stolen<br />

Moroccan engravings ?<br />

Si oui, merci <strong>de</strong> contacter :<br />

If so, please contact :<br />

<strong>rupestre</strong>s@club.fr


La Lettre <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong>, No. 29 (2006)<br />

Community Life — Vie assoCiatiVe<br />

Les rencontres <strong>de</strong><br />

l’<strong>AARS</strong> 2006<br />

Les prochaines rencontres <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong><br />

se tiendront à Joigny dans l’Yonne<br />

(France), du 25 au 27 mai 2006.<br />

La municipalité <strong>de</strong> Joigny met à notre<br />

disposition une salle bien équipée et<br />

très spacieuse. Nous pourrons disposer<br />

<strong>de</strong> toute la place nécessaire pour réaliser<br />

une petite exposition sécurisée <strong>de</strong>s<br />

artistes <strong>saharien</strong>s.<br />

Nous aurons également un projecteur<br />

vidéo, un projecteur diapo et un rétroprojecteur.<br />

Le programme provisoire est le suivant:<br />

Jeudi 25<br />

16h30 - 18h30 — Réunion <strong>de</strong> bureau à<br />

l’hôtel Rive Gauche (qui vous est chaleureusement<br />

recommandé : il est situé<br />

à cinq - dix minutes à pied <strong>de</strong> notre lieu<br />

<strong>de</strong> réunion, et il dispose d’un Parking<br />

fermé. En vous présentant, n’oubliez pas<br />

<strong>de</strong> dire que vous venez pour la réunion<br />

<strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong>. Pour notre dîner du soir, cet<br />

hôtel peut aussi assurer la restauration à<br />

condition <strong>de</strong> fixer un ordre <strong>de</strong> nombre<br />

<strong>de</strong> personne (entre 20 et 30 personnes à<br />

confirmer). Prix du dîner 24,5 € sans les<br />

boissons. Notez qu’il existe un camping<br />

municipal (tel. 0386620755).<br />

Vendredi 26<br />

9 h00 - 9h30 — Ouverture <strong>de</strong> la réunion,<br />

premières présentations.<br />

12H00 - 14h00 — Déjeuner<br />

14h00 - 17h00 — Suite <strong>de</strong>s présentations.<br />

17h30 - 19h00 — Assemblée <strong>de</strong><br />

l’<strong>AARS</strong>.<br />

19h00 - 21H00 — Dîner.<br />

Samedi 27<br />

9h00 - 9h300 —Suite <strong>de</strong>s présentations.<br />

12h00 - 14h00 —Déjeuner.<br />

14h00 - 1600 — Suite <strong>de</strong>s présentations<br />

et clôture <strong>de</strong> la réunion.<br />

16h30 - 18h00 — Réunion <strong>de</strong> bureau<br />

et/ou du comité d’édition du Cahier<br />

en hommage à Alfred Muzzolini.<br />

19h00 — Dîner <strong>de</strong> clôture.<br />

Dimanche 28<br />

Si <strong>de</strong>s membres sont intéressés, nous<br />

pouvons solliciter l’organisation d’une<br />

visite aux grottes d’Arcy-sur-Cure qui<br />

se trouvent à une petite heure <strong>de</strong> Joigny<br />

(voir plan ci-joint) mais il faut prévoir<br />

exactement le nombre <strong>de</strong> personnes et<br />

en faire la <strong>de</strong>man<strong>de</strong> à l’avance.<br />

Les personnes envisageant <strong>de</strong> présenter une<br />

communication lors <strong>de</strong>s rencontres sont<br />

priées <strong>de</strong> bien vouloir en avertir le prési<strong>de</strong>nt<br />

et d’envoyer le titre <strong>de</strong> leur intervention à<br />

l’adresse électronique suivante:<br />

<strong>rupestre</strong>s@club.fr<br />

Sur une suggestion <strong>de</strong> Jacqueline Friquet, Les membres <strong>de</strong><br />

l’<strong>AARS</strong> qui réalisent <strong>de</strong>s carnets <strong>de</strong> voyage, <strong>de</strong>s aquarelles,<br />

<strong>de</strong>s peintures ou <strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ssins ayant trait au Sahara peuvent<br />

les apporter, et une petite exposition pourra être organisée<br />

(en toute sécurité) dans la salle <strong>de</strong> réunion <strong>de</strong> Joigny.<br />

Apportez <strong>de</strong> préférence vos œuvres déjà montées ou collées<br />

sur <strong>de</strong>s supports pouvant être accrochés facilement.<br />

If you intend to present a communication<br />

at our meeting, please send an email<br />

with the title of your presentation<br />

to the following address :<br />

<strong>rupestre</strong>s@club.fr


La Lettre <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong>, No. 29 (2006)<br />

Vita ASSociATiVA — ASSoziATiVeS Leben<br />

Rencontres <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong><br />

<strong>AARS</strong> Meeting<br />

Hauptversammlung von <strong>AARS</strong><br />

Riunione <strong>de</strong>ll’<strong>AARS</strong><br />

As suggested by Jacqueline Friquet, our members<br />

who use to make paintings, drawings or sketchbooks<br />

during their travels in the Sahara are kindly<br />

requested to bring their work, in or<strong>de</strong>r to organize a<br />

small exhibition in the meeting hall at Joigny. Please<br />

bring by preference pieces already mounted on some<br />

framework that could be easily hung on the boards.


La Lettre <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong>, No. 29 (2006)<br />

Community Life — Vie assoCiatiVe<br />

Liste <strong>de</strong>s Hôtels <strong>de</strong> Joigny<br />

Hotels in Joigny<br />

Nom - Name Categ. Adresse - Address Tel. €<br />

Aux environs — In the surroundings<br />

Vous pouvez aussi contacter l’Office <strong>de</strong> tourisme :<br />

You can also contact the Tourist Home :<br />

Tel.: 0033 (0)3 86 62 11 05 — e-mail: ot.joigny@wanadoo.fr


La Lettre <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong>, No. 29 (2006)<br />

Vita ASSociATiVA — ASSoziATiVeS Leben<br />

Chambres d’hôtes à Joigny et aux alentours<br />

B&B in Joigny and surroundings<br />

Nom - Name Categ. Adresse - Address Tel.<br />

<strong>AARS</strong> Meeting 2006<br />

Our next meeting will be held at<br />

Joigny (Yonne) in France, from May<br />

25 to 27. In Joigny, the municipality<br />

offers a large convention hall with all<br />

the requested necessities and a good<br />

equipment : sli<strong>de</strong> projector, vi<strong>de</strong>o-projector<br />

and overhead projector. We’ll<br />

have enough room to organize a small<br />

exhibit with the works of our Saharan<br />

artists (so don’t hesitate to come with<br />

your watercolors, sketch-books, paintings<br />

or drawings…).<br />

This is the provisional programm:<br />

Thursday, 25<br />

16h30 - 18h30 — Meeting of the<br />

<strong>AARS</strong> bureau in the “Rive Gauche”<br />

Hotel (see maps and charts). By the<br />

way, this hotel is heartily recommen<strong>de</strong>d<br />

to our members; it is only at five<br />

to ten minute walk from the meeting<br />

place, and it has a closed parking lot.<br />

Do not forget to tell them that you<br />

are coming for the <strong>AARS</strong> meeting.<br />

Please also note that there is a municipal<br />

campsite (tel. 03 86 62 07 55).<br />

For our supper, this hotel can also propose<br />

the catering, provi<strong>de</strong>d we confirm<br />

in advance and give them the number<br />

of guests (about 20 to 30). Price for the<br />

supper: 25.5 €, wine not inclu<strong>de</strong>d.<br />

Friday, 26<br />

9h00 - 9h30 — Opening, first presentations.<br />

12H00 - 14h00 — Lunch.<br />

14h00 - 17h00 — Présentations.<br />

17h30 - 19h00 — <strong>AARS</strong> General<br />

Meeting.<br />

19h00 - 21H00 — Dîner.<br />

Saturday, 27<br />

9h00 - 9h300 — Présentations.<br />

12h00 - 14h00 — Lunch.<br />

14h00 - 1600 — Présentations; end of<br />

the meeting.<br />

16h30 - 18h00 — Meeting of the<br />

<strong>AARS</strong> Bureau and/or of the editing<br />

comitee for the book in honor of Alfred<br />

Muzzolini.<br />

19h00 — Closing supper.<br />

Sunday, 28<br />

If some members are interested, we<br />

can or<strong>de</strong>r a tour to the Arcy-sur-Cure<br />

caves, at about one hour of Joigny. But<br />

we’ll have to know very precisely how<br />

much people are interested, because we<br />

must or<strong>de</strong>r in advance.


La Lettre <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong>, No. 29 (2006)<br />

SAhARA hinTS — noTATionS SAhARienneS<br />

Sahara Hints<br />

Notations Sahariennes<br />

Hinweise zur Sahara<br />

From protohistory up to 1965<br />

De la protohistoire à 1965<br />

Von <strong>de</strong>r Vorgeshichte zu 1965<br />

A cura di Lorenzo De Cola<br />

<strong>de</strong>cola.lorenzo@tiscali.it<br />

L. Robecchi brichetti, All’oasi<br />

di Giove Ammone. Viaggio di<br />

L.Robecchi Bricchetti con<br />

incisioni e una gran<strong>de</strong> carta geografica,<br />

Milano, fratelli treves<br />

editori 1890.<br />

Libro importante per vari aspetti:<br />

le informazioni sul suo viaggio<br />

a Siwa nell’estate <strong>de</strong>l 1886<br />

(dopo un soggiorno di un anno in<br />

Egitto) sono preziose perché raccolte<br />

nel momento in cui le tradizioni<br />

erano osservate e ciò che<br />

Brichetti ve<strong>de</strong>va nell’interno <strong>de</strong>l<br />

paese erano comportamenti non<br />

influenzati dai costumi europei.<br />

I numerosi racconti che gli<br />

vennero fatti dai nomadi e dagli<br />

abitanti <strong>de</strong>lle oasi hanno una<br />

freschezza e una precisione notevoli.<br />

Le osservazioni su aspetti<br />

<strong>de</strong>lla vita materiale sono a volte<br />

audaci, sempre acute, e riportano<br />

<strong>de</strong>ttagliatamente circostanze interessanti.<br />

Le due grandi cisterne<br />

sotterranee menzionate lungo<br />

l’itinerario: Bir Abu Batta e Bir<br />

Airam non sono mai più state trovate<br />

(Lorenzo De Cola)<br />

In many respects an important<br />

book: the information about<br />

his journey to Siwa during the<br />

summer of 1886 is precious because<br />

gathered when the traditions<br />

were maintained and what<br />

Brichetti could see in the inland<br />

were behaves not influenced by<br />

European customs. The many<br />

tales the nomads and the inhabitants<br />

of the oasis told him have a<br />

noteworthy freshness and precision.<br />

The remarks concerning aspects<br />

of everyday’s material life<br />

are sometimes audacious; always<br />

perspicuous and report in <strong>de</strong>tail<br />

interestings circumstances.<br />

The two large un<strong>de</strong>rground<br />

cisterns mentioned along the voyage:<br />

Bir Abu Batta and Bir Airam<br />

have never been found again (all<br />

the following translation: Lorenzo<br />

De Cola)<br />

Pagina 32 — qualche <strong>de</strong>cina di<br />

Km a E di Alessandria (1) – “Il<br />

poco terreno che coltivano durante<br />

la stagione <strong>de</strong>lle piogge,viene<br />

seminato ad orzo ed a frumento.<br />

Solcano la terra con un aratro che<br />

quasi si può dire TASCABILE,<br />

composto di tre legni: uno che<br />

costituisce la stiva, l’altro cui si<br />

attacca l’animale che è un somaro,<br />

ed il terzo che ha all’estremità<br />

una punta di ferro che è un vomero.<br />

I solchi sono proporzionati a<br />

questo strumento. che raspa appena<br />

la terra e che è guidato da un<br />

beduino con una sola mano.<br />

E’ quell’aratro me<strong>de</strong>simo che<br />

si ve<strong>de</strong> raffigurato negli antichi<br />

monumenti egiziani, particolarmente<br />

nei simulacri di Osiri<strong>de</strong>,<br />

che in una mano ha il flagello, e<br />

nell’altra questo arnese, qualificato<br />

da Kircher per un monogramma<br />

esprimente l’Agatos Demon.<br />

Page 32 — some tenth of Km E<br />

of Alexandria “The few land they<br />

farm during the rainy season, is<br />

sewed with barley and wheat.<br />

They plough the earth with a<br />

plough that can be <strong>de</strong>fined a pocket<br />

type, composed by three woods:onebeingthe…verticalbar….,<br />

the other to which they hitch the<br />

animal that is a donkey, and the<br />

third that has to its extremity an<br />

iron point which is a ploughshare.<br />

The furrows are proportioned to<br />

this instrument that just scratches<br />

the earth and that is lea<strong>de</strong>d by a<br />

Bedouin just by one hand.<br />

It is that same plow that is represented<br />

in the ancient Egyptian<br />

monuments, particularly in the<br />

portrayal of Osyris, that in one<br />

hand has the scourge, and in the<br />

other this tool, qualified by Kircher<br />

as a monogram expressing<br />

the Agatos Demon.”<br />

Pagina. 76 — “I beduini Ualad-<br />

Ali ed i Senagrah, nonché tutti gli<br />

arabi <strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>serto, hanno da tempo<br />

immemorabile l’abitudine di distinguere<br />

le loro tribù con segni<br />

particolari e caratteristici che li<br />

distinguono da tribù a tribu, e da<br />

famiglia a famiglia.<br />

I loro gregge, e particolarmente<br />

di cammelli ne portano l’impronta<br />

che serve a riconoscerli subito e<br />

distinguerli dalle tribù vicine.<br />

Però quando la tribù è formata<br />

da una gran<strong>de</strong> quantità di persone,<br />

si aggiungono a questo segno caratteristico,<br />

<strong>de</strong>lle piccole striature<br />

od accessori che servono a distinguere<br />

le grandi famiglie ecc.<br />

…solamente l’occhio attento <strong>de</strong>l<br />

beduino riesce a leggerle subito<br />

anche se sono modificazioni molto<br />

leggere.”<br />

Sono elencati alcuni segni di<br />

marchiature effettuati sia lungo<br />

le coste <strong>de</strong>lla Marmarica, sia<br />

anche in alcune parti <strong>de</strong>l centro<br />

<strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>serto libico. I beduini di<br />

queste regioni quando viaggiano<br />

o pascolano i cammelli tracciano<br />

questi segni sui muri <strong>de</strong>lle tombe,<br />

sulle roccie e sui mucchi di pietre<br />

nel <strong>de</strong>serto. “Presso la tribu<br />

<strong>de</strong>i Zenagra il segno r con il t<br />

accompagnato da uno o più tratti<br />

orizzontali P o perpendicolari<br />

l o inclinati . si riproduce<br />

sovente.”<br />

Page 76 — “The Bedouins Ulad-<br />

Ali and the Senagrah, as well as<br />

all the Arabs of the <strong>de</strong>sert, have<br />

from time immemorial the habit<br />

of distinguishing their tribe with<br />

particularandcharacteristicmarks<br />

which set apart from tribe to tribe<br />

and from family to family.<br />

Their herds, and particularly<br />

camel herds, have marks that<br />

help to i<strong>de</strong>ntify them quickly and<br />

distinguish them from the close<br />

tribes.<br />

But when the tribe is composed<br />

by a great number of people, to<br />

this characteristic mark are ad<strong>de</strong>d<br />

small streaks or accessories<br />

that allow to distinguish the large<br />

families etc. …Only the attentive<br />

gaze of the Bedouin can read<br />

them at once even as the changes<br />

are very light ones.”<br />

Some signs utilized either<br />

along the coasts of the Marmarica<br />

or also in some parts of the centre<br />

of the Lybic <strong>de</strong>sert are listed .The<br />

Bedouins of these regions, when<br />

travelling or grazing the camels,<br />

carve these marks on the walls of<br />

the tombs, on the rocks or on the<br />

stone heaps in the <strong>de</strong>sert.<br />

“Among the Zenagra tribe the<br />

mark r with the t in conjunction<br />

with one or more horizontal<br />

marks P or perpendiculars l or<br />

inclined . is frequently reproduced.”<br />

Pagina 83 — “La storia <strong>de</strong>lla<br />

Libia ci dice che i popoli erano<br />

pastori (1) e perciò si nutrivano di<br />

latte e carne, eccettuata quella di<br />

vacca e di porco.<br />

Si coprivano con pelli di animali,<br />

la testa <strong>de</strong>i quali serviva<br />

loro da elmo, portavano scudi di<br />

diverse forma e combattevano<br />

con bastoni inarsicciati (induriti<br />

dal fuoco) in punta.”<br />

Page 83 — “The history of lybia<br />

informs us that the peoples (inhabitants)<br />

were sheperds (1) and<br />

therefore fed on meat and milk,<br />

except that of cow and pig.<br />

They covered themselves with<br />

skins of animals, the head of<br />

these animals served as helmet,<br />

bearing shields of different form<br />

and fighting with clubs that had<br />

the point har<strong>de</strong>ned by fire.”<br />

Pagina 138 — oasi di Garah “<br />

E’ tradizione a Gharah – ed è<br />

davvero una curiosa e singolare<br />

tradizione – che il numero <strong>de</strong>gli<br />

uomini nel fiore <strong>de</strong>ll’età non possa<br />

essere più di quattordici poiché<br />

infallibilmente il quindicesimo<br />

morirebbe.”


La Lettre <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong>, No. 29 (2006)<br />

cenni SAhARiAni — hinweiSe zuR SAhARA<br />

Page 138 — oasis of Garah. “ At<br />

Garah it is tradition - and in<strong>de</strong>ed<br />

it is a curious and peculiar one<br />

– that the number of men in their<br />

prime of life might not exceed the<br />

number of fourteen because unerringly<br />

the fifteenth would die.”<br />

Pagina 224 — (dal testo si capisce<br />

che fino a pochi anni prima)<br />

le donne in alcune occasioni praticavano<br />

culti priapici, mentre le<br />

donne sterili ricorrono tuttora a<br />

processioni in cui…” portano falli<br />

mossi con una cordicella. Altre si<br />

adornano il collo con questo emblema<br />

inciso in legno, o fatto di<br />

terracotta screziata, come amuleto<br />

contro il cattivo genio <strong>de</strong>lla sterilità.”<br />

Page 224 — (from the text it can<br />

be <strong>de</strong>duced that up to some years<br />

before)the women in some occasion<br />

performed priapic cults,<br />

whereasthesterilewomenstillhave<br />

recourse to processions during<br />

which “ they wear phalluses moved<br />

by a rope. Others adorn themselves<br />

with this emblem carved in wood,<br />

or ma<strong>de</strong> with flecked terracotta, as<br />

an amulet against the evil genius of<br />

sterility.”<br />

Pagina 225 — …”un’altra strana<br />

originalità si è che i vedovi, che,<br />

come dissi, abitano in un apposito<br />

quartiere nell’oasi di Siuwah (villaggio<br />

<strong>de</strong>l Menscihe), portano incisi<br />

sul proprio cranio i fasti (letteralmente<br />

“i fatti onorevoli” ma<br />

in questo contesto si tratta di performances<br />

amatorie) più o meno<br />

celebri <strong>de</strong>lle proprie mogli….<br />

E’ una cosa che colpisce il ve<strong>de</strong>re<br />

quelle teste bizzarre, che<br />

rammentano con vari ghirigori di<br />

figure scarabocchiate alla meglio,<br />

le peripezie coniugali, le vicen<strong>de</strong><br />

domestiche più intime, i segreti<br />

<strong>de</strong>l talamo sciorinati sulla fronte<br />

e sulle parti posteriori di un povero<br />

vedovo. Ne ho conosciuto<br />

uno che non potendo dimenticare<br />

la propria consorte si fece tatuare<br />

e dipingere sulle parti genitali e<br />

posteriori la storia <strong>de</strong>lle ebbrezze<br />

godute con la propria metà e i<br />

fasti più salienti <strong>de</strong>lla epoca coniugale.<br />

Page 225 — ”another strange<br />

oddity is that the widowers, that,<br />

as I mentioned dwell in a specific<br />

quarter in the oasis of Siuwah<br />

(the villane of Mensciche) have<br />

carved on their skull the fasts (literarily<br />

the” honourable facts”,<br />

but in this context we <strong>de</strong>al with<br />

love performances) more or less<br />

famous of their wives…”<br />

It is shocking to watch those<br />

odds heads, that recall with various<br />

squibbles of figures scribbled<br />

as best as they might, the conjugal<br />

vicissitu<strong>de</strong>s, the more intimate<br />

household events, the secrets of<br />

the thalamus showed off on the<br />

front and on the back parts of a<br />

poorwidower.Imetonethatbeing<br />

not able to forget his spouse had<br />

himself tattoed and painted on the<br />

genital and back parts the story of<br />

the thrill <strong>de</strong>lighted with his better<br />

half and the more prominent fasts<br />

of his conjugal epoch.”<br />

Pagina 287 — come tutti i Mussulmani<br />

i Sivioti non portano il<br />

lutto, ad eccezione di<br />

Alcuni individui “soprattutto<br />

fra le tribù <strong>de</strong>i Lifajah (l’etniadi<br />

Siwa ritenuta aborigena ), che in<br />

segno di lutto dipingesi le braccia<br />

di color azzurro o bruno e non<br />

se le lava più finchè quei colori<br />

rimangono, mentre le donne,<br />

quando muoiono i loro mariti,<br />

(questa usanza <strong>de</strong>lle mogli Lifaja<br />

sembra essere più diffusa) tingonsi<br />

d’indaco e si lasciano per<br />

qualche tempo ca<strong>de</strong>re in disordine<br />

le chiome, ed usano rivoltare<br />

in senso inverso le stuoie, i tappeti<br />

e i cuscini e tutto ciò di cui<br />

possono disporre.”<br />

Page 287 — Like all of the Muslims<br />

the inhabitants of Siwa do<br />

not go into mourning, except<br />

for some men “moreover in the<br />

tribes of Lifajah (the ethnic group<br />

of Siwa believed to be the aborigen<br />

one), that in or<strong>de</strong>r to show<br />

their mourning paint their arms of<br />

blue or dark brown colour and do<br />

not wash them until those colours<br />

last, whereas the women, when<br />

their husbands die (this custom of<br />

Lifajah wifes seems to be more<br />

diffused) dye themselves of indigo<br />

and let for some period their<br />

hair not ii or<strong>de</strong>r, and are used to<br />

turn upsi<strong>de</strong> down the mats (rugs),<br />

the carpets and the pillows and all<br />

of the stuff they can dispose of”.<br />

Pagina 287 —Riassunto :quando<br />

un siwano muore si avvisano al-<br />

cune donne vecchie ed esperte<br />

che lavano il cadavere e lo spazzolano<br />

con fili di foglie di datteri.<br />

Inoltre i corpi non vengono sotterrati<br />

ma sopra i corpi (affiancati)<br />

si pongono pietre. Vengono<br />

poi spostate le ossa che successivamente<br />

si riuniscono in uno<br />

stesso “sarcofago” (termine testuale,<br />

ma credo improprio). Inoltre<br />

la tradizione impone di portare al<br />

cimitero il corpo solo con il sole<br />

e di non conservare alcun frammento<br />

(penso ai capelli) di un cadavere.<br />

Page 287 — To sum up:When an<br />

inhabitant of Siwa dies, some old<br />

and skilled women are informed,<br />

in or<strong>de</strong>r to wash the corpse and<br />

brush it with cords of date leaves.<br />

Moreover the corpses are not buried<br />

but on the corpses (that lay si<strong>de</strong><br />

by si<strong>de</strong>) stones are laid down. The<br />

bones thus originated are <strong>de</strong>placed<br />

and gathered together in a same<br />

“sarchofag” (textual, but I suppose<br />

unfit). Moreover the tradition sets<br />

to take to the graveyard the corpse<br />

only during the day and not to preserve<br />

any fragment (I think to the<br />

hair)of a <strong>de</strong>ad.<br />

Les <strong>de</strong>ux passages qui suivent<br />

peuvent compléter la documentation<br />

<strong>de</strong>s chercheurs s’intéressant<br />

aux monuments lithiques<br />

pour le premier, aux inscriptions<br />

et aux fameux «trilithes» utilisés<br />

comme épreuve <strong>de</strong> force pour le<br />

second (jllq).<br />

1 — Extrait <strong>de</strong> :<br />

Henri Lhote, 1933, Essai monographique<br />

sur Tamanrasset, Annales<br />

<strong>de</strong> l’Académie <strong>de</strong>s Sciences<br />

Coloniales VI: 326-353.<br />

[p. 349]<br />

«On trouve autour <strong>de</strong> Tamanrasset<br />

quelques tombes antéislamiques,<br />

du type chouchet, sur<br />

la rive gauche <strong>de</strong> l’oued en face<br />

le poste, à droite et à gauche <strong>de</strong><br />

la piste allant à Amsel. À proximité<br />

du village, dans la vallée<br />

<strong>de</strong> l’oued Sersouf, on trouve un<br />

certain nombre <strong>de</strong> tombes <strong>de</strong> petites<br />

dimensions du type chouchet,<br />

dont la hauteur ne dépasse<br />

pas 0m.60 et la largeur 1 mètre,<br />

mais qui sont recouvertes par <strong>de</strong><br />

gran<strong>de</strong>s dalles. Elles sont parfois<br />

regroupées par <strong>de</strong>ux ou accolées<br />

contre <strong>de</strong>s rochers. Une tradition<br />

les attribue à une famille <strong>de</strong> forgerons<br />

morts <strong>de</strong> famine; quelques-unes<br />

<strong>de</strong> ces tombes sont<br />

très proches <strong>de</strong> quelques tombes<br />

touarègues actuelles. Je dois dire<br />

qu’à Amguid, une série <strong>de</strong> tombes<br />

ovalaires <strong>de</strong> petites dimensions<br />

m’ont également été données<br />

comme appartenant à une<br />

famille <strong>de</strong> forgerons qui auraient<br />

mangé <strong>de</strong> l’Afalezlez (El Betina)<br />

et en serait morte. Les inscriptions<br />

<strong>rupestre</strong>s les plus près seraient<br />

celles <strong>de</strong> l’oued Aguennar,<br />

signalées dès 1906 par Motylinski.<br />

Le type précamelin y domine,<br />

mais on y trouve également <strong>de</strong>s<br />

tifinars mo<strong>de</strong>rnes. »<br />

2 — Extrait d’un Manuscrit arabe<br />

non daté, traduit par l’orientaliste<br />

Adolphe <strong>de</strong> Calassanti Motylinski<br />

et consistant, précise ce<br />

<strong>de</strong>rnier, en un résumé <strong>de</strong>s notes<br />

et renseignements sur l’Extrême<br />

Sud et le Sahara recueillis «il y a<br />

quelques années pour la Zaouia<br />

<strong>de</strong> Guemar par un t’aleb d’El<br />

Oued, Si Moh’ammed Chérif)».<br />

[p. 285]<br />

«Troisième route <strong>de</strong> R’edamès<br />

à R’at. Route orientale passant<br />

par Innazar; vingt-cinq étapes <strong>de</strong><br />

caravane (1)<br />

[…]<br />

12e [étape] El Ketiba, endroit où<br />

l’on trouve une pierre avec une<br />

inscription en arabe et en targuia.<br />

[…]<br />

16e [étape] Achbirma, eau; on<br />

trouve là une grosse pierre,<br />

quand une caravane passe, les<br />

voyageurs engagent <strong>de</strong>s paris à<br />

qui la transportera».<br />

Source : Motylinski (A. <strong>de</strong> C.)<br />

1904. Le dialecte berbère <strong>de</strong><br />

R’edamès. Paris: Ernest Leroux,<br />

334 p.<br />

1- Itinéraire suivi par Richardson.


La Lettre <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong>, No. 29 (2006)<br />

SAhARA hinTS — noTATionS SAhARienneS<br />

The fate of a <strong>de</strong>corated menhir<br />

of the Atlantic Sahara<br />

(Mark Milburn)<br />

It is conceivable that the large <strong>de</strong>corated<br />

menhir, over 3 m high, which<br />

was formerly at Gleibat Ensur (Rio<br />

<strong>de</strong> Oro), once towered above a low<br />

tumulus (Nowak et al., 1975: Photos<br />

147 & 185). However this is unclear<br />

from the pictures and there is no mention<br />

of a tumulus in the text. However<br />

H. Nowak told me later that he saw no<br />

hint of a burial monument during his<br />

visit in 1971.<br />

Concern was expressed by the<br />

above authors (page 73) that the fact<br />

of the menhir having been moved in<br />

early 1973 to the damp maritime climate<br />

of Dakhla (Villa Cisneros at that<br />

time) might cause the Libyco-Berber<br />

inscriptions and pecked carvings on<br />

the menhir to vanish in only a few<br />

years. It was recommen<strong>de</strong>d, probably<br />

at the instigation of the late Hans Bie<strong>de</strong>rmann,<br />

a qualified geologist who<br />

accompanied the group, that an inventory<br />

of all carved symbols on the menhir<br />

should be ma<strong>de</strong> without <strong>de</strong>lay. It<br />

is unclear whether such an inventory<br />

was ever ma<strong>de</strong> by the relevant authorities<br />

and the exact whereabouts of the<br />

menhir to-day is currently uncertain.<br />

The menhir of Gleibat Ansur, after<br />

Nowak (Herbert) & Ortner (Sigrid<br />

& Dieter), 1975, Felsbil<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>r Spanischen<br />

Sahara, Graz, ADEVA, 71p.,<br />

209 fig.<br />

Above: fig. 185.<br />

Below: fig. 147.<br />

confusion of christian and<br />

haoussa cross pendants<br />

(Mark Milburn)<br />

In 1955 a short text by R.You commented<br />

briefly on some pendants obtained<br />

by him in Niger. His Figs. 1 and 4 correspond<br />

to the left-hand and right-hand<br />

objects respectively shown by J. Hureiki,<br />

(2003: 462 & Fig. 26). These are<br />

here reproduced as Figs. 1. and 2. On<br />

the same page one can read that they are<br />

“i<strong>de</strong>ntical to the trefoil Christian cross<br />

still in use among “monophysite” priests<br />

in Ethiopia.”<br />

A slightly later text (B. Dudot, Oct<br />

1955:106) provi<strong>de</strong>s information as to the<br />

Haoussa names given to the two objects.<br />

That in Fig. 1 is named “Karaga” and<br />

that in Fig.2 is called “Bartchakeia.”<br />

In fact Fig.1 has been mentioned<br />

as being worn mainly by Haoussa<br />

(R. Mauny, 1954: 70). An example arrived<br />

in the Musée <strong>de</strong> l´Homme, Paris,<br />

in 1902. That in Fig. 2 does not even<br />

feature in the same article; thus it may<br />

be one of those first brought into vogue<br />

around the 1950s (?) by an extremely<br />

business-orientated director of the National<br />

Museum in Niamey. Its exact origin<br />

is unknown to me. However I have<br />

been unable to find either of the two objects<br />

mentioned by J. Hureiki in a large<br />

work on Ethiopian crosses (W. Korabiewicz,<br />

1973).<br />

References<br />

Dudot (B.) 1955. Notes sur la Croix<br />

d´Agadès. Notes Africaines 68 :<br />

106-108.<br />

Hureiki (J.) 2003. Essai sur les origines<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Touaregs. Paris : Karthala, 764 pp.<br />

Korabiewicz (W.) 1973. The Ethiopian<br />

Cross. Addis Ababa : Holy Trinity<br />

Cathedral, 213 pp.<br />

Mauny (R ) 1954. Une énigme non résolue<br />

: origine et symbolique <strong>de</strong> la<br />

Croix d’ Agadès. Notes Africaines<br />

63: 70 – 79.<br />

You (R.) 1955. Croix d’Agadès. Notes<br />

Africaines 66 : 39.<br />

Fig. 1. Karaga.<br />

Fig. 2. Bartchakeia.


D É b A T S — D e b A T e S<br />

Le Patrimoine Rupestre Marocain,<br />

Catalogue, par Mohssine<br />

el Graoui, 2005, 11 feuillets.<br />

Monsieur El Graoui, géologue<br />

<strong>de</strong> formation et Directeur du Centre<br />

National du Patrimoine Rupestre<br />

(Maroc) <strong>de</strong> son état, vient<br />

<strong>de</strong> commettre un nouvel essai<br />

pour tenter <strong>de</strong> nous convaincre<br />

que la préhistoire en général et la<br />

recherche dans le domaine <strong>rupestre</strong><br />

en particulier est en plein essor<br />

au Maroc. Nous n’en doutons<br />

pas. Le <strong>de</strong>rnier avatar <strong>de</strong> cette recherche,<br />

pompeusement baptisé<br />

«catalogue», se présente sous<br />

la forme d’une chemise ouverte<br />

contenant onze feuillets libres et<br />

<strong>de</strong> manipulation pour le moins délicate.<br />

Le tout est <strong>de</strong>sservi par <strong>de</strong>s<br />

photographies certes en couleur<br />

mais <strong>de</strong> dimension telle qu’elles<br />

sont <strong>de</strong> peu d’utilité. Visiblement<br />

<strong>de</strong>stiné à un public <strong>de</strong> «touristes»<br />

scientifiques qu’il faut aguicher<br />

avec les splen<strong>de</strong>urs <strong>rupestre</strong>s nationales<br />

(transcription en langues<br />

arabe, espagnole et anglaise), le<br />

«catalogue» qui, par ailleurs, représente<br />

certainement un investissement<br />

pécuniaire important,<br />

est un pâle amalgame <strong>de</strong> déjà-vu,<br />

<strong>de</strong> platitu<strong>de</strong>s et d’inutiles redites.<br />

Bien que Monsieur El Graoui ait<br />

eul’indélicatesse<strong>de</strong>nepasciterA.<br />

Simoneau et A. Rodrigue dans sa<br />

bibliographie, ce sont les allégations<br />

même <strong>de</strong> ces auteurs (celles<br />

<strong>de</strong> Simoneau sur le «bovidien»,<br />

largement remises en question<br />

<strong>de</strong>puis, et les nôtres, sur la chronologie<br />

du Haut Atlas, admises<br />

sans discussion) que l’on retrouve<br />

tout au long <strong>de</strong>s feuillets volants.<br />

Le moins que l’on puisse dire est<br />

que la déontologie scientifique,<br />

éthique dont se piquent bien volontiers<br />

certains chercheurs marocains,<br />

est bien le moindre <strong>de</strong>s<br />

soucis <strong>de</strong> Monsieur El Graoui.<br />

Faire l’impasse sur nos travaux<br />

et ceux <strong>de</strong> Simoneau est aussi<br />

ridicule et puéril que l’«oubli»<br />

d’Anati, bannissant Muzzolini <strong>de</strong><br />

son Who’s Who. Je tiens à signaler<br />

qu’à l’heure actuelle (octobre<br />

2005), il existe quatre références<br />

incontournables (au diable la mo<strong>de</strong>stie<br />

et vive la déontologie!)<br />

lorsqu’on prétend vouloir accoucher<br />

d’une «synthèse», aussi<br />

maigre soit-elle, sur l’art <strong>rupestre</strong><br />

du Maroc. Il s’agit du Corpus <strong>de</strong><br />

Jean Malhomme (1959-1961),<br />

du Catalogue d’André Simoneau<br />

(1977), <strong>de</strong> mon livre (A. Rodrigue,<br />

1999) et tout récemment <strong>de</strong><br />

l’étu<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Susan Searight (2004).<br />

Toute «étu<strong>de</strong>», «synthèse», «catalogue»<br />

ou autre «corpus» sur<br />

le sujet qui ferait omission <strong>de</strong> ces<br />

quatre titres (ou <strong>de</strong> l’un d’eux) signifierait<br />

que soit l’auteur n’a pas<br />

lu ces travaux, ce qui équivaudrait<br />

à un constat <strong>de</strong> lamentable insuffisance,<br />

soit qu’il les a lus mais se<br />

dispense d’y faire référence, ce<br />

qui témoignerait d’une volonté<br />

délibérée d’ostracisme aussi ridicule<br />

que nuisible, attitu<strong>de</strong> quoi<br />

qu’il en soit intolérable chez un<br />

«chercheur». Je rappelle, tout à<br />

fait accessoirement, que J. Malhomme,<br />

A. Simoneau et moimême<br />

sommes considérés comme<br />

<strong>de</strong>s «amateurs», avec toute<br />

la nuance péjorative dont peut se<br />

charger le qualificatif. Je rappelle<br />

encore, pour lever le moindre<br />

doute, que pour mener jusqu’à<br />

son terme ma thèse <strong>de</strong> doctorat<br />

sur l’art <strong>rupestre</strong> du Haut Atlas<br />

marocain, j’ai bénéficié, dûment<br />

délivrée par l’Institut National<br />

<strong>de</strong>s Sciences <strong>de</strong> l’Archéologie<br />

et du Patrimoine (Rabat), d’une<br />

autorisation <strong>de</strong> prospections, <strong>de</strong><br />

relevés, <strong>de</strong> publication et <strong>de</strong> référence.<br />

Dont acte.<br />

Alain RodRigue<br />

Références bibliographiques<br />

Malhomme (Jean) 1959-1961.<br />

Corpus <strong>de</strong>s gravures <strong>rupestre</strong>s<br />

du Grand Atlas, Publication du<br />

Service <strong>de</strong>s Antiquités du Maroc,<br />

n° 13 et 14, 156 p et 164 p.<br />

Simoneau (André) 1977. Catalogue<br />

<strong>de</strong>s sites <strong>rupestre</strong>s du<br />

Sud-marocain, Rabat, Ministère<br />

d’État chargé <strong>de</strong>s Affaires Culturelles,<br />

127 p.<br />

Rodrigue (Alain) 1999. L’art <strong>rupestre</strong><br />

du Haut Atlas marocain,<br />

Paris, L’Harmattan, 420 p.<br />

Searight (Suzan) 2004. The prehistoric<br />

rock art of Morocco.<br />

A study of its extension, environment<br />

and meaning. Oxford,<br />

BAR International Series 1310<br />

(Archeopress), 246 p.<br />

La Lettre <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong>, No. 29 (2006)<br />

n o u V e L L e S — n e w S<br />

mnkl lx mus g xmk<br />

« Dans le désert <strong>de</strong> mon cœur,<br />

qui agrandit le désert <strong>de</strong> sable,<br />

le silence, avec ses mains d’air et <strong>de</strong> sable,<br />

ajoute un voile à mon voile »<br />

(Aménokal Moussa ag-Amastan)<br />

Nous avons appris la disparition <strong>de</strong> l’aménokal Akhamouk Alhadj<br />

Moussa ag Akhamouk ( mnkl lx mus g xmk ) qui fut député<br />

à la mort <strong>de</strong> son frère Bey Akhamouk en 1975, puis membre du Conseil<br />

National jusqu’en 1998. Nous transmettons nos condoléances attristées à<br />

sa famille, en particulier à son fils Ab<strong>de</strong>lmadjid Akhamouk et à son petitfils<br />

Chekib ag Ibrahim Akhamouk.<br />

Ses principaux prédécesseurs furent les iménokalen Iounes ag Sidi<br />

(1790), Ag Mama ag Sidi (1830), El Hadj Ahmed ag el Hadj el Bekri<br />

(1830-1877), Ahitarel ag Mohammed Biska (1877-1900), Attici ag Amellal<br />

et Mohammed ag Ourzig (1900-1905), Moussa ag Amastan (1905-<br />

1920), Akhamouk ag Ihemma (1920-1941), Meslah ag Amaias (1941-<br />

1950), Bey ag Akhamouk (1950-1975).<br />

A paper of interest for people <strong>de</strong>aling<br />

with Moroccan rock art and domestication<br />

:<br />

“Prehistoric contacts over the<br />

Straits of Gibraltar indicated by<br />

genetic analysis of iberian bronze<br />

Age cattle”,<br />

Cecilia An<strong>de</strong>rung, Abigail Bouwman,<br />

Per Persson, José Miguel Carretero<br />

, Ana Isabel Ortega , Rengert<br />

Elburg, Colin Smith , Juan Luis Arsuaga,<br />

Hans Ellegren and An<strong>de</strong>rs<br />

Götherström,<br />

Proceedings of the National Aca<strong>de</strong>my<br />

of Sciences, June 14, 2005,<br />

vol. 102, No. 24, p. 8431-8435.<br />

Authors’ abstract : The geographic<br />

situation of the Iberian Peninsula<br />

makes it a natural link between Europe<br />

and North Africa. However, it<br />

is a matter of <strong>de</strong>bate to what extent<br />

African influences via the Straits<br />

Gibraltar have affected Iberia’s<br />

prehistoric <strong>de</strong>velopment. Because<br />

early African pastoralist communities<br />

were <strong>de</strong>dicated to cattle breeding,<br />

a possible means to <strong>de</strong>tect prehistoric<br />

African–Iberian contacts<br />

might be to analyze the origin of<br />

cattle breeds on the Iberian Peninsula.<br />

Some contemporary Iberian<br />

cattle breeds show a mtDNA haplotype,<br />

T1, that is characteristic to<br />

African breeds, generally explained<br />

as being the result of the Muslim<br />

expansion of the 8th century A.D.,<br />

and of mo<strong>de</strong>rn imports. To test a<br />

possible earlier African influence,<br />

we analyzed mtDNA of Bronze<br />

Age cattle from the Portalón cave<br />

at the Atapuerca site in northern<br />

Spain. Although the majority of<br />

samples showed the haplotype T3<br />

that dominates among European<br />

breeds of today, the T1 haplotype<br />

was found in one specimen radiocarbon<br />

dated 1800 calibrated years<br />

B.C. Accepting T1 as being of African<br />

origin, this result indicates prehistoric<br />

African–Iberian contacts<br />

and lends support to archaeological<br />

finds linking early African and Iberian<br />

cultures. We also found a wild<br />

ox haplotype in the Iberian Bronze<br />

Age sample, reflecting local hybridization<br />

or backcrossing or that<br />

aurochs were hunted by these farming<br />

cultures.


Adresse postale :<br />

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Aldo Boccazzi<br />

Brigitte Choppy<br />

Gérard Jacquet<br />

Publications :<br />

La <strong>lettre</strong> <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong><br />

Jean-Loïc Le Quellec<br />

Brenessard<br />

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Les Cahiers <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong><br />

Yves Gauthier<br />

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yves.gauthier@grenoble.cnrs.fr<br />

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http://aars.fr<br />

Responsables : Aldo Boccazzi (calatiboccazzi@libero.it)<br />

Gérard Jacquet (jacquetg@wanadoo.fr)<br />

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Le contenu <strong>de</strong>s articles publiés reste sous l’entière responsabilité <strong>de</strong> leurs auteurs.<br />

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Les textes ou documents proposés pour publication doivent être envoyés à :<br />

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La <strong>lettre</strong> <strong>de</strong> l’<strong>AARS</strong><br />

Association <strong>de</strong>s <strong>Amis</strong> <strong>de</strong> l’Art Rupestre Saharien

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