The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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420 SWITZEELAND. its wild gorge it spreads over a bed of gravel, which it pushes far into the lake, in front of the mouth of the Ticino. The Maggia, on the other side of the lake, is ordinarily a river like the Adour, but when in flood it may well bear comparison with the mighty Ehone.* The alluvium brought down by these three rivers is rapidly silting up the upper end of the lake. A comparison of ancient documents with our most recent maps would appear to show that this silting up, aided, no doubt, by the devastation of the forests which formerly clad the mountain slopes, is proceeding at an increasing rate. Seven hundred years ago the village of Gordola was the principal port on the upper part of the lake ; it is at present hardly a mile from its shore ; whilst the new port of Magadino has to be shifted every ten years, the shore of the lake flying it almost visibly. The port of Locarno, close to the delta formed by the Maggia, has to be perpetually dredged, at a EofP Fig. 297. — The Upper Exd of the Laoo Maggiore. Scale 1 : 100,000. . 1 Mile. /?S^-^^^L,„>^—ry considerable expense, for the sand is for ever invading it. If we assume that the matter held in suspension by the three rivers, the Ticino, the Verzasca, and the Maggia, and annually deposited in the lake, amounts to the one-thousandth part of their entire volume, the Bay of Locarno, in spite of its depth of 160 feet, will be silted up in the course of three hundred and fifty years, and the three rivers, then united into one, will be able to invade the lower portion of the lake. The alluvium deposited by these rivers remains injurious to health as long as it has not been turned over by the hoe or the plough. In summer the swampy plain of the Lower Ticino exhales deadly miasmata, and the inhabitants of several villages are at that time obliged to fly to the cabins they have in the mountain valleys. feet. * Average rolume :—Ticino (Tessiii), 3,700 cutic feet ; Verzasca, 353 cubic feet ; Maggia, 2,200 cubic
RIVERS AND LAKES. 421 Far more sixlubrious are the shores of the Cerisio, or Luke of Lugano, a double bafiin, within which the two ancient ghiciers of the Ticino and the Adda formerly united into a single river. AVhen the glaciers retired the basin of the Cerisio was left with but a few inconsiderable affluents. The alluvium brought down by them from the mountains is only of trifling quantity, and the lake shrinks conse- quently very slowly. This lake, not being subjected to sudden flood.s, might easily Fig. 298. — The Lakeb of Luoako avd Como. f-ciUc 1 : 250,000. fi Miles. K.xl I'. E.»(Cr. . be transformed into a huge reservoir, whence the neighbouring fields of Lombardy might be irrigated. Signor Yilloresi, an Italian engineer, has proposed to connect it by means of a tunnel, only 2 miles in length, with the Lake of Como, and to convert the latter into a basin of distribution, whence the water would be conveyed to the sterile lands of the Somma. The water available for such a purpose has been estimated at between 560 and 1,120 cubic feet, according to the season.
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lliiliililllliilliilllillililllllli
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LONHON IMtD BV J. S. V.KU'B AND CO.
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iy CONTENTS. on\p. ^ Viii. Bkittanv
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no. FRANCE. 1. The Contour of Franc
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no. LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS.
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2 FRANCE. the inhabitants of France
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4 FllANCE. contrasts. A grauitic pl
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GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION.—GEOLOGY. 5
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CLIMATE. -]RI\'ERS. 7 apparent, and
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CLIMATE.—EIVEES. vciy great. In t
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CLIMATE.-EIVERS. H their moisture w
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THE PEEHISTOEIC AGE OF FEANCE. 13 T
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THE PREHISTORIC AGE OF FRANCE. 15 m
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THE INHABITANTS OF FRANCE. 17 Ancie
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THE INHABITANTS OF FRANCE. 19 Prove
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THE INHABITANTS OF FRANCE. 21 decid
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LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY of ILLINO
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CHAPTER II. THE PYREKEES, THE LAKDE
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THE PYEENEES. 26 for its name to th
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THE PYRENEES. 27 highest summit of
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THE PYEENEES. 29 between Romans and
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OF THE UNIVERSITY ef ILLINOIS.
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THE PYEENEES. 81 man, have been dis
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THE PYRENEES. 83 Glaciers occupj' t
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THE PYEENEES. 86 Collomb, it had a
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THE PYRENEES. 87 ice, running strea
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THE LANDES. 89 land in the Pyrenees
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THE L.1NDES. 41 influence upon the
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THE LANDES. 48 not generally proved
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THE ADOUE. 45 coast of i'rance does
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THE ADOUR. 47 Capbreton, anciently
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THE GAEONNE. 49 Ariege, is not name
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THE GAEONNE. 51 over with numerous
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LISRARY OF THE UNIVERSiTV of ILLINO
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54 FEANCE. the mother of Const anti
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56 FRANCE. the Arize, which flows d
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HAUTE-GAEONNE. 57 of the district,
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p o >-) O En
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1L\UTE-GAE0NNE. inhabitants), and o
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HAUTES-PYEENEES. (il seat of the So
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OF THE UNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS.
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I'll [Itl
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64 FRANCE. position at the bottom o
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66 FRANCE. Moissac (5,675 inhabitan
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68 FBANCE. Dax (9,085 inhabitants),
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GIRONDE. GO Some of the stations al
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GIEOXDE. 71 Bordeaux. For centuries
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OIEONDE. 73 villas have been erecte
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GENERAL ASPECTS.-MOUNTAINS. 75 and
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GENERAL ASPECTS.—MOUNTAINS. 77 Al
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GENKRAL ASPECTS.—MOUNTAINS. 79 Mo
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GENERAL ASPECTS.—MOUNT.VDfS. 81 t
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OENEKAL ASPECTS.—MOUNTAINS. 83 in
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GENERAL ASPECTS.—MOUNTAINS. 85 \i
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LISRAHY OF THE UNlVERSfTK of ILLINO
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M.i:.l U E & C LIMITED. I ll-IlT Kr
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88 FRANCE. Most of the valleys of t
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C5 W a
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90 FBANCE. whole surface of tlie la
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92 PEANCE. many of which have been
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94 FEANCE. Lyons. "Where it leaves
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96 FEANCE. especially, rising seven
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98 FEANCE. second (maximvim 320,000
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100 FRANCE. altogether tlie appeara
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102 FEANCE. ruins discovered there,
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10-1 FEANCE. which surround it, has
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106 FEANCE. A careful examination o
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-108 FEANCE. Perhaps the most remar
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110 FRANCE. the nortli of the penin
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112 FEANCE. into fertile fields. Ex
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114 FRANCE. rises from its shores ;
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116 FBANCE. of little importance no
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LIBRARY OF THE ÎNIVERSITY of ILLIN
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118 PEANOE. the Ergue, has huge clo
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120 FRANCE. coal-pits and quarries
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122 FRANCE. Ardeche lies to tlie ao
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124 FEANCE. department, witli silk
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Marseilles. 126 had to pass through
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MARSEILLES. 127 tanneries. Provisio
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ARI.KS. 129 inclii(Hn an ampliithca
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TOULON. 181 formed by convicts. For
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FRfiJUS. 133 ffengence of manj' roa
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CANNES. 185 Napoleon landed after h
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AVTOXON-. 137 alluvial plain inters
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HAUTES-ALPES. 139 and is partly bui
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de6me. 141 above the sea, but never
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LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY of tl-UNO
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144 PRANCE. bitants), are indebted
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146 FRANCE. Haute-Satoie consists o
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m îjS> CHAPTER IV. THE JURA AND TH
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150 FEANCE. Not very long ago there
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152 TRANCE. of Chailleson the river
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154 FEANCE. in a direction parallel
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156 FRANCE. On an average the Saone
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158 FRANCE. here tlie battle of Lyo
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160 FRANCE. "Where the Doubs emerge
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162 FRANCE. times been, jealous of
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164 FRANCE. inhabitants) and Chcunp
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I'oO FEANCE. those provincial towns
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SAOXE-ET-LOIEE. 1G7 and other works
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LE CREUSOT. 1G9 In the lower town t
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LIBRARV OF THE UNIVERS/TYofftUNOIS,
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LYONS. 371 Ehoxe.—Tills departmen
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LYONS. 178 extent by weavers. Nay,
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THE CfiVEXNES. 175 forests ; on fli
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L13RARY OF THE •JNIVERSITY of ILL
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CENTRAL FRANCE E i C" LIMITED. Tria
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178 FRANCE. state of fusion, for it
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180 PEANCE. discovered the fossil r
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182 FEANCE. covered by currents of
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184 Fig. 139. :m #• |S;^ — The
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186 FEANCE. taine. Lecoq and otter
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LIMOUSIN. 1«7 separaliug iho cryst
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LIBRARy OF THE UNIVERSITY of rtLINO
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LOZERE.—nAUTE-LOIEE. 189 the pilg
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TAEN. 191 an ancient city, still en
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LOT. 198 over the Tarn. Xear it are
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put-de-dCme. 195 Lafayette. Antiqui
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LIBRARV OF THE UNIVERSITY of ItlJNO
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ORRfeZK. 197 Ainlert (3,882 inhabit
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HAUTE-VIENNE. 199 iron mines, iron
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w o
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ALLIER. 201 is tlie capital of tlie
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ALT.TFB. 203 nais, a fine Gothic ch
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LOIBE. 205 point-lace. At Montrond
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lUVKRS. 207 The hilly district of B
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ilE COAST. 209 coast from tlic Loir
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THE COAST. 211 thither by sea, for
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CHAREXTE. 2ia tho north-western por
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CnAREXTE-mFEEIEURE. 215 having an o
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CH^LREXTE-IXFEEIEURE. 217 La Eochel
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DEUX-SEVRES. 219 Clain, which is tr
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YKXDEE. 221 Chantonnai/ (1,593 inli
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224- TRANCE. At Orleans the Loire s
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226 Fig 1G8.—The Eudke. Scale 1 :
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228 PEANCE. buried beneatla it. The
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230 FEANCB. century, a language at
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232 FE.iNCE. Chateau-Cliinon (2,593
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LOIHET. 2C3 of Nantes, but still en
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LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITVoflLUNOIS,
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236 TBANCE. EuRE-ET-LoiR, named aft
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238 PEANOE. cement works, and La Ha
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240 FEANCE. Jurassic limestones, ch
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212 FEANCE. and Charfre, wliere the
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LOra PMNFÊIEURE. 243 port the town
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LOIEE-INFEBIEmE. 245 The district t
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GEXERAL ASPECTS. 247 other maritira
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THE COAST. elements has given birth
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THE COAST. 251 ancient city of Is ;
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i; ' .„
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INHABITANTS. 268 INHABITANTS. The i
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INHABITANTS. .< ablockhcad likoa Va
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3I0RBIIIAN. 267 The eastern portion
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FIXISTEEE. Qiiimperlt; a pretty tow
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c6tES-DU-X0RD. 261 The vicinity of
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cOtes-du-nobd. 203 the I'ppcr Goiic
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ILLE-ET-VILADTE. 2G5 foundland fish
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THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 207 The southe
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THE CHANJfEL ISLANDS. 269 Many Celt
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GENERAL ASPECTS. 271 Cotentin are b
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T.A M.VNCHE. 278 of this department
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OUNE. 275 Grancille (12,372 inhabit
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PALVADOS. 277 Caen (33,072 inhiibit
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CALVADO& 279 tributary, commanded b
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THE EIYEE SEINE. 281 arc very attra
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TUE RIVER SEINE. 288 which join the
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THE RIYEE SEINE. 285 Jurassic heigh
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UPPER NORMANDY. 287 Seine on the so
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THE COAST. 289 facing northward arc
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HAUTE-MARNK. 291 piljjrimage. It wa
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MAENE. 293 Vitnj-k-F)-anô!s (7,590
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MABNE. 295 aud the Aisne, and five
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8EINE-ET-MAENK. 297 out in all dire
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LISRARY OF THE UNIVERSITV of ILLINO
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PARI>!. Pakis and the Department of
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:VZ k. C LIMITED FOHMATIOXS Sandsto
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802 FRANCE. beyond, its population
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S04 FRANCE. the Louvre are rich bey
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306 FRANCE. 100,000 tons of water.
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808 FBANCE. but not one amongst the
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SEINE-ET-OISE. 809 niilitary colleg
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AISXE. 811 sheep IS very large. The
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AISNR. 813 ever since (lie thirteen
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EURE. 315 lowlands on the estuary o
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818 FEANCE. the town-hall, and the
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D20 FRANCE. 3£ontivilliers (3,554
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CHAPTER XII. NORTHERN FRANCE. Basin
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824 FEANCE. unfortunately, is silti
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326 FEANCE. gulf still retain the n
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328 FRANCE. Dunkirk, on the French
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830 FRANCE. monotonous country. A t
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832 FRANCE. proprietors ; the breed
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832 FEANCE. proprietors ; the breed
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334 FEANCE. an efficient condition.
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336 FRANCE. On tlie road from Boulo
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338 PEANCE. bouring town of Hantino
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342 FRANCE. Kg. 257. — Tourcoing
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344 FEANCE. the safest in the Chann
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346 FRANCE. (3,313 feet), a huge ma
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348 FRANCE. The country around Giro
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OENERAL ASPECTS. 840 between. The s
Page 437 and 438:
AUDEXXES. 851 St'daii (15,8G2 inhab
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VOSGES. 353 east, but occupied for
Page 442 and 443:
3F THE 'JNIV£f?S/TY of ILLINOIS.
Page 444 and 445:
CHAPTER XIV. STATISTICS OF FRANCE.*
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858 FEANCE. are met with as volunta
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860 FEANCE. : nortli produces more
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362 FRANCE. bread, meat, and wine.
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864 FRANCE. wheat, it only yields f
Page 454 and 455:
86G FRANCE. French machinery now fi
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COMMERCE. 8G7 had 13,072 miles of r
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COMMKRCK. 8G9 France is admirably s
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) LIBRARy OF THE 'ONIVERSITV of ILL
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872 FEANCE. have more than doubled
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CHAPTER XV. GOVERNMENT AND ADMINIST
Page 468 and 469:
376 FRANCE. Judicial Authokities. E
Page 470 and 471: 378 FRANCE. one-half are actually c
Page 472 and 473: 380 FEANCE. amongst no less than 4,
Page 474 and 475: 882 FEANCE. The expansive force of
Page 476 and 477: 384
Page 478 and 479: 886 AIN. Departments. JUEA. DOUBS.
Page 480 and 481: 388 Departments. LOIRE - INFE • R
Page 482 and 483: 390 Departments. PAS-DE- CALAIS. NO
Page 484 and 485: 3Wiii';2ii:iiiAnD. V'Hatd S'Sotoaut
Page 487 and 488: SWITZERLAND.* CHAPTER I. General As
Page 489 and 490: GENIIRAI. ASPECTS—THE AI-PS. 898
Page 491 and 492: GENERAL ASPECTS.—THE ALPS. 896 sl
Page 493 and 494: OENKRAL ASPECTS.—THE ALPS. 897 ro
Page 496 and 497: LIBRARY OF THE yNIVERSlTY of ILLINO
Page 498 and 499: 400 SWITZEELAND. the west, as flir
Page 500 and 501: 1, I'll lll II I,, I I " I' " I , I
Page 502 and 503: 402 SWITZERLAND. it. At one glance
Page 504 and 505: 404 SWITZERLAND. whose craggy point
Page 506 and 507: 406 SWITZEELAND. the Eeuss and of t
Page 508 and 509: 408 SWITZERLAND. perceive Monte Ros
Page 510 and 511: 410 SWITZEELAND. mountains is more
Page 512 and 513: 412 SWITZEELAND. by bogs, and sever
Page 514 and 515: CHAPTER III. GLACIAL PERIOD* HE Jur
Page 516 and 517: 416 SWITZEELAND. even some in the p
Page 518 and 519: 418 SWITZERLAND. above the sea, rec
Page 522 and 523: 422 SWITZEELAND. If the Ticino is f
Page 524 and 525: 424 SWITZERLAND. The Lake of Geneva
Page 526 and 527: 42G SWITZEELAND. of the lake, accor
Page 528 and 529: t3 a H in O M W «! a £-1
Page 530 and 531: 428 SWITZEELAND. deposits it in. th
Page 532 and 533: 430 SWITZEELAND. its ancient bed. A
Page 534 and 535: 432 SWITZERLAND. Calanda, and is jo
Page 536 and 537: CHAPTER V. CLIMATE, FAUNA, AND FLOR
Page 538 and 539: 436 SWITZEELAND. the difference bet
Page 540 and 541: 438 SWITZERLAND. The hospice of the
Page 542 and 543: 440 SWITZEELAND. where an entire fo
Page 544 and 545: CHAPTER VI.* THE PEOPLE. HE plains
Page 546 and 547: 444 S'^^TZEIlLAND. covered by the L
Page 548 and 549: 446 SWITZERLAND. Rhsetians, or Rote
Page 550 and 551: 448 SWITZERLAND. of place3 prove to
Page 552 and 553: 450 SWITZERLAND. Fiff. 313.— Cost
Page 554 and 555: CHAPTER YII. TOPOGRAPHY. TIE Swiss
Page 556 and 557: 454 SWITZERLAND. In the upper valle
Page 558 and 559: 456 SWITZERLAND. suburbs) occupies
Page 560 and 561: 458 SWITZERLAND. Switzerland.* Gene
Page 562 and 563: 460 SWITZERLAND. point of junction
Page 564 and 565: 402 SWITZERLAND. windings of the Aa
Page 566: 464 SWITZEELAND. of an arsenal. It
Page 569 and 570: BASEL. •IG5 (2,998 inhubitauts),
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AARGAU. 4G7 chamber in which mot th
Page 573 and 574:
THK FOREST CANTONS metropolis of pr
Page 575 and 576:
' . . J\*V>J' ' \'A'T lfr '
Page 577 and 578:
OLABUS. 171 at the foot of the Uotl
Page 579 and 580:
TIIUROAU. 478 compiletl the famous
Page 581 and 582:
CHAPTER VIII. AGRICTLTURE, INDUSTRY
Page 583 and 584:
AGEICULTURE, INDUSTRY. AND COMMERCE
Page 585 and 586:
AGraCL'LTUUE. iXDUtiTllY, ANT) COMX
Page 587 and 588:
AGRICULTURE, INDU.STUY, AKD COJklME
Page 589 and 590:
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND C(,»MM1
Page 591 and 592:
• - TH£ UNIVtftSlTy of ILLINOIS,
Page 595 and 596:
AOBICULTUUE, INDUSTRY, AXD (dMMi;!:
Page 597 and 598:
AGKICULTUIUi, INDUSTRY, AND COMMKBC
Page 599 and 600:
AGRICULTURE, IXDUt^TKV. AND COMMKRC
Page 601 and 602:
GO\'ERNMENT AND ADMINISinATIOX. 491
Page 603 and 604:
GOVERXMEXT AND ADMIXISTRATION. 493
Page 605 and 606:
GOVERNMENT A.\l> AHMIXISTRATIOX. 49
Page 607 and 608:
Aar, 427, 429, 430 Aar, Canal of th
Page 609 and 610:
Chartrcuso, 143 Churtnusf, Unindo,
Page 611 and 612:
Lillobonne, 31 laiimutt, 410, 4.'9
Page 613 and 614:
St. Florentin. 291 St. Klonnt-lc-Vi
Page 615 and 616:
LIFE OF HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY T
Page 619 and 620:
-»» 1 i
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