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18 CLARKE ET AL., Plant diversity of the Iwokrama Forest, Guyana depth of soils, slope or other factors; Chlorocardium may be expected to become a local dominant in any area, whether for stochastic reasons or due to microsite conditions, that has not experienced a treefall for an extended period. Any sort of logging, even selective logging, could be expected to favor the recruitment of species other than greenheart indicating that it may be impossible to harvest Chlorocardium more than once from these forests and that Chlorocardium may soon, at least commercially, be an extinct species. Pakutau Hills, Turtle Mountain, and Sandstone.—These three areas are grouped together because they are all low or moderate elevation hilly areas with doleritic substrates. They were investigated with the goal of determining whether they differ significantly in terms of floristic composition from forest on granitic substrates found in the Iwokrama Mountains. Although subtle differences do exist, there were no overwhelming differences found in the mixed, terra firme forests between these two areas. Forests in these areas, do however, provide an added measure of diversity over that found in lowland areas and, as in other areas in southern Guyana, the effort expended in cutting trails to gain access to mountains or any upland area is justified by the diversity of collections these areas offer. CONCLUSION This work is a critical component of baseline data needed to adequately monitor the effects of development activities on the plant community. Continued work is needed, however, to gain a more complete understanding of the flora of Iwokrama. Floristic work in a given area often proceeds by first producing a preliminary checklist, such as the one presented here, followed by an annotated checklist which would provide additional information about the species, and culminating in the production of a flora, a work which would be a complete treatment of all the plants known from that area along with keys to the species, distributions, descriptions, notes on ecology and other pertinent features, and, often, illustrations. Because of the difficulty in obtaining complete collections and accurate determinations and the complexity of resolving synonomies and other taxonomic problems, the production of a flora of a diverse tropical area such as Iwokrama is necessarily a long term project. The flora of La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica, which at 1500 hectares is a small fraction of the area of the Iwokrama Forest’s 360,000 ha, has been ongoing for twenty years and has still not been completed (Hammel 1990; Wilbur 1994). The flora of Central French Guiana (Mori et al. 1997), which at 140,000 ha is an area more comparable to that of Iwokrama, is nearing completion after nearly fifteen years effort. Despite the concentrated effort needed for such an endeavor, this work is essential since questions concerning the nature and dynamics of the plant community cannot be adequately addressed without a comprehensive understanding of the flora. Thus, a flora is useful not only for the community of plant taxonomists, but also for ecologists, foresters, ethnobotanists, pharmacognosists, anthropologists, zoologists, and land use planners. To achieve this goal, more collections will be needed. Collecting efforts should be concentrated in areas that have not been adequately sampled. Although all the existing transects were extensively sampled, these transects give access to but a small fraction of the total area of the Forest. Some suggestions include: areas such as the southern side of the Iwokrama Mtns. and the area between there and the Essequibo River; other portions of the Iworkrama massif accessible from the road other than the two areas reached through the Mt. Daniel transect and the gorge; the upper Siparuni River above Pakutau Falls and Ireng Creek which have not been visited by any research team and which show a distinctive vegetation type in satellite photos; and more comprehensive sampling of unique habitats found in the course of collecting such as, the inselberg vegetation on the summit of Turtle Mountain, the xeric and rheophytic vegetation of sand islands in the Essequibo above Kurupukari, the Mauritia swamp forest on the Post Arinda transect, and the natural and undisturbed Humiria scrub habitat at the terminus of the western extension of the C–D transect. It is perhaps necessary to justify the not inconsiderable effort expended to date to document the plant diversity of Iwokrama and to substantiate the need for more work of this type. Plant
BRIT.ORG/SIDA 19 collecting in Iwokrama is time-consuming, arduous, demanding of a certain level of skill, both in the field and in follow-up herbarium work, expensive, and even dangerous. This work, however, is a prerequisite for any quantitative or qualitative work associated with the plant diversity of the forest. The ability to pursue floristic research in a pristine area such as the Iwokrama Forest is a rare and irreplaceable opportunity to collect baseline data prior to human disturbance. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank the Macushi, Wapisiana, and Arawak Amerindians of the communities surrounding Iwokrama, particularly Romeo Williams, Claudius Perry, Milner Captain, Daniel Allicock, and Rodrigues Antone, without whose help the field portion of this work would not have been possible. Staff and faculty of the University of Guyana and the Centre for the Study of Biological Diversity on the campus of the University of Guyana, particularly Marlene Cox, Indarjit Ramdass, John Caesar, Phillip da Silva, and Dyantie Naraine, provided assistance with permits. Special thanks are due to the curators and staff of numerous herbaria for the determination of specimens; without their many years of accumulated effort in working with the Guyana flora this work would not have been possible. Scott Mori gave permission to use the checklist of the Flora of Central French Guiana. Mike Hopkins and Ghillean Prance gave similar permission to use data from the Flora of Reserva Ducke as did Renske Ek for the checklist of the Mabura Hill area. Particular gratitude is extended to Carol Kelloff for many intercessions on behalf of the authors. Vijay Datadin of Iwokrama and Naseem Nasir of the University of Guyana provided GIS coverages for the base maps. Peter Jørgensen and Toby Pennington provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Funding was provided by the United Nations Development Programme through the Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, the Biological Diversity of the Guianas Program of the Smithsonian Institution, and in the form of a postdoctoral fellowship to HDC from the Office of Biodiversity Programs of the Smithsonian Institution. This is publication No. 46 in the Biological Diversity of the Guianas publication series. REFERENCES BOGGAN, J., V. FUNK, C. KELLOFF, M. HOFF, G. CREMERS, and C. FEUILLET. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana). 2nd Edition. Biological Diversity of the Guianas Program, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. CLARKE, H.D. and V. FUNK. Submitted. Using Checklists and Collections Data to Investigate Plant Diversity. II. An analysis of five florulas from northeastern South America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. DAVIS, T.A.W. and P.W. RICHARDS. 1933. The vegetation of Moraballi Creek, British Guiana. An ecological study of a limited area of tropical rain forest I. J. Ecol. 21:350–384. DAVIS, T.A.W. and P.W. RICHARDS. 1934. The vegetation of Moraballi Creek, British Guiana. An ecological study of a limited area of tropical rain forest II. J. Ecol. 22:106–115. EDEN, M.J. 1964. The savanna ecosystem–northern Rupununi, British Guiana. McGill University Savanna Research Project, Savanna Research Series No. 1. Dept. of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. EDEN, M.J. 1973. The savanna environment, Guyana, I. Some aspects of weathering and landforms. II. Savanna vegetation in the northern Rupununi. McGill University Savanna Research Project, Savanna Research Series No. 17. Dept. of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. EK, R.C. 1990. Index of Guyana plant collectors. In: A.R.A. Görts-van Rijn, (ed.). Flora of the Guianas. Supplementary series 1. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, Germany. EK, R.C. and H. TER STEEGE. 1997. The flora of the Mabura Hill area, Guyana. In: R.C. Ek. Botanical diversity in the tropical rainforest of Guyana. Tropenbos-Guyana Series 4. Pp. 91–142. Tropenbos-Guyana Programme, Georgetown, Guyana. FROST, D.B. 1968. The climate of the rupununi savannas. McGill University Savanna Research Project, Savanna Research Series No. 12 and Climatological Research Series No. 3. Dept. of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. GENTRY, A.H. 1993. A field guide to the families and genera of woody plants of northwest South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) with supplementary notes on herbaceous taxa. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. GUYANA FOREST DEPARTMENT AND FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1970. Forest type map of Guyana. Government of Guyana and United Nations Development Programme. Georgetown, Guyana.
Page 1 and 2: SIDA,BOTANICAL MISCELLANY BOTANICAL
Page 3 and 4: SIDA,BOTANICAL MISCELLANY BOTANICAL
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT / RESUME
Page 7 and 8: USING CHECKLISTS AND COLLECTIONS DA
Page 9 and 10: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 3 by the Siparuni Riv
Page 11 and 12: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 5 FIG. 2. Summary of
Page 13 and 14: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 7 FIG. 3. Collecting
Page 19 and 20: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 13 Guiana (Mori 1997)
Page 21 and 22: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 15 rather than just a
Page 23: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 17 Collections on the
Page 27 and 28: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 21 Pulchranthus varie
Page 29 and 30: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 23 Prestonia lindleya
Page 31 and 32: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 25 Centratherum sp. 1
Page 33 and 34: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 27 Catopsis berteroni
Page 35 and 36: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 29 Senna quinquangula
Page 37 and 38: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 31 Clusia renggerioid
Page 39 and 40: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 33 Hypolytrum longifo
Page 41 and 42: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 35 Croton sp. nov.?,
Page 43 and 44: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 37 Voyria flavescens
Page 45 and 46: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 39 Chlorocardium rodi
Page 47 and 48: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 41 Elaphoglossum apod
Page 49 and 50: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 43 Comolia microphyll
Page 51 and 52: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 45 Abarema piresii Ba
Page 53 and 54: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 47 Stylogyne micranth
Page 55 and 56: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 49 Cryptarrhena guate
Page 57 and 58: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 51 Selenipedium palmi
Page 59 and 60: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 53 Piresia macrophyll
Page 61 and 62: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 55 Guettarda acreana
Page 63 and 64: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 57 Matayba macrolepis
Page 65 and 66: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 59 Smilacaceae Smilax
Page 67 and 68: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 61 Rinorea lindeniana
Page 69 and 70: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 63 3360; Clarke, H.D.
Page 71 and 72: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 65 Chrysobalanaceae C
Page 73 and 74: BRIT.ORG/SIDA 67 Dioscorea pilosius
Page 75 and 76:
BRIT.ORG/SIDA 69 Ormosia coccinea -
Page 77 and 78:
BRIT.ORG/SIDA 71 Lygodiaceae Lygodi
Page 79 and 80:
BRIT.ORG/SIDA 73 Myrciaria dubia -
Page 81 and 82:
BRIT.ORG/SIDA 75 Campyloneurum repe
Page 83 and 84:
BRIT.ORG/SIDA 77 Selaginellaceae Se
Page 85 and 86:
BRIT.ORG/SIDA 79 APPENDIX 3 LIST OF
Page 87 and 88:
BRIT.ORG/SIDA 81 Family Iwokrama I_
Page 89 and 90:
BRIT.ORG/SIDA 83 Family Iwokrama I_
Page 91 and 92:
BRIT.ORG/SIDA 85 Family Determiner(
Page 93:
PLANT DIVERSITY OF THE IWOKRAMA FOR
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