Chapter 35 - First

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TOGO DAHOMEY ATLANTIC OCEAN Niger R. Auchi Lagos Benin City Recognizing Effects What was the effect of the war on the Igbo? Africa, 1967 Regions of Nigeria, 1967 NIGER NIGERIA Abuja Enugu Port Harcourt BIOKO (EQ. GUINEA) 10°E Benue R. Gombe Lake Chad CHAD 10°N CAMEROON Eastern Region Midwestern Region Northern Region Western Region SPANISH SAHARA MOROCCO MAURITANIA SENEGAL GAMBIA PORT. GUINEA GUINEA SIERRA LEONE Equator LIBERIA IVORY COAST ATLANTIC OCEAN 0 0 ALGERIA TUNISIA LIBYA MALI NIGER CHAD UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC (EGYPT) UPPER VOLTA SUDAN GHANA NIGERIA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAMEROON TOGO DAHOMEY 1,000 Miles EQ. GUINEA 0° CABINDA (ANGOLA) 2,000 Kilometers ETHIOPIA FRENCH SOMALILAND SOMALIA CONGO UGANDA KENYA GABON REP. OF THE RWANDA CONGO BURUNDI TANZANIA ANGOLA ZAMBIA SOUTH- WEST AFRICA GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps 1. Region Describe the Eastern Region, which seceded as Biafra. Describe its size and location compared to the rest of Nigeria. 2. Location In which region is Lagos, Nigeria’s capital in 1967? RHODESIA BOTSWANA SOUTH AFRICA MALAWI MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCAR SWAZILAND LESOTHO 40°E INDIAN OCEAN Civil War in Nigeria Nigeria, a former British colony, won its independence peacefully in 1960. Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and one of its richest. However, the country was ethnically divided. This soon created problems that led to war. A Land of Many Peoples Three major ethnic groups live within Nigeria’s borders. In the north are the Hausa-Fulani, who are mostly Muslim. In the south are the Yoruba and the Igbo (also called Ibo), who are mostly Christians, Muslims, or animists, who believe that spirits are present in animals, plants, and natural objects. The Yoruba, a farming people with a tradition of kings, live to the west. The Igbo, a farming people who have a democratic tradition, live to the east. After independence, Nigeria adopted a federal system. In a federal system, power is shared between state governments and a central authority. The Nigerians set up three states, one for each region and ethnic group, with a political party in each. War with Biafra Although one group dominated each state, the states also had ethnic minorities. In the Western Region, non-Yoruba minorities began to resent Yoruba control. In 1963, they tried to break away and form their own region. This led to fighting. In January 1966, a group of army officers, most of them Igbo, seized power in the capital city of Lagos. These officers abolished the regional governments and declared martial law, or temporary military rule. The Hausa-Fulani, who did not trust the Igbo, launched an attack from the north. They persecuted and killed many Igbo. The survivors fled east. In 1967, the Eastern Region seceded from Nigeria, declaring itself the new nation of Biafra (bee•AF•ruh). The Nigerian government then went to war to reunite the country. The Igbo were badly outnumbered and outgunned. In 1970, Biafra surrendered. Nigeria was reunited, but perhaps more than a million Igbo died, most from starvation. Struggles for Democracy 1041
Ken Saro-Wiwa Nigeria’s Nation-Building After the war, Nigerians returned to the process of nation-building. “When the war ended,” noted one officer, “it was like a referee blowing a whistle in a football game. People just put down their guns and went back to the business of living.” The Nigerian government did not punish the Igbo. It used federal money to rebuild the Igbo region. Federal Government Restored The military governed Nigeria for most of the 1970s. During this time, Nigerian leaders tried to create a more stable federal system, with a strong central government and a number of regional units. The government also tried to build a more modern economy, based on oil income. In 1979, the military handed power back to civilian rulers. Nigerians were cheered by the return to democracy. Some people, however, remained concerned about ethnic divisions in the nation. Nigerian democracy was short-lived. In 1983, the military overthrew the civilian government, charging it with corruption. A new military regime, dominated by the Hausa-Fulani, took charge. A Return to Civilian Rule In the years that followed, the military governed Nigeria, while promising to bring back civilian rule. The army held elections in 1993, which resulted in the victory of popular leader Moshood Abiola. However, officers declared the results invalid, and a dictator, General Sani Abacha, took control. General Abacha banned political activity and jailed dissidents, or government opponents. Upon Abacha’s death in 1998, General Abdulsalami Abubakar seized power and promised to end military rule. He kept his word. In 1999, Nigerians elected their first civilian president, Olusegun Obasanjo, in nearly 20 years. In 2003, Obasanjo was reelected. On November 10, 1995, Nigeria hanged nine political prisoners—all critics of the military government. Many around the world believed the nine were convicted on false charges to silence them. One of the nine was Ken Saro-Wiwa, a noted writer and activist. Shortly before his death, Saro- Wiwa smuggled several manuscripts out of prison. DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS 1. Drawing Conclusions What do Saro-Wiwa’s imprisonment and execution suggest about the government of the military dictator, General Sani Abacha? 2. Making Inferences What seems to be Saro- Wiwa’s attitude toward his persecutors? 1042 <strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>35</strong> Injustice stalks the land like a tiger on the prowl. To be at the mercy of buffoons [fools] is the ultimate insult. To find the instruments of state power reducing you to dust is the injury. . . . It is also very important that we have chosen the path of non-violent struggle. Our opponents are given to violence and we cannot meet them on their turf, even if we wanted to. Non-violent struggle offers weak people the strength which they otherwise would not have. The spirit becomes important, and no gun can silence that. I am aware, though, that non-violent struggle occasions more death than armed struggle. And that remains a cause for worry at all times. Whether the Ogoni people will be able to withstand the rigors of the struggle is yet to be seen. Again, their ability to do so will point the way of peaceful struggle to other peoples on the African continent. It is therefore not to be underrated. KEN SARO-WIWA, A Month and a Day: A Detention Diary
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