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232 The Political Economy of Northern Regional Development – Yearbook 2008 of coping with crisis”. This pattern has definitely been seen in connection with an analysis of informal economic activities in Greenland and in the Russian north 114 , as well as in rural areas in Denmark 115 . Here is a lits of rationales emphasized in the surveys: The informal economy providing support to dwindling pension economies, especially in connection with the economic consequences of devaluation of the Ruble in the late 1990s. Adjusting abnormalities in wage work arrangements, for instance in situations where salaries to employees have been postponed due to lack of funding of the employer. Adjusting economic discrepancies in families and among relatives. Individual survival strategies or more collectively organized approaches to coping with crisis. Enabling the maintenance of links to the formal economy for persons otherwise outside the formal sector, and thereby providing a redistribution of formal economies. Maintaining local production, which may not be possible within a formal system due to regulations, monopolies and similar obstacles. Provides local products available and accessible for a larger audience, such as in situations where the commercial value is low, but markets still exist. And in Russia as in Greenland, providing the basic means of existence in otherwise condemned settlements. The informal economy is, in the settings described here, much more than what is usually thought of when referring to “black economy”. The informal economy in many ways seems to be a “problem solver”, both in rela- 114 A number of surveys have been done in NW Russia, on the Kola Peninsula, in the Karelian Republic and in the Leningrad district, from 1998 to 2007. The surveys have been based on field work registration of different types of informal economic activities, and interviews with both contributors and consumers of these informal economic activities. The results are going to be published in 2008. 115 In a report by Rasmussen (2007a) regarding informal economic activities on the island Samsø in Denmark, three important roles are identified. First for the economy of the participants, who in many cases are pensioners where informal economic activities are providing substantial additions to an otherwise limited pension. Second, by contributing to the survival and maintenance of a local community which otherwise would be economically challenged. And thirdly, by providing a connection between local inhabitants and tourists, as the informal economic relations seems to provide the tourists with a feeling of “belonging” and an experience of “authenticity”.
The Political Economy of Northern Regional Development – Yearbook 2008 tion to risk and insecurity management. It is able to establish linkages between households, and between subsistence and the formal economy, while generating a economic base for many communities. In contrary to expectations, the informal economy is becoming increasingly important as <strong>Arctic</strong> communities are becoming more dependent on tourism. When tourists are visiting northern towns and villages they are not only expecting to get access to locally produced handicrafts, but also to meet the craftsmen themselves, visiting the informal marketplace, seeing how the pieces are produced, how the fish is caught and dried – all these elements contributes to the sense of relating to the place in a way which becomes an increasingly important part of the touristic experience, and thereby becomes a major attraction (Rasmussen 2007a). 12.4. Generation and Gender relations As emphasized above, marked regional gender and generational differences in aspirations and development perspectives have evolved over the last 10–15 years. These changes have been characterized by a pattern of out-migration of women (especially from rural areas), and a female dominance within medium and high education (Rauhut et. al 2008). This is not a situation only characterizing the Nordic countries. It is a pattern, which has emerged in most of the developed countries, and relates to some general tendencies in relation to changes in the gendered division of labor, and in economic development in general (Rasmussen 2007b; Rasmussen 2007c). Moreover, it is a situation that requires a new typology in order to describe the changing regional characteristics. This typology should at least emphasize the two key components: aspiration backgrounds for out-migration and the role of education in connection with economic development. These factors seem to become indicative of a new regional re-structuring. 12.4.1. Out-migration Patterns As discussed in several reports (Hamilton 2003; Hamilton and Butler 2001; Hamilton, Haedrich and Duncan 2004; Hamilton and Otterstad 1998; Hamilton and Seyfrit 1994; Rasmussen 2005), similar patterns regarding gender differences in affinity to rural community life seem to characterize northern 233
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The Political Economy of Northern R
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Content 1. Introduction to the Proj
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1. Introduction to the Project and
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3. Sustainability from a local poin
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4. The social economy and economic
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102 The Political Economy of Northe
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9. Climate change and economic syst
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15. Some data sources on people, pe
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16. Comparative-historical analysis
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Resume Artiklerne. Artiklerne i POE
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