Migration and breeding biology of Arctic terns in Greenland

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Figure 3. Map of study areas where fi eld work in the thesis were conducted. Inset map in upper left corner shows the location of A) Kitsissunnguit in Disko Bay and B) of Sand Island in Northeast Greenland. The map scale (lower right corner) applies to both A and B 14 Allaatigisami aamma sammineqarput imeqqutaallat piaqqiortartut amerlassutsimikkut ilaatigut allanngorartarnerisa, misissuiffi gineqarnerat (Manus IV). Naak imeqqutaalaq piaqqisarfi mminut amerlanertigut aalajaattaraluartoq, misissuinitta takutippaat, Qeqertarsuup Tunuani piaqqisarfi nni minnerni akunnattunilu timmissat piaqqisut piaqqinermiit piaqqinermut malunnaatilimmik allanngorartut. Allanngorarnerit tamakku piffi mmi annikitsumi pisunut attuumassuteqarnissaat ilimanaateqarput, assersuutigalugu kiisortunit akornusersorneqarneq, piffi mmilu annertunerusumi pisut nassuiaataasinnaanerat ilimanaateqannginnerulluni. Imeqqutaalaqarfi nnut misissuiartortarnerni sivisoqisuni, imeqqutaallat timmissallu naluusillit piaqqisut allat imminnut iluaqusersoqatigiittarneri nalunaarsorneqarsinnaasimapput. Naluumasortut Kajuaqqallu (Phalaropus fulucarius aamma P. lobatus) piaqqisut Kitsissunnguani misissuiffi ginerisigut (Manus V), imeqqutaallat kalerrisaarinerinut qisuariaatit ersarissut ilisarineqarsinnaasimapput. Inernerit taakkua qularnaallisippaat, naluumasortukkut Kitsissunnguani siammarsimaffi mmikkut allannguutaasa imeqqutaallat qeqertani sumiinneri malittarigaat, soorlu Egevang et al. 2004-mi siunnersuutigineqarsimasoq. Allaatigisap aamma imarai inernerit Kalaallit Nunaanni oqartussanut saaffi ginnittut. Kitaani Tunullu avannaani imeqqutaalaqarfi nni pingaarnerpaani piaqqisut amerlassusaannik missingersuinerit saniatigut, siunissami piujuartitsilluni imeqqutaallanik manissarluni atuisinnaanermik inassuteqaatit saqqummiunneqarput (Manus II), Kalaallillu Nunaanni imeqqutaalaqarfi it nakkutigineqarsinnaanerannut tigussaasunik siunnersuuteqartoqarluni (Manus IV).
1 Synopsis 1.1 Introduction There are several compelling reasons to study the migration and breeding biology of the Arctic tern in Greenland. From a global perspective, the Arctic tern is the very epitome of long-distance migration in birds, and no other animal species connects the two Polar Regions, as the Arctic tern does. Thus, the study of Arctic tern migration is not only an examination of migrating animals at the edge of their physical performance, it is also an exploration of a species moving through a vast proportion of the world’s marine areas in a single calendar year, experiencing a rapidly changing environment with altered foraging opportunities on both the breeding and wintering grounds. At a local scale, no other bird species in Greenland encapsulates the feeling of summer in the Arctic. The cry of the Arctic tern is for many in Greenland the ultimate sign of the end of a long winter and the onset of summer, the return of the sun and warmer temperatures. Although tern eggs are small and may not contribute much as a source of protein, the habit of harvesting Arctic tern eggs in summer has a long tradition in Greenland, and is considered one of the highlights of the summer season. There is no doubt that, to the people of Greenland, the Arctic tern has a special status amongst birds. From a more scientifi c point of view, the Arctic tern is interesting to study due to its obvious appearance on the landscape and the placement of its nest directly on the ground. This makes the species relatively easy to study, compared with many other seabird species, where the nest is concealed in a rocky crevice or burrow, or on rocky ledges of high steep cliffs. Furthermore, the Arctic tern is a surface feeder and only capable of foraging in the top half meter of the water column. Theoretically, this twodimensional feeding niche makes the species more vulnerable to changes in prey availability, and a direct response in breeding performance can be detected within a breeding season. From an environmental management perspective, the Arctic tern is interesting because of its function as a “biodiversity generator”. Smaller species, such as shorebirds, apparently benefi t from the agonistic behaviour of the Arctic tern, and increased breeding densities of other species are often found within the boundaries of an Arctic tern colony (Nguyen et al. 2006, Egevang et al. 2008, Egevang et al. 2004, Egevang et al. 2006). The Greenland Institute of Natural Resources generates specifi c knowledge on the Greenland marine and terrestrial fauna to provide the Greenland Government with management advice on the sustainable use of living resources. In Greenland, there is a long traditional of bird harvesting, and research on seabirds has mainly focused on the two most harvested species, Brünnich’s Guillemot (Uria lomvia) and Common Eider (Somateria mollissima), with little attention directed towards other harvested species, such as the Arctic tern. As monitoring programmes for guillemots and eiders developed over the last decade, opportunities to expanding research activities of GINR (to species like little auks, black-legged kittiwakes, and Arctic terns) arose. 15
Page 1: MIGRATION AND BREEDING BIOLOGY OF A
Page 4 and 5: Title: Migration and breeding biolo
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF PUBLICATIONS/MANUSCRIPTS IN
Page 9 and 10: Egevang, C. Kampp, K. & Boertmann D
Page 11 and 12: Summary This PhD thesis presents th
Page 13 and 14: Dansk resumé Denne afhandling præ
Page 15: Eqikkaaneq Ilisimatuutut allaatigis
Page 19 and 20: ed between 1980 and 2009, where est
Page 21 and 22: The extent of the annual egg harves
Page 23 and 24: efore (not all pairs will have laid
Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Table of average growth da
Page 27 and 28: 2006, Egevang et al. 2004). Analysi
Page 29 and 30: Figure 7. Simplifi ed fi gure showi
Page 31 and 32: 2 Conclusion In conclusion, the stu
Page 33 and 34: 4 References Alerstam, T. (1985).
Page 35: Lloyd, C., Tasker, M.L. and Partrid
Page 38 and 39: Tracking of Arctic terns Sterna par
Page 40 and 41: migration from Antarctica to south
Page 43 and 44: Manus II SUSTAINABLE REGULATION OF
Page 45 and 46: Introduction Harvesting of seabird
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Manus IV FLUCTUATING BREEDING OF AR
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To obtain sustainable use of natura
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Figure 1. Map of study areas. Inset
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RESULTS The overall population size
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Table 3. Grand total (from table 1
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Egevang, C., I.J. Stenhouse, L.M. R
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Manus V RED PHALAROPE PHALAROPUS FU
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74 Phalarope response to tern alarm
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