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Totalitarianism in Iraq, 1968–1998’, in
Jabar and Dawood, pp. 103–5.
6 See Ibid., pp. 85–8.
7 Ibid., p. 87.
8 See Khoury and Kostiner, Tribes and
State Formation in the Middle East.
9 Jabar, ‘Sheikhs and Ideologues’, pp.
75–8; and Amal Vinogradov, ‘The
1920 Revolt in Iraq Reconsidered: The
Role of Tribes in National Politics’,
International Journal of Middle East
Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, April 1972,
pp.123–39.
10 See Jabar, ‘Sheikhs and Ideologues’,
pp. 75–9. For a much more detailed
account, see Hanna Batatu, The Old
Social Classes and the Revolutionary
Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old
Landed and Commercial Classes and of its
Communists, Ba’athists, and Free Officers
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1978).
11 Amatzia Baram, ‘Neo-tribalism in
Iraq: Saddam Hussein’s Tribal Policies,
1991–1996’, International Journal of
Middle East Studies, vol. 29, no. 1,
February 1997, p. 1.
12 Jabar, ‘Sheikhs and Ideologues,’ pp.
80–3.
13 Jabar refers to this as ‘etatist tribalism’.
Ibid., pp. 69 and 79–80.
14 See James Quinlivan, ‘Coup-proofing:
Its Practice and Consequences in the
Middle East’, International Security,
vol. 24, no. 2, Autumn 1999, pp.
131–65.
15 See ‘Islamists’ Electoral Disaster’,
Economist Intelligence Unit, 22
November 2007, http://www.
economist.com/daily/news/
displaystory.cfm?story_id=10178007.
16 Mordechai Tamarkin, ‘The Roots of
Political Stability in Kenya’, African
The Anbar Awakening | 89
Affairs, vol. 77, no. 308, July 1978, pp.
300–1.
17 Samuel Decalo, ‘Modalities of Civil–
Military Stability in Africa’, Journal of
Modern African Studies, vol. 27, no. 4,
December 1989, p. 557.
18 See ‘Going Up or Down?’, The
Economist, 7 June 2007, http://www.
economist.com/world/africa/
displaystory.cfm?story_id=9304146,
for comments on the continued importance
of tribe in Kenyan politics.
19 Mark Fineman, ‘Militias Reflect
Tribal Splits’, Los Angeles Times, 1
October 1989; and Charles Dunbar,
‘Afghanistan in 1986: The Balance
Endures’, Asian Survey, vol. 27, no. 2,
February 1987, pp. 128 and 134–5.
20 Mark Fineman, ‘Powerful Militia
Unit in Open Revolt Against Kabul
Regime’, Los Angeles Times, 15 March
1992; Mark Fineman, ‘Afghan Leader
Forced Out by Army, Rebels’, Los
Angeles Times, 17 April 1992; and
Shah Tarzi, ‘Afghanistan in 1992: A
Hobbesian State of Nature’, Asian
Survey, vol. 33, no. 2, February 1993,
pp. 165–6.
21 See Asaf Hussain, ‘Ethnicity, National
Identity and Praetorianism: The Case
of Pakistan’, Asian Survey, vol. 16, no.
10, October 1976, pp. 925–30; ‘Turning
a Fight into a War’, The Economist, 29
June 2006, http://www.economist.com/
world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_
id=7121811; and ‘The Frontier Spirit’,
The Economist, 13 December 2006,
http://www.economist.com/world/
asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=
8413130.
22 For example, see Mohammed Bin
Sallam, ‘Sa’ada War Due to Break
Out as Mediation Committee