Chilo tumidicostalis

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The straight line relationship was obtained during the growth increment as shown in Figure 5, 6 and 7 using the width of head capsule and successive larval instars. The pupa Larva of C. tumidicostalis pupated in the tunnel made by the larva in the sugarcane stem, sometimes pupation took place in the leaf sheath. Before pupation the body of larva become shortened during 1 to 2 days of prepupal stage. The newly-formed pupa were pale-yellow. After 1-2 days thay become red-brown. Male pupa measured 13.39±0.77 mm in length 3.30±0.21 mm in width and female pupa measured 17.17±1.87 mm in length 4.24±0.24 mm in width. The male pupa period was 4.37±0.71 days, and the female pupa 6.07±0.91 days. Sex differentiation could be detected in the pupal stage using morphological differentiation at the tip of abdomen especially the space between the genital pores, as shown in Figure 8. The pore of the female pupa was wider than that of the male. The size of female pupa was slightly larger than of the male pupa (Figure 9). The adult Adults of C.tumidicostalis were nocturnal in habit. They were active and mating normally occurred on the leaf of sugarcane at dusk. The female adults laid eggs in batch on both sides of leaf blades at night. The general color of forewings was brown to pale brown with some darker marking. Hindwings were white in female and dirty white to light brown in male. The body size, measuring from head to the tip of the last abdominal segment, averaged 11.49±0.30 mm and 12.70±0.27 mm in male and female respectively. The wing expanse was 24.58±0.59 mm and 28.84±0.50 mm in male and female respectively (Figure 10). The body measurement of various stage was shown in Table 4. Duration of developmental stages of Chilo tumidicostalis The oviposition period of C. tumidicostalis was 1.91±0.69 days, ranging from 1 to 3 days. The number of egg laid per female averaged 123.31±70.89 eggs, ranging from 5 to 250 eggs. The incubation period was 5.28±0.85 days, ranging from 4 to 7 days. The number of larval instar of C. tumidicostalis could range from five to seven instars. The duration of each successive instar with five molting were 3.43±0.5, 3.87±0.89, 4.67±1.15, 6.87±1.47 and 6.4±1.45 days respectively. The total larval period was 24.67±4.07 days, ranging from 19 to 29 days. The duration of prepupal stage was 1.77 ±0.43 days, ranging from 1 to 2 days. The average pupal period was 47.23±1.52 days, ranging from 5 to 9 days. The longevity of male and female were 3.97 ±0.76 days, ranging from 3 to 5 days and 3.9± 0.84 days, ranging from 3 to 5 days respectively. The total life cycle of C.tumidicostalis with five larval instars was 45.87±3.58 days, ranging from 37 to 49 days. 20
WIDTH OF HEAD CAPSULES (mm) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 I II III IV V LARVAL INSTARS Figure 5 The relationship between the width of head capsule and the larval instars of Chilo tumidicostalis (Hampson) (5 instars) 21
Page 2: THESIS ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SUGA
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 7 and 8: (Hampson) with six larval instars
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
Page 11 and 12: ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SUGARCANE M
Page 13 and 14: stated that the relative importance
Page 15 and 16: epeated mating habits, males mated
Page 17 and 18: MATERIALS AND METHODS Laboratory st
Page 19 and 20: the capsule of each larval instars
Page 21 and 22: Biological Studies of The Important
Page 23 and 24: RAINFALL (mm) RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
Page 25 and 26: Figure 3 Eggs mass of Chilo tumidic
Page 27 and 28: Table 1 Width of head capsule of Ch
Page 29: Table 3 Width of head capsule of Ch
Page 33 and 34: WIDTH OF HEAD CAPSULES (mm) 3 2.5 2
Page 35 and 36: A B Figure 9 Pupae of Chilo tumidic
Page 37 and 38: Table 4 Body measurements of variou
Page 39 and 40: Table 5 Duration of various develop
Page 41 and 42: Table 7 Duration of various develop
Page 43 and 44: Table 8 Biological life table, age-
Page 45 and 46: lxmx 20 15 10 5 0 33 36 39 42 45 48
Page 47 and 48: Table 10 Partial ecological life ta
Page 49 and 50: Survey Natural Enemies of Chilo tum
Page 51 and 52: Figure 14 The full grown larvae of
Page 53 and 54: Figure 15 Pupa of Cotesia flavipes
Page 55 and 56: Figure 17 Female adult of Cotesia f
Page 57 and 58: Duration of developmental periods T
Page 59 and 60: Figure 19 The female adult of Cotes
Page 61 and 62: Figure 20 Larvae of Tetrastichus sp
Page 63 and 64: Figure 22 The pupae of Tetrastichus
Page 65 and 66: Figure 24 Male adult of Tetrastichu
Page 67 and 68: Duration of developmental periods T
Page 69 and 70: Figure 26 The female of Tetrastichu
Page 71 and 72: Population Study of Chilo tumidicos
Page 73 and 74: POPULATION DENSITY (LOG N+1) 4.5 4
Page 75 and 76: PERCENT PARASITIZATION 50 45 40 35
Page 77 and 78: parasites; Telenomus sp. (Hymenopte
Page 79 and 80: and in control plot were 0, 0, 5.25
Page 81 and 82:
Cantelo, W.W. and P. Pholboon. 1965
Page 83 and 84:
Morris,R.F. and C.A. Miller. 1954.
Page 85:
_____. 1999. Success of Cotesia fla
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Chilo tumidicostalis

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