History and Philosophy of Science - University of Pittsburgh Press

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH PRESS 

History and 

Philosophy 

of Science 

New and Recent Titles 

20% DISCOUNT ON ALL BOOKS

The University of Pittsburgh Press is pleased to present its 

new and recent titles in the history and philosophy of 

science. These titles represent the Press’s commitment 

to publishing the best scholarship in these fields. Additional 

sections feature our recently introduced Prologue Editions, 

where nearly 500 out-of-print titles have been made available 

again, and the Pittsburgh-Konstanz Series in the Philosophy 

and History of Science. 

The Press seeks additional titles in order to amplify its already 

strong backlist in philosophy of science and expand into fresh 

areas of promising historical research. Historical titles that are 

globally informed, and that reach across traditional disciplinary 

boundaries will be given special attention. The Press welcomes 

proposals that explore scientific thought and practice in any 

culture and during any era. Both experienced and new authors 

are strongly encouraged to submit proposals for new books. 

If you would like to make a submission, please contact Peter 

Kracht, Editorial Director, at pek6@pitt.edu. Information on 

manuscript submission is also available on our website: 

www.upress.pitt.edu/forAuthors.aspx. 

CONTENTS 

History of Science and Medicine …………………………3–8 

Philosophy of Science ………………………………………9–20 

Pittsburgh-Konstanz Series ………………………………21–24 

Prologue Editions …………………………………………………25

HISTORY OF SCIENCE NEW 

2012 • 320 pp. 

978-0-8229-4418-8 • Cloth • $27.95 

ITEM NO. 501 • SALE PRICE $22.36 

History of Science 

The Cult of Pythagoras 

Math and Myths 

Alberto A. MArtínez 

“Martínez not only rigorously compares the exciting 

myths about Pythagoras with the sparse, and mostly 

contradictory, historical sources, he also explains 

why we have these myths and the purposes they 

serve. His book will be a natural first port of call for 

people who like to get this sort of thing right.“ 

—Jeremy Gray, The Open University 

“Mathematics is the last subject one would expect 

to be infested with mythology, but even mathematicians 

can fall for myths, particularly those concerning 

the history of their subject. In this 

delightful exposé, Alberto Martínez finally busts the 

many myths of math, and the results are both sobering 

and fascinating.” 

—John C. Stillwell, University of San Francisco 

In this follow-up to his popular Science Secrets, Alberto A. Martínez discusses 

various popular myths from the history of mathematics: that Pythagoras proved 

the hypotenuse theorem, that Archimedes figured out how to test the purity of 

a gold crown while he was in a bathtub, that the Golden ratio is in nature and ancient 

architecture, that the young Galois created group theory the night before the 

pistol duel that killed him, and more. Some stories are partly true, others are entirely 

false, but all show the power of invention in history. Pythagoras emerges as a symbol 

of the urge to conjecture and “fill in the gaps” of history. He has been credited 

with fundamental discoveries in mathematics and the sciences, yet there is nearly 

no evidence that he really contributed anything to such fields at all. this book asks: 

how does history change when we subtract the many small exaggerations and interpolations 

that writers have added for over two thousand years? 

The Cult of Pythagoras is also about invention in a positive sense. Most people 

view mathematical breakthroughs as “discoveries” rather than invention or creativity, 

believing that mathematics describes a realm of eternal ideas. but mathematicians 

have disagreed about what is possible and impossible, about what counts as 

a proof, and even about the results of certain operations. Was there ever invention 

in the history of concepts such as zero, negative numbers, imaginary numbers, 

quaternions, infinity, and infinitesimals? 

Martínez inspects a wealth of primary sources, in several languages, over a span 

of many centuries. by exploring disagreements and ambiguities in the history of the 

elements of mathematics, The Cult of Pythagoras dispels myths that obscure the 

actual origins of mathematical concepts. Martínez argues that an accurate history 

that analyzes myths reveals neglected aspects of mathematics that can encourage 

creativity in students and mathematicians. 

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH PRESS • History and Philosophy of Science 3

HISTORY OF SCIENCE 

Science Secrets 

The Truth about Darwin’s Finches, 

Einstein’s Wife, and Other Myths 

Alberto A. MArtínez 

“In a laudable effort to separate the fragments of 

truth from the hype surrounding a number of eureka 

moments in the history of science, Martínez 

skillfully reveals how even the best biographers and 

writers make plausible but incorrect connections 

between historical events and often rely on their 

imagination instead of the facts. This book should 

be required reading for all college science majors. 

The author’s meticulous and engaging use of historical 

evidence will also appeal to history of science 

enthusiasts.” 

—Library Journal 

“[Martínez] combines the best qualities of popular 

science writing with the thorough documentation 

that one would expect from a professional historian. 

Highly recommended.” 

—Choice 

2011 • 344 pp. 

978-0-8229-4407-2 • Cloth • $24.95 


Was Darwin really inspired by Galápagos finches? Did einstein’s wife secretly contribute 

to his theories? Did Franklin fly a kite in a thunderstorm? Did a falling apple 

lead newton to universal gravity? Did Galileo drop objects from the leaning tower 

of Pisa? Did einstein really believe in God? 

Science Secrets answers these questions and many others. It is a unique study of how 

myths evolve in the history of science. Some tales are partly true, others are mostly false, yet 

all illuminate the tension between the need to fairly describe the past and the natural desire 

to fill in the blanks. 

energetically narrated, Science Secrets pits famous myths against extensive research from 

primary sources in order to accurately portray important episodes in the sciences. Alberto A. 

Martínez analyzes how such myths grow and rescues neglected facts that are more captivating 

than famous fictions. Moreover, he shows why opinions that were once secret and 

seemingly impossible are now scientifically compelling. the book includes new findings related 

to the Copernican revolution, alchemy, Pythagoras, young einstein, and other events 

and figures in the history of science. 

4 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH PRESS • History and Philosophy of Science

2011 • 376 pp. 

978-0-8229-6151-2 • Paper • $27.95 


eBook available 


Styles of Knowing 

A New History of Science from 

Ancient Times to the Present 

CHunGlIn KWA 

“[A] very readable account of the history of scientific 

knowledge, it deserves a much wider audience 

than those who are able to understand the Dutch 

language.” 

—Isis, review of the original Dutch edition 

“Kwa has written not only a fine introduction to the 

history of science from antiquity to the twenty-first 

century, but he has used the concept of ‘style’ to illuminate 

various modes of scientific rationality and 

current threats to freedom of inquiry. A most impressive 

achievement.” 

—Harold J. Cook, Brown University 

Now available in english, Styles of Knowing explores the development of various scientific 

reasoning processes in cultural-historical context. Influenced by historian Alistair 

Crombie’s Styles of Scientific Thinking in the European Tradition, Chunglin 

Kwa organizes his book according to six distinct styles: deductive, experimental, analyticalhypothetical, 

taxonomic, statistical, and evolutionary. Instead of featuring individual scientific 

disciplines in different chapters, each chapter explains the historical applications of each 

style’s unique criterion for good science. Kwa shows also how styles have influenced each 

other and transformed over time. In a chapter written especially for American audiences, Kwa 

examines how changes in engineering and technology during the twentieth century affected 

the balance among the various styles of science. 

based on extensive research in Greek and latin primary sources and numerous modern 

secondary sources, Kwa demonstrates the heterogeneous nature of scientific discovery. this 

accessible and innovative introduction to scientific change provides a foundational history for 

the classroom, historians, and nonspecialists. 



The Dispute of the 

New World 

The History of a Polemic, 1750-1900 

Antonello GerbI 

translated by JereMy Moyle 

“Vast and fascinating. Now at last, updated and admirably translated 

by Dr. Jeremy Moyle, we have it in English; and none too 

soon, for this is a book which should be on the shelf of everyone 

who is curious not only about the European image of America 

but also about the history of man's attitude to man. Dr. 

Gerbi’s study is a monument both to erudition and to fastidious 

wit; the outcome of years of reading and reflection by a historian 

of ideas who is at once playful and wise.” 

—New York Review of Books 

“Gerbi’s book is fascinating. His scholarship is vast. A superb 

and significant study dealing with an aspect of the Enlightenment 

that is usually ignored. The work will be of interest to a 

wide range of scholars in the history of ideas.” 

—Journal of the History of Philosophy 

Nature in the 

New World 

From Christopher Columbus to 

Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo 

Antonello GerbI 

translated by JereMy Moyle 

“This book glows with the fully assimilated learning of the polymath 

Gerbi, whose command and understanding of the literature 

of various cultures enlightens every page. Neither a notice 

nor a full-fledged review could do justice either to the brilliance 

of the book or to the felicity of Moyle’s translation. The book 

must be read to be appreciated.” 

—Early American Literature 

“A fascinating work, it is divided into two parts: the first deals 

with eleven writers from Columbus to Verrazzano, while the remaining 

two-thirds of the book deal with the other treasure from 

the Indies—Oviedo’s writings and observations. This prodigiously 

learned work is full of good things.” 

—American Historical Review 

2010 • 720 pp. 

978-0-8229-6081-2 • Paper • $29.95 



2010 • 480 pp. 

978-0-8229-6080-5 • Paper • $29.95 




HISTORY OF MEDICINE NEW 

2012 • 576 pp. 

978-0-8229-4413-3 • Cloth • $65.00 



History of Medicine 

A History of 

Organ Transplantation 

Ancient Legends to Modern Practice 

DAVID HAMIlton 

“This beautiful history . . . gives a sense of the vivacity 

of scientific experience, its errors and insights, 

and the way in which cultural traits, individual lives, 

and technical knowledge combine to create a field 

of clinical medicine. . . . Those who are willing to 

read David Hamilton will find a well-written and exciting 

history—physiology and medicine, and the 

lives of those who pursue them, will seem more fascinating, 

and science more wild and willful.” 

—Times Literary Supplement 

“A comprehensive, authoritative history of a transformative 

field of medicine. This history is well 

crafted and global in scope. . . . scholars and historians 

of medicine will find Hamilton a thorough 

guide to a complex subject.” 

—Library Journal 

AHistory of Organ Transplantation is a comprehensive and ambitious exploration 

of transplant surgery—which, surprisingly, is one of the longest continuous 

medical endeavors in history. Moreover, no other medical enterprise 

has had so many multiple interactions with other fields, including biology, ethics, 

law, government, and technology. exploring the medical, scientific, and surgical 

events that led to modern transplant techniques, Hamilton argues that progress in 

successful transplantation required a unique combination of multiple methods, bold 

surgical empiricism, and major immunological insights in order for surgeons to develop 

an understanding of the body’s most complex and mysterious mechanisms. 

Surgical progress was nonlinear, sometimes reverting and sometimes significantly 

advancing through luck, serendipity, or helpful accidents of nature. 

the first book of its kind, A History of Organ Transplantation examines the evolution 

of surgical tissue replacement from classical times to the medieval period to 

the present day. this well-executed volume will be useful to undergraduates, graduate 

students, scholars, surgeons, and the general public. both Western and non- 

Western experiences as well as folk practices are included. 


NEW HISTORY OF MEDICINE 

Influenza 

A Century of Science and 

Public Health Response 

GeorGe DeHner 

“Flu shots are an autumn ritual for millions of 

Americans, but few know the history of the battle 

against influenza waged by physicians and public 

health officers around the globe over the past 120 

years. Dehner explains how past pandemics, which 

increasingly shaped reliance upon vaccination and 

surveillance as prevention, evolved from local to regional 

to national to international responsibility. All 

those interested in the history of disease and the 

history of public health will benefit from his rich 

discussion of how today’s globalism is again changing 

how quickly diseases spread as well as the politics 

and requirements of influenza prevention.” 

—Alan M. Kraut, American University 

“Well researched and written, this study ranges 

from the Russian flu of 1889 to the swine flu of 

2009, embracing biology and history, medicine and 

politics, drug research and government regulation. 

Dehner skillfully frames U. S. influenza experience 

in the global context and sheds new light on the 

power of the virus to sicken, kill, and confound.” 

— Carol R. Byerly, author of Fever of War: The 

Influenza Epidemic in the U.S. Army during World 

War I 

2012 • 296 pp. 

978-0-8229-6189-5 • Paper • $27.95 



In Influenza, George Dehner examines the wide disparity in national and international responses 

to influenza pandemics, from the russian flu of 1889 to the swine flu outbreak 

in 2009. He chronicles the technological and institutional progress made along the way 

and shows how these developments can shape an effective future policy. 

early pandemic response relied on methods of quarantine and individual scientific research. 

In the aftermath of World War II, a consensus for cooperation and shared resources 

led to the creation of the WHo, under the auspices of the united nations. today, the WHo 

maintains a large and proactive role in responding to influenza outbreaks. International pandemic 

response, however, is only as strong as its weakest national link—most recently evidenced 

in the failed early detection of the 2009 swine flu in Mexico and the delayed 

reporting of the 2002 SArS outbreak in China. 

As Dehner’s study contends, the hard lessons of the past highlight the need for a coordinated 

early warning system with full disclosure, shared technologies, and robust manufacturing 

capabilities. until the “national” aspect can be removed from the international equation, 

responses will be hampered, and a threat to an individual remains a threat to all. 


PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE NEW 

2011 • 232 pp. 

978-0-8229-6163-5 • Paper • $29.95 



Philosophy of Science 

Science Transformed? 

Debating Claims of an Epochal Break 

edited by AlFreD norDMAnn, HAnS rADDer, 

and GreGor SCHIeMAnn 

“Science Transformed? is an important, readily accessible 

book that focuses on a crucial contemporary 

issue: the profound transformation of science, 

technology, and society of the past few decades. We 

are witnessing a break of an ‘epochal nature,’ and 

Nordmann, Radder, and Schiemann have provided 

us with valuable insights into what is happening.” 

—Silvan Schweber, Brandeis University 

“Has science changed fundamentally during the last 

half century? Readymade concepts abound that 

claim as much: from postnormal and technoscience 

to the advent of a mode-2. Few are substantiated 

empirically. This collection does just that: probing 

the theses of an epochal break from a range of disciplinary 

vantage points, unveiling the complexity 

behind the fashionable rhetoric, providing fascinating 

insights into the new ways of research.” 

—Peter Weingart, Bielefeld University 

Advancements in computing, instrumentation, robotics, digital imaging, and 

simulation modeling have changed science into a technology-driven institution. 

Government, industry, and society increasingly exert their influence 

over science, raising questions of values and objectivity. these and other profound 

changes have led many to speculate that we are in the midst of an epochal break 

in scientific history. 

this edited volume presents an in-depth examination of these issues from philosophical, 

historical, social, and cultural perspectives. It offers arguments both for 

and against the epochal break thesis in light of historical antecedents. Contributors 

discuss topics such as: science as a continuing epistemological enterprise; the 

decline of the individual scientist and the rise of communities; the intertwining of scientific 

and technological needs; links to prior practices and ways of thinking; the alleged 

divide between mode-1 and mode-2 research methods; the commodification 

of university science; and the shift from the scientific to a technological enterprise. 

Additionally, they examine the epochal break thesis using specific examples, including 

the transition from laboratory to real world experiments; the increased reliance 

on computer imaging; how analog and digital technologies condition 

behaviors that shape the object and beholder; the cultural significance of humanoid 

robots; the erosion of scientific quality in experimentation; and the effect of computers 

on prediction at the expense of explanation. 

Whether these events represent a historic break in scientific theory, practice, and 

methodology is disputed. What they do offer is an important occasion for philosophical 

analysis of the epistemic, institutional and moral questions affecting current 

and future scientific pursuits. 


NEW PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 

On Leibniz 

Expanded Edition 

nICHolAS reSCHer 

“Besides the value of his historical research and his 

interpretive proposals, Rescher can be credited for 

having shed light not only on the motives that, albeit 

in a different theoretical framework, speak in 

favour of a Leibnizian style in philosophy but also 

on some of the elements of Leibniz’s metaphysics 

relevant to our metaphysical problems.” 

—Studia Leibnitiana on the original edition 

“This collection of Rescher’s work is an invaluable 

record of his contributions to our understandings 

of Leibniz’ thought in the last quarter century.” 

—Philosophy in Review on the original edition 

“With this extraordinary collection we are reminded 

of Rescher’s philosophical roots and his inspiration. 

The topics covered help reveal both Leibniz’s interests 

and times and the enormous value of the rigor 

of Rescher’s scholarship.” 

— Joseph C. Pitt, Virginia Tech, 

on the original edition 

2013 • 320 pp. 

978-0-8229-6218-2 • Paper • $28.95 

JANUARY 2013 


Contemporary philosopher John Searle has characterized Gottfried Wilhelm leibniz 

(1646–1716) as “the most intelligent human being who has ever lived.” the German 

philosopher, mathematician, and logician invented calculus (independently of Sir 

Isaac newton), topology, determinants, binary arithmetic, symbolic logic, rational mechanics, 

and much more. His metaphysics bequeathed a set of problems and approaches that have 

influenced the course of Western philosophy from Kant in the eighteenth century until the 

present day. 

On Leibniz examines many aspects of leibniz’s work and life. this expanded edition adds 

new chapters that explore leibniz’s revolutionary deciphering machine; his theoretical interest 

in cryptography and its ties to algebra; his thoughts on eternal recurrence theory; his rebuttal 

of the thesis of improvability in the world and cosmos; and an overview of American 

scholarship on leibniz. 

other chapters reveal leibniz as a substantial contributor to theories of knowledge. Discussions 

of his epistemology and methodology, its relationship to John Maynard Keynes and 

talmudic scholarship, broaden the traditional view of leibniz. rescher also views leibniz’s 

scholarly development and professional career in historical context. As a “philosopher 

courtier” to the Hanoverian court, leibniz was associated with the leading intellectuals and 

politicians of his era, including Spinoza, Huygens, newton, Queen Sophie Charlotte, and 

tsar Peter the Great. 

rescher extrapolates the fundamentals of leibniz’s ontology: the theory of possible worlds, 

the world’s contingency, space-time frameworks, and intermonadic relationships. In conclusion, 

rescher positions leibniz as a philosophical role model for today’s scholars. He argues 

that many current problems can be effectively addressed with principles of process philosophy 

inspired by leibniz’s system of monadology. 


PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE NEW 

2012 • 312 pp. 

978-0-8229-4416-4 • Cloth • $65.00 



Peeling Potatoes or 

Grinding Lenses 

Spinoza and Young Wittgenstein 

Converse on Immanence and Its Logic 

ArIStIDeS bAltAS 

“In Aristides Baltas’s widely learned and bracingly 

surprising interpretation, God for Spinoza and Logic 

for Wittgenstein emerge as specific expressions of 

the human need for an absolute authority from 

whose point of view the whole of reality or language 

can be understood and evaluated at once. Spinoza 

and Wittgenstein emerge, in turn, as implacable enemies 

of any such authority and make common 

cause against its claims to legislate what can be 

thought, valued, and done. Controversial and fascinating, 

the book is bound to provoke intense discussion 

and—more important—serious thought.” 

—Alexander Nehamas, Princeton University 

“It is fascinating to watch Baltas carefully, precisely, 

and in loving detail erect his argument from the historical 

texts and then defend it in his inimitable elegant 

fashion. This is a book to dwell in with 

enormous rewards. I recommend it wholeheartedly.” 

—George Gale, University of Missouri-Kansas City 

“I can work best now while peeling potatoes. . . . 

It is for me what lens-grinding was for Spinoza.”—L. Wittgenstein 

More than 250 years separate the publication of baruch Spinoza’s Ethics and ludwig 

Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. both are considered monumental 

philosophical treatises, produced during markedly different times in human 

history, and notoriously challenging to interpret. In Peeling Potatoes or Grinding Lenses, Aristides 

baltas contends that these works bear a striking similarity based on the idea of “radical 

immanence.” each purports to understand the world, thought, and language from the inside 

and in a way leading to the dissolution of all philosophy. In that guise, both offer a powerful 

argument against fundamentalism of all sorts and kinds. 

to Spinoza, God is just nature. God is not above or separate from the world, humanity, 

or mere objects for, as nature, He inheres in everything. to Wittgenstein, logic is not above 

or separate from language, thought, and the world. the hardness of the logical “must” inheres 

in states of affairs, facts, thoughts, and linguistic acts. outside there are no truths or sense— 

only nonsense. 

through close readings of the texts based on lessons drawn from radical paradigm change 

in science, baltas finds in both works a single-minded purpose, implacable reasoning, and an 

austerity of style that are rare in the history of philosophy. He analyzes the structure and content 

of each treatise, the authors’ intentions, the limitations and possibilities afforded by scientific 

discovery in their respective eras, their radical opposition to prevailing philosophical 

views, and draws out the particulars, as well as the implications, of the arresting match between 

the two. 


PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 

The Commodification 

of Academic Research 

Science and the Modern University 

edited by HAnS rADDer 

“With this pioneering volume, Hans Radder has 

turned the commodification of research into an 

issue for the philosophy of science. The contributors 

present a broad range of views, united by the 

fact that they take commodification as both a practical 

problem and a theoretical one. This provocative 

book will lead us to reevaluate our thinking 

about the norms of science and how they should relate 

to new economies of knowledge.” 

—Sergio Sismondo, Queen’s University 

“The threat to academic culture by commodification 

is a hot and controversial topic, and publications 

addressing it abound. This carefully crafted 

collection reaches beyond many of them by bringing 

together a broad variety of perspectives— 

sociological, ethical, historical and philosophical — 

probing the issue with scholarly detachment, scientific 

rigor, and passion for the culture of public 

science.” 

—Peter Weingart, Universität Bielefeld 

2010 • 360 pp. 

978-0-8229-6226-7 • Paper • $29.95 


Selling science has become a common practice in contemporary universities. this commodification 

of academia pervades many aspects of higher education, including research, 

teaching, and administration. As such, it raises significant philosophical, 

political, and moral challenges. this volume offers the first book-length analysis of this disturbing 

trend from a philosophical perspective and presents views by scholars of philosophy 

of science, social and political philosophy, and research ethics. 

the epistemic and moral responsibilities of universities, whether for-profit or nonprofit, are 

examined from several philosophical standpoints. the contributors discuss the pertinent epistemological 

and methodological questions, the sociopolitical issues of the organization of science, 

the tensions between commodified practices and the ideal of “science for the public 

good,” and the role of governmental regulation and personal ethical behavior. In order to 

counter coercive and corruptive influences of academic commodification, the contributors consider 

alternatives to commodified research and offer practical recommendations for establishing 

appropriate research standards, methodologies and institutional arrangements, and a 

corresponding normative ethos. 


2009 • 224 pp. 

978-0-8229-6026-3 • Paper • $27.95 




Science, Policy, and 

the Value-Free Ideal 

HeAtHer e. DouGlAS 

“Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal is an important 

contribution to the debate over science and 

values, and its account of value-laden science will 

be of interest to philosophers concerned with policy, 

scientific objectivity, and the social relevance of philosophy 

of science. A welcome invitation for 

philosophers of science to engage more fully with 

policy issues, a too-often neglected aspect of scientific 

practice.” 

—Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 

“A wonderfully evenhanded argument for the impossibility 

of the ‘value-free ideal’ in science. Highly 

recommended.” 

—Choice 

“Occupies a unique niche bridging philosophy and 

risk assessment. Everyone involved in providing 

and using scientific advice, and in doing risk analysis 

in general, would benefit from thinking about 

the issues and arguments presented in the book.” 

—Risk Analysis 

The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the united 

States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the 

democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority 

in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing 

of these issues has become highly contentious. 

Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science 

should be “value-free.” In Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather e. Douglas argues 

that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the 

moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. 

She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific 

inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the 

integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application 

of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence. 

Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the 

value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should—and should not—function in science. 

She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines 

seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability 

of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction 

between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls 

for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in 

the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public 

and experts in key risk assessments. 



Scientific Understanding 

Philosophical Perspectives 

edited by HenK de reGt, SAbInA leonellI, 

and KAI eIGner 

“An excellent work, which clearly argues that science, 

a product of human activity, cannot exist apart 

and separately from the humans that perform science, 

but rather must function in the interstices between 

them to create a pluralism of understanding. 

Highly recommended.” 

—Choice 

“How to understand scientific understanding is fast 

becoming a ‘hot’ topic within the philosophy of science. 

This eclectic and wide-ranging collection 

makes a virtue out of the diversity of views on the 

subject. Featuring some of the best researchers in 

this area, it surveys the terrain and sets new directions 

for future research.” 

—Steven French, University of Leeds 

2009 • 368 pp. 

978-0-8229-4378-5 • Cloth • $65.00 



To most scientists, and to those interested in the sciences, understanding is the ultimate 

aim of scientific endeavor. In spite of this, understanding, and how it is achieved, has 

received little attention in recent philosophy of science. Scientific Understanding seeks 

to reverse this trend by providing original and in-depth accounts of the concept of understanding 

and its essential role in the scientific process. to this end, the chapters in this volume 

explore and develop three key topics: understanding and explanation, understanding 

and models, and understanding in scientific practice. 

earlier philosophers, such as Carl Hempel, dismissed understanding as subjective and 

pragmatic. they believed that the essence of science was to be found in scientific theories and 

explanations. In Scientific Understanding, the contributors maintain that we must also consider 

the relation between explanations and the scientists who construct and use them. they focus 

on understanding as the cognitive state that is a goal of explanation and on the understanding 

of theories and models as a means to this end. 

the chapters in this book highlight the multifaceted nature of the process of scientific research. 

the contributors examine current uses of theory, models, simulations, and experiments 

to evaluate the degree to which these elements contribute to understanding. their 

analyses pay due attention to the roles of intelligibility, tacit knowledge, and feelings of understanding. 

Furthermore, they investigate how understanding is obtained within diverse scientific 

disciplines and examine how the acquisition of understanding depends on specific 

contexts, the objects of study, and the stated aims of research. 


2009 • 248 pp. 

978-0-8229-4376-1 • Cloth • $45.95 



2010 • 364 pp. 

978-0-8229-6054-6 • Paper • $28.95 



Scientific Models 

in Philosophy of Science 

DAnIelA M. bAIler-JoneS 

“Indeed a book that all of us who have been working and teaching 

models [always] wanted to have. It will inspire many scholars 

and students in the years to come.” 

—International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 

“This user-friendly introduction to models in scientific reasoning 

is the first book-length discussion of this important philosophy 

of science topic. Reseachers will appreciate the chapter 

notes and references as well as the chronological bibliography 

and an extensive index.” 

—Choice 

reISSue 

World Changes 

Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science 

edited by PAul HorWICH 

“Magnificent. A splendid volume with state-of-the-art philosophical 

and historical pieces. Highly recommended.” 

—British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 

“The essays are fascinating and make visible, blow by blow, the 

evolving discussion of the nature of science.” 

—Leonardo 

“World Changes touches many facets of Kuhn’s legacy. A wideranging 

book that offers interesting reading for the historian as 

well as the philosopher.” 

—Erkenntnis 



The Responsible 

Scientist 

A Philosophical Inquiry 

JoHn ForGe 

“John Forge’s book addresses—with clarity, insight, lively writing, 

and superb use of examples—the responsibilities of scientists 

for the outcomes of their research. Breaking new 

ground with his original analysis of responsibility, his analysis 

is philosophically rigorous and well informed and, at the same 

time, accessible to interested scientists and the general intellectual 

public.” 

—Hugh Lacey, Swarthmore College 

“Forge has provided extremely strong arguments for scientists to 

take responsibility for research . . .[he advocates] a responsible, 

educated scientific community aware of its place in the world.” 

—Metascience 

Ending the Mendel-Fisher 

Controversy 

edited by AllAn FrAnKlIn, A. W. F. eDWArDS, DAnIel J. 

FAIrbAnKS, DAnIel l. HArtl, and teDDy SeIDenFelD 

“The texts are all well written and cogently argued. Every author 

has something interesting to say; each has a different point of 

view, and all add to the story. Anyone wishing an informed introduction 

to the issues involved will find it here.” 

—Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society 

the contributors present their conclusions on the legendary controversy 

surrounding the challenge to Mendel’s findings by british 

statistician and biologist r. A. Fisher in 1936. Fisher suggested that 

Mendel’s data could have been falsified in order to support his expectations. 

beginning in 1964, scholars began to publicly discuss 

whether Fisher had proven that Mendel’s data was falsified. Since 

that time, numerous articles, letters, and comments have been published 

on the controversy. this volume includes an overview of the 

controversy; the original papers of Mendel and Fisher; four of the 

most important papers on the debate; and new updates, by the authors, 

of the latter four papers. taken together, these voices argue 

for an end to the controversy—making this book the definitive last 

word on the subject. 

2008 • 288 pp. 

978-0-8229-4349-5 • Cloth • $39.95 



2008 • 368 pp. 

978-0-8229-5986-1 • Paper • $27.95 


978-0-8229-4319-8 • Cloth • $70.00 




2008 • 272 pp. 

978-0-8229-4317-4 • Cloth • $50.00 



2006 • 232 pp. 

978-0-8229-6227-4 • Paper • $28.95 


978-0-8229-4284-9 • Cloth • $40.00 



2005 • 216 pp. 

978-0-8229-5873-4 • Paper • $24.95 



The Challenge of the Social 

and the Pressure of Practice 

Science and Values Revisited 

edited by MArtIn CArrIer, Don HoWArD, 

and JAnet KourAny 

“An important collection of essays, by some of the best people in 

the field, on the most important and timely issue of the relations 

between science and values. These are issues that affect everyone.” 

—Peter Machamer, University of Pittsburgh 

“This splendid book is a worthwhile introduction to the role 

and impact of epistemic and social values in science.” 

—Gereon Wolters, University of Konstanz 

The World Observed/The 

World Conceived 

HAnS rADDer 

“Radder has infused new life into the age-old problem or paradox 

involving the standard polarity between the mind-dependent 

and -independent approaches to the world. Required 

reading for those philosophers and scientists concerned with 

this paradox and the larger mind-brain problem.” 

—Philosophical Psychology 

“Radder’s clear, direct style makes this an enjoyable journey 

through a surprisingly wide range of central topics.” 

—Mind 

Theories on the Scrap Heap 

Scientists and Philosophers on the Falsification, 

Rejection, and Replacement of Theories 

JoHn loSee 

“Losee combines the logical analysis of the philosopher with the 

broad knowledge of the historian to show how scientists test 

proposed theories. His very useful and highly readable book illustrates, 

with appropriate excerpts from the writings of scientists 

and philosophers, how science weeds out weak theories 

and helps the strong ones to survive.” 

—Stephen G. Brush, University of Maryland 

“An excellent introduction to theory evaluation and theory 

change by illustrating methodological claims with a large number 

of well-documented examples from the history of science. 

Losee’s fine collection of case-studies is a treasure-trove of 

methodological argument. He makes the reader feel like an eyewitness 

to the practice of scientific reasoning.” 

—Martin Carrier, University of Bielefeld, Germany 



reISSue 

Four Decades of 

Scientific Explanation 

WeSley C. SAlMon 

“A splendid critical survey by a major player in the field, of great 

value to student and professional alike. It covers an enormous 

amount of ground, including some important unpublished material, 

and contains a near-comprehensive chronological bibliography. 

The writing is exceptionally clear and well organized.” 

—Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 

“Essential reading for any serious student of scientific explanation.” 

—International Studies in Philosophy 

No Easy Answers 

Science and the Pursuit of Knowledge 

AllAn FrAnKlIn 

“Readers not familiar with the literature will learn through 

Franklin’s book a great deal about the history of the electron, the 

neutrino, the magnetic monopole, and much else. [He] wisely 

selects his case studies to illuminate the influence that experiments 

have had in science. Physicists will find in it a useful epitome 

of Franklin’s past contributions and will be reassured of the 

legitimacy of their rationalist conception of science.” 

—Physics Today 

“By examining wrong experiments as well as correct ones, 

[Franklin] shows how scientists make rational arguments and 

follow reasonable strategies to sort out competing claims. In the 

process, he answers some of the most serious critics of science.” 

—History of Physics Newsletter 

Nature From Within 

Gustav Theodor Fechner and His 

Psychophysical Worldview 

MICHAel HeIDelberGer 

translated by CyntHIA KloHr 

“A brilliant book. No historian of nineteenth- and early twentiethcentury 

German science and philosophy can afford to ignore it.” 

—British Journal for the History of Science 

“A clear, comprehensive, and rigorous treatment of the philosophical 

basis for Fechner’s thought, including, importantly, the 

way in which he was able to reconcile apparently divergent intellectual 

themes in his philosophical and scientific writing.” 

—Isis 

2006 • 240 pp. 

978-0-8229-5926-7 • Paper • $25.95 



2005 • 272 pp. 

978-0-8229-5968-7 • Paper • $23.95 



2004 • 456 pp. 

978-0-8229-4210-8 • Cloth • $55.00 




2004 • 296 pp. 

978-0-8229-5852-9 • Paper • $26.95 


2003 • 408 pp. 

978-0-8229-5949-6 • Paper • $28.95 


978-0-8229-4194-1 • Cloth • $55.00 



2003 • 328 pp. 

978-0-8229-5795-9 • Paper • $29.95 




Readings on Laws of Nature 

edited by JoHn W. CArroll 

“An excellent introduction to recent debates on laws which 

focus mostly on the problem of ‘ceteris paribus’ conditions. For 

anyone familiar with the early exposition of necessitarian and 

regularity views in the 1970s and 1980s, this collection is most 

valuable as it brings together some of the most important recent 

contributions.” 

—Philosophy in Review 

“This anthology contains everything the student of the philosophy 

of science should ever want to read about laws and everything 

the metaphysician was afraid the philosophy of science 

student might miss!” 

—Alex Rosenberg, Duke University 

Logical Empiricism 

Historical and Contemporary Perspectives 

edited by PAolo PArrInI, WeSley C. SAlMon, and 

MerrIlee H. SAlMon 

“Of special interest to anyone interested in the history of 20thcentury 

philosophy or in logical empiricism. Recommended.” 

—Choice 

“A nicely balanced collection that combines careful historical 

study with an eye on current debates in the philosophy of science 

and mind.” 

—Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook 

The Philosophy of 

Scientific Experimentation 

edited by HAnS rADDer 

“There are more issues, examples, and lessons for epistemologists 

in the study of scientific experimentation than are dreamt 

of in empiricist, pragmatist, post modernist, and other popular 

philosophies. This volume is an excellent place to find out about 

them. Several of its papers deserve to become classics—not just 

in philosophy of science, but in epistemology.” 

—Jim Bogen, University of Pittsburgh 

“Brings together work by some of the best philosophers now 

writing on experiment. Anyone seriously interested in contemporary 

philosophy of science, or in better understanding of experimentation, 

will find this a valuable book.” 

—Joseph Rouse, Wesleyan University 



Selectivity and Discord 

Two Problems of Experiment 

AllAn FrAnKlIn 

“Accessible to anyone with a college-level education in physics, 

this lucid and persuasive book collects Franklin’s previously 

published investigations on the epistemology of experiment and 

is a ‘must read’ for either students or professionals with an interest 

in the history and philosophy of science.” 

—Reviews of Philosophy 

“All of the cases Franklin considers are presented with a wealth 

of clear, relevant, and interesting experimental detail.” 

—American Journal of Physics 

The Limits of Science 

REVISED EDITION 

nICHolAS reSCHer 

“The book provides a fine synoptic view and should have striking 

and wide appeal for all those interested in science.” 

—Idealistic Studies 

rescher discusses the theoretical limits of science, emphasizing 

what it can discover, not what it should discover. He explores both 

the ideological and economic obstacles to scientific progress with a 

precision and clarity that makes his book accessible to philosophers 

and non-philosophers alike. 

The Foundations of 

Scientific Inference 

WeSley C. SAlMon 

“An excellent little book. One might disagree with some of its 

contentions; some will disagree with the whole foundational approach. 

But Professor Salmon has given us a book of exceptional 

clarity and conciseness.” 

—Isis 

“Can be recommended to students of the field at all levels.” 

—Philosophical Review 

relatively brief and non-technical, Wesley Salmon critically approaches 

the philosophical problems of probability and induction. 

He analyzes existing theories of probability, then offers his own criteria 

for determining the adequacy of their interpretations. 

2002 • 304 pp. 

978-0-8229-6194-9 • Paper • $27.95 


978-0-8229-4191-0 • Cloth • $37.50 



1999 • 280 pp. 

978-0-8229-5713-3 • Paper • $25.95 



1967 • 168 pp. 

978-0-8229-5118-6 • Paper • $24.95 




PITTSBURGH-KONSTANZ SERIES 

Founded in 1992, the Pittsburgh-Konstanz Series in the Philosophy and History of Science 

is a joint collaboration of the Center for Philosophy of Science at the University 

of Pittsburgh and the Konstanzer Wissenschaftsforum at Universität Konstanz in Germany. 

It publishes collections of essays presented during Pittsburgh-Konstanz colloquiums 

in the Philosopy of Science. The essays explore diverse topics from the nuerosciences and psychoanalysis 

to quantum mechanics and relativity. The colloquium series as a whole is committed 

to furthering the integration of philosophy in the sciences. It stresses the philosophical 

analysis of science as it is actually done. 

2010 • 280 pp. 

978-0-8229-4392-1 • Cloth • $80.00 


Pittsburgh-Konstanz 

Interpretation 

Ways of Thinking about the Sciences and the Arts 

edited by Peter MACHAMer and Gereon WolterS 

the act of interpretation occurs in nearly every area of the arts and 

sciences. that ubiquity serves as the inspiration for the fourteen essays 

of this volume. Individual topics include: the general nature of 

interpretation and its forms; comparing and contrasting interpretation 

and hermeneutics; culture as interpretation seen through 

Hegel’s aesthetics; interpreting philosophical texts; methodologies 

for interpreting human action; interpretation in medical practice focusing 

on manifestations as indicators of disease; the brain and its 

interpretative, structured, learning and storage processes; interpreting 

hybrid wines and cognitive preconceptions of novel objects; 

and the importance of sensory perception as means of interpreting 

in the case of dry German rieslings. 

In an interesting turn, nicholas rescher writes on the interpretation 

of philosophical texts. then Catherine Wilson and Andreas 

blank explicate and critique rescher’s theories through analysis of 

the mill passage from leibniz’s Monadology. 

Thinking About Causes 

From Greek Philosophy to Modern Physics 

edited by Peter MACHAMer 

and Gereon WolterS 

Causality is one of the most frequently discussed issues 

in contemporary philosophy. It has been a central concept 

in philosophy as well as in the sciences, especially 

the natural sciences, dating back to its beginning in 

Greek thought. but a comprehensive definition of causality 

has been notoriously hard to provide, and virtually 

every aspect of causation has been subject to much debate 

and analysis. 

Thinking About Causes brings together top philosophers 

to focus on causality as a major force in philosophical 

and scientific thought. topics addressed 

include: ancient Stoicism and moral philosophy; the case 

of sacramental causality; traditional causal concepts in 

Descartes; Kant on transcendental laws; the influence 

of J. S. Mill’s politics on his concept of causation; plurality 

in causality; causality in modern physics; causality in 

economics; and the concept of free will. 

2007 • 328 pp. 

978-0-8229-4309-9 • Cloth • $75.00 





neW In PAPer 

Science, Values, and Objectivity 

edited by Peter MACHAMer and Gereon WolterS 

“Is there any room for facts in a world of values? How is objectivity 

to be saved if science is as value-laden as most commentators 

now seem to agree? The well-chosen selection of essays in 

this anthology nicely illustrates the diverse ways in which an affirmative 

answer may be reached to these currently much debated 

questions.” 

—Ernan McMullin, University of Notre Dame 

“Gone are the days when science could be seen as value-free. 

Now the central questions include: What are the different kinds 

of values and how do they affect science? Are they subjective or 

are they somehow rationally justified? Is science better or worse 

for having them? This rigorous volume goes far in clarifying the 

crucial questions and providing significant answers.” 

—James Robert Brown, University of Toronto 

Theory and Method 

in the Neurosciences 

edited by Peter MACHAMer, rICK GruSH, 

and Peter MClAuGHlIn 

“This book contains an impressive number of serious and informed 

philosophical reflections on the neurosciences. It will 

interest neuroscientists with a theoretical bent, and it will inspire 

any philosopher who is interested in the neurosciences.” 

—Philosophy of Science 

“An excellent overview of the current state of the field with arguments 

for and against the guiding concepts. The book is 

worth buying solely for the paper by Antti Revonsuo. The papers 

are of excellent quality.” 

—Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 

Science at Century’s End 

Philosophical Questions on the Progress 

and Limits of Science 

edited by MArtIn CArrIer, GerAlD J. MASSey, 

and lAurA ruetSCHe 

“The exemplars from 18th-century chemistry, 19th-century electromagnetic 

theory, and contemporary particle physics, biology, 

and quantum theory well illustrate the classical struggles of realism, 

induction, explanation, and prediction that occupy current 

considerations of modern scientific change. This volume 

well represents a fertile spectrum of issues of urgency to both introductory 

and veteran participants. Highly recommended.” 

—Choice 

2004 • 328 pp. 

978-0-8229-5947-2 • Paper • $29.95 


978-0-8229-4237-5 • Cloth • $55.00 



2001 • 400 pp. 

978-0-8229-4140-8 • Cloth • $65.00 



2000 • 400 pp. 

978-0-8229-5820-8 • Paper • $34.95 




1998 • 600 pp. 

978-0-8229-5694-5 • Paper • $34.95 



1997 • 392 pp. 

978-0-8229-6143-7 • Paper • $32.95 


978-0-8229-3986-3 • Cloth • $65.00 



1995 • 344 pp. 

978-0-8229-6196-3 • Paper • $29.95 


978-0-8229-3912-2 • Cloth • $55.00 



The Cosmos of Science 

Essays of Exploration 

edited by JoHn eArMAn and JoHn D. norton 

“Possibly the most varied and diverse collection of articles to 

appear in the Pittsburgh-Konstanz series thus far. Comprises a 

number of first-rate essays on such subjects as: history of science, 

Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, scientifc methodology, rationality, 

to name just a few. In the overall genre of philosophy 

of science anthologies devoted to recent work across many 

fields, this new volume is about as good as it gets.” 

—Philosophia 

Mindscapes 

Philosophy, Science, and the Mind 

edited by MArtIn CArrIer and Peter MACHAMer 

“An excellent introduction to contemporary approaches to this 

area of philosophy via the sciences, demonstrating the extent to 

which contemporary philosophy of mind has become a branch 

of the philosophy of science.” 

—Ruth Michaels, Princeton University 

essays examine topics such as folk psychology, neuropsychology, 

psychoanalytic theory, the role of mental content in voluntary action, 

the functional and qualitative properties of color, meanings as 

conceptual structures, cognitive luck, and animal cognition. 

Science, Reason, and Rhetoric 

edited by Henry KrIPS, J.e. MCGuIre, 

and treVor MelIA 

“Roget’s has no good synonyms for ‘weak,’ and there is nothing 

‘feeble’ or ‘insubstantial’ about rhetoric’s role in ‘Pittsburgh minimalism.’ 

With [this] publication, a theoretical battle line has 

formed at the center of the rhetoric of science. Even the champions 

of the sub specie rhetoricae view will find much to admire 

in these essays, even as they realize that the ball is definitely in 

their court.” 

—Quarterly Journal of Speech 

“Offers some illuminating discussions of the varied appearances 

of rhetoric in the practice of science.” 

—Rhetorica 



Concepts, Theories, 

and Rationality in the 

Biological Sciences 

edited by Gereon WolterS and JAMeS G. lennox 

leading biologists and philosophers of biology discuss the basic 

theories and concepts of biology and their connections with ethics, 

economics, and psychology, providing a remarkably unified report 

on the “state of the art” in the philosophy of biology. 

Logic, Language, and the 

Structure of Scientific Theories 

edited by WeSley C. SAlMon and Gereon WolterS 

“The essays in this volume stand as testaments to the continuing 

importance of logical empiricism and take their place in a 

burgeoning literature applying and interpreting themes from 

logical empiricism.” 

—British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 

this volume honors and examines the founders of the philosophy 

of logical empiricism. Historical and interpretive essays clarify the 

scientific philosophies of Carnap, reichenbach, Hempel, Kant, and 

others, while exploring the main topics of logical empiricist philosophy 

of science. 

Philosophical Problems of the 

Internal and External Worlds 

Essays on the Philosophy of Adolf Grünbaum 

edited by JoHn eArMAn, Allen I. JAnIS, 

GerAlD J. MASSey and nICHolAS reSCHer 

“This is a collection of 24 papers organized into five main sections: 

space, time, and cosmology; scientific rationality and 

methodology; philosophy of psychiatry; freedom and determinism; 

science and religion; and moral problems. The wealth of 

issues covered by these sections indicate the range of Grünbaum’s 

thought, and the high standard of the volume’s papers is 

a fitting testimony to the eminence and quality of Grünbaum’s 

own writings.” 

—Academic Printing and Publishing 

1995 • 440 pp. 

978-0-8229-3913-9 • Cloth • $65.00 



1994 • 376 pp. 

978-0-8229-3740-1 • Cloth • $60.00 



1993 • 640 pp. 

978-0-8229-6213-7 • Paper • $40.00 


978-0-8229-3738-8 • Cloth • $65.00 




William Whewell’s Theory of Scientific Method 

Robert E. Butts, ed. 

1968 • 372 pp. • 978-0-8229-8350-7 • Paper $27.95 



Solomon Maimon 

Monism, Skepticism, and Mathematics 

Meir Buzaglo 

2002 • 184 pp. • 978-0-8229-8594-5 • Paper $25.95 



Art, Mind, and Religion 

W. H. Capitan and D. D. Merrill, eds. 

1967 • 158 pp. • 978-0-8229-8398-9 • Paper $24.95 



From Quarks to Quasars 

Philosophical Problems of Modern Physics 

Robert G. Colodny, ed. 

1986 • 412 pp. • 978-0-8229-8494-8 • $28.95 



Logic, Laws, and Life 

Some Philosophical Complications 


1977 • 272 pp. • 978-0-8229-8462-7 • Paper $25.95 



Paradigms and Paradoxes 

The Philosophical Challenge of the Quantum Domain 


1972 • 466 pp. • 978-0-8229-8438-2 • Paper $28.95 



The Nature and Function of Scientific Theories 

Essays in Contemporary Science and Philosophy 


1971 • 380 pp. • 978-0-8229-8428-3 • Paper $27.95 



PROLOGUE EDITIONS 

The University of Pittsburgh Press has made nearly 500 

out-of-print titles available again for scholars and students 

around the world. These titles are now part of our 

Digital Editions collection, fully searchable and freely 

accessible to anyone with an internet connection 

through the University of Pittsburgh Library System’s 

D-Scribe Digital Publishing Program. Many of these 

books are now also available for purchase in reasonably 

priced paperback editions. Readers and researchers may 

read and search the full texts online, and those who 

wish to have a print copy may purchase it through retail 

outlets or directly from the Press. 

The Digital Editions may be viewed at the Press web site, www.upress.pitt.edu. 

Print editions, as they become available, may be purchased through the shopping 

cart icon on each book page of the Press web site or at www.bibliovault.org. 

Frontiers of Science and Philosophy 


1963 • 296 pp. • 978-0-8229-8394-1 • Paper $25.95 



A Book that Shook the World 

Essays on Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species 

Julian S. Huxley, et al. 

1958 • 72 pp. • 978-0-8229-5008-0 • Paper $19.95 



Reconsidering Michael Polanyi’s Philosophy 

Stefania Ruzsits Jha 

2002 • 328 pp. • 978-0-8229-8592-1 • Paper $28.95 



Microeconomic Laws 

A Philosophical Analysis 

Alexander Rosenberg 

1976 • 256 pp. • 978-0-8229-8455-9 • Paper $25.95 


Statistical Explanation and Statistical Relevance 

Wesley C. Salmon 

1971 • 128 pp. • 978-0-8229-5225-1 • Paper $24.95 



American Ideology of National Science, 1919-1930 

Ronald C. Tobey 

1971 • 278 pp. • 978-0-8229-8434-4 • Paper $25.95 




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